guy savard argonne national laboratory and university of chicago
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4 th Workshop on Physics with a high-intensity proton source November 09-10 2009 Fermilab Standard Model via Nuclear Physics. Guy Savard Argonne National Laboratory and University of Chicago. Outline. Fundamental interactions at low energy: basic approach - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
4th Workshop on Physics with a high-intensity proton sourceNovember 09-10 2009
Fermilab
Standard Model via Nuclear Physics
Guy Savard
Argonne National Laboratory
and
University of Chicago
2G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Outline
Fundamental interactions at low energy: basic approach
– Choose from the wide variety of available systems the one that selectively enhances or isolates the effect
• High Z simple atoms (Fr, Ra, Rn)• Clean decays (N=Z nuclei, n)
Opportunities offered by radioactive atoms/ions/neutrons
– Electric dipole moments (atoms, electron, neutron)
– Parity violation in atoms
– Determination of Vud and test of CKM unitarity
– Searches for interactions outside V-A
– …
Status
3G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Search for an electric dipole moment and physics beyond the Search for an electric dipole moment and physics beyond the standard modelstandard model
+
-
+
-
-
+
T P
EDM Spin EDM Spin EDM Spin
A permanent EDM violates both time-reversal symmetry and parity
Neutron
Diamagnetic Atoms (Hg, Xe, Ra, Rn)
Paramagnetic Atoms (Tl, Fr)Molecules (PbO)
Quark EDM
Quark Chromo-EDM
Electron EDM
Physics beyond the Standard
Model:SUSY, Strings
…
To understand the origin of the symmetry violations, you need many experiments!
4G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
EDM measurements: the SM extension slayersE
xper
imen
tal L
imit
on
d (
e cm
)
1960 1970 1980 1990
Left-Right
10-32
10-20
10-22
10-24
10-30
MultiHiggs SUSY
Standard Model
Electro-magnetic
neutron:electron:
10-34
10-36
10-38
2000
10-20
10-30
Updated from Barr: Int. J. Mod Phys. A8 208 (1993)
any positive signal is new physics …
not SM
5G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
6G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Schiff moment of 199Hg, de Jesus & Engel, PRC (2005)Schiff moment of 225Ra, Dobaczewski & Engel, PRL (2005)
Skyrme Model Isoscalar Isovector Isotensor
SkM* 1500 900 1500
SkO’ 450 240 600
Enhancement Factor: EDM (225Ra) / EDM (199Hg)
Enhancement mechanisms:• Large intrinsic Schiff moment due to octupole deformation;• Closely spaced parity doublet;• Relativistic atomic structure.
Haxton & Henley (1983)Auerbach, Flambaum & Spevak (1996)
Engel, Friar & Hayes (2000)
Enhanced EDM of 225Ra
55 keV
| |
Parity doublet
7G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
-1, 0, +1
Position-dependent force: Zeeman shifts from magnetic field
Need an arsenal of tools to accumulate radioactive atoms … e.g. Magneto-Optical Trap
xB
mJ
0
0 0
0
laser
+
Ground State J=0
Excited State J=1
Energy
In one dimension with J=0→J=1 transitionCreate damped harmonic oscillator: F = k∙v+Bx
-1
-1 +1
+1vk
Velocity-dependent force: Doppler shift alters laser frequency seen by atoms
x
xmagnetic field
Bx
-1, 0, +1
8G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
A proposed path for higher sensitivity: EDM of 225Ra at Argonne (Z.T. Lu et al.)
Oven:225Ra (+Ba)
Zeeman Slower
Opticaldipole trap
EDMprobe
Why trap 225Ra atoms• Large enhancement:
EDM (Ra) / EDM (Hg) ~ 200 – 2,000
• Efficient use of the rare 225Ra atoms
• High electric field (> 100 kV/cm)
• Long coherence times (~ 100 s)
• Negligible “v x E” systematic effect
Status and Outlook• First atom trap of radium realized
Guest et al. Phys Rev Lett (2007)
• Search for EDM of 225Ra in 2009
• Improvements will follow225RaNuclear Spin = ½
Electronic Spin = 0
t1/2 = 15 days
Magneto-opticaltrap
9G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
225Ra Source – Present and Future at a Rare Isotope Facility
• 1 mCi 229Th source 4 x 107 s-1 225Ra
• Projected EDM sensitivity: 10-26 – 10-27 e-cm
• Equivalent to 10-28 – 10-30 e-cm for 199Hg
• Current limit on 199Hg: 3 x 10-29 e-cm
229Th7300 yr
225Ra15 d
Present scheme
• Yield: 1 x 1012 s-1 225Ra
• Projected EDM sensitivity: 10-28 e-cm
• Equivalent to 10-30 – 10-31 e-cm for 199Hg
• Study systematics at 10-29 e-cm for 225Ra
Search for 225Ra EDM at a rare isotope facility
A similar improvement path is possible with Rn isotope EDM searches (see T. Chupp talk in Oct 09 workshop).
10G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
A proposed path to improve the e-EDM measurement
Best limit on the e-EDM comes from measurements with an atomic beam of Tl• 7 orders of magnitude improvements in 50 years• No improvements in the last 7 years
New technology needed atomic fountains – Demonstrate feasibility with Cs– Obtain best limit with Fr ( 9 times more sensitive to e-EDM)
• Fr production with 500 kW of 2 GeV protons would give a factor 100-1000 gain in Fr production over any existing facility
Experimental upper limits to the e-EDM 1962-2009
Proof-of-principle atomic fountain EDM experiment Photo courtesy of H. Gould
11G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
n-EDM searches … intense UCN sources needed
Source Type Ec (neV) UCN (UCN/cm3) Status Purpose
LANL Spallation/D2 180 35 Operating UCNA/ Users
ILL Reactor/ turbine 250 40 Operating n-EDM/ Users
Pulstar Reactor/D2 335 120 Construction Users
PSI Spallation/D2 250 1,000 Construction n-EDM
TRIUMF Spallation/ HE-II 210 10,000 Planning n-EDM/ Users
Munich Reactor/D2 250 10,000 R&D Gravity
SNS n beam/HE-II 130 400 R&D n-EDM
Large n-EDM experiment in preparation in the US at the SNS
UCN offer unique advantages for these studies and there is intense activity worldwide to create stronger sources
A few % of the 500 kW proton beam could provide a cutting edge facility for such studies in the US
12G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Weak interaction between the outer electron and the nucleus
HG
Q rWF
W nuc8 5 ( )
QW(Experiment)*=-72.06±0.28exp±0.34th
QW(Standard Model)= -73.20First observation of anapole moment*PRL 82 (1999) 2484
for Cesium:
|nS>´=|nS>+|nP>valenceelectron
nucleus
weak interaction
alkali atom
valenceelectron
nucleus
weak interaction
alkali atom
13G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
The Boulder Cs PNC Experiment 1982-19991982-1999
• P-odd, T-even correlation: S• [E B]
• 5 reversals to distinguish PNC from systematics
14G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
15G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
A natural path to an improved APV experiment
Want a larger signal in a “simple” atom
– APV signal in Fr is 18X larger than in Cs
Remove theoretical uncertainties
– Dominating uncertainty comes from atomic physics corrections• Measurement on n-rich and n-deficient Fr isotopes
– Difference signal still larger than in Cs but dominating theoretical uncertainty is removed
– Next leading uncertainty from neutron distribution• 208Pb work at JLAB and hyperfine anomaly measurements
Get the counting rate
– Boulder Cs experiment used an atomic beam of 1013 /cm2/s
– Equivalent to about 108 Fr atoms in an optical trap … requires a beam of 1010-1012/s
Proposed Fr APV setup at TRIUMF
16G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
• Precision tests of CVC• Determination of weak vector coupling constant• Unitary tests of the CKM matrix
For superallowed transitions between 0+ T=1 states
Ft = ft ( 1 + R ) ( 1 – C ) =
from experiment; from calculations of radiative and charge-dependent effects
Test need for physics beyond the standard model Gv together with G yield the Vud quark mixing element of the CKM matrix
If matrix is not unitary then we need new physics Additional Z bosons, Right-handed currents, SUSY…
Superallowed Beta Decay
K2 GV
2 ( 1 + R )
Vud Vus Vub
Vcd Vcs Vcb
Vtd Vts Vtb
d’s’b’
dsb
=
weak eigenstates
mass eigenstates
rotation matrix
Big effect if R-parity violating … can be more than 0.0020
At loop level if R-parity conserving …. ~ 0.0007
17G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Low energy experimental direction validate corrections
This capability is a direct consequence of having many candidates.
18G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Sources of uncertainty in Vud determinations
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Nuclear 0+ to 0+
Vud = 0.9738 0.0004
Neutron decay
Vud = 0.9740 0.0013 … or lower
Pion beta decay
Vud = 0.9760 0.0161
Uncertainty (10-4)
Exp
Exp
Exp
C
RRR
R
R
R
161
(latest n lower by 6.5
19G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Status of CKM unitarity tests
•New Penning trap Q-value measurements have uncovered an omission in the isospin-symmetry breaking corrections which has been resolved
|Vud| = 0.97425 ± 0.00022
•taking that latest value for Vud together with
|Vus| = 0.22534 ± 0.00093 (from E865, KTeV, NA48, KLOE and FlaviaNet)
|Vub| = 0.00393 ± 0.00035
yields |Vud|2 + |Vus|2 + |Vub|2 = 0.99995 ± 0.00061
•The largest contribution to the error is from f+(0), followed closely by the uncertainty in the nucleus independent radiative correction to Vud
...2lnln4
2
Born
A
p
p
ZR Cm
mm
m
Reduced by a factor of 2 by W. Marciano
20G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Further improvements possible
Neutron should eventually provide a complementary value for Vud, will be limited by the same radiative corrections, but susceptible to different new physics
• Intense UCN source is critical for these improvements
On the superallowed front, further improvement in experimental inputs will allow to better test the nuclei dependent corrections and further improve the value of Vud
• Weak branching ratios are critical and require RIB intensities in excess of what is currently available
Soon can obtain a higher precision test of unitarity independent of Vus and its associated uncertainties 2
1
))((
))(()4(2387.0
K
fV
fV
ud
Kus
A large improvement in the top row unitarity test is within reach … already sensitive to SUSY.
21G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Nuclear Beta-Decay
d
u
W
Compare experimental values to SM predictions
Put limits on terms “forbidden” by SM
...1 D
EE
ppB
E
pA
E
pJb
E
ma
EE
ppdWdW
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
eo
Coupling constants: CS, CV, CA, CT
ePeP
eAeA
eTeT
eVeV
eSeS
CC
CC
CC
CC
CCH
5152
5152
512
512
512int
2
1
Differential Decay Rate:
22G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Weak Interactions in Nuclei
Historically the VA structure of the weak interaction was determined by measurements of the beta-neutrino correlation in noble gas nuclei in the 1960’s
21Na
32Ar,38mK,14O
Today precise measurements of the beta-neutrino correlation are conducted to search for scalar or tensor contributions from exotic weak bosons.
New approaches using atom and ion traps provide ideal sources to improve the accuracy of these measurements.
23G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Detector
Beryllium Window
MCP Detector
Mirror
Proton Beam from 88" Cyclotron
Transverse Cooling
Oven
MgO Disk Targets
Trapping Laser Beams
Radiation Shield Wall
Zeeman Slower
Slowdown Beam with "Dark Spot"
Trapping Laser Beams
Ne21
Na atom trap
+
Collimator Tubes
Radiation Shield Wall
+
MCP Field RingCollimator
Berkeley measurement of the Angular Correlation in Magneto-Optically Trapped 21Na
ddEeded
F Z, pe peEe E0 Ee 21 a
vc
cos e
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
coun
ts
25002000150010005000time of flight (ns)
21Ne
+
21Ne
+2
21Ne
+3 21Ne
0
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Net
Counts
900800700600500400300
Time of Flight (ns)
-404
Resid
uals
Trap Data Monte Carlo Fit
Ideal Source: negligible source scattering sample is isotopically pure localized in small volume atoms decay at rest potential for polarized sample
500,000 trapped atoms
a deduced from TOF
Recoil-ion TOF
num
ber
of c
ount
s (a
rb. u
nits
)
900800700600
time of flight (ns)
a = 1
a = 0
21Na 3/2+3/2+ a = 0.5243±0.0091N.D. Scielzo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 102501 (2004)
24G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Measurement of A with UCN at LANSCE
Neutron AbsorberField Expansion Region
Detector 1 Detector 2
cos)()(
)()()(
21
21exp AP
ENEN
ENENEA
n
e
dW=[1+PAcos]d(E)
25G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Requirements
The full modern low-energy arsenal– Penning traps– RFQ traps– magneto-optical traps– dipole traps– lots of laser power and build up cavities– radiation detectors (DSSD, MCP, HPGe, CCD)– lots of preparation, systematic checks– beamtime
Intense and pure low energy radioactive beams– lots of Fr … both n-rich and p-rich – highest achievable intensities of Rn, Ra – N=Z nuclei – UCN source
A facility based at the proton driver can provide the required beams.
26G. Savard Standard Model via Nuclear Physics November 9 2009
Status
Physics Opportunity The availability of high-intensity sources of radioactive ions and ultra-cold neutrons opens up important opportunities to test the Standard Model at low energy. The candidates presenting the best characteristics (large enhancement or specific decay) can be selected to enhance the sensitivity to new physics. Technical Developments The technological developments in atom trapping, ion trapping, atomic clock, detector technology and related techniques further enhance these new capabilities. Competitiveness These combined advances will maintain the competitiveness and complementarity of these low energy tests of the Standard Model to work performed at the high-energy frontier.