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Tourism in National Parks:
An international perspective
Guy Castley
International Centre for
Ecotourism Research
National Parks
Cat I (a,b) - Strict NR; Wilderness
Cat II - National Parks
Cat III - Natural monument
Cat IV - Habitat / species
Cat V - Protected landscape
Cat VI - Sustainable use
IUCN Classification
IUCN Classification
National Parks
Protect natural biodiversity (form and function) &
promote education and recreation
Synonymous ?
Mass tourism
Nature-based
tourism
Ecotourism
Specialist tourism
Responsible tourism
Sustainable tourism
Tourism ?
Tourism as Threat
Global tourism trends
Visitor impacts
Infrastructure and re-zoning
Diminishing visitor experience
Politics, values and user conflicts
Climate change and travel
Commercialisation
6% contribution
UNWTO Statistics
US$ 1.2 trillion
Balmford et al. (2009) – PLoS Biol 7(6): e1000144
Nature-based Tourism Trends
Disturbance to birds
69 Studies
88%
Negative effects
50
Conceptual relationship between level of human disturbance and the likely
ecological significance or its effect on bird populations
Disturbance Threshold
Eco
log
ical sig
nif
ican
ce
Low High
Benign
Significant
e.g. short term noise
Ph
ysio
log
ical
resp
on
se
e.g. approaching birdsB
eh
avio
ura
l
resp
on
se
e.g. habitat impacts
Ran
ge u
se
resp
on
se H
ab
itat
su
itab
ilit
y
resp
on
se Bre
ed
ing
resp
on
se
e.g. high
intensity, long
duration
activities
Disturbance Threshold
Eco
log
ical sig
nif
ican
ce
Low High
Benign
Significant
e.g. short term noise
Ph
ysio
log
ical
resp
on
se
e.g. approaching birdsB
eh
avio
ura
l
resp
on
se
e.g. habitat impacts
Ran
ge u
se
resp
on
se H
ab
itat
su
itab
ilit
y
resp
on
se Bre
ed
ing
resp
on
se
e.g. high
intensity, long
duration
activities
Steven et al. (2011) – J. Env. Manage 92: 2287-94
Infrastructure
95% of the park is wilderness
Wilderness
Adventure
Wildlife
Isolation
Nature
Experience
Values
Commercialisation
in National Parks
Tourism Benefits
Tourism revenue
Benefits beyond boundaries
Community empowerment
Park establishment / expansion
Awareness and appreciation
Commercialisation
>5% for >50% of species
>15% for one fifth
Up to 66% in some
Double-edged sword
Threatened mammals –
Buckley et al. (2012)
PLoS ONE 7(9): e44134
>60% frogs within PAs
Global range protected by
tourism 0.8 – 99%
> 5% for 115 species
Critically End. Frogs –
Morrison et al. (2012)
PLoS ONE 7(9): e43757
Growth in Nature-based Tourism
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
Nu
mb
er
of
Op
era
tors
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Nu
mb
er
of
Ad
ve
rts
Operators Adverts
Concessions in
National Parks
US - NPS
Legislation - 1965
Reviewed in 1998
20 year limit
520 contracts
67 generate 85%
of revenue
20%
80%
Washington Funds specific park
“ There is no comprehensive
analysis of the costs of
concession management”
Variable Concession Contracts
** Necessary, & ** Appropriate
Service Lease Build
Tinga
Singita
Lebombo
Imbali
Safari
Rhino
Safaris
Jock
Safari
Shishangeni
Lukimbi
Skukuza
KNP – Luxury
Concessions
Kruger
Addo Elephant
2002 2010
2 parks – 8 sites 7 parks –
19 sites
Augrabies
West Coast
Marakele Kgalagadi
Table Mtn
Knysna
Wilderness
More than 40 PPPs by 2010
US$53 million in revenue: 2002-2010
8.5% of tourism revenue annually
2002-2010 Lodge /
Accom Activity Food
Retail -
KNP
No. Operators 19 5 11 2
No. Parks 7 4 10 7
Revenue (US$
million) 16.8 11.5 10.5 14.5
Economic Performance
Key Messages
Positive and Negative
Tourism management is site specific
Relative tourism demand likely to
increase
Tourism revenues = “user pays”
Reassess national park values –
utilitarian focus?
Thank
You