ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

guram RonRaZe

mariam axalkaciSvili

geologiis safuZvlebi

Tbilisi

2014

2

Sesavali

geologia aris mecniereba dedamiwis Sesaxeb. magram Tu gavixsenebT, rom dedamiwa

araerTgvarovani sxeulia da is calkeuli nawilebisagan, e.w. geosferoebisagan

Sedgeba, zemoTqmuli ganmarteba SeiZleba davazustoT da davsZinoT, rom geologia

upirvelesad Seiswavlis dedamiwis qerqs.

dedamiwas Seiswavlian agreTve sxva mecnierebebi: geografia. geofizika, geoqimia.

yvela maTganisaTvis, msgavsad geologiisa, kvlevis obieqti dedamiwaa. magram Tu

kvlevis obieqti yvelasTis erTia, kvlevis miznebi da meTodebia gansxvavebuli.

geologiuri kvlevis mizani ramdenime ZiriTad mimarTulebaSi SeiZleba

gamovxatoT. erT-erTi pirveli aris dedamiwis nivTieri Sedgenilobis Seswavla.

liTosfero, gansakuTrebiT ki misi zeda nawili _ dedamiwis qerqi Sedgeba

mravalferovani elementebis, mineralebisa da qanebisagan. swored maT Seswavlas

gulisxmobs es mimarTuleba. meore mimarTuleba, romelsac dinamiuri geologia

SeiZleba vuwodoT, miznad isaxavs dedamiwaze (rogorc zedapirze, ise SigneTSi)

mimdinare procesebis Seswavlas, agreTve liTosferos aRnagobis garkvevas. am

procesebs maTi mamoZravebeli Zalebis mixedviT egzogenurs (garedinamiurs) an

endogenurs (Sigadinamiurs) uwodeben. faqtobrivad, am ori mimarTulebiT

warmoebuli kvleva amzadebs safuZvels geologiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani amocanis

gadasaWrelad _ dedamiwis qerqis (da, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTeli dedamiwis)

geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriis Sesaswavlad (mesame mimarTuleba). aq bevri ram

aris nagulisxmevi _ dedamiwaze zRvisa da xmeleTis ganawilebis cvalebadobis Tu

kontinentebis warmoSobidan dawyebuli Cvens planetaze sicocxlis evoluciamde.

meoTxe mimarTuleba wminda praqtikuli mniSvnelobisaa da saxelic Sesabamisi aqvs _

gamoyenebiTi geologia. aq nagulisxmevia sxvadasxva tipis wiaRiseulis sabadoTa

kvleva, gamadnebis kanonzomierebaTa dadgena, dedamiwis qerqis sainJinro-

geologiuri TvalsazrisiT Seswavla da bevri sxva ram.

rac Seexeba sagans ,,geologiis safuZvlebi”, is mecnierul disciplinas ar

warmoadgens. misi mizania damwyeb studentebs zogadad gaacnos geologiuri

mecniereba yvela zemoT CamoTvlil mimarTulebaTa TvalTaxedviT. amiT safuZveli

eyreba momaval geofizikosTa, geografTa da hidrologTa geologiur ganaTlebas,

rac esoden saWiro da sasurvelia dedamiwis Semswavlel am mecnierebaTa mWidro

urTierTkavSiris gamo.

3

nawili I

dedamiwisa da misi qerqis agebuleba

Tavi 1. dedamiwis forma da sidide

ZvelTaganve cnobili iyo, rom dedamiwas sferuli forma aqvs. xolo i.niutoni is

mecnieri iyo, romelmac daasabuTa dedamiwisTvis, iseve rogorc bevri sxva ciuri

sxeulisTvis, sferuli formis aucilebloba. codna dedamiwis sferuli formis

Sesaxeb SesaniSnavad gamoiyena cnobilma berZenma mecnierma eratosTenem, romelmac

Cvens welTaRricxvamde III saukuneSi SesaSuri sizustiT gansazRvra dedamiwis

radiusi. i. niutonisave mosazrebiT dedamiwas namdvili sferos forma ver eqneba _

radganac dedamiwa brunavs sakuTari RerZis garSemo, polusebze is ramdenadme

Sezneqili iqneba, xolo ekvatorze _ gamoburculi. Tumca es Sezneqva metad

umniSvneloa (sxvaoba ekvatorul da polarul radiusebs Soris sul 21 km-s

Seadgens), magram dedamiwis forma sferosagan mainc gansxvavebuli aris. ufro metic,

aRmoCnda rom mciredi Sezneqva ekvatorzec aRiniSneba, sadac sxvaoba mcire da did

radiusebs Soris 210 metrs Seadgens. sabolood unda iTqvas, rom dedamiwas aqvs

brunviTi elifsoidis (samRerZiani elifsoidis) forma. zogjer mas sferoidsac

(sferoseburs) uwodeben. sferoidis zedapirad igulisxmeba wynar mdgomareobaSi

myofi msoflio okeanis saSualo zedapiri, warmodgeniT gavrcelebuli

kontinentebzec. magram dedamiwa xom araerTgvarovani sxeulia, masSi masebi

araTanabradaa gadanawilebuli (mTebi, materikebi, okeaneebi, sxvadasxva simkvrivis

qanebi). amitom dedamiwas ver eqneba wesieri geometriuli sxeulis forma, swored

araerTgvarovani agebulebis gamo. Tanac es forma dedamiwis agebulebis droSi

cvalebadobis mizeziT aseve cvalebadi iqneba. dedamiwis am cvalebad formas

geoidi ewodeba. geoidi aris msoflio okeanis warmosaxviTi zedapiri, pirobiTad

gatarebuli kontinentebis qveSac, romlis yvela wertilSi simZimis Zala am

zedapiris marTobulia. geoidi faqtobrivad, igive sferoidia, mxolod im mcire

gansxvavebiT, rom kontinentebze is sferoidis Tavze mdebareobs (miizideba

kontinentis mier), xolo okeaneebSi - sferoidis qveS (miizideba SigneTis

mier)(sur.1.1).

dedamiwis zedapiris farTobi daaxloebiT 510 mln.km2, romlis 70,8% ( 361 mln. km2)

msoflio okeaneze modis, xolo 29,2% (149 mln. km2) - xmeleTze. ekvatoruli radiusi

Seadgens 6378, 245 km-s, polaruli ki -6356, 863 km-s; simZimis Zalis aCqareba polusebze

983 sm/sek2-ia, ekvatorze 978 sm/sek2. dedamiwis moculoba 1,083 X 1012 km3-ia, masa - 6 X

1027 g.

Tavi 2. dedamiwis Sinagani agebuleba. geosferoebi

dedamiwa rogorc SedgenilobiT, ise agebulebiT araerTgvarovani sxeulia. Tumca

am araerTgvarovnebaSi garkveuli kanonzomierebaa daculi. saqme isaa, rom

dedamiwis zedapiridan SigneTisaken (centrisaken) erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli

ramdenime koncentruli fena gamoiyofa, romlebic geosferoebis (ge–dedamiwa da

sphaira – burTi; berZ.) saxeliTaa cnobili(sur.2.1).

ZiriTadi geosfero samia: dedamiwis qerqi, mantia da birTvi.

es geosferoebi gamoyofilia geofizikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT. seismuri

talRebis (rogorc grZivis P, ise ganivis S) gavrcelebis meSveobiT. geosferoebs

Soris sazRvrebi gavlebulia iq, sadac seismuri talRebis gavrcelebaSi mkveTri

naxtomebi aRiniSneba. igulisxmeba, rom mkveTr naxtoms seismuri talRebis

gavrcelebaSi iwvevs erTi garemodan meore – gansxvavebul garemoSi gadasvla. (aq

4

mxedvelobaSi iReben mezobeli geosferoebis gansxvavebul qimiur Sedgenilobas an

fizikur mdgomareobas, an orives erTad). kerZod, dedamiwis qerqis yvelaze Rrma

nawilebSi grZivi talRebis siCqare 6.5 -7.4 km/sek-ia, ganivisa 3.7-3.8. mis qveviT

momyoli mantiis sul zeda nawilSi ki Sesabamisad _7.9-8.2 da 4.5-4.7. rogorc vxedavT,

gansxvaveba siCqareebSi mniSvnelovania. sazRvars qerqsa da mantias Soris mohoro-

viCiCis zedapiri (moho) ewodeba. mantiis sul qveda nawilebSi seismuri talRebis

siswrafe maqsimaluria -13.6 km/sek grZivi talRebisaTvis da 7.2-7.3 _ ganivisaTvis.

qveSmdebare birTvis (ufro zustad gare birTvis) sul zeda nawilebSi grZivi

talRebis siswrafe ecema 8.1 km/sek-mde. rac Seexeba ganiv talRebs, isini gare

birTvSi saerTod ar gadian. rogorc cnobilia, ganivi talRa warmoiqmneba rogorc

garemos reaqcia formis cvlaze, forma ki mxolod myar sxeulebs gaaCniaT. aqedan

gamomdinare, mecnierebi askvnian, rom gare birTvi ara myar, aramed Txevad mdgomare-

obSi unda iyos. sazRvari mantiasa da birTvs Soris gutenbergis zedapirad iwodeba.

ras warmoadgenen es geosferoebi? dedamiwis qerqi myari fenis saxiT garedan aris

gadakruli mTel dedamiwaze. qerqi sxva geosferoebTan SedarebiT Zalze mcire

sisqisaa, Tanac cvalebadi _minimaluri sisqeebi (6-7 km) aRiniSneba okeaneebSi,

maqsimaluri (50-75 km) – naoWa mTebis zolebSi (yvelaze sqelia andebsa, himalaisa da

tibetSi), xolo saSualo (35-40 km) _ kontinenturi platformebis vake adgilebSi.

qerqi uwyvetad zevidan gadafarebulia mantiaze. es ukanaskneli vrceldeba 2900km-

mde. mantiaSi or nawils gamoyofen: zeda da qveda mantias. (bolo xanebSi maT Soris

gardamaval fenasac aRniSnaven, e.w. golicinis fenas an mezosferos, 400-670 km

siRmeebze). zeda mantia siRrmeSi 670-1000km–mde vrceldeba. masSi seismuri talRebis

gavrcelebis mixedviT sami fena gamoiyofa, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT Sua e.w.

asTenosferoa saintereso (,,asTenos“ –susti; berZ.). asTenosfero xasiaTdeba seismuri

talRebis, gansakuTrebiT ganivis, dabali siCqareebiTa da maRali

eleqtrogamtarobiT. is gansxvavebiT zeda mantis zeda da qveda fenebisagan,

plastiuria. es Tviseba mas uaRresad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, radganac wamyvan

geologiur procesTa didi nawili swored asTenosferoSi iRebs saTaves.

asTenosfero sxvadasxva siRrmeze mdebareobs da sisqec cvalebadi aqvs. okeaneebis

qveS is SeiZleba sul ramdenime km-dan daiwyos (3-4 km-dan Suaokeanuri qedebis

zolSi), xolo kontinentebis qveS 150-200km da gacilebiT ufro met siRrmezec ki.

misi sisqe erTi-ori aseuli km-ia. Cveulebriv asTenosfero dedamiwis zedapirTan

axlos dedamiwis qerqis moZrav zonebSi amodis, xolo yvelaze Rmad aris

ganlagebuli, Tanac arcTu mkafiod gamoxatuli, kontinentebis yvelaze ,,wynar”

ubnebSi, kratonebis Txemuri nawilebis qveS (farebze)(sur.2.2).

yvelaze mniSvnelovani magmuri kerebi asTenosferoSi Cndeba.

asTenosferos Tavze mdebare zeda mantiis myar nawils (e.w. peridosfero)

dedamiwis qerqTan erTad liTosferos uwodeben (,,liTos“–qva; berZ.). aqve SevniSnavT,

rom es ar aris liTosferos erTaderTi gansazRvra. zogjer liTosferos

Sinaarsobrivad dedamiwis qerqTan aigiveben. winamdebare wignSi liTosferos gagebis

pirveli variantia miRebuli. gamodis rom liTosfero (dedamiwis qerqi +

peridosfero) zis asTenosferoze.

es uaRresad mniSvnelovani da dasamaxsovrebeli momentia.

liTosferosa da asTenosferos erTad teqtonosfero ewodeba. myari mantia

moTavsebulia 670–2900km siRrmeze.

birTvi dedamiwis gulSi mdebare sferoa. igi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: gare

birTvi (2900–5120 km siRrme) da Siga birTvi (5120–6370 km). rogorc ukve aRiniSna, gare

birTvi Txevadia, Siga – myari. birTvi ZiriTadad rkinisa da nikelisagan Sedgeba.

dedamiwis qerqze miwis mTeli moculobis 1,5% modis, mantiaze –82,3%, gare

birTvze –15,4%, xolo Siga birTvze –0,8%

5

Tavi 3. dedamiwis Termodinamikuri pirobebi

simkvrive. dedamiwis saSualo simkvrive 5.52 g/sm2-ia, xolo dedamiwis qerqis _

2.8.aSkaraa, rom dedamiwis qerqi ufro msubuqi masalisgan Sedgeba, vidre mantia da

birTvi. dadgenilia, rom SigneTSi simkvrive TandaTn matulobs. mantiis zeda myar

nawilSi, mohos sazRvris qveS is 3.4-ia, mantiis sul qveda nawilebSi (2900km-ze) _ 5.6,

gare birTvis zeda nawilSi (gutenbergis zedapiris qveS) _ 9.7-10.0; Semdeg TandaTan

izrdeba da maqsimums dedamiwis centrSi aRwevs _ 13.0 g/sm3. rac Seexeba simZimis

Zalis aCqarebas, is dedamiwis zedapirze saSualod 982 sm/sek2-ia, siRrmeSi jer

TandaTan izrdeba da maqsimums (1037 sm/sek2) mantiisa da birTvis sazRvarze aRwevs,

Semdeg ki TandaTan mcirdeba da dedamiwis centrSi nulamde dadis.

magnetizmi. dedamiwa warmoadgens gigantur magnits. mis irgvliv Seqmnilia

magnituri veli, romlis gaswvriv ,,gaWimuli” kompasis isari miuTiTebs magnitur (da

ara geografiul) polusebze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela geologiuri procesi

dedamiwis magnitur velSi mimdinareobs. saidan gauCnda dedamiwas Tviseba

magnetizmisa? rogorc fiqroben, es dakavSirebuli unda iyos dedamiwis brunvis

Sedegad SigneTSi, kerZod ki gare birTvSi, masalis gadaadgilebasTan.

dedamiwa, rogorc magniti, bipolarulia. aRsaniSnvia, rom magnituri polusebi

geografiuls ar emTxveva. kuTxe dedamiwis brunvis RerZsa da magnitur RerZs Soris

daaxloebiT 11.5°-ia. msgavsad geografiulisa, arsebobs magnituri meridianebic,

romlebic Tavs iyrian magnitur polusebSi.

damagniteba xdeba mineral magnetitis Semcvel magmur qanebSi am ukanasknelTa

warmoSobis dros. Tanac magmis temperatura ar unda aRematebodes e.w. kiuris

wertils (temperatura, romlis zeviTac damagnitebis nacvlad ganmagnitebaa).

damagnitebisas qanis magnituri elementebis orientacia iseTive iqneba, rogorc im

dros arsebuli saerTo magnituri velisa. magmur qanebSi arsebuli magnetitis

kristalebi ganlagdebian kompasis isrebis msgavad magnituri polusebis

mimarTulebiT. uaRresad mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom magmuri qani SemdgomSi

inarCunebs miRebul damagnitebas magnituri elementebis Seucvlelad, maSin, rodesac

dedamiwis magnituri veli droSi cvalebadia. drodadro xdeba magnituri polusebis

Senacvleba _ Crdilo polusi iqceva samxreTulad, samxreTuli ki Crdilourad. am

movlenas magnituri velis inversias (Senacvlebas) uwodeben. aqedan gamomdinare,

SemorCenili magnetizmis (paleomagnetizmis) mixedviT SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT magmuri

qanebis geologiuri asaki. msgavsi ram danaleq qanebSic aris SesaZlebeli. rodesac

danaleqi qanis masalaSi adre damagnitebuli qanis marcvali xvdeba, daleqvis

procesSi es marcvlebi iReben im dros arsebuli magnituri velis orientacias,

romelsac SemdgomSi danaleqi qani bolomde inarCunebs. aqedan gamomdinare,

problemas aRar warmoadgens am qanis warmoSobis drois gansazRvra.

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, yovelTvis mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes is garemoeba,

rom garkveul pirobebSi an zogi procesis Sedegad (fitva, intruziis SemoWra,

Zlieri metamorfizmi da sxv.) bunebrivi damagniteba SeiZleba Seicvalos, an saerTod

moispos kidec. da mainc unda davaskvnaT, rom Zveli damagnitebis gamoyenebiT qanebis

asakis gansazRvra dRes erT-erT miRebul stratigrafiul meTods warmoadgens

(magnitostratigrafia).

qanebis magnetizmis sxvagvari gamoyenebac aris SesaZlebeli. irkveva, rom zogjer

mocemul adgilze magnituri elementebi ar aris iseTi, rogorc es mosalodneli

iyo. vaskvniT, rom saqme gvaqvs magnitur anomaliasTan. magnituri anomalia aris

magnituri velis regionuli saSualo maCveneblisagan gadaxra. zogjer is SeiZleba

gamowveuli iyos mocemul adgilze miwis qveS dafaruli rkinis an sxva tipis

sabados arsebobiT. rogorc vxedavT, dedamiwis magnetizmi wiaRiseulis sabadoTa

ZebnaSic gvexmareba.

6

dabolos, paleomagnetizmis kidev erTi, metad mniSvnelovani Rirsebis Sesaxeb.

sxvadasxva asakis qanebis Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom xangrZlivi geologiuri

drois ganmavlobaSi calkeuli kontinentebis farglebSi adgili ki hqonda rogorc

magnituri, ise geografiuli polusebis gadaadgilebas, magram es gadaadgileba

umniSvnelo iyo. amave dros aseTi gadaadgileba kontinentebis urTierTSedarebisas

Zalian mniSvnelovani Cans. ibadeba kiTxva _ gadaadgildebodnen polusebi Tu

moZraobnen kontinentebi? dReisaTvis es sakiTxi kontinentebis moZraobis anu

dreifis sasargeblod aris gadawyvetili, raSic mniSvnelovani wvlili

paleomagnitur kvlevasac miuZRvis.

geoTermia. geologiuri procesebis warmarTvisaTvis siTburi energiaa saWiro.

dedamiwaze siTbos ori wyaro arsebobs: 1) mzisgan miRebuli siTbo da 2) dedamiwis

SigneTSi arsebuli siTbo. mzis siTbo ZiriTadad dedamiwis zedapirze ,,ixarjeba” da

SigneTSi maqsimum 20-30 metramde Tu vrceldeba. misi gavrcelebis zRvarze aris

mudmivi temperaturis done, romelic mocemuli adgilis saSualo wliuri

temperaturis tolia da sxvadasxva adgilas sxvadasxva siRrmeze mdebareobs.

magaliTad, parizSi mudmivi temperatura (+11.83°C) zedapiridan 28 metr siRrmezea,

moskovSi (+4.2°C) – 20 metrze.

mudmivi temperaturis donis qveviT SigneTSi gabatonebas iwyebs dedamiwis Sinagani

siTbo. is warmoadgens energiis udides wyaros, romelic warmarTavs iseT

mniSvnelovan geologiur procesebs, rogorebicaa magmatizmi, miwisZvrebi,

teqtonikuri moZraobani da sxv. SaxtebSi, maRaroebsa da gansakuTrebiT

WaburRilebSi dakvirvebiT gairkva, rom SigneTidan zedapirisaken moedineba siTburi

nakadi. Sesabamisad mudmivi temperaturis donis qveviT TandaTan xdeba temperaturis

mateba. am matebas garkveuli kanonzomiereba aqvs. temperaturis namats SigneTSi,

saTanado siRrmeze gayofils geoTermiuli gradienti ewodeba, xolo im siRrmiT

intervals, romlis drosac temperatura 1°-iT izrdeba, geoTermiuli safexuri hqvia.

rogorc vxedavT, geoTermiuli gradienti temperaturas gulisxmobs, geoTermiuli

safexuri ki manZils. isic advili dasanaxia, rom es ori erTeuli ukuproporciul

damokidebulebaSia erTmaneTTan-geoTermiuli gradientis gazrda niSnavs

geoTermiuli safexuris Semcirebas da piriqiT. geoTermiuli gradienti (da

Sesabamisad geoTermiuli safexuri) dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilze sxvadasxvaa. es

bunebrivicaa, radgan siTburi nakadi dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi erTnairi raodenobiT

ar modis. an Tundac erTnairi odenobiTac rom modiodes, dedamiwis araerTgvarovani

agebulebis gamo es nakadi yvelgan Tanabrad ar gaivlis. yvelaze maRali

geoTermiuli gradienti cnobilia oregonis StatSi (aSS) da Seadgens 150°-s 1 km-ze.

Sesabamisad geoTermiuli safexuri 6.67 m-s udris. yvelaze dabali – geoTermuli

gradienti (6° 1km-ze) samxreT afrikaSi aRiniSneba. geoTermiuli safexuri aq

Sesabamisad umaRlesia -167m. zogadad ki unda iTqvas, rom maRali geoTermiuli

gradientiT gamoirCevian okeaneebisa da kontinentebis moZravi zonebi, xolo

dabaliT – kontinenturi qerqis yvelaze mdgradi da amave dros Zveli ubnebi (e.w.

kratonebi). mainc ufro xSirad geoTermiuli gradienti 1 km-ze 20-50°-s Seadgens,

xolo geoTermiuli safexuri 15-45 metrs. rac Seexeba mTeli dedamiwisaTvis

gasaSualoebul geoTermiul gradients, is 30°C-is tolia 1 km-ze, xolo misi

Sesatyvisi geoTermiuli safexuri daaxloebiT 33 metria. magram aseTi

kanonzomiereba mTels SigneTSi ar vrceldeba, aramed moicavs mxolod dedamiwis

qerqis garkveul nawils. ufro Rrmad temperaturis mateba, marTalia, aris, magram

Seudareblad mcire. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ucvleli gradientis pirobebSi

dedamiwis centrSi temperatura daaxloebiT 200000° unda gvqonoda. es martivi

gaangariSebiT dgindeba. mecnierTa safuZvliani gaangariSebiT birTvSi temperatura

4000-5000°-is tolia. imave ucvleli geoTermiuli gradientis pirobebSi 100 km-is

7

siRrmeze temperatura 3000 °–is toli unda yofiliyo. cnobili ki aris, rom

daaxloebiT am siRmidan amosuli lavis temperatura 1100-1250° –s Seadgens. mecnierTa

azriT 100 km siRrmeze temperatura rom 1300-1500° –ze meti yofiliyo, mantiis am

nawilSi qanebi mTlianad gamdnari iqneboda da Sesabamisad ganiv seismur talRebs

veRar gaatarebda.

dasasrul aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc dedamiwis qerqSi, ise mTel liTosferoSi

nivTiereba imyofeba myar kristalur mdgomareobaSi. Tumca dedamiwis qerqSi

aRiniSneba asTenosferos msgavsi linzebi, romelTac qerqul magmur kerebs

ukavSireben. myaria faqtobrivad mTeli mantia asTenosferos gamoklebiT. rogorc

fiqroben, am ukanasknelSi nivTiereba amorful, minebriv mdgomareobaSia da

nawilobriv gamdnaria kidevac. amiT aris swored ganpirobebuli asTenosferoSi

seismuri talRebis dabali siCqareebi. amave mizeziT asTenosfero iTvleba magmuri

procesebis ZiriTad kerad.

rac Seexeba birTvs, imis gamo, rom mantiisa da gare birTvis sazRvarze grZivi

seismuri talRebis siCqareebi mkveTrad mcirdeba, xolo ganivi talRebi saerTod ar

gadis, gare birTvi Txevadad igulisxmeba, Siga birTvi ki myar sxeulad aris

miCneuli.

wneva siRmisaken TandaTan izrdeba da dedamiwis centrSi maqsimums aRwevs.

Tavi 4. dedamiwis qerqis nivTieri Sedgeniloba

ukve iTqva, rom geologiuri kvlevis ZiriTadi obieqti dedamiwis qerqia. is agebulia

sxvadasxva tipis qanebiT. es ukanasknelni mineralTa agregatebia, xolo TviT

mineralebi elementTa naerTebs an calkeul elementebs warmoadgenen. amrigad,

dedamiwis qerqi Sedgeba qanebis, mineralebisa da elementebisagan, romelTagan

ukanasknelni dedamiwis qerqis umartives struqturul erTeuls Seadgenen.

4.1. dedamiwis qerqis qimiuri Sedgeniloba.

dedamiwis qerqSi mendeleevis sistemis yvela elementia cnobili. magram es sulac

ar niSnavs, rom yvela es elementi qerqSi Tanabari raodenobiT gvxvdeba. sul rva

elementis dasaxeleba SeiZleba (O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg), romlebzec modis elementTa

saerTo masis 98%-ze meti (zogi monacemiT -99.5%). maTgan 80%-ze mets sami elementi

Seadgens: Jangbadi, siliciumi (kaJbadi) da alumini. Jangbadi imdenad bevria (TiTqmis

50%) dedamiwis qerqSi, rom am ukanasknels zogjer Jangbadis garssac ki uwodeben.

rac Seexeba darCenil elementebs, maTi Semcveloba qerqSi uaRresad mcirea(sur.

4.1). Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom aseve umniSvneloa maTi roli. gana vinmes

Seepareba eWvi naxSirbadis, azotis, uranis, oqros an bevri sxva elementis uaRresad

did mniSvnelobaSi? miuxedavad iSviaT elementTa umniSvnelo saSualo Semcvelobisa

(romelic klarkebSi izomeba), isini arcTu iSviaTad dedamiwis qerqis calkeul

ubnebSi mniSvnelovan danagrovebs qmnian sabadoebis saxiT. mecnierebas, romelic

dedamiwis qimiur Sedgenilobas da miwaSi elementTa ganawilebisa da migraciis

kanonzomierebebs swavlobs, geoqimia ewodeba.

4.2. mineralebi.

minerali (,,minera” - madnis natexi, laT.) aris kristaluri aRnagobis myari bunebrivi

naerTi, agebuli qimiuri elementiT (xalasi elementi) an elementTa jgufiT,

romelic warmoadgens dedamiwis qerqsa da mis zedapirze mimdinare sxvadasxva

fizikur-qimiuri procesebis produqts. mineralebis Semswavlel mecnierebas

mineralogia ewodeba.

8

bunebaSi 4000-ze meti minerali arsebobs. isini fizikuri Tu qimiuri Tvisebebis

mixedviT emsgavsebian an gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. mineralTa fizikur Tvisebebs

gansazRvravs qimiuri Sedgeniloba, kristaluri struqtura (atomebis, ionebis,

molekulebis kanonzomieri ganlageba) da mineralwarmomwobi Termodinamikuli

pirobebi.

mineralis ganmartebidan Cans, rom misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli

kristaluri agebulebaa. Tumca gamonaklisis saxiT arsebobs arakristaluri,

amorfuli (“amorfos” – uformo; berZn.) mineralebi (mag.: opali, limoniti da sxv.).

erT-erTi pirvelTagani mineralTa fizikuri Tvisebebidan mineralis formaa, rac

upirvelesad maTi Sinagani aRnagobiT, kristaluri mesriT, aris ganpirobebuli. kris-

tali garegnulad mravalwaxnagovani formiT aris warmodgenili. waxnagTa

kombinacia bunebriv kristalebSi mravalferovania, ris gamoc erTmaneTisagan

gansxvavebuli sxvadasxva formis kristalebs viRebT. miuxedavad didi mravalferov-

nebisa, formis mixedviT SesaZlebelia kristalTa dajgufeba Svid did sistemad anu

singoniad. es singoniebia: 1. kuburi, 2. heqsagonuri, 3. tetragonuri, 4. trigonuri, 5.

rombuli, 6. monoklinuri da 7. triklinuri.

sxvadasxva pirobebSi erTi da igive Sedgenilobis nivTierebisagan gansxvavebuli

formis kristalebi warmoiqmneba. bunebaSi bevri mineralia iseTi, romelTac

ramdenime forma axasiaTebT (mag.: kvarci, kalciti). SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli

Sedgenilobis nivTierebebs msgavsi formebi qondeT (mag. galeniti, piriti).

sxvadasxva Termodinamikul pirobebSi aseve SesaZlebelia erTnairi qimiuri

Sedgenilobis nivTierebam gansxvavebuli stuqturis mineralebi mogvces. mag. almasi

da grafiti(sur.4.2).

mineralebi bunebaSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba kargad ganviTarebuli kristalebis saxiT,

xSir SemTxvevaSi isini warmodgenilia kristalTa agregatebiT, romelTa Soris

aRsaniSnavia: konkreciebi, sekreciebi, druzebi, dendritebi, ooliTebi, pizoliTebi,

nadeni formebi da sxv.

simagre. es Tviseba gulisxmobs

mineralis winaaRmdegobis unars

gakawvrisadmi. ori mineralidan ufro

magaria is, romelic gakawravs meores.

mineralTa simagris dasadgenad

SemoRebulia mineralTa simagris e.w.

moosis skala (1812 wels iqna

SemoTavazebuli germaneli mineralogis

f.moosis mier), romelSic rigis mixedviT

aTi etalonuri mineralia Sesuli, maT

Soris yvelaze rbilia talki (simagre 1),

xolo yvelaze magari – almasi (simagre 10).

danarCen 8 minerals Sealeduri safexurebi

ukavia (cxrili 1).

moosis skala saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros mineralTa SefardebiTi simagre.

zusti simagris gansazRvra ki SesaZlebelia specialuri xelsawyos, sklerometris,

saSulebiT.

dReisaTvis cnobil yvela minerals simagriT talksa da almass Soris ukaviaT

adgili. cnobisaTvis SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom grafitis simagre 1-ia, adamianis

frCxilis – 2-2.5, spilenZis monetis – 3-3.5, minis 5–5.5, foladis danis – 5.5-6, qlibis

6.5-7. bunebaSi gavrcelebuli mineralebis umetesoba xasiaTdeba 2-6 simagriT.

mineralis simagre kristalis Sinagani struqturiT aris ganpirobebuli.

cxrili 1

etaloni minerali

formula simagre moosis skaliT

talki Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 1

TabaSiri CaSO4. 2H2O 2

kalciti CaCO3 3

fluoriti CaF2 4

apatiti Ca5(PO4)3(OH-, Cl-, F-) 5

orToklazi K(AlSi3O8) 6

kvarci SiO2 7

topazi Al2SiO4(OH-, F-)2 8

korundi Al2O3 9

almasi C 10

9

feri. mineralis feri ganpirobebulia misi qimiuri SedgenilobiT, struqturiT,

qromofor-elementebiT an meqanikuri minarevebiT. zogi minerali (vTqvaT kvarci,

kalciti an fluoriti) ferTa TiTqmis mTeli gamiT aris warmodgenili. sxvadasxva

feris kvarcs saxelebic gansxvavebuli aqvs, gamWvirvales mTis broli hqvia, iisfers

– ameTvisto, Savs – morioni, oqrosfers – citrini da a.S. zogi minerali ki mxolod

erTi feriT aris cnobili. magaliTad, mwvane feris spilenZis minerali – malaqiti

an wiTeli-singuri. SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva qimiuri Sedgenilobis mineralebi erTi

feriT xasiaTdebodnen. amitom mxolod feri ar SeiZleba iyos mineralis

madiagnostirebeli niSani.

xazis feri. mineralis xazis feri aris fxvnilis feri, romelic miiReba faifuris

mouWiqav zedapirze mineralis gasmisas. xSirad mineralis feri da xazis feri

emTxveva erTmaneTs. Tumca SesaZlebelia isini gansxvavebulic iyos (mag. TiTbrisebr

yviTeli pirits aqvs Savi xazis feri). mineralis es Tviseba SeiZleba kargad

gamoviyenoT mis gamosacnobad. moviyvanoT cnobili magaliTi. rkinis ori

gavrcelebuli mineralidan erTi – magnetiti bunebaSi yovelTvis Savi feriT

gvxvdeba, meore – hematiti (“haimatos” – sisxli; berZn.) ki ZiriTadad sisxliviT

wiTelia, Tumca zogjer Savi ferisac aris. xazis feri magnetits agreTve Savi aqvs,

hematits ki (wiTelsac da Savsac) – mxolod wiTeli. gamodis, rom Savi feris

hematits magnetitisagan xazis feriT advilad gavarCevT. mineralebi, romelTa

simagre 7an 7-ze metia, faifuris zedapirze xazis fers ar toveben (faifuris

mouWiqavi zedapiris simagre 6.5-7- ia), maTi gasmisas rCeba nakawri.

tkeCvadoba. mineralis Tvisebaa gaipos (aitkeCos) garkveuli sibrtyis gaswvriv. es

Tviseba misi Sinagani stuqturiT ganisazRvreba. igulisxmeba, rom tkeCvadobis

sibrtyis gaswvriv kristalur meserSi elementTa nawilakebs Soris kavSirebi ufro

sustia, vidre sxva mimarTulebiT. Sesabamisad, raime Zalis miyenebis Semdeg swored

am mimarTulebiT xdeba atkeCvac. tkeCvadoba gansakuTrebiT kargad aris gamoxatuli

Sreebrivi struqturis mineralebSi. tkeCvadobis sxvadasxva xarisxi arsebobs: friad

sruli (idealuri), sruli, saSualo, arasruli, friad arasruli. mineralebSi

tkeCvadobis sibrtye SeiZleba iyos erTi mimarTulebiT (qarsebi), ori mimarTulebiT

(orToklazi, rqatyuara), sami mimarTulebiT (kalciti, haliti) da a.S. (sur. 4.3.).

tkeCvadobis armqone mineralebi ki ar itkeCeba, aramed imsxvreva da, rogorc wesi,

aqvT araswori, niJariseburi monatexi. tkeCvadoba yovelTvis mimarTulia realuri an

potenciurad SesaZlebeli waxnagis paralelurad.

monatexi. monatexi aris uswormasworo zedapiri, romelic warmoiqmneba mineralis

msxvrevisas. monatexi SeiZleba iyos niJarisebri (kvarci, qalcedoni), uswormasworo

(apatiti), safexurisebri(galeniti, haliti), xiwvisebri (TabaSiri, aqtinoliTi),

kauWisebri (oqro, platina) da sxv.

elvareba. mineralis es Tviseba damokidebulia mis zedapirze sinaTlis sxivis

gardatexa-arekvlis xasiaTze. elvarebis mixedviT gamoiyofa mineralebis ori jgufi:

metaluri da arametaluri elvarebiT. metaluri elvareba damaxasiaTebelia

metalebisTvis, sulfidebisTvis da Jangeulebis zogierTi mineralisTvis.

arametaluri elvareba ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia gamWvirvale da naxevrad

gamWvirvale mineralebisTvis. arametalur elvarebaSi gamoiyofa: minisebri,

almasiseburi, abreSumiseburi, sadafiseburi, cximovani, mqrqali, metaloiduri

elvareba;

gamWvirvaleba damokidebulia mineralis mier sinaTlis sxivis gatarebis

unarze.gamWvirvalobis xarisxi arCeven gaumWvirvale (piriti), gamWvirvale (mTis

broli) da naxevradgamWvirvale (qalcedoni) mineralebs.

SeiZleba davasaxeloT kidev mineralTa iseTi fizikuri Tvisebebi rogoricaa

xvedriTi wona, magnituroba, xsnadoba, gemo, da a.S.

10

mineralTa warmoSoba. warmoSobis anu genezisis mixedviT mineralTa ori jgufi

gamoiyofa: 1) endogenuri (“endon” – SigniT; berZn.) da 2) egzogenuri (“ekzo” – gareT;

berZn.). pirvelTa genezisi dakavSirebulia miwis SigneTSi – qerqsa da mantiaSi (zeda

mantiaSi) mimdinare geologiur procesebTan – magmatizmsa da metamorfizmTan, xolo

meoreni -dedamiwis zedapirze mimdinare fitviTi procesebisa da xsnarebidan

gamoleqvis Sedegad miiRebian.

mineralTa klasifikacia. bunebaSi arsebuli mineralebidan yvela erTnairad

rodia gavrcelebuli. Zalian cotaa (daaxl. 50) is mineralebi, romlebic

mniSvnelovani raodenobiT monawileoben dedamiwis qerqis amgeb qanebSi. aseT

mineralebs qanmaSeni mineralebi ewodeba. qanmaSeni mineralebia: kvarci, orToklazi,

plagioklazi, muskoviti, biotiti, avgiti, rqatyuara da sxva. mineralTa umetesoba

umniSvnelo raodenobiT gvxvdeba ama Tu im qanSi. maT aqcesoruli mineralebi

ewodeba (“aqcesorius” – damatebiTi; laT.).

mineralTa klasifikacia ZiriTadad maT qimiur Sedgenilobaze da struqturazea

dafuZnebuli. qimiuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT gamoiyofa ramdenime klasi:

1.xalasi (TviTnabadi) elementebi. es is mineralebia, romlebic TiTo elementiT

aris warmodgenili. aseTebia: oqro Au, vercxli Ag, spilenZi Cu, gogirdi S, platina

Pt, grafiti C, almasi C da sxva. sul 45-mde aseTi mineralia. maTi raodenoba

dedamiwis qerqSi sxva mineralebTan SedarebiT Zalze umniSvneloa.

2. sulfidebi. sulfidebi gogirdis naerTebs ewodebaT. jgufi didi ar aris,

magram masSi gaerTianebulia iseTi cnobili madneuli mineralebi, rogorebicaa

galeniti (tyviis kriala PbS), sfaleriti ZnS, piriti (gogirdis kolCedani FeS2),

qalkopiriti (spilenZis kolCedani CuFeS2), molibdeniti (molibdenis kriala MoS2),

singuri (arabulad drakonis sisxli HgS), realgari (dariSxanis minerali AsS) da

sxv.

3. halogenidebi qloris an ftoris naerTebia. aq, pirvel rigSi, davasaxeloT

haliti (qvamarili an igive saWmeli marili NaCl), silvini KCl, fluoriti CaF2 da sxv.

4. Jangebi da hidroJangebi.

es aris sxvadasxva elementTa naerTebi JangbadTan an JangbadTan da hidroqsilis

(OHOHOH) jgufTan. farTod gavrcelebuli mineralebia, romelTac dedamiwis qerqis

saerTo masis 17% ukaviaT. am jgufSi wamyvani adgili kvarcsa (SiO2) da misi ojaxis

warmomadgenlebs ukaviaT. esenia: qalcedoni SiO2 (farulkristaluri saxesxvaoba

kvarcisa), aqati (Wreli qalcedoni), opali SiO2 ∙ nH2O (amorfuli minerali) da sxv.

kvarci erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli mineralia dedamiwis qerqSi.

amave jgufSia Zalze mniSvnelovani madneuli mineralebi: magnetiti (magnituri

rkinaqva Fe3O4), hematiti (rkinis kriala Fe2O3), korundi (erT-erTi umagresi minerali

Al2O3), erTob popularuli limoniti (Fe2O3∙nH2O) da sxv.

5. karbonatebi is mineralebia, romlebic marilmJavasTan reaqciisas naxSiroJangs

gamoyofen. kalciti (CaCO3) dedamiwis qerqSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli

mineralia, romlis gamWvirvale saxesxvaobas islandiuri Spati (optikuri kalciti)

ewodeba. sakmaod gavrcelebuli mineralia dolomiti CaMg(CO3)2, spilenZis Semcveli

mineralebi malaqiti Cu 2CO3 (OH)2 da azuriti Cu 3 (CO3 )2(OH)2, magneziti MMgCO3 da sxv.

6. sulfatebi. am klasSi Semavali mineralebi gogirdmJavas marilebs warmoadgenen.

erT-erTi pirvelTagania cnobili minerali TabaSiri CaSO4∙2H2O. aqve arian: anhidriti

CaSO4, bariti (mZime Spati BaSO4) da sxv.

7. fosfatebidan yvelaze gavrcelebuli mineralia apatiti Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH). imave

Sedgenilobisaa misi farulkristaluri saxesxvaobebi, romlebic fosforitebs

(fosforis, anu agronomiul madans) iZlevian.

11

8. silikatebi. silikatebi dedamiwis qerqis amgeb mineralTa umniSvnelovanesi

jgufia, romelsac qerqis 78% ukavia. Tu maTTan gavaerTianebT kvarcsac, romelsac

struqturiT silikatebs akuTnvneben, maSin es cifri 90%-mde gaizrdeba.

silikatebis umetesoba dedamiwis SigneTSi warmoiSoba endogenuri procesebis

Sedegad. maTgan didi nawili warmoadgens magmuri da metamorfuli qanebis qanmaSen

minerals, mcire nawili – danaleqi qanebisas.

silikatebi Zalian mravalferovani jgufia. masSi ramdenime qvejgufi gamoiyofa.

orTosilikatebi (nezosilikatebi, kunZulisebri silikatebi) -olivini (Mg,

Fe)2[SiO4], granatebi (mag. piropi Mg3Al2[SiO4]3;

inosilikatebi (Zewkvisebri da bafTuri silikatebi). aq aris Zalian cnobili

piroqsenebi da amfibolebi. piroqsenebidan davasaxelebT avgits, xolo

amfibolebidan rqatyuaras.

filosilikatebi (Sreebrivi silikatebi). am jgufis yvelaze gavrcelebuli

warmomadgenlebi qarsebia, romelTa Soris upirvelesad unda davasaxeloT biotiti

da muskoviti. amave jgufSi Sedian: talki, qloriti, kaoliniti, glaukoniti.

teqtosilikatebi (karkasuli silikatebi) – feldSpatebi (mindvris Spatebi) da

feldSpatoidebi. mindvris Spatebi cnobil qanmaSen mineralTa Soris yvelaze

mniSvnelovani jgufia. maT ukaviaT dedamiwis qerqis 50%-ze meti. mindvris Spatebidan

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia orToklazi K(AlSi3O8) da plagioklazebi. es ukanaskneli

ramdenime mineralisagan Sedgeba, romlebic erTmaneTSi izomorfulad arian Sereuli

(izomorfizmi aris elementTa Tviseba Seenacvlon erTmaneTs msgavsi Sedgenilobis

qimiur SenaerTebSi da warmoqmnan erTnairi kristaluri formis Sereuli

mineralebis rigi). cnobilia plagioklazebis eqvsmineraliani rigi, romelSic

oligoklazi (mJave), andezini (saSualo), labradori da bitovniti (fuZe)

warmoadgenen albitisa Na[AlSi3O8] (mJave) da anorTitis Ca[Al2Si2O8] (fuZe) izomorful

narevs.

feldSpatoidebi mindvris Spatebis msgavsia SedgenilobiT, magram ukanasknelTagan

SiO2-is (kaJmiwis) simciriT da tute metalTa (NNa,K) siWarbiT gamoirCevian. am jgufis

yvelaze gavrcelebuli minerali nefelinia KNa3[AlSiO4]4. karkasul silikatebs

miekuTvneba agreTve mineralTa mniSvnelovani jgufi saerTo saxelwodebiT

ceoliTebi.

4.3. qanebi

qani warmoadgens mineralTa bunebriv agregats, romelic xasiaTdeba gansazRvruli

mineralogiuri SedgenilobiT, agebulebiT da warmoSobis pirobebiT. qanebis nivTier

Sedgenilobas, agebulebas, warmoSobis pirobebsa da gavrcelebas Seiswavlis

petrologia ( ,,petros“ - qva, klde; berZn) .

qanebSi mineralebi maTi rolis mixedviT iyofa: mTavar qanmaSen, meorexarisxovan,

meorad da aqcesorul (aqcesoruli mineralebis raodenoba Zalian mcirea, magram

damaxasiaTebelia mxolod garkveuli tipis qanebisaTvis) mineralebad. qanmaSen

mineralebs Soris arCeven Ria Seferilobis anu leikokratul (sialuri) (kvarci,

mindvris Spatebi, muskoviti da sxv.) da muqi Seferilobis anu melanokratul

(femuri) (biotiti, amfibolebi, piroqsenebi, olivini da sxv.) mineralebs. qani

SeiZleba Sedgebodes erTi an ramdenime mineralisgan. monomineraluri anu

erTmineraliani (,,monos“ – erTi; berZ.) qania marmarilo, kvarciti da sxv.

polimineralur anu mravalmineralian (,,polis“– mravali, bevri; berZ.) qanebs

miekuTvneba graniti, andeziti da sxv.

qanebi xasiaTdeba struqturiT da teqsturiT. struqtura - qanis agebulebis

Taviseburebaa, romelic damokidebulia kristalizaciis xarisxze, mineralTa

12

formasa da urTierTkavSirze; teqstura gamoxatavs Semadgeneli nawilebis

sivrcobriv ganlagebas.

warmoSobis pirobebis mixedviT qanebi sami mTavar jgufi gamoiyofa: 1.magmuri;

2.danaleqi da 3.metamorfuli; dedamiwis zedapiris 75% agebulia danaleqi qanebiT da

mxolod 25% ukavia magmur da metamorful qanebs.

4.3.1.magmuri qanebi.

magmuri qanebi warmoiqmneba magmis gacivebisa da gamyarebis Sedegad miwis qerqSi an

mis zedapirze. magma (berZ. ,,magmo“ – comisebr mdgomareobas niSnavs) ewodeba rTuli

Sedgenilobis maRaltemperaturul silikatur mdnars, romelic miwis qerqSi an zeda

mantiaSi Cndeba (30-400km siRrmeze). zedapirze amosul, gazebiT gaRaribebul magmas

lava ewodeba.

warmoSobis mixedviT magmur qanebs yofen: intruziul (siRrmis), hipabisur

(naxevarsiRrmis) da efuziur (zedapirul) qanebad.

intruziuli qanebi miwis qerqis Rrma nawilebSi warmoiSoba. magma neli gacivebis

Sedegad mTlianad aswrebs dakristalebas da Sesabamisad warmoiqmneba Tanabar-

marcvlovani, srulkristaluri struqturis da masiuri teqsturis qanebi.

hipabisuri qanebi gardamavalia siRrmisa da zedapirul qanebs Soris. maTi

gaciveba zedapirTan axlos mimdinareobs, SedarebiT ufro swrafad, vidre es

siRrmis qanebis SemTxvevaSi. damaxasiaTebelia wvrilmarcvlovani da xSirad

porfirisebri struqtura.

efuziuri anu vulkanuri qanebi lavis swrafi gacivebis Sedegadaa warmoSobili –

uSualod miwis zedapirze. swrafad gacivebuli lava ver aswrebs srulad

dakristalebas da warmoiSoba naxevrad kristaluri, xSirad farulkristaluri an

saerTod daukristalebeli minebrivi qanebi.

magmuri qanebi erTmaneTisagan qimiuri SedgenilobiTac gansxvavdebian. maTi dayofa

kaJmiwis (SiO2) Semcvelobis mixedviT xdeba. gamoiyofa oTxi jgufi: ultrafuZe (45 %

naklebi), fuZe (45–52%), saSualo (52–63%) da mJave ( 63%–78%) da ultramJave (78%

meti)qanebi.

ZiriTadi qanmaSeni mineralebia: feldSpatebi (orToklazi, mikroklini, plagiok-

lazebi), kvarci, piroqsenebi, amfibolebi, qarsebi (muskoviti, biotiti,) olivini.

magmur qanebSi SeimCneva garkveuli kanonzomiereba - qanebis xvedriTi wonisa da

feris cvalebadoba, rac ganpirobebulia maTi mineralogiuri SedgenilobiT.

ultrafuZe qanebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia muqi, TiTqmis Savi feri da maRali kuTri

wona (rkina–magneziuri mineralebis siuxvis gamo). mJave qanebisaken mcirdeba

xvedriTi wona da izrdeba Ria feris mineralebis raodenoba.

sxvadasxva jgufis qanebi erTmaneTisagan wamyvani mineralebis SemcvelobiTac

gansxvavdebian.

4.3.2danaleqi qanebi

danaleqi qani miiReba sxvadasxva qanebis daSla-daqucmacebisa da daleqva-dagrovebis

gziT. naSali masala warmoSobis adgilze ar rCeba, igi simZimis Zalis an romelime

agentis mier ganicdis gadatanas da daleqvas, romlisganac diagenezis gziT

danaleqi qanebi warmoiqmneba. magram es ar aris daaleqi qanis warmoqmnis erTaderTi

gza. danaleqi qani miiReba zRvaSi (da ara marto zRvaSi) mcxovrebi niJariani

wyalmcenareebisa da cxovelebis skeleturi nawilebis zRvis fskerze dagrovebisa

da Secementebisas, an zRvis wylidan qimiuri da bioqimiuri gziT gamoleqvis,

aorTqlebis da sxvadasxva procesebis Sedegad. danaleqi qanebis warmoSoba xdeba

rogorc zRvaSi, ise xmeleTze.

warmoSobis mixedviT danaleq qanebSi sami jgufi gamoiyofa:

13

1.klasturi danaleqi qanebi;

2.organogenuli (biogenuri) danaleqi qanebi;

3.qemogenuri (qimiuri) danaleqi qanebi;

klasturi (berZ. ,,klastes“-namsxvrevi) qanebi warmoiSobian mineralebis an qanebis

namsxvrevebisagan; klasturi qanebis klasifikacia dafuZnebulia namsxvrevebis zomebze (uxeSnatexovani, qviSiani, alevritiani), maTi damuSavebis xarisxsa (damuSavebuli da daumuSavebeli) da cementis arsebobaze an ararsebobaze (Secementebuli da fxvieri).

klastur qanebSi masalis simsxos mixedviT gamoiyofa oTxi jgufi:

1. psefitebi (berZ. ,,psefos“-riyis qva) masalis simsxo 2mm-ze meti;

2. psamitebi (berZn. ,,psamites“-qviSiani) – 2-0,1mm; 3. alevritebi (berZ. ,,alevron“-fqvili) -0,1-0,01mm;

4. pelitebi (berZ. ,,pelos“-Tixa) – 0,01mm-ze naklebi;

Secementebuli qanebi Sesabamisad iqneba psefitoliTebi, psamitoliTebi, alevroliTebi da pelitoliTebi.

psefitoliTebi Sedgebian natexebisagan, romlebic formiT iyofian damuSavebul

da daumuSavebel saxesxvaobebad. damuSavebuls miekuTvneba natexebi, romelTa

wiboebi damrgvalebuli da mosworebulia; daumrgvalebeli natexebi yovelTvis

dakuTxulia. natexovani masalis damrgvalebis xarisxi matulobs misi warmoSobis

adgilidan dagrovebis adgilamde gadatanis manZilisa da drois xangrZlivobis

Sesabamisad. psefitoliTebs, romelic Sedgeba damrgvalebuli masalisa da

cementisagan, ewodeba konglomerati, xolo Secementebuli dakuTxuli natexebisagan

Sedgenils - breqCia. aris SemTxvevebi, roca qanSi erTdroulad aris rogorc

damuSavebuli, ise daumuSavebeli masala. aseT qans breqCia-konglomerats an

fanglomerats uwodeben.

uxeSklasturi Seucementebeli qanebidan -psefitebidan gvxvdeba lodebi, RorRi, dresva (daumuSavebeli) an lodi, riye, kenWi, xvinWa (damuSavebuli).

psamitebis fxvier saxesxvaobas ewodeba qviSa, xolo Secementebuls-psamitoliTs -

qviSaqva. qviSaqebi Tixebis Semdeg yvelaze gavrcelebuli qanebia danaleq qanebSi.

qviSaqvebs anawileben masalis simsxos mixedviT da gamoyofen jgufebs msxilmar-

cvlovanidan - wvrilmarcvlovanamde. qviSaqvebi mravalferovani Sedgenilobisaa.

masSi wamyvani komponentebia kvarci, mindvris Spatebi, qarsebi da sxv. psamitoliTebs,

romlebic Sedgebian erTi mineralisagan ewodeba oligomiqturi (berZ. ,,oligos“-

cota, ,,miqtos“-Sereuli) (kvarcis qviSaqvebi), xolo ramdenime mineralisagan

Sedgenils - polimiqturi (berZ. ,,poli“-bevri, „miqtos“-Sereuli). maT miekuTvneba:

arkozuli qviSaqvebi (miiReba mJave qanebis daSlis Sedegad da agebulia kvarciTa da

mindvris SpatebiT), grauvakuli qviSaqvebi (miiReba fuZe magmuri qanebis daSliT),

tufogenuri qviSaqvebi, glaukonitiani qviSaqvebi (momwvano feris, masSi didi

raodenobiT glaukonitis arsebobis gamo).

alevroliTebi gardamavali jgufia psamitoliTebsa da pelitoliTebs Soris.

alevroliTebis erT-erTi warmomadgenelia-liosi. moTeTro-Calisfer-moyviTalo

sustad Secementebuli qani, romelic ZiriTadad kvarcisagan Sedgeba.

pelitoliTebi yvelaze wmindamarcvlovani qanebis jgufia. am jgufis

warmomadgenelia Tixebi. Tixebis jgufSi Sedis Tixebi - dambal mdgomareobaSi

plastiurobis mqone qanebi da argilitebi - plastiurobis armqone qanebi. Tixebis

feri sxvadasxvaa da misi feri minarevebiTaa ganpirobebuli. Tixebi ZiriTadad Tixis

mineralebisagan Sedgeba. mineraluri Sedgenilobis mixedviT oTxi jgufi gamoiyofa:

kaolinuri (cecxlgamZle), hidroqarsuli, montmorilonituri (bentonituri e.w.

maTeTrebeli) da polimineraluri.

14

organogenuli (biogenuri) danaleqi qanebi warmoiSoba cocxali organizmebis

(rogorc mcenareebis, ise cxovelebis) skeletebis dagrovebisa da Secementebis

Sedegad. Sesabamisad ganasxvaveben fitogenur (mcenareul) da zoogenur (cxovelur)

danaleq qanebs. fitogenurs miekuTvneba diatomiti, qvanaxSiri. zoogenuri danaleqi

qanebis warmomadgenelia lumaSeli. aris Sereuli, fitogenur-zoogenuri qanebic.

mag.carci, romelic Sedgeba erTujrediani wyalmcenareebis kokoliToforidebisa da

erTujrediani cxovelebis foraminiferebis niJarebisgan.

qemogenuri (qimiuri) danaleqi qanebi wylidan (ZiriTadad zRvis wylidan) qimiuri

daleqvis Sedegad miiReba. am tipis qanebs miekuTvneba kirqvebi, dolomitebi, evaporitebi anu marilebi.

4.3.3. metamorfuli qanebi

metamorfuli (berZ. ,,metamorfomai“-gardaviqmnebi) qanebi warmoiSoba adre arsebuli

danaleqi, magmuri, aseve metamorfuli qanebis gardaqmnis Sedegad, romelic

mimdinareobs dedamiwis qerqSi endogenuri procesebis zemoqmedebiT.

metamorfizmi mimdinareobs maRali temperaturisa da wnevis zemoqmedebiT.

metamorfuli qanebi magmuri da danaleqi qanebisagan gansxvavdeba ZiriTadad

mineraluri SedgenilobiT, agreTve struqturuli da teqsturuli TaviseburebebiT.

metamorfuli qanebi Sedgebian mxolod im mineralebisagan, romlebic mdgradia

maRali temperaturis da wnevis pirobebSi. maT ekuTvnis magmuri qanebis umetesi

mineralebi: kvarci, albiti da sxva plagioklazebi, kaliumis mindvris Spati

(mikroklini), qarsebi: muskoviti da biotiti, rqatyuara, piroqseni (avgiti), magnetiti,

hematiti, agreTve danaleqi qanebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli minerali kalciti. amas

garda, metamorful qanebSi gavrcelebulia mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli

mineralebi: sericiti, qloriti, aqtinoliTi, talki, serpentini, granati, grafiti da

sxva.

metamorful qanebSi ori didi jgufi gamoiyofa: fiqlebrivi da arafiqlebrivi. fiqlebrivi metamorfuli qanebis warmomadgenelia: Tixafiqali (aspiduri fiqali),

filiti, kristaluri fiqali, gnaisi. metamorfizmi izrdeba Tixafiqalidan gnaisamde.

arafiqlebriv metamorful qanebs miekuTvneba: marmarilo, kvarciti, anTraciti da sxv.

4.3.4. qanebis wolis formebi

rogorc viciT qanebiT aris agebuli dedamiwis qerqi, an mTlianad liTosfero.

gasarkvevia erTi metad saintereso sakiTxi – qanebi uwesrigod aris ,,Cayrili”

liTosferoSi, Tu arsebobs raime kanonzomiereba maT ganlagebaSi. irkveva rom

qanebis sivrcobrivi ganlageba marTlac garkveuli kanonzomierebebiT xasiaTdeba.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qanebs axasiaTebT maTTvis kuTvnili, specifikuri wolis

formebi. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom sakuTari wolis formebi gaaCniaT mxolod magmur

da danaleq qanebs. rac Seexeba metamorful qanebs, radganac isini magmuri da

danaleqi qanebisagan warmoiSobian, SeZlebisdagvarad inarCuneben im wolis formebs,

romlebic maT momcem dedaqanebs gaaCniaT.

magmuri qanebis wolis formebi.

magmuri qanebi warmoSobis pirobebis mixedviT iyofa intruziul da efuziur

magmur qanebad. Sesabamisad arCeven intruziuli da efuziuri magmuri qanebis wolis

formebsac. intruziuli qanebi yalibdebian miwis wiaRSi da zedapirze SiSvldebian

mxolod eroziulad Rrmad CaWril ubnebSi.

15

intruziuli qanebis wolis forma SeiZleba iyos:

uTanxmo - gamkveTi (intruziuli sxeulebi adnoben da meqanikurad kveTen Semcvel

qanebs);

TanxmobiTi (intruziuli qanebi TanxmobiT arian ganlagebuli Semcvel qanebTan).

intruziuli sxeulebis uTanxmo ganlagebis ZiriTad formebs ekuTvnis:

baToliTebi, Stokebi, daikebi da sxv. baToliTi (berZn. ,,baTos“ -siRrme) grandiozuli zomebis, did siRrmeebze

warmoSobili gamkveTi magmuri sxeulia. miwis zedapirze gaSiSvlebuli nawilis

farTobi aseuli da meti kvadratuli kilometrebiT ganisazRvreba. baToliTebi

ZiriTadad granitoidebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da yvelaze farTod naoWa

sartylebSia gavrcelebuli.

Stoki (berZn. joxi, Rero) izodiametruli gamkveTi sxeulia, cicabo kedlebiT,

romlis farTobi miwis zedapirze 100 km2 -ze naklebia.

daiki (ingl. damba, qvis kedeli) SedarebiT mcire zomis viwro da wagrZelebuli

intruziuli sxeulia, romlis sigrZe aTeuli metrebidan aseul kilometrebamde,

xolo sigane aTeuli santimetridan 5-10 km-mde monacvleobs. daiki Semcveli qanebis

napralebSia SeWrili da amdenad tipur gamkveT sxeuls warmoadgens.

apofizi (berZn. ylorti) intruzividan gamomavali, Semcvel qanebSi SeWrili

patara gamkveTi ZarRvuli sxeulia.

intruziuli sxeulebis TanxmobiTi ganlagebis ZiriTad formebs ekuTvnis:

silebi da lakoliTebi. sili (ingl. zRurbli) anu SreZarRvi SreTaSoris moTavsebuli Sreebrivobis

paralelurad gawolili magmuri sxeulia. xSirad sili mravalsarTuliania.

lakoliTi (berZ. ormo) sokoseburi an linzismagvari intruziuli sxeulia,

romlis fuZe horizontaluria, xolo saxuravi - amoburculi. lakoliTis forma

migvaniSnebs imaze, rom qveda fenebidan magmam zeda Semcveli Sre ver gaglija,

Tumca amozniqa. lakoliTebi SigneTSi SedarebiT nakleb siRmeebze warmoiSobian

(sur.4.3.4).

efuziuri qanebis wolis formebi

efuziuri qanebi warmodgenilia vulkanuri zewrebis (vrceldeba did farTobze), lavuri nakadebisa (SedarebiT mcire farTobis sxeulebi) da vulkanuri gumbaTebis saxiT (sur.4..4).

danaleqi qanebis wolis formebi

danaleq qanebs gaaCniaT erTaderTi wolis forma. es aris Sre. Sre SemosazRvrulia

rogorc qvevidan, ise zevidan. Sesabamisad, mas gaaCnia qvedapiri, anu sagebi da

zedapiri, anu saxuravi. arsebobs mTeli rigi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebisa, romelTa

mixedviT SeiZleba sagebisa da saxuravis amocnoba. sagebsa da saxuravs Soris

gavlebuli marTobi xazi ki gvaZlevs Sris sisqes anu simZlavres. simZlavris

mixedviT gamoyofen Txel, saSualo, sqel da masiuri Sreeebrivobis mqone danaleq

qanebs.

danaleqi qanebis didi umetesoba wyalSi (zRvaSi, tbaSi da a.S.) warmoiSoba. amitom

maTi sawyisi ganlageba, anu Sreebrivoba horizontuli an TiTqmis horizontulia.

mxolod mdinareTa deltebSi, kontinenturi beqobis cicabo zedapirze an zog sxva

adgilSi Tu xdeba daxril SreTa warmoSoba.

rogorc wesi, Sreebi erTmaneTis paraleluria. Tumca daleqvis procesSi

Secvlili geologiuri pirobebis gamo SeiZleba e.w. xlarTuli Sreebrivoba miviRoT.

Sreebi garkveul farTzea gadaWimuli. amitom maT sawyisic aqvT da dasasrulic.

SreTa dasasruls gamosolva ewodeba. mcire ganzomilebisa da specifikuri formis

Sres linza hqvia.

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rogorc aRvniSneT, Sreebis pirvandeli ganlageba horizontulia. bunebaSi

marTlac arcTu iSviaTad SevxvdebiT horizontuli ganlagebis SreTa kompleqsebs.

magram kidev ufro xSirad naxavT Sreebs, romelTac teqtonikuri moZraobebis

gavleniT deformacia - danaoWeba an dawyveta da amgvarad gadaadgileba

(dislokacia) (,,dislokacio“ - gadaadgileba; laT.) ganucdiaT. SreTa dislokaciis

ori saxe arsebobs: naoWa (plikaturi) da wyvetiTi (dizunqtiuri).

SreTa dislokaciis SemTxvevaSi saWiro sdeba dislocirebuli Sreebis (naoWebis,

sxletvebis) orientaciaSi moyvana qveynis mxareebis mimarT. aseTi ram horizontuli

Sreebrivobis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac Sreebi yvela mimarTulebiT

erTnairadaa ganfenili.

daxrilad ganlagebul SreebSi Semdeg elementebs arCeven: mimarTebas, daqanebasa

da daqanebis kuTxes. mimarTebis xazi iqneba is xazi, romelsac miviRebT mimarTebis

horizontul sibrtyesTan gadakveTis SemTxvevaSi. daqanebis xazi daqanebis sibrtyeSi

mdebareobs da mimarTebis xazis marTobia. Sris daqanebis kuTxes qmnis daqanebis

xazi da misi proeqcia horizontalur sibrtyeze. aqve SevniSnavT, rom Sris

mimarTebas (an mimarTebis xazs) ori bolo aqvs, romelTa Soris sxvaoba 180°-s

Seadgens. amitom sakmarisia erTi bolos gazomva (sivrceSi orientaciaSi moyvana),

rom mimarTeba cnobili gaxdes. Sris daqaneba ki erTmimarTulebiania, Tanac es

mimarTuleba yovelTvis mimarTebis marTobulia. amitom Sris daqanebis gazomviT

vigebT ara marto daqanebis mimarTulebas, aramed mimarTebisasac (daqanebis

mimarTulebas plus an minus 90°). SreTa rogorc daqanebis, ise mimarTebis sivrceSi

orientaciaSi moyvana xdeba azimuturi kuTxeebis gazomviT, rac samTo kompasis

meSveobiT xerxdeba.

naoWa, anu plikaturi dislokaciebi (,,pliko“-vkecav; laT.).

naoWa dislokaciis dros Sreebis mTlianoba, uwyvetoba SenarCunebulia, Tumca

Sreebi deformirebulia. amgvarad naoWebi miiReba ara SreTa gawyvetiT, aramed

gaRunviT.

naoWSi ramdenime mniSvnelovani elementi gamoiyofa: frTebi, romlebic SreTa

gaRunvis Sedegad miiReba; guli - naoWis Siga nawili; TaRi an Ziri - SreTa gaRunvis

adgili; Sarniri - calkeuli Sris maqsimaluri gadaRunvis adgili; naoWis RerZi -

naoWis orad gamyofi sibrtye an mrude zedapiri; RerZis xazi - xazi, romelic

miiReba naoWis sibrtyis gadakveTisas horizontul sibrtyesTan.

naoWis ori ZiriTadi saxe arsebobs - antiklini da sinklini. antiklinis (,,anti“

winaaRmdeg da ,,klinos“ vxri; berZn.) SemTxvevaSi naoWis frTebi erTmaneTis

sawinaaRmdegodaa daxrili da rac mTavaria, mis gulSi yovelTvis ufro Zveli

qanebia ganlagebuli, vidre frTebSi. antiklini umetesad amozneqil, dadebiT

struqturas gulisxmobs. sinklinSi (,,sin“ -Tan; berZn.) naoWis frTebis amgebi Sreebi

erTmaneTiskenaa daxrili, guli ki yvelaze axalgazrda qanebiTaa amovsebuli.

sinklini umetesad Cazneqili, uaryofiTi struqturaa. antiklinisa da sinklinis

garda aris agreTve monoklini - calmxriv daqanebuli Sreebis ubnebi da fleqsura

(,,fleqsura“ - gaRunva; laT.) - SreTa safexuriseburi gaRunva, rodesac gaRunvis

adgilebSi Sreebi mkveTradaa daqanebuli, xolo gaRunvis orive mxares - naklebad.

naoWebis klasifikaciisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva maT formas

ganivkveTSi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa naoWebis danawileba RerZuli sibrtyis

mdebareobis mixedviT. gamoyofen amarTul(RerZuli sibrtye vertikaluria), daxril

(RerZuli sibrtye daxrilia), dawolil (naoWis RerZi horizontaluria) da

gadabrunebul( naoWis RerZi horizontis qveviTaa) naoWebs. kuTxe, romelic iqmneba

naoWis RerZsa da frTebs Soris, SeiZleba danaoWebis siZlieris maCveneblad

gamodges - rac ufro didia es kuTxe miT ufro sustia danaoWeba da piriqiT. Zlieri

danaoWebis SemTxvevaSi es kuTxe SeiZleba gaqres kidec - naoWis frTebi naoWis

17

RerZis paraleluri gaxdes. aseT naoWebs izoklinuri hqvia. kidev ufro Zlieri

danaoWebis SemTxvevaSi miiReba maraoseburi naoWi.

rogorc wesi, naoWebis TaRebi an Zirebi momrgvalebulia. Tumca aris SemTxvevebi,

roca isini kuTxedovani formisaa. rodesac gvaqvs TiTqmis Sveuli frTebis

monacvleoba farTo da brtyel (swor) naoWis TaRebTan da ZirebTan miiReba e.w.

kolofuri naoWebi.

plastiur qanebSi (qvamarili, TabaSiri, Tixa da sxva) gavrcelebulia e.w.

diapiriseburi da diapiruli naoWebi (antiklinebi). diapiriseburi naoWi Cndeba,

rodesac plastiuri qani iwyebs denas, qvevidan awveba mis Tavze mdebare wyebebs da

iwvevs maT amozneqas antiklinis saxiT. aseT naoWs axasiaTebs mZlavri guli da

TaRur nawilSi Zalian gaTxelebuli gulis momyoli wyebebi. zogjer plastiurma

wyebam SeiZleba momyoli wyebebi gaglijos kidec. maSin miiReba diapiruli naoWi

(antiklini).

Tu naoWebs gegmaSi anu horizontul kveTSi ganvixilavT, ramdenime saintereso

stuqturas miviRebT. zogjer naoWis sigrZe bevrad aWarbebs mis siganes. aseT naoWs

xazobrivi ewodeba. aris e.w. braqimorfuli naoWebi (an braqinaoWebi), roca ovaluri

naoWis sigrZe sul 2-3 jer aRemateba siganes. TaRiseburi - antiklinuri naoWi

TiTqmis Tanabari sigrZe-ganiT da mulda - sinklinuri naoWi, aseve Tanabari

ganzomilebebiT.

zogjer antiklinuri naoWis daboloebaze qanebi (centridan) sxvadasxva

mimarTulebiT aris daqanebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi laparakoben antiklinuri naoWis

periklinur daboloebaze. msgavs daboloebas sinklinis SemTxvevaSi, roca qanebi

centrisken aris daqanebuli, centriklinuri hqvia.

bunebaSi arsebobs caledi naoWebi (antiklinebi, sinklinebi). ufro xSirad ki isini

urTierTgadabmuli gvxvdeba (SevniSnavT, rom erTmaneTis momyol antiklinsa da

sinklins, ,,SemaerTebeli“ frTa saerTo eqnebaT). antiklinebisa da sinklinebis

erTobliobas, romelsac saerTo sinklinuri moxazuloba (Cazneqili) aqvs,

sinklinoriumi ewodeba. Tu antiklinebisa da sinklinebis erToblioba saerTo

antiklinuri moxazulobiT (amozneqili) xasiaTdeba, miiReba antiklinoriumi. maT

zogjer Txzul naoWebsac uwodeben. kidev ufro rTul struqturebs

megantiklinoriumebi da megasinklinoriumebi hqvia (magaliTad, kavkasionis

megantiklinoriumi) (sur.4.13).

wyvetiTi anu dizunqtiuri dislokaciebi (,,dizunqtio“-gaTiSva; laT.).

qanebSi xSirad Cndeba sxvadasxva tipis naprali. magram wyvetiTi (sxletviTi)

dislokacia mxolod maSin daerqmeva movlenas, Tu napralebis gaswvriv qanebis

gadaadgileba gveqneba. am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi nasxleti miiReba. nasxleti

bevrnairi arsebobs da saxelic Sesabamisi aqvT. nasxletebSi ramdenime elements

arCeven. napralis im zedapirs, romlis gaswvrivac qanebis gadaadgileba xdeba,

sxletvis sibrtye ewodeba. sxletvis sibrtye SeiZleba marTlac sibrtye iyos, Tumca

ufro xSirad is mrude zedapirs warmoadgens. sxletvis sibrtye SeiZleba

vertikaluri iyos, an horizontaluri Tu daxrili. sxletvis sibrtyis aqeT-iqiT

mdebare qanebis blokebs bageebi ewodeba. daxrili sibrtyis SemTvevaSi gveqneba zeda

(sxletvis sibrtyis Tavze mdebare) da qveda (sxletvis sibrtyis qveS mdebare)

bageebi. vertikaluri nasxletis SemTxvevaSi laparakoben ara zeda da qveda, aramed

aweul da daweul bageebze, xolo horizontuli nasxletis dros - marjvena da

marcxena bageebze.

nasxletis elements warmoadgens agreTve sxletvis amplituda. arCeven samgvar

amplitudas: vertikalurs, horizontulsa da iribs. samive SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba

manZili erTi bagis romelime Sris sagebidan an saxuravidan meore bagis imave Sris

sagebamde an saxuravamde. advili misaxvedria, rom samive saxis amplituda gveqneba

18

mxolod daxrili sibrtyis mqone sxletvis SemTxvevaSi. daxrili sibrtyis sxletvebi

ki sxvadasxva saxeliTaa cnobili. Tu zeda bage daweulia, xolo qveda aweuli,

gveqneba nasxleti. Tu zeda bage aweulia, xolo qveda daweuli da amave dros

sxletvis sibrtye daxrilia 90-45°-is farglebSi, gveqneba Sesxletva. msgavs

SemTxvevaSi, oRond sxletvis sibrtyis 45°-ze naklebi kuTxis daxriT miiReba

Secoceba. aRsaniSnavia, rom nasxletis dros dawyvetili blokebis sivrcobrivi

daSoreba xdeba urTierTisagan, Sesxletvisa da Secocebisas ki - daaxloeba (erTi

bloki ,,jdeba“ meoreze).

sxletvis sibrtyis amarTulad yofnis SemTxvevaSi miiReba vertikaluri

nasxletebi, xolo Tu blokebi gadaadgilebulia napralebis gaswvriv

horizontalurad (erTmaneTis sapirispirod), gveqneba nawevi(sur.4.14.g). gamoyofen

SariaJebsac - TiTqmis horizontuli sxletvis sibrtyis mqone grandiozuli zomis

struqturebs, romelTa gadaadgilebis amplituda aTeuli da aseuli kilometrebiT

izomeba. SariaJebSi ganarCeven aloqtons - sxletvis sibrtyis Tavze mdebare

gadaadgilebul bloks, da avtoqtons - sxletvis sibrtyis qveS mdebare

gadauadgilebel bloks. TviT aloqtonSi (teqtonikur zewarSi) ganasxvaveben

frontalur nawilsa da fesvs (adgils, saidanac daiwyo misi gadaadgileba). zogan

aloqtonis qanebi imdenadaa gadarecxili, rom zedapirze SiSvldeba avtoqtoni. aseT

adgilebs teqtonikuri sarkmlebi ewodeba. arcTu iSviaTad aloqtonebis warmoSoba

zRvaSi xdeba. moZraobisas misi frontaluri nawili imsxvreva da am namsxvrevi

masalis (xSirad didi lodebis) Secementebis Sedegad miiReba Taviseburi qanebi,

romelTac olistostromebi ewodeba. olistostromebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is,

rom namsxvrevi masala ufro Zveli asakis qanebiT aris warmodgenili, vidre maTi

Semacementebeli masala.

sxletvis sibrtyeebi, qanebis gadaadgilebisas didi xaxunis gamo, arcTu iSviaTad

Zlier moprialebulia. aseT moprialebul zedapirebs sxletvis (dresvis) sarkeebs

uwodeben. isini xSirad daRarulia. Rarebis ganlagebis mixedviT SeiZleba

gamovicnoT blokebis gadaadgilebis mimarTuleba. xaxunis zolSi xSirad Cndeba

blokebis zedapirebidan momtvreuli masala, romlisganac xaxunis breqCia, anu

miloniti miiReba (,,milos“ - wisqvili; berZn.). amgvari tipis breqCiebs, warmoSobils

SariaJul zonebSi, teqtonikuri breqCia hqvia. is Seicavs rogorc aloqtons, ise

avtoqtonis namsxvrev masalas.

sxletvebi sxvadasxva zomisaa, albaT erTeuli santimetrebidan aTaseul

kilometrebamde. magaliTad, san-andreas (Crdilo amerika) teqtonikuri nawevi 2000

kilometrze vceldeba.

zemoT ganxiluli wyvetiTi struqturebi martivi formebiT iyo warmodgenili.

arsebobs ufro rTuli formis amgvari struqturebi, romlebic mTel sistemebs

qmnian. magaliTad, nasxletebi SeiZleba ganlagdes erTmaneTis gverdiT,

paralelurad, Tanac ise, rom yoveli momdevno bloki winasTan SedarebiT ufro

daweuli iyos. miiReba e.w. safexuriseburi nasxleti. SeiZleba ori paraleluri

nasxleti ise ganviTardes, rom maTi saerTo zeda bage daweuli aRmoCndeba, xolo

qveda bage - aweuli. miiReba uaryofiTi struqtura, romelsac grabeni ewodeba

(,,graben“ Txrili; germ.). aseve paraleluri nasxletebiT SeiZleba ganviTardes

dadebiTi struqtura- horsti (,,horsti“- arwivis bude; germ.). horstebi da grabenebi

farTodaa gavrcelebuli dedamiwaze da xSirad erTmaneTis miyolebiTac arian

ganlagebuli.

namdvil horstebs warmoadgenen vogezebi(safrangeTSi) da Svarcvaldi (germaniaSi),

romlebic erTmaneTisagan gamoyofilia md. rainis xeobis farTo grabeniT.

msoflioSi yvelaze didi grabeni baikalis tbis depresiaa, romlis siRrme 1713

metria. dedamiwaze cnobilia grabenebis mTeli kompleqsi, romelTac aTaseuli

19

kilometrebis gamweoba aqvT. aseT struqturebs rifts uwodeben (,,rifti“- naprali,

rRveva; ingl.). cnobilia Tanamedrove riftuli sistemebi: Suaokeanuri qedebis

RerZul zolSi, aRmosavleT afrikis rifti (romelic miCneulia spredingis

Tanamedrove zonad) da sxv. aRmosavleT afrikis rifti moicavs grabenebis serias,

romelTa erTi nawili dafarulia tbebiT(tanganika, niasa da sxv.) grabenebs

warmoadgenen wiTeli da mkvdari zRvis depresiebi.

20

nawili I I

geodinamiuri procesebi

dedamiwaze, misi warmoSobidan dRemde, uamravi geologiuri procesi

mimdinareobda da mimdinareobs amJamadac. es procesebi sabolood saxes ucvlian

dedamiwas. procesebis erTi nawili warimarTeba dedamiwis gareT arsebuli ZaliT.

aq, pirvel rigSi, mzis energia igulisxmeba. procesTa meore nawili ganpirobebulia

dedamiwis SigneTSi arsebuli siTburi energiiT. unda iTqvas, rom zogi geologiuri

procesi Zalzed swrafad mimdinareobs (miwisZvrebi, vulkanizmi), zogi ki, piriqiT,

uaRresad xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi midis (liTosferuli filebis moZraoba,

mTebis warmoSoba da sxva).

geologiur procesebs, romlebic garegani ZalebiT warimarTeba, egzogenuri

(garedinamiuri) procesebi ewodeba, xolo Sinagani, sakuTriv dedamiwiseuli energiiT

warmarTul procesebs ki endogenuri (Sigadinamiuri) procesebi.

egzogenuri (garedinamiuri) procesebi

Tavi 5. fitva

fitva metad saintereso garedinamiuri geologiuri procesia. is gulisxmobs

dedamiwis zedapirze gaSiSvlebuli qerqis amgebi qanebis daSla-gardaqmnas. ra unda

iyos fitvis mizezi? albaT is garemoeba, rom miwis SigneTSi an zedapirze, magram

wylian garemoSi warmoSobili sxvadasxva tipis qanebi xmeleTze sruliad

gansxvavebul garemoSi xvdebian da, bunebrivia, cdiloben Seeguon am axal garemos.

es Segueba ki maTi fizikuri formisa da qimiuri Sedgenilobis cvlaSi gamoixateba.

fitviTi procesebis or ZiriTad saxes arCeven - fizikur fitvasa da qimiur

fitvas. pirveli gulisxmobs qanebis meqanikur daSla-daqucmacebas Semadgeneli

masalis Secvlis gareSe. aseT process SeiZleba dezintegraciac vuwodoT. qimiuri

fitvis dros ki qanebis qimiur-mineraluri Sedgenilobis cvlasTan gvaqvs saqme. isic

aRsaniSnavia, rom es ori procesi erTmaneTisagan ganmxoloebulad ki ar

mimdinareobs, aramed faqtobrivad erTad da erTdroulad. mxolod isaa, rom

adgilze arsebuli fizikur-qimiuri pirobebis mixedviT an erTia ufro kargad

gamoxatuli, an meore. arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom fitviT procesebSi sakmaod

SesamCnev rols TamaSoben cocxali organizmebi, romelTa moqmedeba fitvis orive

saxeobaSi mJRavndeba.

fizikuri anu meqanikuri fitvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan saxes warmoadgens Termuli

fitva, romelic damyarebulia temperaturis dReRamur da sezonur cvalebadobaze.

temperaturis cvla iwvevs qanis gafarToeba (gaTbobisas) - SekumSvas. am procesis

mravaljer ganmeorebis SemTxvevaSi qanSi arsebuli bzarebi Tu napralebi TandaTan

farTovdeba da sabolood qani calkeul lodebad an ufro patara zomis natexebad

daiSleba. igive daemarTeba unapralo, masiuri agebulebis qansac. gansakuTrebiT

maSin, Tu es qani polimineraluria, anu sxvadasxva mineralisagan Sedgeba. es, pirvel

rigSi, exeba magmur da metamorful qanebs (graniti, gnaisi da sxva), romlebic muqi

da Ria feris mineralebisagan Sedgebian. muqi feris mineralebi, rogoricaa,

magaliTad, biotiti an rqatyuara, siTbos iTviseben da gascemen kidec ufro iolad,

vidre Ria feris mineralebi (magaliTad, kvarci an plagioklazi). am mizeziT qanebis

garkveuli tipebi (igive granitebi) sakmaod advilad iSleba, ifiteba. amitom

gamoTqmam „granitiviT mtkice” geologiaSi ganswavlul kacs SeiZleba erTgvari

Rimilic ki mohgvaros. zogierTi minerali (magaliTad, kvarci, kalciti) sxvadasxva

kristaluri RerZis gaswvriv SekumSva-gafarToebis gansxvavebuli koeficientiT

21

xasiaTdeba, ris gamoc iseTi cnobili monomineraluri qanebi, rogoricaa kvarciti

da kvarcis qviSaqva (Sedgeba ZiriTadad kvarcisagan) Znelad, magram mainc ifitebian.

Termuli fitvis efeqti gansakuTrebiT didia udabnoebSi, sadac temperaturis did

dReRamur meryeobas (40-50°) erTvis mSrali, ariduli klimati da mcenareuli

safaris uqonloba. udabnoebSi aseve kargad aris ganviTarebuli qanebis aqercvla

anu desqvamacia (,,desqvamo”- aqercvla; laT.), rodesac didi temperaturuli

meryeobis gamo lodebs zedapiridan am ukanasknelis paraleluri calkeuli

qerclebi an ufro sqeli firfitebi scildeba. al. janeliZe amas eqsfoliacias (

,,eqsfolio”-furclebs vacli; laT.) uwodebs (al. janeliZe, 1972).

fizikuri fitvis erT-erTi saintereso saxea fitva yinvis meSveobiT. qanis porebsa

da bzarebSi moxvedrili wyali gayinvisas farTovdeba da Sesabamisad iwvevs qanis

msxvrevas. amgvari procesiT advilad iSleba is qanebi, romlebic Zlier gabzarul-

danapralebulia an maRalporiania. ukanasknelis magaliTad qviSaqva gamodgeba. yinvis

meSveobiT fitva gansakuTrebiT efeqturia maRal mTebSi da kidev ufro metad -

polarul mxareebSi.

fitvisas kuTxedi qanebi mrgvaldebian imis gmo, rom dakuTxuli zedapiris

farTobi metia da is ufro metad aris CaTreuli am procesSi. Sedegad viTardeba e.w.

sferuli gamofitva.

qimiuri fitva. fitvis es saxeoba gansakuTrebiT intensiurad mimdinareobs maRali

temperaturisa da maRali tenianobis pirobebSi. Tanac mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba

farTo mcenareuli safaris arsebobasac. yvela es piroba kargad aris daculi

ekvatorul da tropikul sartylebSi, sadac qimiuri fitva yvelaze efeqturia. amis

sapirispirod arqtikis civi da mSrali klimatis pirobebSi faqtobrivad mxolod

fizikuri fitviTi procesebia ganviTarebuli.

qimiuri fitvis mTavari agentebia: wyali, Jangbadi, naxSirorJangi da organuli

mJavebi. swored am ukanasknelTa momcem umTavres wyaros warmoadgens mcenareuli

safari. am faqtorTa gavleniT mniSvnelovnad icvleba qanebis amgebi mineralebis

qimiuri Sedgeniloba da struqtura, Cndeba axali mineralebi. qimiuri fitvis arsic

swored amaSi gamoixateba.

qimiuri fitvis procesi warmodgenilia oTxi ZiriTadi reaqciiT: daJangva,

hidratacia, gaxsna da hidrolizi.

daJangvis procesi, romelic mineralebSi Jangbadis mierTebas gulisxmobs,

rogorc wesi, intensiurad mimdinareobs pirvel rigSi rkinis Semcvel mineralebSi,

sadac orvalentiani rkinis samvalentianSi gadasvla xdeba. erT-erTi cnobili

magaliTia magnetitis (Fe3O4) gadasvla hematitSi (Fe2O3). hematiti miiReba agreTve

wylis, Jangbadisa da naxSirorJangis daxmarebiT olivinis, piroqsenebis an

amfibolebis daJangvis xarjze.

hidratacia mineralebSi wylis qimiuri mierTebaa, romlis Sedegadac axali

mineralebi Cndeba, ZiriTadad hidroJangebi da hidrosilikatebi. magaliTad, igive

hematitze wylis mierTebiT miiReba Zalze gavrcelebuli hipergenuli minerali

limoniti (Fe2O3.nH2O). aseve cnobilia anhidritis (CaSO4) mier wylis mierTebiT

TabaSirSi (CaSO4.2H2O) gadasvla CaSO4+2H2O CaSO4

.2H2O

unda aRiniSnos, rom wylis mierTeba qanebSi moculobis zrdas iwvevs, rac

meoradi teqtonikuri movlenebis (danaoWebis) sababi xdeba.

gaxsna xdeba wylis meSveobiT, Tanac am process didad uwyobs xels wyalSi

Jangbadis, organuli mJavebis da gansakuTrebiT naxSirorJangis garkveuli

raodenobiT arseboba. qimiuri naerTebidan xsnadobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCevian

qloridebi (magaliTad, saWmeli marili-haliti). Semdeg modian sulfatebi (vTqvaT,

TabaSiri, anhidriti). maTTan SedarebiT naklebad kargad ixsnebian karbonatebi

(kirqva, dolomiti). gaxsnis Sedegad mineralebidan (da Sesabamisad qanebidan) xdeba

22

zogi komponentis gamotana. amdenad es procesi qimiuri fitvis nairsaxeobas

warmoadgens.

hidrolizi SeiZleba iTqvas qimiuri fitvis yvelaze Sors wasuli, Rrma procesia,

romelic faqtobrivad mTlianad cvlis SedarebiT iseT mdgrad mineralebs, rogoric

silikatebia. kargad aris cnobili orToklazis (K[AlSi3O8]) hidrolizis gziT

gadasvla kaolinitSi(Al4(OH)8[Si4O10]). kaoliniti Tixis mineralia da process

SeiZleba gaTixebac vuwodoT. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom orToklazs sakmao

raodenobiT Seicaven granitebi (vardisferi granitebi). arcTu iSviaTad naxavT

vardisfer granitebs, romelTac erTi SexedviT Tavisi saxe TiTqos ar daukargavT,

Tumca Sexebisas xelSi granitis nacvlad Tixis masa agyvebaT.

organogenuli fitva am procesis (fitvis) Tavisebur saxeobas warmoadgens,

radganac masSi cocxali organizmebi monawileoben. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom

organogenuli fitva vlindeba fizikuri an qimiuri fitvis saxiT. sayovelTaod

cnobilia, magaliTad, kldeSi anu qanebSi amosuli xeebi, romelTac zrdis procesSi

es qanebi gauglejiaT. aseve patar-patara mcenareebi Tavisi fesvebiT Slian

nebismieri simagris qanebs da sabolood afxviereben maT. kargad aris cnobili

mRrRnelebi an sxva cxovelebi, romlebic Slian qanebs da amdenad xels uwyoben maT

fizikur ngrevas. mcenareebisa da cxovelebis mier fizikuri fitvis sxva

magaliTebis moyvanac SeiZleba, Tumca albaT zemoT Tqmulic sakmarisi aris.

rac Seexeba organizmTa mier qimiur fitvas, aq, pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos is

garemoeba, rom organizmTa xrwnis dros gamoiyofa organuli mJavebi da

naxSirorJangi, romlebic aZliereben wylis agresiulobas qimiuri fitvis

TvalsazrisiT. amasTanave am procesSi mcenareebTan da cxovelebTan erTad didi

roli baqteriebsac eniWebaT.

fitviTi procesebis Sedegad reliefSi SeiZleba metad Taviseburi formebi

ganviTardes. cnobilia magaliTad, euli svetebi, romlebic vertikalurad napralSi

ganviTarebuli Zlieri gamofitvis gamo dedaqanisagan gancalkevebula. kidev ufro

farTod aris cnobili e.w. eroziuli svetebi(istukanebi), sadac qveSmdebare qanebs

saboloo daSlisagan icavs Tavze qudiviT mdebare SedarebiT magari qanebi. anda

SerCeviTi gamofitvis gamo qanebSi (kirqvebi, qviSaqvebi da sxv.) ganviTarebuli

kavernebi da bevri sxva. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom aseTi formebis warmoSoba Tumca

ZiriTadad fitviTi procesebiTaa ganpirobebuli, magram maT formirebaSi sxva

geologiuri agentebic monawileobs (qari, wvima, gravitaciuli denudacia).

fitviTi procesebis ganviTarebis Sedegad miRebuli masalis erTi nawili

gaitaneba, nawili ki adgilze rCeba. adgilze darCenil fitviT masalas eluvioni

ewodeba (,,eluvio”-gamovrecxav; laT.). gasagebia, rom eluvioni dedaqanis naSal

masalas warmoadgens da am ukanasknelis Tavze mdebareobs. eluvionis ganviTarebas

didad uwyobs xels met-naklebad mosworebuli reliefi. eluvionis fenebi gvaZlevs

gamofitvis qerqs anu regoliTs, romlis zeda nawils niadagi warmoadgens.

gamofitvis qerqi araerTgvarovani agebulebisaa. SeimCneva erTgvari zonaloba -

siRrmidan (dedaqanebidan) zedapirisaken fitviTi procesebis intensivobis zrda da

Sesabamisad zeda nawilebSi ufro intensiurad gamofituli masalis arseboba. es

bunebrivicaa, ramdenadac zedapirTan axlos metia sineste, CO2, organuli mJavebi,

rac xels uwyobs intensiurad fitvas (pirvel rigSi qimiurs). eluvionis sul zeda

nawili Tixamiwis (Al2O3) da rkinis Jangebisa da hidroJangebis Semcvelobis pirobebSi

simagriT da feriT(wiTeli) gamomwvar agurs emsgavseba. amitom aseTi tipis

gamofitvis qerqs laterituls (,,later” -aguri; laT.) uwodeben.

gamofitvis qerqis formireba rTulad mimdinareobs da damokidebulia iseT

bunebriv faqtorTa kompleqsebze, rogoricaa qanebis Sedgeniloba, reliefi, klimati,

miwisqveSa wylebi, organuli samyaros (biosis) xasiaTi da sxv. gamofitvis qerqis

23

sisqe ramdenime aTeuli metriT izomeba. Tumca zogjer miuTiTeben 200-250m da kidev

ufro meti sisqis qerqzec.

bunebaSi cnobilia Zveli gamofitvis qerqi kainozouri, mezozouri, paleozouri

da proterozouli asakisac ki. es uaRresad sainteresoa, ramdenadac miuTiTebs

mocemul drosa da sivrceSi dedamiwaze garkveuli geologiuri pirobebis

arsebobaze. es ki dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi misi calkeuli

epizodebis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva.

Zvel gamofitvis qerqTan aris dakavSirebuli mravalferovani wiaRiseulis

sabadoebi-aluminis (boqsitebi), rkinis, manganumis, nikelis, kobaltis, volframis,

kalis, spilenZis, keramikuli da cecxlgamZle Tixebis da sxv.

eluvionur qviSrobebSi gvxvdeba platina, oqro, almasi, titani da a.S.

Tavi 6. gravitaciuli procesebi

egzogenuri procesebis ganviTarebaSi simZimis Zalas (gravitacia) arsebiTi

mniSvneloba aqvs. rom ara gravitacia, ar gveqneboda laparaki arc mdinaris, arc

myinvaris, arc Tu gnebavT qarisa da zRvis geologiur moqmedebaze. sakuTriv

gravitaciul procesebze laparaki xom sul zedmeti iqneboda.

gravitaciuli procesebi yvelaze aqtiurad mTian mxareebSi viTardeba, radganac am

procesebTan dakavSirebulia ZiriTadad masalis zevidan qveviT gadatana. am

procesebidan zogi TiTqmis uwyvetad mimdinareobs, zogi ki wyvetilad. sxadasxvaa

maTi siCqarec -- zogi Zalian swrafia, zogi ki, piriqiT, Zalian neli. ukiduresi

cifrebi rom aviRoT -- 100 m/sek - dan ramdenime metramde aswleulSi.

gravitaciuli procesebis erT nawilSi mxolod simZimis Zalaa wamyvani, sxvebSi ki

masTan erTad met - naklebad arsebiT rols, zogjer ki Zalian mniSvnelovansac,

wyalic TamaSobs. yvela SemTxvevaSi es aris masalis gadaadgileba ferdobze

(xmeleTze an wyals qveS) zevidan qveviT. imisaTvis, rom masala adgilidan daiZras,

ferdobis daqaneba xmeleTze xuTi an meti gradusi unda iyos, zRvaSi ki erTi-ori

gradusic sakmarisia. masalis gadaadgileba sxvadasxvanairad xdeba: vardniT

(lodebis cvena), dagorebiT (lodebis dagoreba), dacurebiT (mewyeri), plastikuri

dinebiT (kripi) an ubralod dinebiT(seli, laxari).

gravitaciuli procesebis gamomwvevi uSualo mizezebia: miwisZvra, wvima,

Camocvenili masalis dazvinva, wylis mier qanebis sayrdenis gamorecxva (erozia,

abrazia), anTropogenuli qmedeba da a.S.

gravitaciuli procesebis klasifikaciis gansxvavebuli sqemebi arsebobs.

gavecnoT gravitaciuli procesebis zogierT saxes. Caqcevebis gaCenas ganapirobebs

miwis SigneTSi siRruveebisa da sicarieleebis warmoSoba. procesi ki, romelic

Zalian swrafad mimdinareobs, warimarTeba mxolod simZimis Zalis gavleniT.

Caqcevebis gamomwvevi mizezi SeiZleba miwisZvra iyos an siRruveebis Tavze simZimis

gazrda. Zalian gavrcelebulia Caqcevebi samTo gamonamuSevrebSi, gansakuTrebiT maTi

Weris cudi gamagrebis SemTxvevaSi. karstul regionebSi cnobilia Caqceuli

polieebi. Caqcevebis Sedegad xSir SemTxvevaSi miwis zedapirze uaryofiTi reliefis

formebi Cndeba.

aseve mxolod simZimis Zalis gavleniT xdeba qvebis cvena - fitviTi procesebis

gavleniT kldovani qanebi napraliandeba an ukve arsebuli napralebi farTovdeba.

procesis gaRrmavebis Sedegad calkeuli didi Tu patara lodi wydeba dedaqans,

vardeba ferdobze da SesaZloa Zirs Camogordes kidec. es movlena ufro masStaburi

iqneba, Tu Camongreva, CamomzRvleva araTu calkeul lodebs, aramed did blokebs

Seexeba. Sedegad klde-zvavi(namzRvlevi) miiReba, xolo TviT process Camoqceva

(CamomzRvleva) SeiZleba ewodos.

24

zemoT dasaxelebuli gravitaciuli procesebi droSi swrafmavalia, Tanac

wyvetili. maT gverdiT cnobilia gamofituli da mongreuli masalis ferdobze

gadaadgileba, romelsac faqtobrivad droSi uwyveti xasiaTi aqvs da amave dros

Zalze nela mimdinareobs. mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad kvlav simZimis Zala rCeba,

Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli mcire, magram mainc wylis monawileobac. am process

kripi (,,krip”-cocva, RoRva;ingl.) ewodeba. kripi mimdinareobs rogorc mongreul

qanebSi, ise niadagSic. kripi gamoixateba mongreuli didi blokebis an ufro wvrili

masalis gadaadgilebiT daqanebis mimarTulebiT. SedarebiT advilad gadaadgildeba

is masala, romelic met-naklebad damuSavebulia. zogjer zedapirze gaSiSvlebulia

cicabo daqanebis mqone Sreebrivi qanebi, romelTa zeda nawili kripis ganviTarebis

gamo gaRunulia. es iqneba e.w.Tavwaxrili Sreebi.

kripis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia fitviTi qerqis fenis gafarToeba-SekumSvasTan.

fenis gafarToebisas(rac SeiZleba fitviTi qerqis gaTbobiT iyos gamowveuli) masSi

arsebuli calkeuli didi Tu patara natexebi aitaneba maRla ferdobis daqanebis

marTobulad. fenis SekumSvisas natexebi qveviT eSveba, oRond es daSveba ukve mis

pirvandel adgilze dabrunebas ki ara, aramed ufro qveviT ganlagebas gulisxmobs

(simZimis Zalis moqmedebidan gamomdinare). procesis araerTgzis ganmeorebiT masala

TandaTan qveviT gadaadgildeba. swored es aris kripi anu meRoRi (al.janeliZe,1972).

es procesi gansakuTrebiT efeqturad mimdinareobs polarul mxareebSi arsebul

maradmzral niadagebSi, sadac niadaguri fenis gafarToeba gamowveulia masSi

arsebuli wylis gayinviT. kripis am nairsaxeobas solifluqcia ewodeba.

rogorc vxedavT, kripis moZraobis danaxva SeuZlebelia. Tumca misi gamocnoba

SeiZleba imave Tavwaxrili Sreebis, wayiravebuli Robeebisa da boZebis, daxrili

xeebis (,,mTvrali tye’’) da sxva msgavsi formebis arsebobiT.

mewyeri gravitaciuli procesebis is saxea, sadac wyali (simZimis ZalasTan erTad)

ukve mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. mewyeris dros xdeba qanebis erTi nawilis

dacureba mis qveS mdebare qanebze. rogorc wesi, dacureba Sreebrivobis gaswvriv

xdeba, Tumca SeiZleba igive procesi sxletvis zedapiris gaswvrivac ganviTardes.

mewyeris ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa SreTaSorisi (dasamewyr da mis qveS

mdebare Sreebs Soris) SeWidulobis Semcireba. es, rogorc wesi, xdeba im

SemTxvevaSi, roca sagebi Sre TixiTaa warmodgenili. Tixa xom praqtikulad

wyalgaumtaria. amitom mis zedapirze moxvedrili wyali SigniT veRar CaiJoneba,

Tixis Sris zedapiri wyliT ipoxeba da Cndeba saSualeba saTanado pirobebSi mis

Tavze mdebare Sreebis dacurebisa. saTanado pirobebi ki gulisxmobs SreTa

garkveuli kuTxiT daqanebas (Sreebis horizontuli ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi xom ver

moxdeba damewyvra?), dasamewyri SreebisaTvis sayrdenis gamoclas (winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi procesi ver ganviTardeba) da im Zalas, romelic moZraobaSi moiyvans

dasamewyr Sreebs (magaliTad, miwisZvra).

daqanebis zedapiri, romlis gaswvrivac xdeba qanebis dacureba, rogorc wesi,

Cazneqilia. is mkveTrad aris daqanebuli zeda nawilSi, mewyeris sawyis ubanze da

swordeba mis boloSi. damewyvris Sedegad mis saTaveSi SeiZleba depresia gaCndes.

depresiis wyliT avsebis SemTxvevaSi gaCndeba tba (aseTi genezisisaa kus tba

TbilisSi). tba warmoiSoba im SemTxvevaSic, roca mewyeri mdinaris xeobas gadakveTs

da wyals daagubebs (magaliTad, riwis tba saqarTveloSi).

mewyrebis moZraoba metwilad arcTu maRali tempiT gamoirCeva. Tanac mewyruli

procesebi droSi wyvetilia da kripiviT permanentulad ar mimdinareobs. damewyruli

sxeulebis zomebi sxvadasxvaa -- umciresidan grandiozulamde. magaliTad, wina

saukunis oTxmocian wlebSi daRestanSi Camowolili erT-erTi mewyruli masivis

moculoba 200 milion kubur metrs Seadgenda.

25

selebis („sel“ -- mZvinvare nakadi, Rvari; arab.), igive Rvarcofebis SemTxvevaSi

wyali (ZiriTadad zedapiruli wyali) ukve gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs. seli

warmoadgens talaxisa da qvis (rogorc amboben -- qvatalaxovan) nakads, romelSic

sxvadasxva zomis qvieri masalaa CarTuli -- didi, erTmetriani da meti zomis

lodebidan umcires marcvlebamde. myari masalis Semcveloba selur nakadebSi 70-

90%-mde SeiZleba iyos.

selebis warmoSoba, rogorc wesi, mTian mxareebSi xdeba, sadac danawevrebuli

reliefisa da didi daqanebis mqone ferdobebis, aseve didZali gamofituli masalis

arsebobis pirobebSi, Tavsxma wvimebisa an damdnari Tovlis meSveobiT Cndeba

talaxis (farTo gagebiT) nakadebi. es nakadebi didi siCqariTa da saSineli ZaliT

moeqaneba dablobisaken da anadgurebs yvelafers. bevr aseT nakads daungrevia gzebi,

sacxovrebeli saxlebi, gaunadgurebia mravali heqtari sasoflo-sameurneo

savarguli.

selebis Tavisebur nairsaxeobas warmoadgenen e.w. laxarebi. es igive selebia

oRond maTi ganviTareba xdeba vulkanuri konusebis ferdobebze, Tanac nakadebis

Semadgeneli myari masa mxolod fxvieri vulkanuri masaliT, ZiriTadad ferfliTa

da mtvriT aris warmodgenili. Tumca vxvdebiT uxeS masalasac.

gravitaciuli procesebi wyalSic sakmaod intensiurad mimdinareobs. am mxriv

saukeTeso obieqtia okeane. okeaneebis fskerze daqanebuli reliefis SemTxvevaSi

xSiria aseTi procesebis ganviTareba. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

kontinenturi beqobi. kontinenturi beqobis Tavze dagrovebuli masala raime mizezis

gamo (vTqvaT, miwisZvra) daiZvreba kontinenturi beqobis Zirisaken, uSualod

ferdobze an am ferdobze arsebul kanionebSi. zogjer SeiZleba mTeli wyebebis

dacureba (damewyvra) moxdes. es wyebebi gzaSi daimsxvreva da met-naklebad

uwesrigod ganlagdeba beqobis ZirSi. ase unda iyos warmoSobili aTeuli milioni

wlebis win Tbilisis midamoebSi e.w. „areulSreebrivi konglomerati“. ufro xSirad

kontinentur beqobze seluri nakadebis msgavsad eSveba talaxis nakadebi an

simRvrivis nakadebi.

gravitaciuli procesebis Seswavlis mniSvneloba da maTTan brZolis RonisZiebebi.

gravitaciul procesebs, gansakuTrebiT ki mewyrebs, selebs (Rvarcofebs) da zvav-

namzRvlevebs udidesi ziani moaqvs adamianebisaTvis. amitom maTi bunebis Seswavlas,

rig SemTxvevaSi maT prognozirebas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. cnobilia mravali

faqti imis Taobaze, Tu ama Tu im gravitaciulma procesma ra mZime Sedegebi moitana.

1921 wels q. alma-aTaSi movardnilma selma daangria da datbora qalaqis sakmaod

didi nawili. daiRupa ramdenime aseuli kaci. 1970 wels peruSi momxdari cnobili

miwisZvris Sedegad uaskaranis mTaze warmoiSva giganturi zvav-namzRvlevi, romelic

Sedgeboda lodebis, Tovlis, yinulis da Tixis grovisagan, saerTo moculobiT 100

mln m3. is saSineli siswrafiT (320 km/sT) daeSva qveviT da daangria qalaqebi iungai

da ranrairki. moZraoba imdenaad swrafi da Zlieri iyo, rom zvav-namzRvlevi

advilad sZlevda 140 metrian simaRleebs, xolo ramdenime tonian beltebs aqeT-iqiT

isroda aTaseul metrebze. iyo adamianTa msxverplic (Болт и дг.,1978)

XX saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebis miwuruls italiaSi erT-erT mdinareze aages

kaSxali, romlis aRma gaCnda wyalsacavi. samiode wlis Semdeg wyalsacavis

teritoriaze ganviTarda didi mewyeri, romlis wyalobiTac wyalsacavSi CaeSva 250

milioni kuburi metri mongreuli masala. Sedegad gaCnda didi talRebi, romelTa

simaRlem 100 metriT gadaaWarba kaSxlis simaRles. kaSxlidan gadmoRvrili wyali

didi damangreveli ZaliT daeSva xeobaSi. daiRupa 3000-mde adamiani(Болт и дг.,1978). am

SemTxvevaSi uSualo damangrevel Zalad marTalia wyali mogvevlina, madram misTvis

Zalis mimcemi mewyeri aRmoCnda. TviT mewyrebs bevrjer daungreviaT dasaxlebuli

26

punqtebi, saavtomobilo Tu sarkinigzo gzebi. amis magaliTebi sxva qveynebTan erTad,

samwuxarod, saqarTveloSic bevri mogvepoveba.

mewyrebze ufro masStaburia wyalqveSa mewyrebisa da simRvrivis nakadebis

moqmedeba. 1929 wels momxdari miwisZvris Sedegad niufaundlendis (kanada)

maxloblad antlantis okeaneSi, kontinentur beqobze ganviTarda Zlieri mewyeri,

Semdeg ki simRvrivis nakadi, romlebmac saerTo jamSi 18 transatlanturi kabeli

gawyvites. simRvrivis nakadis maqsimalurma siCqarem 90km/sT Seadgina. is

maraoseburad gaiSala kontinenturi beqobis ZirSi daaxloebiT 350 km siganeze.

am mciredi magaliTebidanac ki kargad Cans gravitaciuli procesebis saSiSi

masStabebi, maT mier planeta dedamiwaze mcxovrebTaTvis miyenebuli zarali.

adamianebi karga xania aqtiurad ilaSqreben maTTvis zianis momtani procesebis

winaaRmdeg. am brZolas mravalnairi xasiaTi aqvs: ramdenadac ferdobze SemCneuli

swrafad mzardi napralebi CamoqceviT-mewyruli procesebis ganviTarebis

maCvenebelia, swrafad xdeba aseTi ferdobebis gamagreba, vTqvaT Zlieri fesvebis

mqone mcenareulobiT; ferdobis boloSi SeiZleba sabjeni kedlebis aSenebac;

mewyrebis ganviTarebis zonaSi xdeba zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebis sasurveli

mimarTulebiT warmarTva; zRvebis sanapiro zolebSi Sendeba napirdacviTi nagebobebi

(dambebi, talRasaWrelebi); dambebiT an kaSxlebiT xdeba agreTve im mdinareuli

kalapotebis gadaketva, sadac selis ganviTareebaa mosalodneli da sxv.

Tavi 7. qaris geologiuri moqmedeba

(eoluri procesebi)

qari Zalze mniSvnelovan geologiur moqmedebas awarmoebs. am process xSirad

eolurs (,,eolos“-qaris RmerTi berZnul moTologiaSi, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT-

qari) uwodeben. eoluri procesebis arsi mdgomareobs naSali masalis (umetes

SemTxvevaSi wvrilmarcvlovanis) ataceba-ganiavebaSi, qaris sakuTari Zalisa da am

masalis meSveobiT qanebis (kldeebis) dangrevaSi, da bolos mongreuli masalis

gadatanasa da daleqvaSi. Sesabamisad qaris geologiuri moqmedebis oTx ZiriTad

saxes ganarCeven - deflacias, korazias, gadatanasa da akumulacias(dagrovebas).

vidre qarismieri qmedebis am oTx process SevexebodeT, saWiroa yuradReba

gavamaxviloT erT metad mniSvnelovan momentze. viciT, rom qari mTel dedamiwis

zurgze, yvelgan moqmedebs, magram misi geologiuri qmedebis udidesi efeqti

faqtobrivad mxolod udabnoebSi mJRavndeba. udabno ki aris is adgili, sadac

atmosferuli naleqebi TiTqmis ar modis (maTi wliuri jami 100-200 mm-s Zlivs

aRwevs); uaRresad didia temperaturis dReRamuri meryeoba (50°-mdec ki adis);

faqtobrivad ar aris ganviTarebuli mcenareuli safari, ris gamoc dedamiwis qerqis

amgebi qanebi uSualod zedapirze SiSvldebian. yvela es garemoeba Zalian uwyobs

xels udabnoebSi fizikuri fitvis Zlier ganviTarebas da amave dros qmnis qaris

efeqturi moqmedebis winapirobas. qaris geologiuri moqmedebis maRali efeqti

udabnoebSi imiTac aris gamoxatuli, rom am ukanasknelT xmeleTis TiTqmis mexuTedi

ukaviaT.

udabnos ori tipi arsebobs-kldovani an qviani udabno, romelsac afrikaSi hamadas

uwodeben, da qviSiani udabno, romelsac afrikaSi ergi, xolo Sua aziaSi yumi hqvia

(gavixsenoT yizilyumi-wiTeli qviSis udabno, yarayumi- Savi qviSis udabno).

kldovani udabno met-naklebad danawevrebuli, dadebiTi reliefiT xasiaTdeba,

sadac zedapirze amoSverilia sxvadasxva formis Tu moyvanilobis kldeebi, romelTa

ZirSi yovelTvis aris lodebisa da RorRis grova. qanebi zedapirze muqi ferisaa,

27

garujulia rkinisa da manganumis marilebis Txeli wanacxebebiT, romlebic

siRrmidan kapilaruli amowovis Sedegad gadaekvreba zedapirs. aseT garujvas

udabnos namzeurs uwodeben. kldovan udabnoSi zogjer droebiTi nakadebis mier

gaWril xeobebs vxvdebiT, romelTac uadebi ewodeba. Tumca uadebis geneziss

sxvagvaradac varaudoben.

qviSiani udabno anu ergi faqtobrivad hamadis gverdiT mdebare depresias

warmoadgens, romelic sxvadasxva simsxos qviSiT aris amovsebuli. es qviSebi umetes

SemTxvevaSi kvarcisagan Sedgeba, ramdenadac kvarci fitviTi procesebisadmi yvelaze

mdgradi mineralia.

albaT advili misaxvedria, rom zemoT dasaxelebuli eoluri procesebis oTxi

saxidan kldovansa da qviSian udabnoebSi gansxvavebuli procesebi iqneba wamyvani.

kerZod, hamadaSi arsebiT rols TamaSobs deflacia da gansakuTrebiT ki korazia,

maSin roca ergisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba akumulaciur process eniWeba

(deflaciasTan erTad).

deflacia (,,deflacio“- Camoniaveba, gamoqarva; laT.) gulisxmobs ukve gamofituli

da daSlili masalis qaris mier atacebas da gafantva-ganiavebas. deflaciis Sedegad

ZiriTadad wvrili an wminda masala (wvrili qviSebi, alevritebi, pelitebi)

gaitaneba. qars magari, magram danapralianebuli qanebis napralebidanac gamoaqvs

gamofituli masala. deflaciis wyalobiT zogjer e.w.eoluri qvafenilebi Cndeba-

qars gaaqvs wvrili da wminda masala, adgilze ki RorRi, xreSi, kenWi da ufro

msxvili Seucementebeli masala rCeba mxolod. deflaciuri procesebiT SeiZleba

gaCndes depresiebi, e.w. deflaciuri qvabulebi, romelTa fskeri SesaZloa msoflio

okeanis doneze ramdenime aseuli metriT dablac ki iyos. deflaciuri qvabulebi

farTod aris gavrcelebuli Sua aziis, arabeTis da Crdilo afrikis udabnoebSi.

ramdenime aseTi qvabuli cnobilia gobis udabnoSi (centraluri azia), sadac

TiToeuli maTganis sigrZe daaxloebiT 50 km-ia, siRrme ki 30 m. ganzomilebebis

TvalsazrisiT ufro STambeWdavi suraTia libiis udabnos (Crdilo afrika)

qvabulebSi.

deflaciiT atacebul masalas qari xSirad iyenebs koraziuli procesebis

warmarTvisaTvis.

korazia (,,korado” - vfxek; laT.) ewodeba qaris mier atacebuli masaliT qanebis

(kldeebis) dangreva-mosworebas, an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT qanebis meqanikur

damuSavebas. am procesis dros xdeba qanebis gaxexva-gafxeka, gaSlifva, moprialeba

da gaxvretac ki.

rogorc aRvniSneT, korazia kldovani udabnoebisaTvis aris Zalian

damaxasiaTebeli. swored amgvari procesebis qmedebiT kldovan udabnoebSi iqmneba

specifikuri reliefis formebi, romlebic, xatovnad rom vTqvaT, hamadis savizito

baraTs warmoadgenen.

qanebis simagre xSirad araerTgvarovania. am araerTgvarovnebas zogjer ubnobrivi

xasiaTi aqvs. zog SemTxvevaSi is gamoixateba Sreebriv qanebSi rbili da magari

fenebis monacvleobaSi. qaris koraziuli moqmedebiT, romelsac win, ra Tqma unda,

fitviTi procesebi uswrebda, rbili qanebi ufro advilad moingreva, vidre magari.

Sedegad pirvel SemTxvevaSi fiWiseburi formis reliefs miviRebT, xolo meoreSi --

zolebrivad daRaruls.

qaris koraziuli moqmedeba miwis zedapirTan axlos ufro Zlieria, vidre zeviT

(qaris mier atacebuli masala qveviT ufro uxeSia da Tanac meti). amitom qanebi

qveda nawilSi ufro metad ingreva. cvalebadi mimarTulebis qaris SemTxvevaSi qanis

qveda nawilSi raRac fexis magvari keTdeba, saerTo forma ki sokoseburi iqneba.

aris kidev sxva formebic.

28

udabnoSi, faqtobrivad mudmivi qaris pirobebSi, qviSaze mdebare calkeuli

lodebi waxnagovani xdeba. Tu qari mimarTulebas icvlis, miiReba mravalwaxnaga

qvebi, moprialebuli zedapirebiTa da SedarebiT mkveTri wiboebiT. aseT qvebs

facetiani an kantiani qvebi hqvia. germanelebi maT draikanterebsac uwodeben.

udabnoebSi cnobilia agreTve SedarebiT rbili qanebis arsebobiT ganpirobebuli

daRaruli reliefi. Rarebi erTmaneTisagan patara ,,qedebiT” aris gamoyofili. es

Rarebi, romelTa siRrme santimetrebidan erTeul metrebamde SeiZleba iyos,

orientirebulia gabatonebuli qaris mimarTulebiT. udabnos reliefis aseT formebs

iardangebi hqvia.

masalis gadatana. qaris mier masalis gadatana xdeba orgvarad - atacebul

mdgomareobaSi da saltaciiT (zedapirze xtunva-TreviT). atacebul mdgomareobaSi

qars SedarebiT wvrili masala gadaaqvs. es aris pelituri (Tixis), alevrituli

(mtveris) da psamituri (qviSis) zomis marcvlebi. gadatanis simaRlesa da manZils

gansazRvravs iseTi sidideebi, rogoricaa qaris simZlavre, marcvlis forma, zoma,

xvedriTi wona. SedarebiT msxvili qviSis marcvlebi zedapiridan ramdenime metr

simaRleze Tu gadaitaneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom transportirebisas qviSebi (an ufro

wminda masalac) erTmaneTTan Zlieri xaxunis gamo idealurad muSavdeba, mrgvaldeba.

aq es procesi ufro STambeWdavia, vidre wyalSi. alevrituli an pelituri masala

Zalian maRla (kilometrebze) aitaneba troposferoSi da sakmaod Sorsac

gadaitaneba. cnobilia, rom saharisa Tu afrikis sxva udabnoebis mtveri atlantur

okeaneSi 2500 km-is manZilze gadadis. a.alisonisa da d.palmeris monacemebiT saharis

udabnos mtveri mikvleulia Rrma zRvis naleqebSi karibis kunZulebis maxloblad,

sawyisi punqtidan 4500 km-is daSorebiT.

akumulacia („akumulacio” -- dagroveba; laT.). radganac mtveri da qviSa qaris

mier sxvadasxva simaRleebze gadaitaneba, maTi daleqvac gancalkevebulad,

sxvadasxva adgilebSi xdeba. qviSa, rogorc wesi, hamadis mezoblad arsebul

depresiebSi -- qviSian udabnoebSi an okeanis, zRvis, tbis da mdinaris sanapiroebze

grovdeba da gvaZlevs metad Tavisebur formebs -- barxanebsa da diunebs. mtveri

udabnos gare zolSi -- stepebSi ileqeba da sabolood misgan liosi warmoiSoba.

barxani udabnoebSi moZravi qviSis borcvia, asimetriuli formis, damreci qaraRma

da cicabo qarzurga ferdebiT. gegmaSi barxans naxevarmTvaris forma aqvs. qaraRma

ferdis daqanebis kuTxe 10-15°-ia, xolo qarzurgasi -- 32-35°. ferdebis

urTierTSexebis zolSi met-naklebad mkveTri qedi gamoiyofa. qaraRma ferdisaTvis

Zlier damaxasiaTebelia talRebrivi (ripelmarkebiani) zedapiri. barxanis gverdiTi

kideebi wawvetebulia, wagrZelebulia winisaken da qmnis e.w. „barxanis rqebs“.

barxanebis simaRle sxvadasxvaa -- ramdenime metridan 30, zogjer 100m-mdec ki.

gvxvdeba rogorc caledi (euli) barxanebi, ise barxanTa Zewkvebi.

barxanis warmoSobis aucilebeli pirobaa raime winaaRmdegobis arseboba, romlis

irgvlivac Tavs iyris qviSis masa, romlisganac sabolood barxanis formireba xdeba.

barxanebi moZraoben, isini win, gabatonebuli qaris moZraobis mimarTulebiT

gadaadgildeban -- qars gadaaqvs qviSis marcvlebi qaraRma ferdidan qedisaken,

saidanac marcvlebi qarzurga ferdze eSveba. amgvarad, xdeba qaraRma ferdis axveta,

xolo qarzurga ferdis win waweva. barxanic win iwevs. gadaadgilebis siCqare

sxvadasxvaa -- weliwadSi ramdenime metridan dRe-RameSi ramdenime aTeul metramde.

barxanebi, rogorc vTqviT, udabnoebSi, kerZod, qviSian udabnoebSi viTardeba. maTi

amgebi masala (ZiriTadad kvarcis qviSebi) ki kldovani udabnodan Semodis.

udabnoebSi cnobilia ara marto ganedurad (qaris mimarTulebis marTobulad)

gawolili barxanTa Zewkvebi, aramed e.w. gaswvrivi barxanebic.

diunas zogadad qaris mier motanil qviSis grovas uwodeben. aseTi ganmartebisas

aqcenti ar aris gakeTebuli arc mis formasa da, rac ufro arsebiTia, arc misi

29

warmoSobis adgilsa da amgeb masalaze (eoluri, zRviuri, tbiuri, mdinareuli,

myinvaruli). mTavaria, rom borcvis saxiT warmodgenili qviSis es grova qaris

moqmedebis Sedegia. aseT SemTxvevaSi barxanic diunis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba iqneba.

sxva mkvlevarTa azriT diunebis warmoSoba xdeba okeanispira, zRvispira, tbispira,

mdinarispira zolebSi qaris geologiuri moqmedebis Sedegad da maTi genezisi

sulac ar aris damokidebuli specialuri klimaturi pirobebis arsebobaze. erTi

kia, rom am SemTxvevaSi diunebis genezizisaTvis mxolod udabnos garemoa

uaryofili. gamodis, rom amgvari Sexedulebis avtorebi Sinaarsobrivad

ganasxvaveben barxanebsa da diunebs erTmaneTisagan. CvenTvis Zalian Znelia raimes

gadawyvetiT Tqma. Tumca aSkaraa, rom barxanebi mxolod udabnos formebs

warmoadgenen da am niSniT isini TiTqos emijnebian diunebs. Tumca sulac ar aris

miuRebeli is azri, rom eoluri akumulaciis yvela formas zogadad diunebi

ewodos. aseT SemTxvevaSi barxani udabnos diuna iqneba.

eoluri procesebis Seswavlis praqtikuli mniSvneloba.

gravitaciuli procesebis msgavsad eolur procesebsac sakmao ziani moaqvT

adamianebisaTvis-qviSa nTqavs nayofier miwebs, angrevs satransporto komunikaciebs,

zogjer qalaqebsac anadgurebs. ramdenime aTaswleulis win libiis udabnos didi

nawili umSvenieresi adgili yofila, dRes ki udabnodaa qceuli. cnobili sfinqsi

qairos (egvipte) maxloblad qaris mier mTlianad daRarulia. saharis udabno

energiulad utevs afrikis kontinents da CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT afarToebs

Tavis sazRvrebs.

udabnos Semotevis SeCereba SeiZleba pirvel rigSi barxanebze, diunebsa Tu qviSis

sxva formebze fesvmagari mcenareuli safaris(xeebi, buCqebi) gaSenebiT. qviSis

moZraobis SeCerebis sxva gzebic arsebobs. Turme udabnos morwyvac ki SeiZleba (ra

Tqma unda, ara mTlianad).

Tavi 8. miwisqveSa wylebis geologiuri moqmedeba

wylis geologiuri moqmedeba metad mravalferovani da uaRresad efeqturia.

sakmarisia mxolod vaxsenoT okeane, zRva, tba an mdinare, rom CvenTvis naTeli

gaxdes maTi geologiuri moqmedebis masStabebi. am TvalsazrisiT gamonakliss arc

miwisqveSa wyali warmoadgens.

mainc ras vuwodoT miwisqveSa wyali? miwis SigneTSi -niadagsa Tu qanebis forebsa

da napralebSi an karstul gamoqvabulebSi arsebul wyals miwisqveSa wyali ewodeba.

aqve unda davsZinoT, rom miwisqveSa wyali dedamiwis wylis sferos - hidrosferos

erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia. miwisqveSa wylebs da maT geologiur moqmedebas

swavlobs mecniereba, romelsac hidrogeologia ewodeba.

miwisqveSa wylebis formirebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs forebsa da

napralebSi wylis gadaadgilebas, rac ZiriTadad gansazRvrulia qanebis saerTo

forianobiT. saerTo forianobaSi igulisxmeba yvela is sicariele, romelic qanSia -

napralebi, bzarebi, sicarieleebi, forebi. forianobis xarisxis gamosaxatavad

saerTo forianobis maCvenebels yofen qanis mTlian moculobaze (forianobis

CaTvliT). rogorc wesi, forianobis maCvenebels procentebSi uTiTeben. cxadia, rom

saerTo forianobis maRali procentis mqone qanebi wyalgamtarianobis maRali

unariTac xasiaTdebian. ramdenadme gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs sakuTriv

forianobaze (napralebis, bzarebisa da sicarieleebis gareSe) saubris dros.

gasagebia, rom sxvadasxva qans forianobis sxvadasxva xarisxi axasiaTebs. monacemTa

meryeoba did diapazonSia. magaliTad, gamoufitavi, unapralo granitis forianoba 1

%-ia, maSin roca cudad Secementebuli qviSaqvisa 40%-ze metia. cxadia, rom es

ukanaskneli pirvelTan SedarebiT wyalgamtarianobis gacilebiT maRali unariT

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gamoirCeva. magram maRali forianoba zog SemTxvevaSi sulac ar niSnavs karg

wyalgamtarianobas. amis saukeTeso magaliTia pemza da gansakuTrebiT ki Tixa.

Tixebis forianoba zogjer 50-60%-ia, e.i. Zalze maRali. sinamdvileSi ki Tixebi

wyalgaumtari qanebia. saqme isaa, rom forianoba ki maRalia, magram forebi

uwvrilesia, rac Zalian aferxebs an saerTod uSlis xels maTSi wylis miZraobas.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom arseboben wyalgamtari

(kargi, saSualo da a.S.) da praqtikulad wyalgaumtari qanebi.

warmoSobis mixedviT anu geneturad miwisqveSa wylebis sami tipi gamoiyofa:

1)infiltraciuli, 2)sedimentaciuri da 3)iuvenuri. am sami tipidan umTavresia

infiltraciuli, radganac masze modis mTeli miwisqveSa wylebis ,,lomis wili“,

maSin roca momdevno ori tipis roli Zalze umniSvneloa.

infiltraciul (,,infiltracia“-gawurva, CaJonva; laT.) miwisqveSa wyals

sxvagvarad vadozurs an meteoruls, zogjer atmosferulsac uwodeben. arsebiTi

ki isaa, rom aseTi wyali Cndeba SigneTSi - niadagsa da qanebSi forebisa da

napralebis meSveobiT atmosferuli naleqebis CaJonvis Sedegad.

iuvenuri (,,iuvenalis“ axalgazrda; laT.), anu magmuri miwisqveSa wylebis genezisi

dakavSirebulia magmur procesebTan. aseTi wylebis formireba xdeba SigneTSi wylis

orTqlis kondensaciis Sedegad, rodesac magmisagan gancalkevebuli wylis orTqli

napralebsa da forebs zeviT, dedamiwis zedapirisaken auyveba, gzadagza civdeba da

wylad formirebas iwyebs.

zogi avtoris azriT sufTa iuvenuri wyali arc arsebobs, ramdenadac zeviT

moZraobisas aseTi wyali sxvadasxva doneze ereva sxva tipis miwisqveSa wylebs da

zedapirze ukve narevis saxiT amodis.

sedimentaciuri (,,sedimentum“ - naleqi; laT.) miwisqveSa wylis warmoSoba xdeba

zRvaSi naleqdagrovebasTan erTad. aseTi wyali mimdinare geologiuri procesebis

(diagenezisi, teqtonikuri moZraoba) gavleniT mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis.

sabolood es aris garkveul siRrmeebze qanebSi moqceuli, marilianobis

TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva tipis wyali. aseT wylebs zogjer ganamarxebuls an

reliqturs (narCens) uwodeben, radganac isini qanebis daleqvis droidan aris

SemorCenili.

gamoyofen kidev kondensaciur miwisqveSa wylebs. aseTi tipis wylebis warmoSoba

umTavresad udabnoebSi xdeba, sadac mcire atmosferuli naleqebisa da didi

aorTqlebis pirobebSi qanebis forebsa da napralebSi haerSi arsebuli wylis

orTqlis kondensacia xdeba. ase SeiZleba gaCndes mtknari wylis mcire linzebi

udabnoSi.

SigneTSi ganlagebis mixedviT miwisqveSa wylebis ramdenime saxe gamoiyofa.

rogorc ukve viciT, dedamiwis qerqis sul zeda nawili (gamofitvis qerqis zeda

nawili) niadagiT aris warmodgenili. niadagSi CaJonil atmosferul naleqebs ufro

qveda nawilebisaken gavrcelebisas zogjer garkveuli winaaRmdegoba xvdeba, ramac

SeiZleba niadagSi wylis dagroveba gamoiwvios. es iqneba zogadad niadagis wylebi,

romlebic aeraciis zonaSi gvxvdeba.

niadagis wyali zedapirTan axlos mdebareobs. ufro Rrmad ki gruntis wyali

Cndeba. gruntis wyali is miwisqveSa wyalia, romelic mdebareobs pirveli

wyalgaumtari Sris Tavze. TviT gruntis wylis Semcvel Sres an Sreebs

wyalSemcveli horizonti hqvia. ganarCeven gruntis wylis fuZes anu sagebs, romelic

emTxveva pirveli wyalgaumtari Sris zedapirs da TviT gruntis wylis zedapirs anu

sarkes. gasagebia, rom vertikaluri manZili am or zedapirs Soris mogvcems gruntis

wylis Semcveli horizontis simZlavres.

cnobilia, rom gruntis wylis sarke sustad imeorebs reliefis formas -

amozneqilia mTebis TxemebTan da, piriqiT, daqanebulia ferdobebisaken. wylis

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moZraoba simZimis Zalis gavleniT xevebis, xeobebis, zRviuri Tu tbiuri

depresiebisaken midis, sadac reliefis mier wyalSemcveli horizontis gadakveTisas

wylis gareT gamosvla xdeba daRmavali wyaroebis saxiT. esaa e.w. gantvirTvis are.

wylis moZraobis siCqare sxvadasxvaa da dReRamis ganmavlobaSi erTeul metrebSi

meryeobs. maqsimaluri siCqare dafiqsirebulia Zlier dakarstul qanebSi (30m-mde

dReRameSi. zogi monacemiT 250m-mdec ki).

gruntis wylis kvebis are (anu are, saidanac xdeba atmosferuli naleqebis

CaJonva) emTxveva wyalSemcveli horizontis gavrcelebis ares.

gruntis wylis kveba ZiriTadad atmosferuli naleqebiT xdeba. amitom swored

zedapiridan CanaJoni wyali gansazRvravs gruntis wylis dones an sxvagvarad

gruntis wylis sarkis mdebareobas. es ukanaskneli ki cvalebadia - kvebis reJimis

mixedviT xan zeviT iwevs (uxvi atmosferuli naleqebis SemTxvevaSi), xan qveviT

(mwiri atmosferuli naleqebis SemTxvevaSi). zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT

gruntis wylebis gavrcelebis areSi ramdenime zonaa gamoyofili; aeraciis zona -

sivrce miwis zedapirsa da gruntis wylis sarkis maqsimalur mdebareobas Soris,

perioduli gajerebis zona -sivrce gruntis wylis maqsimalur da minimalur

mdebareobas Soris, mudmivi gajerebis zona - sivrce gruntis wylis minimalur

mdebareobasa da gruntis wylis sagebs Soris. mudmivi gajerebis zona is zonaa,

sadac gruntis wyali yovelTvis aris. amitom am zonamde gaWril WaSi an

WaburRilSi wyali mudmivad iqneba. perioduli gajerebis zonaSi ki wyali

drodadro daSreba.

rogorc wesi, gruntis wylebiT ikvebebian mdinareebi, Tumca zogjer

(wyaldidobisas), piriqiT, mdinare kvebavs gruntis wyals.

niadagisa da gruntis wylebi miekuTvneba uwnevo wylebs. amave kategorias

ganekuTvneba SreTaSorisi uwnevo wylebi. aseTi wyali, marTalia or wyalgaumtar

Sres Soris aris moqceuli, ris gamoc TiTqos wneviani unda iyos, magram mas aqvs

Tavisufali gantvirTvis are, ris gamoc wyalSemcveli horizonti mTlianad ver

ivseba wyliT, romelic am ukanasknelis fuZes ikavebs mxolod.

wneviani anu arteziuli wylebi. wneviani an sxvagvarad arteziuli ewodeba wyals,

rodesac wyalSemcveli horizonti moqceulia or wyalgaumtar Sres Soris da

bolomde gajerebulia wyliT. saxelwodeba safrangeTis erT-erTi provinciis,

artuas saxelidan modis, romelsac Zvelad artezia erqva. rogorc wesi, arteziuli

wylebi kontinentur platformazea umetesad gavrcelebuli, did siRrmeebze

gvxvdeba da xSir SemTxvevaSi ar gaaCnia gantvirTvis are. struqturebis

TvalsazrisiT aseTi wylebi sinklinebsa da monoklinebSi gvxvdeba.

rodesac wnevian wyals gantvirTvis are gaaCnia, arteziul auzSi mis garda kidev

ori are gamoiyofa: kvebisa da wnevis. kvebis areSi zedapirze gaSiSvlebulia

wyalSemcveli horizonti, rac misi atmosferuli wylebiT gavsebis saSualebas

iZleva. es erTaderTi area, saidanac xdeba wyalSemcveli horizontis kveba. wnevis

are is vrceli adgilia, sadac wyalSemcveli horizonti mTlianad gadafarulia

wyalgaumtari SreebiT. swored es aris wneviani wylis gaCenis mTavari mizezi.

gantvirTvis areSi wneviani wylis zedapirze amosvla anu drenaJi xdeba. cxadia, rom

kvebis are hifsometriulad ufro maRla unda iyos, vidre drenaJis are. rac ufro

didia sxvaoba am ori aris simaRleTa Soris, miT ufro Zlieri iqneba wylis wneva.

kvebisa da gantvirTvis aris SemaerTebeli xazi gansazRvravs wneviani wylis

piezometrul (,,piezo“- vawvebi, vkumSav; berZn.) dones anu gviCvenebs imas, Tu wnevis

aris farglebSi konkretul wertilSi gaWril Wasa Tu WaburRilSi ra donemde

amova wyali. Tu wnevian wyals gantvirTvis are ara aqvs, maSin misi piezometruli

donis maCvenebeli iqneba horizontaluri xazi, romelic kvebis aris doneze gaivlis.

Sesabamisad wyali wnevis aris yvela wertilSi Tanabar simaRles daikavebs. im

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SemTxvevaSi, rodesac piezometruli done reliefis zedapirs zeviT adis, wyali

SadrevaniviT amoCqebs (e.w. aRmavali wyaro).

arteziuli wylebi mxolod calkeul wyalSemcvel horizontebSi rodi gvxvdeba.

ufro xSirad arteziul auzebTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac ramdenime wyalSemcveli

horizontia erTmaneTis miyolebiT warmodgenili. cnobili arteziuli auzebia

parizis, moskovis da sxv. arteziuli auzebi saqarTveloSic aris.

miwisqveSa wylebis qimizmi.

rodesac miwisqveSa wylebis geologiur moqmedebazea laparaki, ZiriTadad

igulisxmeba im qanebis gamofitva, daSla da ngreva, romlebSic es wylebi moZraobs.

am cirkulaciis wyalobiT miwisqveSa wyali mravalferovan gaxsnil masalas iZens da

Sesabamisad misi qimiur-mineraluri Sedgenilobac garkveuli xasiaTisa xdeba.

dadgenilia, rom mravalferovani Sedgenilobis miuxedavad, miwisqveSa wylebSi

wamyvani roli eniWebaT kalcium-magnium-natriumian hidrokarbonatebs, sulfatebsa

da qloridebs. Sesabamisad, qimiuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT gamoyofilia miwisqveSa

wylebis sami tipi: hidrokarbonatuli, sulfaturi da qloriduli. meore mxriv,

miwisqveSa wylebi mineralizaciiTac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. am TvalsazrisiT

cnobilia mTeli gama mtknari miwisqveSa wylebidan(marilianoba 1 g/l-mdea) zemaRali

marilianobis mqone marilxsnarebamde(>50 g/l).

mineraluri wylebi. mineraluri wylebi warmoadgens miwisqveSa wylebis saxeobas,

romelic biologiurad aqtiuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba da adamianis mier gamoiyeneba

samkurnalod. mineralur wylebs samkurnalo Tvisebebs sZens fizikur-qimiur

TvisebaTa mTeli kompleqsi, rogoricaa: temperatura, mineralizaciis xarisxi,

radioaqtiuroba, mikroelementebisa da organuli naerTebis Semcveloba, wyalSi

gaxsnili airebi da sxv.

temperaturis mixedviT gamoyofen civ (20°С-mde), Tbil an subTermul (20-37°С),

Termul (37-42°С )da cxel an hiperTermul (>42 °С) mineralur wylebs.

Sedgenilobis, samkurnalo Tu sxva TvisebaTa mixedviT mineraluri wylebis sami

mTavari tipi gamoiyofa; 1) naxSirorJangiani - borjomi, sairme da saqarTvelos

sxva mineraluri wylebi, Crdilo kavkasiis civi narzanebi, safrangeTis viSis wylebi,

karlovi-varis(CexeTi) Termuli wylebi da a.S; 2)gogirdwyalbadiani anu sulfiduri

-Tbilisis Termuli wylebi (saqarTvelo), macestis (ruseTi) da sxv; 3) radioaqtiuri-

wyaltubos (saqarTvelo), belokurixas (ruseTi) da sxva.

8.1. karsti.

yvelaze efeqturad miwisqveSa wylis geologiuri moqmedeba karstul procesebSi

vlindeba. Tumca amTaviTve unda SevniSnoT, rom karstul procesebSi miwiszeda

(zedapiruli) wylebic monawileobs. am procesebis Sedegad miiReba reliefis metad

specifikuri formebi, romelTac erToblivad karsti ewodeba. es saxelwodeba

adriatikis zRvis sanapiro zolSi arsebuli kirqvis masivis saxelidan modis.

imisaTvis, rom karstuli procesebi aqtiurad warimarTos ramdenime pirobaa

saWiro, romelTagan erT-erTi, SeiZleba iTqvas yvelaze arsebiTi, aris met-naklebad

kargad xsnadi qanebis arseboba. yvelaze kargad ixsnebian marilebi, pirvel rigSi,

natriumis qloridi anu haliti, TabaSiri da kirqvebi an zogadad rom vTqvaT

qloridebi, sulfatebi da karbonatebi. zemoT dasaxelebulTagan yvelaze kargad

haliti ixsneba, Semdeg TabaSiri da bolos kirqva, Tumca yvelaze farTod kirqvis

karstebia cnobili. saqme imaSia, rom kirqvebi dedamiwis qerqSi erT-erTi

ugavrcelebulesi qania, Tanac xSirad gvxvdeba mZlavri dastebiT, sakmaod

dabzarul-danapralianebuli. es yvelaferi ki Zalze xelsayrelia karstuli

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procesis warmarTvisaTvis. karstuli procesebi ufro intensiurad mimdinareobs e.w.

Ria karstis pirobebSi, roca karstvadi qanebi uSualod zedapirzea gaSiSvlebuli.

karstuli procesebis saboloo Sedegi karstuli formebis ganviTarebaa. radganac

es procesebi mimdinareobs rogorc miwis zedapirze, ise SigneTSi, karstuli

formebic orgvari saxisaa -- miwiszeda (zedapiruli) da miwisqveSa (Siga).

karstis zedapiruli formebidan aRsaniSnavia: karebi, ponorebi, karstuli Zabrebi

(dolinebi), polieebi.

karebi (umjobesia albaT karrebi) martivad rom vTqvaT miwis zedapiris

„nakawrebs“ warmoadgens, romelic kirqvis (an sxva karstvadi qanis) zedapiruli

wylebiT gaxsnis Sedegad Cndeba. es aris sxvadasxva siRrmis (santimetrebidan 1-2 m-

mde) ormoebi da Rarebi, romlebic garkveuli mimarTulebiT an ufro xSirad

uwesrigod arian ganlagebulni. ponorebi vertikaluri an daxrili napralebia

(xvrelebi), romlebic zedapiridan sakmaod Rrmad vrceldebian da STanTqaven

zedapirul wylebs. karstuli Zabrebi anu dolinebi (igive karstuli sasuleebi)

zedapiruli formebidan yvelaze gavrcelebulia. isini warmoadgenen wriuli formis

konusisebur (gadabrunebuli konusi) sxeulebs, romlebic periferiebidan centrisken

TandaTan Rrmavdebian. konusis wvers siRrmeSi naprali (ponori) agrZelebs. Zabris

diametri 1-50m-is farglebSia. iSviaTad ufro metic; siRrme ki 15-20 m-ia. SeiZleba

ramdenime karstuli Zabri SeerTdes an miwisqveSa karstuli gamoqvabulis Weri

Caiqces. orive SemTxvevaSi miiReba didi zomis karstuli depresia, romelsac polie

ewodeba. polieebis farTobi zogjer aseuli kvadratuli kilometrebiT izomeba.

karstis miwisqveSa formebia karstuli gvirabebi, Saxtebi da Webi da, ra Tqma

unda, karstuli mRvimeebi.

karstuli mRvimeebi yvelaze popularulia karstis Siga reliefis formebs Soris,

rig SemTxvevaSi maTi STambeWdavi ganzomilebebis gamo. am popularobas isic uwyobs

xels, rom xSirad karstuli mRvimeebi mopirkeTebulia ulamazesi nadeni formebiT,

romlebic efeqturad aZliereben maT xibls. karstuli mRvimeebi sxvadasxva zomisaa.

yvelaze didi mRvime dReisaTvis cnobilia karlsbadis nacionalur parkSi (niu-

meqsikos Stati, aSS), romlis ganzomilebebia 1200mx190mx90m. karstuli mRvimeebi

erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian gvirabebiTa da xvrelebiT da qmnian mRvimeTa erTian

sistemebs. cnobilia mravalsarTuliani mRvimeTa sistemebic.

karstuli mRvimis warmoSoba upirvelesad gruntis wylis moqmedebiT aris

ganpirobebuli. dedamiwis SigneTSi karstvadi qanebis yvelaze aqtiuri gaxsna xdeba

gruntis wylis sarkis siaxloveSi. sxvadasxva mizezis gamo gruntis wylis sarkis

TandaTan dawevis SemTxvevaSi am sarkis zeviT rCeba sicarieleebi, romlebic

saboloo saxiT karstul mRvimeebad mogvevlinebian. karstul mRvimeebSi zogjer

tbebic aris, zogjer nakaduli an mdinarec ki miedineba. Sesabamisad mRvimeebSi

Cndeba tbiuri da mdinareuli naleqebi. maT SeiZleba davumatoT Weris Camoqcevis

Sedegad miRebuli naleqebi, an karstvadi qanis gaxsnis Sedegad darCenili uxsnadi

naSTi, e.w. terra-rossa (wiTeli miwa). Zalze gavrcelebulia miwisqveSa wyaroebis

siaxloveSi porovani qanis -kirqvis tufis anu travertinis warmoSoba. yvela

CamoTvlili danaleqi qanis formireba karstuli mRvimis fskerTan aris

dakavSirebuli.

da mainc karstuli mRvimeebis mSvenebas nadeni formebi warmoadgens. es formebi

mravalnairia, Tumca kirqvis karsti ZiriTadad stalaqtitebiTa da stalagmitebiT

aris cnobili. maTi warmoSoba ki Semdegnairad xdeba-zedapiridan CanaJoni wyali,

romelic naxSirorJangiT aris gamdidrebuli, aqtiurad xsnis karstvad karbonatul

qanebs da kalciumis bikarbonatiT mdidrdeba. reaqcia midis cnobili formuliT-

CaCO3+H2O+CO2Ca(HCO3)2. karstuli mRvimis Werze gamosuli aseTi wylis wveTi umal

kargavs naxSirorJangs, ris gamoc wveTis periferiebze kirqva gamoileqeba- reaqcias

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zemoT naCvenebis sapirispiro xasiaTi aqvs. wveTs meore wveTi Seenacvleba, meores

mesame da a.S. gamoleqvac grZeldeba Weridan qveviT, ris Sedegadac miiReba yinulis

lolos formis warmonaqmni (SuagulSi nasvretiT)-stalaqtiti.

igive wveTebi mRvimis fskerze dacemisas kvlav kirqvas gamoleqaven. aqac nadeni

forma Cndeba, oRond is zevidan qveviT ki ara, piriqiT, qvevidan zeviT izrdeba. es

iqneba stalagmiti. stalagmitebi unasvretoa! zogjer stalaqtiti uerTeba

stalagmits da viRebT svets.

dasasrul unda aRvniSnoT, rom karstuli procesebis codnas aqvs uaRresad didi

mniSvneloba rogorc mecnierul, ise praqtikul RirebulebaTa TvalsazrisiT.

qalaqTmSeneblobis (binaTmSeneblobis) dros yovelTvis unda gvqondes mxedvelobaSi

is garemoeba, rom karstvad qanebSi xSirad mosalodnelia fundamentis Caqcevebi.

amave mizeziT karstuli reliefi saSiSia sarkinigzo Tu saavtomobilo gzebis

mSeneblobaSi. wyalsacavebis mSeneblobisas karstul ubnebze mosalodnelia (da

amdenad angariSgasawevia) wylis danakargi. aucilebelia agreTve wiaRiseulis

mopovebis dros samTo gamonamuSevrebSi karstul wylebis movardnisagan Tavis

dazRveva da sxv.

amave dros karstma SeiZleba bevri sikeTe moutanos adamians. sxvas rom Tavi

davaneboT, karstuli mRvimeebi saukeTeso turistuli obieqtebia da amdenad

qveyanaSi turizmis ganviTarebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. es sakiTxi Zalze

mniSvnelovania bevri qveynisaTvis, maT Soris saqarTvelosaTvisac, sadac mravali

SesaniSnavi karstuli mRvimea gamovlenili (afxazeTi, imereTi da sxv.) da axal

mRvimeTa gamovlenis saukeTeso perspeqtivebia. igive mRvimeebis gadaqceva SeiZleba

bunebriv sanatoriumebad sxvadasxva daavadebaTa gankurnebis TvalsazrisiT.

miwisqveSa wylebis praqtikuli mniSvneloba; miwisqveSa wylebis dacva.

miwisqveSa wyals uaRresad didi praqtikuli Rirebuleba aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT

mtknari sasmeli wyalic ki kmara. sasmeli wylis maragebi dReisaTvis msoflioSi

katastrofulad mcirdeba. aseT viTarebaSi miwisqveSa wyali umniSvnelovanesi

wiaRiseulis statuss iZens. Tu mtknar sasmel wyals mineralursac davumatebT,

romlis samkurnalo Tvisebebic sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, es statusi kidev ufro

gaizrdeba. sasmelis garda miwisqveSa wyali gamoiyeneba samelioracio

samuSaoebisaTvis (e.w.teqnikuri wyali). Termuli wylebi farTod gamoiyeneba mTel

rig qveynebSi (aSS, iaponia, ruseTi da sxv.) rogorc eleqtroenergiis wyaro, binebis

gasaTbobad, saTburebisaTvis. fiqroben, rom geoTermuli energia SeiZleba ufro

iafi aRmoCndes, vidre energiis Tanamedrove wyaroebi; Tanac ekologiurad ufro

sufTaa.

amave dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT miwisqveSa wylebis saSiSroeba hidroteqnikuri

Tu sxva tipis nagebobebis daproeqtebisas, wiaRiseuli sabadoebis damuSavebisas da

sxv.

aqve unda gvaxsovdes, rom miwisqveSa wylis maragi ulevi ar aris. amitom

sasurvelia (da aucilebelic) misi momWirneobiT xarjva. yuradReba unda mieqces

imasac, rom miwisqveSa wylis auzi ar daicalos da SeZlebisdagvarad xeli

SevuSaloT am procesis ganviTarebas.

Tavi 9. mdinari wylis geologiuri moqmedeba

mdinari wyali farTo masStabis geologiur moqmedebas awarmoebs. am mxriv

gansakuTrebuli roli mdinareebs eniWebaT. Tumca unda SevniSnoT, rom mdinari

wylis geologiur moqmedebaSi sakuTriv mdinareebis garda sxvaTa muSaobac

igulisxmeba.

35

mdinari wyali mxolod da mxolod dedamiwis zedapirze Camonadeni wyalia,

romelic ZiriTadad wvimisa da gamdnari Tovlis saxiT mogvevlineba. es wyali

simZimis Zalis gavleniT eSveba mTebis ferdobebze an erTiani, uwyveti afskis, an

calkeul kalapotSi moqceuli nakadulebis saxiT.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi gveqneba wylis e.w. zewruli Camonadeni. advili misaxvedria,

rom ferdobze Camonaden wyals Tan moaqvs gamofituli masala, riTac garkveulad

recxavs ferdobs da erTgvarad ,,angrevs“ mas. zewruli Camonadenis amgvar qmedebas

farTobuli erozia (,,erozio“ -amoWma, mocveTa; laT.) ewodeba. sainteresoa

aRiniSnos, rom am gziT ferdobze naxevari heqtari farTobidan erozia exeba

mxolod SedarebiT wminda masalas(ZiriTadad alevriti, Tixa). ufro uxeSi masalis

qveviT gadaadgileba ki CvenTvis ukve cnobili gravitaciuli procesebiT

(gravitaciuli denudaciiT) xdeba. cxadia, farTobuli erozia miT ufro Zlieri

iqneba, rac ufro didi iqneba ferdobis daqaneba da uxvi atmosferuli naleqebi.

kargad ganviTarebuli farTobuli erozia iwvevs ferdobis mosworebas. Camotanili

masala ki Sleifis saxiT ileqeba ferdobis ZirSi da rig SemTxvevaSi cvalebadi

simZlavreebis (maqsimum aTeuli metrebi) sakmaod gamwe zols iZleva. amgvar naleqebs

deluvions (,,deluo“-Camovrecxav; laT.)uwodeben.

farTobuli eroziis gverdiT, uswormasworo reliefis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs e.w.

xazobrivi erozia, romelic garkveul kalapotSi momdinare wylis damangrevel

moqmedebas gulisxmobs. aq imwamsve mdinaris moqmedeba Cndeba Cvens cnobierebaSi. da

es asecaa. magram mdinareTa gverdiT, romlebic mudmiv nakadebs warmoadgenen,

droebiTi nakadebic ewevian eroziul moqmedebas. droebiTi nakadebis moqmedebis

Sedegad xevebis an xramebis formireba xdeba. reliefis es formebi yvelaze kargad

viTardeba rbili qanebiT agebul ferdobebze. maRalmTiani reliefis SemTxvevaSi

droebiT nakadebs didZali masala gamoaqvT. zogjer aseTi nakadiT Seqmnili xevi

mdinaris SesarTavTan qmnis e.w. gamozidvis konusebs - konusiseburi formis (wveriT

xevaRma da fuZiT mdinaris xeobisaken) maraoseburad gaSlili naleqebis grovas,

romelsac xevis droebiTi nakadebi iZleva. aseTi forma gamotanis konusebs

miRebuli aqvs imis gamo, rom viwro da didi daqanebis mqone xevidan gamosvlisas,

mdinaris SesarTavTan axlos xevi farTovdeba, misi daqanebac ufro damreci xdeba

da Sedegad Camotanili masala maraoseburad iSleba da grovdeba. gamozidvis

konusebs mdinareebic qmnian. nakadebis mier Seqmnil gamozidvis konusebis amgeb

naleqebs, romlebic warmodgenilia faqtobrivad dauxarisxebeli klasturi

(namsxvrevi) masaliT, proluvioni (,,proluvium“ -Carecxva;laT) ewodeba.

ganviTarebis procesSi xevma (xramma) Tu gruntis wylis Semcveli horizonti

gadakveTa, maSin iq wylis modena mudmivi iqneba da Sesabamisad mdinareuli

procesebi ganviTardeba, xolo xevi(xrami) xeobad iqceva.

mdinaris geologiuri moqmedeba.

mdinare udides geologiur moqmedebas awarmoebs: angrevs mTebsa da miwis reliefis

sxva dadebiT formebs, gadaaqvs mongreuli masala da Sesabamis adgilebSi leqavs

mas. amgvarad mdinare awarmoebs samgvar geologiur samuSaos: ngrevas (erozia),

gadatanasa (transporti) da daleqvas (akumulacia). rogorc cnobilia, mdinareSi

sami nawili gamoiyofa: zemo, Sua da qvemo weli. marTalia ramdenadme pirobiTad,

magram miRebulia, rom zemo welSi wamyvani procesi eroziaa(siRrmiTi, Tanac zeviT,

wyalgamyofisaken mimarTuli), Sua welSi-gadatana, xolo qvemo welSi-daleqva.

erozia. mdinaris damangrevel, eroziul moqmedebas energia sWirdeba. es energia ki

ganpirobebulia mdinareSi wylis masis odenobiT da siCqariT. sxvagvarad rom

vTqvaT, mdinaris energia wylis masisa da siCqaris funqcias warmoadgens - rac metia

masa da siCqare, miT ufro meti energiiT awarmoebs mdinare damangrevel moqmedebas.

36

ngreva warmoebs mdinariseuli ZaliTa da mis mier atacebuli Tu aTreuli

mongreuli masaliT. mdinaris agresiulobas zrdis is garemoebac, rom mdinareuli

wyali iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda moZraobs ara sworxazobrivad,

mowesrigebulad(laminarulad), aramed mouwesrigeblad (turbulentulad), rac

pirvel rigSi napirebTan da fskerTan wylis xaxuniT aris gamowveuli. wylis

turbulenturi moZraoba ki mdinaris kalapotis intensiur ngrevas iwvevs.

eroziis ori saxe arsebobs: siRrmiTi da gverdiTi. ganviTarebis sawyis stadiaze

mdinare intensiurad angrevs kalapots, cdilobs mospos kalapotSi arsebuli

uswormasworobani, raTa gamoimuSaos e.w. wonasworobis profili. siRrmiTi eroziis

da saerTod mdinaris moqmedebis xasiaTs gansazRvravs eroziis bazisi anu im auzis

done, romelsac uerTdeba mdinare (mag, md. veres eroziis bazisi iqneba md. mtkvari

md. veres SesarTavTan, xolo TviT md. mtkvrisa- kaspiis zRva). eroziis bazisi aris

mdinaris mier kalapotis ngrevis umdablesi done. mdinaris mier wonasworobis

profilis gamomuSaveba xdeba ukusvliTi eroziiT. igulisxmeba, rom wonasworobis

profilis gamomuSavebiT mdinare amTavrebs Tavis eroziul moqmedebas (Tumca ara

sabolood).

ukusvliT eroziasTan dakavSirebulia metad saintereso movlena, romelsac

mdinaris motaceba ewodeba. ukusvliTi eroziis gamo mdinareebi miiweven zeviT,

wyalgamyofisaken. is mdinare, romlis eroziis bazisic ufro dablaa da kalapotis

daqanebac ufro didi, SedarebiT male miaRwevs wyalgamyofs, gadakveTs (Camoangrevs)

mas da SeierTebs wyalgamyofis meore mxares arsebul da sawinaaRmdego

mimarTulebiT moZrav meore mdinares. swored es aris mdinarismieri motaceba. Tumca

arsebobs motacebis sxva formac, e.w. gverdiTi motaceba.

wonasworobis profilis gamomuSavebisas mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto mTavar

eroziis baziss(romelzec zemoT gvqonda saubari), aramed adgilobrivsac. am

ukanasknels aCens mdinaris kalapotSi sxvadasxva adgilze arsebuli safexurebi,

Woromebi, tbebi. adgilobrivi eroziis bazisebi warmoadgenen eroziis sawyis punqts

mis zemoT (saTavisaken) mdebare mdinareuli xeobis nawilisaTvis. mdinaris

kalapotSi sxvadasxva tipis safexuris arseboba ganpirobebulia amgeb qanebSi magari

da rbili saxeobebis monacvleobiT. rogorc wesi, magari qanebi eroziis mimarT

mdgradobis gamo mdinaris kalapotSi safexurebs qmnian. amgvari safexurebis

ganviTareba zogjer CanCqeris warmoSobasac uwyobs xels-magari qanebiT agebuli

safexuridan vardnili wyali qveviT didi ZaliT angrevs kalapots. Tanac

warmoqmnili morevi Zirs uTxris magar safexurs, romelic bolos da bolos

Camoiqceva. CanCqeri amgvarad ukan daixevs da ngrevis procesi kvlav ganaxldeba.

saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens niagaris CanCqeri (aSS-sa da kanadis sazRvarze)

romelic mtkice dolomitebsa da maT qveS mdebare rbil Tixovan qanebSia

ganviTarebuli. rogorc varaudoben niagaris CanCqerma Tavisi arsebobis

ganmavlobaSi 12km-iT daixia ukan. daxevis tempi 1875 wlidan dRemde weliwadSi

saSualod 1-1,2 metrs Seadgens.

morevebis ganviTarebis adgilebSi, pirvel rigSi CanCqeris ZirSi wyali atacebuli

qanis namsxvrevebTan erTad kalapotSi Txris qvabulebs an Webismagvar ormoebs. aseT

ormoebs devis qvabebi an everziuli qvabebi ewodeba. devis qvabebi SeiZleba gaCndes

rogorc magar magmur (graniti, bazalti), ise SedarebiT rbil danaleq (kirqva,

Tixafiqali) qanebSi. maTi zomebi sxvadasxvaa, zogjer giganturic. magaliTad,

minesotis StatSi(aSS) teilorsfolsis CanCqerTan aris devis qvabi, romlis

diametri 6 m-ia, xolo siRrme 17 m. ganviTarebulia bazaltebSi.

gadatana(transporti). mdinaris mier masalis gadatana xdeba TreviT, ativtivebul,

an gaxsnil mdgomareobaSi. TreviT gadaitaneba msxvili qviSebi an sxvadasxva zomis

qvargvalebi, xolo ativtivebulad - SedarebiT wminda masala (wvrili qviSebi,

37

alevritebi, Tixebi), gaxsnili saxiT ki gadaitaneba karbonatebi, sulfatebi, kaJmiwa

da sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTis mdinareebSi ativtivebuli masala gacilebiT aWarbebs

danarCens, Tumca TreviT didi lodebis transportirebac ki xdeba. baris mdinareebSi

yvelaze didi procenti gaxsnil masalaze modis, Tanac SedarebiT umniSvneloa

TreviT gadatanili masalis (ZiriTadad qviSebi) odenoba.

daleqva (akumulacia). daleqva mcire masStabiT mdinaris axalgazrdobis

stadiaSic ki xdeba, rodesac intensiuri siRrmiTi erozia mimdinareobs, Tumca es

procesi mniSvnelovnad Zlierdeba mdinaris mowifulobisa da gansakuTrebiT ki

siberis stadiaSi. akumulacia pirvel rigSi mdinaris qvemo welSi xdeba da yvelaze

intensiurad swored iq aris gamoxatuli. daleqili masala sxvadasxva zomisaa da

damuSavebis sxvadasxva xarisxiT xasiaTdeba. unda iTqvas, rom mdinare gansakuTrebiT

kargad amuSavebs TreviT gadatanil msxvil masalas.

mdinaris mier daleqil masalas aluviuri naleqebi an ubralod aluvioni

(,,aluvio“-monaleqi; laT.) ewodeba. mdinareuli naleqis mravali saxe arsebobs. mas

miekuTvneba mdinareuli Walis amgebi qanebi, gamotanis konusebi, terasuli naleqebi

da kidev sxva. mdinareuli naleqdagroveba gansakuTrebiT saintereso formebs iZleva

zRvasTan SesarTavSi. esaa sayovelTaod cnobili delta (saxelwodeba modis md.

nilosis SesarTavSi ganviTarebuli mdinareuli naleqebis formidan). deltis

gasaCenad ramdenime pirobaa saWiro: a)araRrma zRva, b)mdinaris mier didi

raodenobiT Semotanili masala, g)zRvis moqceva-ukuqcevisa da napirgaswvrivi

dinebebis ararseboba da d)zRvis fskeris daZirvis tempi ar unda aRematebodes

mdinareuli akumulaciis temps. deltis formireba iwyeba wyalqveSa (zRvisqveSa)

gamotanis konusebis gaCeniT, romelic zrdis procesSi TandaTan amodis xmeleTze.

deltebze SeiZleba gaCndes tbebi da Waobebi. drodadro delta SeiZleba zRvis

wyliTac daifaros. amitom delturi naleqebi uaRresad Wrelia SedgenilobiT.

wamyvani marTalia mdinareuli aluvionia, magram aq vxvdebiT agreTve zRviur, tbiur

da Waobis naleqebsac. es naleqebi erTmaneTs enacvlebian rogorc horizontulad,

ise vertikaluradac. warmoSobis pirobebis specifikurobis gamo delturi naleqe-

bisaTvis Zalze damaxasiaTebelia iribi Sreebrivoba.

deltebi sxvadasxva zomisaa. yvelaze didia mdinareebis xuanxesa da ianZis

(ianZiZiani) erToblivi delta, romlis sigrZe 1000 km-ia, xolo sigane 300-400 km.

daaxloebiT igive ganzomilebebi aqvs brahmaputrasa da gangis deltas, xolo md.

misisipis delturi naleqebis sisqe 600 m-s aWarbebs. mdinareuli deltebi umetesad

Siga zRvebis SesarTavebTan warmoiSoba. Tumca aris tbebTan dakavSirebuli deltebi.

mdinareuli xeobis ganviTareba. mdinaris xeoba faqtobrivad mxolod sakuTriv

mdinaris mier aris Seqmnili. amitom xeobis xasiaTi bevrs gveubneba TviT mdinarisa

da Sesabamisad mdinareuli procesebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. es ukanaskneli ki

garkveuli kanonzomierebebiT xasiaTdeba, rac adekvaturad aisaxeba mdinareuli

xeobis evoluciaSic.

mdinaris ganviTarebis sawyis stadiaze, Zlier danawevrebuli reliefis pirobebSi

Zalze didia mdinaris kalapotis daqaneba da Sesabamisad wylis siCqare. amitom am

etapze arsebiTad mxolod siRrmiT erozias aqvs adgili. xeoba ki ar ganierdeba,

aramed Rrmavdeba, misi gverdebi (ferdobebi) Zlier daqanebulia, xolo TviT xeoba

ganiv kveTSi iRebs laTinuri V-s formas. amitom aseT xeobebs vesmagvars uwodeben.

zogierTi mecnieris azriT es aris mdinaris xeobis morfologiuri axalgazrdobis

stadia.

mdinareuli xeobis ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze siRrmiT erozias cvlis gverdiTi

erozia. iwyeba xeobis gaganiereba. mdinare monacvleobiT intensiurad angrevs xan

erT, xan meore napirs da aseve monacvleobiT mongreuli napiris sapirispiro mxares

leqavs masalas. mdinaris amgvari moqmedebiT misi kalapoti iklakneba. amgvari

38

procesebis gaRrmaveba gvaZlevs meandrebs. am droisaTvis mdinares ukve kargad

ganviTarebuli Wala aqvs, xolo misi xeobis ganivi kveTi ganieri da brtyelZiraa.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mdinaris xeoba am momentSi morfologiuri simwifis stadiaSi

imyofeba. meandrirebisas mdinaris kalapotSi maryuJebi keTdeba. zogjer

wyaluxvobisas mdinarem SeiZleba meandris viwro yeli gaglijos da ufro mokle

gziT ganagrZos dineba. meandri mdinarisagan mowyvetili rCeba da mas staricas

(narionals, al. janeliZe, 1972)uwodeben.

naoWa sruqturebTan mimarTebaSi ganarCeven gamkveT da gaswvriv xeobebs. gamkveTad

iwodeba xeoba, romelic naoWis RerZis marTobulad an TiTqmis marTobulad (e.i.

gamkveTad) aris ganviTarebuli. gaswvrivi xeobis SemTxvevaSi am ukanasknelis

mimarTuleba naoWis RerZis paraleluria. arCeven antiklinur, sinklinur da

izoklinur gaswvriv xeobebs.

xeobis Zalian saintereso tips warmoadgens e.w. antecedenturi (,,antecedens“-

adrindeli; laT.) xeoba. mdinareTa xeobebi, rogorc wesi, ukve arsebul reliefze

viTardeba. antecedenturi xeoba ki gulisxmobs imas, rom mdinaris xeoba arsebobda

reliefis dadebiTi formis (naoWa struqturis an sxv.) warmoqmnamde. dadebiTi

struqturis formirebis procesSi dedamiwis qerqis azevebis tempi emTxveoda

mdinaris siRrmiTi eroziis te6mps. Sedegad ki is miviReT, rom mdinareuli xeoba

kveTs veeberTela mTas an platos, rac Cveulebrivi eroziis pirobebSi

warmoudgenelia.

mdinareTa xeobebi (yovel SemTxvevaSi xeobis didi nawili mainc) SeiZleba

riftul (grabenul) zolebSi ganviTardes. aseTia mag. md. iordanis xeoba, md. rainis

xeoba da sxv.

mdinareuli terasebis warmoSoba.

mdinaris geologiuri moqmedeba TiTqos mimarTulia reliefis mosworebisaken.

ciklis dasawyisSi siRrmuli, xolo cota mogvianebiT gverdiTi eroziis ganviTareba

iwvevs maRali reliefis ngrevas, SedarebiT dabal adgilebSi ki akumulacia, e.i.

reliefis amovseba mimdinareobs. sabolood ki reliefis TandaTan mosworeba,

peneplenizacia (,,penepleni“-TiTqmis vake; ingl.) xdeba (peneplenis ganviTarebas sxva

geodinamiuri procesebic -fitva, gravitaciuli denudacia da a.S. uwyobs xels).

peneplenizacia marTlac realuri movlenaa. Tumca mdinaris geologiuri

moqmedeba ise ar unda gavigoT, rom is kalapotis ngreviT gamoimuSavebs

wonasworobis profils da amiT amTavrebs eroziul moqmedebas. saqme isaa, rom es

procesi ganaxlebadia. SeiZleba moxdes ise, rom mdinaris mier wonasworobis

profilis gamomuSavebis Semdeg (an manamdec) eroziis bazisma qveviT daiwios, an

mdinaris saTavem zeviT aiwios. aseTi ram SeiZleba gamoiwvios miwis qerqis awev-

dawevam an wylis evstaziurma moZraobam. aseT SemTxvevaSi saTavesa da eroziis

baziss Soris simaRleTa sxvaoba da Sesabamisad mdinaris kalapotis daqaneba

gaizrdeba da mdinare ganaaxlebs (xelaxla iwyebs) eroziul moqmedebas, siRrmiTi

eroziis meSveobiT CaWris kalapots da ufro dabal hifsometriul doneze

agrZelebs ngrevas, gadatanas da daleqvas. Zveli kalapotis doneze ki rig

SemTxvevaSi met-naklebad mosworebuli adgilebi rCeba, romlebic zogjer

mdinareuli naleqebiT aris dafaruli, zigjer ki - ara. mdinaris reliefis aseT

formebs terasebi ewodeba. terasa SeiZleba erTi an ramdenime iyos. ukanasknel

SemTxvevaSi isini erTmaneTis Tavze, sxvadasxva hifsometriul doneze iqnebian

ganlagebuli. gasagebia, rom hifsometriulad yvelaze dabla mdebare terasa

asakobrivad yvelaze axalgazrda iqneba, xolo yvelaze maRla mdebare - uZvelesi.

terasebi sami geneturi tipis arsebobs: 1) eroziuli anu skulpturuli, 2)

akumulaciuri da 3) cokoluri anu eroziul-akumulaciuri.

39

eroziuli terasa faqtobrivad danaleqi aluvionis gareSea da mTeli terasa

(terasuli safexuric da beqic) dedamiwis qerqis amgebi ZiriTadi qanebiT aris

warmodgenili. mxolod alag-alag (isic terasul safexurze) Tu aRiniSneba

aluvionis arseboba. fiqroben, rom am tipis terasebis warmoSoba dakavSirebuli

unda iyos teqtonikuri moZraobiT gamowveul azevebasTan, romelic mdinareuli

xeobis ganviTarebis adreul stadias daemTxva.

akumulaciuri terasa mTlianad agebulia aluviuri naleqebiT, rac miuTiTebs

imaze, rom yoveli terasis warmoSobamde mdinareuli xeoba gadioda ganviTarebis

srul cikls mZlavri aluviuri naleqebis warmoSobamde.

cokoluri (eroziul-akumulaciuri) terasa rogorc saxelidan Cans gardamavalia

pirvel ors Soris. am tipis terasaSi terasuli safexuri da beqis zeda nawili

dafarulia aluvioniT, xolo beqis qveda nawilSi (aseve mdinaris Tanamedrove

kalapotSic) SiSvldeba ZiriTadi qanebi.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom ufro meti raodenobis terasebi (7-10, zogjer metic)

mTis mdinareebs axasiaTebT, sadac ZiriTadad skulpturuli da cokoluri tipebia

ganviTarebuli. SedarebiT naklebi raodenobis (3-5) terasebi, isic umetesad

akumulaciuri, axasiaTebT baris mdinareebs. isic unda iTqvas, rom erTi da igive

mdinareuli xeobis sxvadasxva monakveTSi SeiZleba erTi asakis sxvadasxva tipis

terasa iyos ganviTarebuli.

mdinareul naleqebTan dakavSirebuli wiaRiseuli.

mdinareebi eroziuli moqmedebis Sedegad aqtiurad recxaven qanebs, arcTu iSviaTad

iseTebs, romlebic praqtikuli gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT Zvirfas mineralebs

Seicaven. aseTi mineralebiT gamdidrebuli narecxi masaliT iqmneba aluviuri

qviSrobuli sabadoebi, pirvel rigSi iseTi mdgradi mineralebisa, rogoricaa: oqro,

platina, volframi, kasiteriti, magnetiti, granatebi, almasi da sxv. dReisaTvis

oqros msoflio mopovebis 25% qviSrobebze modis. Tanamedroves gverdiT aris Zveli,

ganamarxebuli qviSrobuli sabadoebic. saukeTeso magaliTad vitvatersrandis

(samxreT afrika) cnobili sabadoc gamodgeba, romelic am Zvirfasi metalis

mopovebis TvalsazrisiT udidesia msoflioSi.

moskovis cnobili mura naxSiris sabadoc mdinareul (deltur) naleqebTan aris

dakavSirebuli. delturi naleqebi monawileoben afSeronis naxevarkunZulis

(azerbaijani) gaz-navTob Semcvel qanebSic da sxv.

uaRresad didia TviT mdinaris geologiuri moqmedebis rogorc Teoriuli, ise

praqtikuli mniSvneloba. mdinaris moqmedebis eroziuli Tu akumulaciuri formebi

kargad migvaniSnebs ama Tu im regionis uaxles teqtonikaze. ganamarxebuli

mdinareuli naleqebis Seswavla ki naTels mohfens mocemuli regionis geologiuri

ganviTarebis istorias.

aseve didia mdinaris praqtikuli mniSvnelobac.

Tavi 10. myinvaris geologiuri moqmedeba

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom myinvari Tovlisagan warmoiSoba. magram procesi

Tovlis yinulad, xolo am ukanasknelis myinvarad gadaqcevisa arc ise martivia.

imisaTvis, rom myinvaris yinuli miviRoT maradi Tovlia saWiro. es ukanaskneli ki

iseT adgilebSi gvxvdeba, sadac Tovlis mosvla sWarbobs mis dnobas. aseTi pirobebi

ki gulisxmobs dabal temperaturasa da uxv naleqebs (Tovlis saxiT).

teritoriulad aseTi adgilebi dakavSirebulia polarul sartylebTan da nebismier

klimatur sartyelSi arsebul maRal mTebTan.

aseT adgilebSi mosuli Tovli dasawyisSi Zalian poriani da msubuqia. SemdgomSi

mravaljeradi gaTboba-gayinviT is ,,gadakristaldeba“, marcvlovani gaxdeba da

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iqceva e.w.firnad. firnis Semdgomi gamkvrivebiT ki, rasac xels uwyobs am

ukanasknelis Tovlis axal-axali masebis qveS moqceva, myinvaris anu gletCeris

(,,gletCer“-myinvari; germ.) yinuli miiReba. yinuli moZraobas daiwyebs Tu ara,

myinvaric saxezea. moZraobis dawyebas ki xels uwyobs is garemoeba, rom didi

dawolis qveS myofi yinuli plastikuri da Sesabamisad denadi xdeba.

Tanamedrove myinvarebs xmeleTis 11% (16,2 mln km2) ukaviaT, xolo Sig daculi

yinulis masa Seadgens daaxloebiT 30 mln km3-s. myinvarebi cnobilia polarul

mxareebSi, calkeul materikebze Tu kunZulebze da TiTqmis yvela maRalmTian

zonaSi(tropikul sartyelSic ki).

Tanamedroveze ufro farTod myinvarebi gavrcelebuli iyo meoTxeul periodSi,

rodesac xmeleTis TiTqmis mesamedi yinuliT iyo dafaruli. didi meoTxeuli

gamyinvarebis saerTo farTi Seadgenda 45 mln km2-s. aRsaniSnavia, rom codna

myinvarebis geologiuri moqmedebis Sesaxeb umTavresad swored meoTxeul

gamyinvarebaze, ufro zustad ki mis Sedegebze dakvirvebiT aris miRebuli. mecnierTa

azriT meoTxeuli gamyinvareba 10 000 wlis win (pleistocenis miwuruls) dasrulda.

Tumca meoTxeuli periodi dResac grZeldeba da arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom am

gamyinvarebis Semdgomi (axali) etapi kvlav ganviTardes.

myinvarebis tipebi.

warmoSobis mixedviT myinvaris sam tips gamoyofen: 1)mTis myinvarebi, 2) zewruli

myinvarebi da 3) gardamavali(mTisZiris) myinvarebi.

mTis myinvarebs sxvanairad xeobis myinvarebs (igive alpurs) uwodeben. Tumca unda

iTqvas, rom zogi SexedulebiT xeobis myinvari karul da dakidebul myinvarebTan

erTad mTis myinvaris saxeobas warmoadgens mxolod. Cven mTisa da xeobis myinvarebs

erTmaneTis sinonimebad miviCnevT. mTis myinvarebisaTvis arsebiTia is, rom isini

gavrcelebulia maRalmTian mxareebSi (alpebi, kavkasia, pamiri, himalai da sxv.) da

rogorc wesi, mdinareul xeobebSi moedinebian. myinvari Sedgeba ori nawilisagan - 1)

kvebis are anu firnis auzi, sadac xdeba Tovlis dagroveba, Semdeg firnad da

myinvaris yinulad gadaqceva. firnis auzi mdebareobs Tovlis xazis (maradi Tovlis

qveda sazRvari) zeviT da umetes SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens tafobisebur depresias,

cicabo kldeebiT cirkiseburad SemosazRvruls sami mxridan. zogjer mas

myinvareul cirksac uwodeben. myinvaris gadineba xdeba firnis auzis Tavisufali

mxridan mdinaris xeobis mimarTulebiT; 2) sakuTriv myinvari anu myinvaris ena,

romelic firnis auzis qveviT xeobaSi arsebul yinulis masas (sxeuls) warmoadgens.

mTis myinvaris sigrZe sxvadasxvaa, zogjer aseuli kilometrebic ki. pamiris

mTebSi arsebuli fedCenkos myinvaris sigrZe 75 km-ia, yinulis maqsimaluri sisqe ki

700-800 metri.

zewruli myinvarebi Zalian did farTobzea gavrcelebuli da zogjer mTel

kontinentebsac ki moicavs (gavixsenoT antarqtida). amitom maT materikuls an

kontinentursac uwodeben. myinvarebis es tipic ori nawilisagan Sedgeba, Tumca

kvebis are aq firnis auzis saxiT ki ara, yinuliT dafaruli amaRlebuli farTo

moednis saxiTaa warmodgenili. yinulis gadineba aq TiTqmis yvela mimarTulebiT

xdeba, radialuria da ara calmxrivi, rogorc es mTis myinvarebs axasiaTebT. kvebis

are centrSia da gadinebac centridan periferiebisaken xdeba. yinulis masis didi

sisqeebic swored centrSia (xSirad aTasobiT metrebi) da TandaTan klebulobs

periferiebisaken. amiT ganpirobebulia TviT zewruli myinvaris fariseburi formac.

Tanamedrove zewruli myinvarebis klasikur tipebs warmoadgenen antarqtidisa da

grenlandiis myinvarebi.

antarqtidis yinulovani fari TiTqmis mTel kontinents moicavs. misi farTobi 13,2

mln.km2, yinulis maqsimaluri sisqe 4 km-mdea, xolo saSualo- 2 km. yinulis masebi

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okeanemde Camodis da qmnis Selfur yinuls, romelTa nawilobrivi msxvrevis Sedegad

okeaneebSi aisbergebi (yinulis mTebi) Cndeba. aisbergebi yinulis veeba mTebia,

farTobiT 50-100 km2-mde, simaRliT (wylis zeviT) 60m-mde. aisbergis sidide kargad

rom warmovidginoT ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom wylis qveS misi sxeulis daaxloebiT

7/8-ia daZiruli.

antarqtidis yinulovani safari mtknari wylis yvelaze didi rezervuaria

msoflioSi.

kunZul grenlandiis 4/5 (TiTqmis 2 mln. km2) yinuliT aris dafaruli. yinulis

forma aqac fariseburia, maqsimaluri sisqeebiT 3500 m-mde. myinvaruli faris

kideebze xSirad Cndeba ZiriTadi qanebis Sverilebi, romelTac nunatakebs uwodeben.

yinulis safarveli zRvamde ver aRwevs, amitom Selfuri yinuli ara gvaqvs. zogjer

zewruli myinvari periferiebze xeobis myinvarSi gadadis, romelTa nawili zRvamdec

aRwevs.

gardamavali tipis myinvarebi, rogorc saxelwodebac migvaniSnebs, pirvel or

dasaxelebul myinvars Soris Sualedurs gulisxmobs. myinvarebis es tipi aiRes

malaspinas myinvaridan, romelic alaskaze mdebareobs. aseTi tipis myinvaris

warmoSoba xdeba, rodesac mTis myinvarebi TiTqmis erTmaneTis paralelurad

xeobebidan mTiswina vakeze gamodian da iq erTiandebian zewruli myinvaris saxiT. aq

TiTqos saxezea xeobisa da zewruli myinvarebis kombinacia. aseT myinvarebs

mTisZiris myinvarebsac uwodeben. zogi mkvlevari gardamaval tips miakuTvnebs

agreTve myinvarebis e.w. skandinavur tips, sadac suraTi malaspinas myinvaris

sapirispiroa TiTqos - Zveli mTebis mosworebul, sustad danawevrebul

wyalgamyofze Cndeba yinulis safari, zogjer sakmaod didi farTobis (aTas

kvadratul kilometramde), saidanac yinuli gaedineba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ukve

calkeuli xeobis myinvarebis saxiT. skandinavuri tipis myinvarebi farTod

gavrcelebulia norvegiaSi (magaliTad myinvari iustedali) da Sua aziaSi.

skandinavuri tipisaa agreTve yinulis qudebad wodebuli formebi, romlebic

cnobilia Spicbergenze, islandiaSi da sxvagan.

myinvarebis geologiuri moqmedeba.

myinvari moZraobisas umniSvnelovanes geologiur moqmedebas awarmoebs. rogorc

zeviT aRvniSneT, myinvaris moZraoba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom maRali wnevis qveS

moqceuli yinuli plastiuri da denadi xdeba. amitom odnavi daqanebac ki sakmarisia,

rom simZimis Zalis gavleniT yinuli amoZravdes.

myinvarebis moZraobis siCqare sxvadasxvaa, iseve rogorc gansxvavebulia erTi da

imave myinvaris moZraobis siCqare droSi. saerTod ki myinvarebi dRe-RameSi erTeuli

metrebiT an kidev ufro nela gadaadgildebian. Tumca cnobilia faqtebi, rodesac es

cifrebi pirvel aseul metramde gazrdila.

cnobilia myinvarebis ukan daxevac, Tumca es ,,moZraoba“, ra Tqma unda, myinvaris

ukan svlas ki ara, frontalur nawilSi mis dnobas gulisxmobs. ufro zustad ki es

iqneba ablacia (,,ablacio“ -arTmeva; laT.)-myinvaris masis Semcireba dnobis,

aorTqlebis da meqanikuri ngrevis Sedegad. myinvarebis ukan daxevis procesic Zalze

nelia, Tumca man SeiZleba weliwadSi aseul metrebsac miaRwios.

myinvaris moZraoba gansxvavebulia mis sxvadasxva nawilSi. yvelaze swrafad

gadaadgildeba misi Sua nawili, xolo fskerTan axlos da kideebze xaxunis gamo

moZraoba ufro nelia. diferencirebuli moZraobis gamo myinvarSi Cndeba

diagonaluri napralebi. fskeris uswormasworobasTan dakavSirebiT, roca myinvari

raime zRurblze gadaivlis, Cndeba ganeduri napralebi, xolo viwro xeobidan

myinvaris SedarebiT farTo areze gamosvlisas radialur napralebs viRebT.

napralebSi cirkulirebs ablaciis Sedegad warmoSobili nakadebi, romlebic

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myinvaris SigniT Tu fskerTan axlos yinulSi xvrelebs akeTeben, cirkulireben

myinvaris zedapirze da mis qveSac da metad saintereso geologiur samuSaos

awarmoeben.

myinvaris geologiuri moqmedeba gamoixateba ngrevaSi, gadatanasa da daleqvaSi.

myinvaris damangrevel moqmedebas egzaracia (,,egzaracio“-gadaxvna; laT.) ewodeba.

SeiZleba am terminis nacvlad myinvaruli eroziac vixmaroT.

myinvari moZraobisas didi ZaliT angrevs rogorc fskers, ise gverdis qanebs.

amaSi mas didad uwyobs xels ngrevis Sedegad Setacebuli namsxvrevi masala.

egzaraciis procesSi xdeba magari qanebis zedapirebis moprialeba, dakawvra.

sayuradReboa, rom nakawrebi TiTqmis yovelTvis erTmaneTis paraleluria da

myinvaris moZraobis gaswvriv aris mimarTuli. amdenad isini myinvaris moZraobis

mimarTulebis maCveneblebic arian.

egzaraciis Sedegad xeobis myinvarebSi Zalian saintereso reliefuri formebi

Cndeba. upirveles yovlisa unda aRvniSnoT, rom egzaracia mimdinareobs myinvaris

mier dakavebul mdinareul V-s magvari ganivkveTis mqone xeobaSi, romelsac

myinvaruli erozia laTinuri U -s magvar xeobad aqcevs. amgvar myinvarul xeobas

trogi (,,trog“-varcli, gobi; laT.) ewodeba. trogi cicabo ferdebiT da TiTqmis

brtyeli ganieri fskeriT xasiaTdeba. magari da rbili qanebis morigeobis gamo

fskerze xSirad Cndeba safexurebi, romelTac rigelebi ewodeba. zeda nawilSi

cicabo ferdebs agrZelebs SedarebiT damreci, terasiseburi ferdebi, romlebic

aseve egzaraciis Sedegia da romelTac trogis mxrebi hqvia.

aseve saintereso reliefuri formebi iqmneba zewruli myinvarebis egzaraciis

drosac. myinvari moZraobisas angrevs rbil qanebs, romelTa adgilze patara

qvabulebi rCeba, xolo magar qanebs Tavze gadauvlis,moasworebs, moaprialebs, da

kawravs, ris Sedegadac viRebT e.w. verZis Sublebs. verZis Sublis myinvaris

moZraobisaken mimarTuli mxare damrecia, moprialebuli da dakawruli, meore, (wina)

mxare ki ufro mkveTrad daqanebuli, daumuSavebeli, nakawrebis gareSe. verZis

Sublebis erToblioba qmnis metad Tavisebur myinvarul landSafts - xuWuWa

kldeebs. verZis Sublebi mTis myinvarebis xeobebSic aRiniSneba.

materikuli myinvaruli eroziis dasamaxsovrebel efeqts iZleva gamofituli

masalis ,,amoxvna“ didi ubnebidan (aTasobiT kvadratuli kilometri), romlis

Sedegad gaCenil depresiebSi xSirad tbebi Cndeba.

masalis transporti da akumulacia. myinvaris mier mongreuli masala myinvaris

mierve gadaitaneba manam, vidre misi akumulacia ar moxdeba. gadatana xdeba myinvaris

zedapirzec, SigniTac da fskerzec. es masala mravalnairia, Tixis uwvrilesi

nawilakebidan udides lodebamde, daumuSavebeli da dauxarisxebelia. myinvaris mier

gadatanil da daleqil aseT masalas morenebi ewodeba. arCeven morenebis ramdenime

saxes.

xeobis myinvarebs axasiaTebs kidis anu gverdis morenebi, romlebic myinvars

gadaaqvs kideebs gaswvriv. am saxis morenebis masala trogis ferdobebze

ganviTarebuli fitviTi, gravitaciuli Tu zogi sxva procesis Sedegad Camodis

myinvaramde. myinvaris dnobis Semdeg is rCeba wagrZelebuli zvinulebis an

terasismagvari formebis saxiT. Sua moreni Cndeba ori mezobeli myinvaris

SeerTebisas maTi gverdiTi morenebis gaerTianebis Sedegad. Sua morenebsac

wagrZelebuli zvinulis saxe aqvs. Siga morenebi Cndeba myinvaris napralebSi

namsxvrevi masalis dagrovebis Sedegad. myinvaris mier fskeris ngreviT Cndeba

fskeris (fuZis) morenebi. myinvaris daboloebaze, romelsac Subls an frontsac

uwodeben, bolo (Sublis) morenebi warmoiqmneba. bolo morenis formireba

dakavSirebulia myinvaris „dgomasTan“, roca yinulis dnoba TanafardobaSia (udris)

myinvaris dinebiT motanil yinulTan. reliefSi es aris rkaliseburad win gaRunuli,

43

zewruli gamyinvarebis SemTxvevaSi seriviT wagrZelebuli, formis sxeuli. sigrZeSi

SeiZleba asobiT kilometric iyos. bolo morenas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs

myinvaris moZraobis xasaTis dasadgenad.

zewruli myinvarebisaTvis umetesad fskeris morenebia damaxasiaTebeli. aris

agreTve Siga da bolo morenebic. sxva saxis morenebi aq ar gvxvdeba. fskeris

morenebis gavrcelebis zolSi Cndeba reliefis Taviseburi formebi, romelTa Soris

drumlinebi gamoirCeva. drumlinebi warmoadgenen myinvaris moZraobis mimarTulebiT

wagrZelebul, met-naklebad mosworebul borcvis msgavs formebs, romlebic

mTlianad an nawilobriv morenuli masaliT aris agebuli. drumlinebis sigrZe

asobiT metridan 2-10km-mdea, sigane ki 100-200m-ia, xolo simaRle 25-30metri.

drumlinebi bevria baltiispireTsa da peterburgis mxareSi, romlebic meoTxeuli

gamyinvarebis gavrcelebis ares miekuTvnebian. fskeris morenebSi SeiZleba vnaxoT

qanebis veeba blokebi. zogjer aseTi blokebi gadaitaneba gamyinvarebis centridan

(magaliTad, skandinavia) asobiT kilometrze. esaa kargad cnobili moxetiale anu

eratuli lodebi (,,eratikus“ - moxetiale, gzaabneuli; laT.)

fluvioglacialuri naleqebi. zemoT ganxiluli naleqebi (morenebi da sxva)

miekuTvneba sakuTriv myinvarul anu glacialur warmonaqmnebs (,,glacialis“ -

yinulisa; laT.). maT gverdiT arsebobs naleqebi, romelTa warmoSoba myinvaruli

wyliT aris ganpirobebuli. aseT naleqebs fluvioglacialuri (,,fluvios“ -mdinare;

laT.) ewodeba. fluvioglacialuri naleqebis erTi nawili myinvaris uSualo

moqmedebis areSi warmoiSoba. es iqneba intraglacialuri naleqebi. meore nawili ki

myinvaris frontis win, mis gare zonaSi Cndeba. amas periglacialuri naleqebi hqvia.

am ori tipis naleqebs saerTo isa aqvT, rom orive maTganSi Sreebrivoba an

fenebrivoba SeimCneva. erTica da meorec iZleva metad saintereso formebs.

intraglacialuri naleqebi cnobilia ozebisa da kamebis saxiT.

ozebi mogvagoneben rkinigzis liandagis miwayrils, romlis gamweobac aTeuli

kilometrebiT izomeba, simaRle da sigane ki pirveli aTeuli metrebiT. ozebi

zogjer TiTqmis sworxazovania, zogjer ki iklakneba, ,,meandrirebs“; agebulia

umTavresad qviSiT, xvinWiTa da riyiT. ozebi materikul gamyinvarebasTanaa

dakavSirebuli. fiqroben, rom maTi genezisi myinvarul nakadebs ukavSirdeba -

nakadebis mier gadatanili masala myinvaris dnobis Semdeg zed edeba fskeris

ZiriTad qanebs an fskeris morenebs. gavrcelebulia SvedeTsa da fineTSi. cnobilia

agreTve baltiispireTSi da belorusiaSi.

kamebi aTiode metris simaRlis (zogjer metisac) cicaboferdebiani borcvebia,

met-naklebad mosworebuli TxemiT, agebulia qviSiT an ufro uxeSi masaliT, alag ki

furcela TixebiT. axasiaTebT horizontuli an diagonaluri Sreebrivoba. kamebis

genezisi TiTqos dakavSirebuli unda iyos myinvaris dnobisas formirebul tbebTan,

romlebic upiratesad bolo morenis gaswvriv Cndebian. myinvaris dnobisas tbiuri

masala Txemis saxiT Tavze edeba fskeris morenebs an ZiriTad qanebs. kamuri

reliefi gavrcelebulia kareliaSi, baltiispireTSi, dasavleT evropis Crdilo

regionebSi. rogorc fiqroben, ozebi da kamebi materikuli myinvaris dnobisas Cndeba.

myinvaris win wawevis SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, isini moispobian. ozebTan da kamebTan

erTad aRniSnaven kamur terasebsac.

periglacialuri naleqebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, myinvaris maxloblad, Sublis

morenis wina zolSi Cndeba myinvaruli wylebis moqmedebis Sedegad. myinvaridan

bevri nakaduli gamodis, romelTac myinvariswina zolSi didZali masala gamoaqvT.

masala gzadagza ileqeba- myinvaris bolo kidesTan axlos ufro uxeSi, xolo

moSorebiT ufro wminda. wminda masala, ZiriTadad qviSebi, myinvariswina kideze

sakmaod did farTze iSleba da qmnis qviSiT agebul sustad daqanebul vake

zedapirebs, romelTac zandrebi (,,zand“-qviSa; germ.) ewodeba. zandrebi upirvelesad

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zewrul gamyinvarebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tumca cnobilia agreTve xeobis

myinvarebis gavrcelebis zolSic. maT gansakuTrebiT didi farTobebi ekavaT

meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis dros.

periglacialur naleqebs miekuTvneba agreTve limnoglacialuri (,,limnos“- tba;

berZn.) naleqebic. myinvaris kidura zolSi, Sublis morenebis win Cndeba tbiuri

depresiebi da Semdgom tbebi metad specifikuri naleqdagrovebiT. aq sxvadasxva

zomis masalas SexvdebiT, Tumca wamyvani e.w. furcela Tixebia, romlebic

faqtobrivad warmoadgenen Ria feris wminda qviSebisa da muqi feris Tixebis Txeli

fenebis ritmul morigeobas. dadgenilia, rom qviSa-Tixis erTi ritmi (erTi wyvili)

erT astronomiul weliwads Seesabameba droSi- wminda qviSis fena ileqeba

zafxulSi, roca yinulis dnoba intensiuria da naleqdagroveba Zlieri, xolo

Tixebi ki- zamTarSi. amitom furcela Tixebs zogjer wliur Tixebsac uwodeben.

wliuri Tixebis meSveobiT SeiZleba gamoviangariSoT myinvaruli tbis absoluturi

asaki. ufro metic- myinvaris TandaTan ukandaxevisas tbiuri auzi farTovdeba

(daxevis mimarTulebiT). amas Sedegad is moyveba, rom daxevis mimarTulebiT

fenebrivi Tixebis ritmebis raodenoba TandaTan mcirdeba. es ki iZleva saSualebas

gaviangariSoT myinvaris ukandaxevis saSualowliuri tempi. amgvari gaangariSebiT

dadgenilia, rom meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis dros SvedeTSi myinvaris ukandaxevis tempi

Seadgenda 325m/wel., xolo fineTSi 260m/wel.-s.

meoTxeuli da ufro Zveli gamyinvarebebi.

Cven xSirad vaxsenebT meoTxeul gamyinvarebas, romelic arc Tu ise didi xnis win

moxda, xolo geologiuri TvalsazrisiT es sulac axali ambavia. is daaxloebiT

erTi milioni wlis win daiwyo (SeiZleba ufro adrec) da 10 000 wlis win

dasrulda. am gamyinvarebis gamocnoba arcTu ise Znelia, radganac, swored misi

siaxalgazrdavis gamo jer kidev kargad aris SemorCenili myinvaruli reliefi da

myinvaruli naleqebi (verZis Sublebi, trogebi, morenebi, eratuli lodebi da a.S.).

meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis masStabebi Zalze STambeWdavia. im dros farTod iyo

gavrcelebuli rogorc zewruli myinvarebi (centrebiT skandinaviasa da

grenlandiaSi), ise mTis (xeobis) myinvarebi. swored xeobis myinvarebis masalaze

(Sublis morenebi) dakvirvebiT dadginda, rom meoTxeul periodSi evropaSi sul

cota oTxi gamyinvareba iyo, maT Sua gamyinvarebaTSorisi (daTbobis) periodebiT. am

oTx gamyinvarebas Zvelidan axlisaken ewodeba: giuncuri, mindeluri, risuli da

viurmuli, xolo gamyinvarebaTSoris epoqebs Sesabamisad: giunc-mindeluri,

mindelur-risuli da risul-viurmuli. viurmuli gamyinvarebis Semdgomi dro

(holoceni) meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis momdevno (postglacialuri) droa. magram kidev

erTxel davsvaT kiTxva - xom ar aris es dro didi meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis kidev

erTi, viurmulis Semdgomi gamyinvarebaTSorisi epoqa, romelsac meoTxeulis axali

gamyinvareba SeiZleba mohyves?

mkvlevarTa mier dadgenilia, rom meoTxeuli gamyinvareba erTaderTi rodia

dedamiwaze. dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi did gamyinvarebebs Turme

araerTxel hqonia adgili. TviT meoTxeuli gamyinvareba faqtobrivad oligocenur-

meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis erTian ciklSi Sedis.

kargad aris cnobili meoTxeulze gacilebiT adre momxdari karbonuli drois

gamyinvareba (daaxl. 335-285 mln wlis win), romelic TiTqmis mTlianad moicavda im

dros samxreT naxevarsferoSi arsebul superkontinent gondvaniss (antarqtida,

avstralia, indostani, afrika da samxreTi amerika erTad).

ufro Zvelia gvianordoviciul-siluruli gamyinvareba (460-410 mln wlis win),

romelic moicavda dasavleT afrikas, amJamindel saharis udabnos teritorias,

argentinas, bolivias da sxv. es gamyinvareba daaxloebiT 50 milion wels

grZeldeboda.

45

kidev ufro Zvelia gvianrifeul-adrevenduri (680-620 mln wlis win) gamyinvareba,

romelic erTob masStaburi iyo da faqtobrivad mTel evropasa da Crdilo amerikas

moicavda (kanada, aSS, irlandia, Sotlandia, norvegia, Crdilo urali da sxv.). es

gamyinvarebac aTeuli milioni wlebi grZeldeboda, cxadia, gamyinvarebebisa da

gamyinvarebaTSorisi epoqebis monacvleobiT.

aris monacemebi, romlebic miuTiTebs, rom TiTqos didi gamyinvareba, faqtobrivad

upirvelesi dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi, moxda adreprotero-

zoulSi, daaxloebiT 2300-2000 milioni wlis win (kanada, cimbiri, samxreT afrika,

indostani, avstralia, Crdilo evropa).

mainc rogor gamovicnobT Zvel, geologiur warsulSi momxdar gamyinvarebebs?

myinvaruli reliefiT faqtobrivad vera, radganac mas Semdeg ara erTi aseuli

milioni weli gasula da Zveli myinvaruli reliefidan TiTqmis aRaraferi

darCenila. faqtobrivad erTaderTi sabuTi myinvaruli naleqebia, romlebic

SeiZleba iTqvas ganamarxebuli morenebis anu tilitebis saxiT SemorCenila

dedamiwis qerqSi. tilitebi aris gaqvavebuli (liTificirebuli), ,,Secementebuli“

morenebi dauxarisxebeli da daumuSavebeli masaliT, moprialebuli da dakawruli

didi Tu patara namsxvrevebis CanarTebiT, Sig arcTu iSviaTad civi havis moyvaruli

mcenareuli da cxoveluri namarxi organizmebiT.

gamyinvarebis mizezebi.

mecnierebam dRemde zustad ar icis Tu ra aris gamyinvarebis mizezi. amis Taobaze

araerTi hipoTeza arsebobs, Tumca gadamwyveti pasuxi jerjerobiT ar Cans. erTi ki

unda iTqvas, rom gamyinvarebas dedamiwaze, rogorc Cans, temperaturis daweva iwvevs,

e.i. gamyinvarebis ZiriTadi mizezi klimatia. dedamiwa is ciuri sxeulia, romelic

garedan, mzis siTboTi ,,ikvebeba“. aqedan gamomdinare, gamyinvarebis nebismieri

hipoteza albaT, ZiriTadad, mzis siTbosTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.

erT-erTi aseTi hipotezis Tanaxmad mzis radiacia icvleba (mcirdeba) mis

nislovanedebSi gavlisas, ramac SeiZleba dedamiwaze aciveba da gamyinvareba

gamoiwvios. sxva mizezi SeiZleba iyos mzesa da dedamiwas Soris manZilis

perioduli cvla da a.S.

SeiZleba sxva hipoTezac davasaxeloT, romelsac pirobiTad ,,siTburi efeqtis

hipoTeza“ vuwodoT - cnobilia, rom atmosferoSi dagrovili naxSirorJangis fena

mzidan mosul sxivebs atarebs dedamiwaze, magram dedamiwidan areklil am sxivebs

kosmosSi aRar uSvebs da ukanve dedamiwaze abrunebs. amdenad atmosferoSi CO2-is

raodenobis gazrdam dedamiwaze daTboba unda gamoiwvios da Semcirebam ki aciveba

da amgvarad SesaZloa gamyinvarebac, atmosferoSi CO2-is zrdas zogi vulkanebis

aqtivobas ukavSirebs. magram aq erT winaaRmdegobas vawydebiT - zogi mosazrebiT

vulkanuri aqtivobiT atmosferoSi asuli vulkanuri ferfli ,,aWuWyianebs“ mas, ris

gamoc mzis sxivebis didi raodenoba, romelic airekleba ferflis nawilakTa mier,

ver aRwevs dedamiwamde. gamodis, rom vulkanurma aqtivobam daTboba ki ara, aciveba

unda gamoiwvios.

Zalze sainteresoa hipoteza, romelic gamyinvarebebs mTaTa warmoSobas

ukavSirebs. mTebis warmoSoba gulisxmobs kontinentis, kerZod ki xmeleTis zrdas

okeanis xarjze. amave dros icvleba okeanuri dinebebisa da notio haeris

cirkulacia. maRal mTebSi Cndeba myinvarebi, rac garkveul gavlenas barzec axdens.

gamodis, rom mTiani sistemebis Seqmna mkveTrad cvlis reliefs, rac Tavis mxriv

acivebas iwvevs da qmnis gamyinvarebis winapirobas. sxvaTa Soris zemoT CamoTvlili

gamyinvarebebi drois TvalsazrisiT faqtobrivad pirdapir kavSirSia orogenetul

(mTaTa warmoSobis) ciklebTan-venduri baikalur ciklTan, gvianordoviciul-

siluruli - kaledonurTan, xolo karbonuli - hercinulTan. aseve mWidro kavSiria

oligocenur- meoTxeul gamyinvarebasa da alpur orogeneziss Soris.

46

Tavi 11. okeaneebis da zRvebis geologiuri moqmedeba

okeaneebsa da zRvebs Tanamedrove dedamiwis zedapiris TiTqmis 71% ukavia.

gacilebiT ufro farTo iyo maTi gavrceleba geologiur warsulSi. Tundac es

faqti migvaniSnebs imaze, Tu raoden didi unda iyos dRes da miT ufro Zvel

geologiur epoqebSi okeaneebisa da zRvebis roli Cveni planetis geologiur

ganviTarebaSi. dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoria xom faqtobrivad

zRviuri danaleqi qanebiT ikiTxeba ZiriTadad.

uaRresad mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda okeaneebis fskeris Seswavlac, rac

gansakuTrebiT intensiurad mimdinareobs meoce saukunis samociani wlebidan da

romelmac faqtobrivad dasabami misca geologiur mecnierebaSi dReisaTvis

erTaderTi Teoriis - ,,filebis teqtonikis“ Seqmnas.

okeaneebis fskeris Seswavlam pirvel rigSi gviCvena is, rom es fskeri

erTgvarovani ki ar aris, rogorc adre egonaT, aramed Zalze mravalnairia da,

Sesabamisad, sakmaod rTuli morfologiiT xasiaTdeba. yuradReba mivaqcioT im

garemoebas, rom okeaniT(wyliT) dafarulia dedamiwis kontinenturi qerqis

(kontinentis) erTi nawili da mTeli okeanuri qerqi (an okeane). amgvarad, rodesac

okeanezea laparaki, unda vicodeT, rom erT SemTxvevaSi okeanuri wyali

igulisxmeba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi dedamiwis qerqis nawili. sazRvari kontinentsa

da okeanes Soris (kontinentur da okeanur qerqs Soris) okeanis fskerze gadis.

magram sad? am kiTxvaze pasuxs mogvianebiT gavcemT. jerjerobiT ki ganvixiloT

okeanis fskeris morfologiuri erTeulebi.

11.1. okeanis fskeris reliefis formebi.

okeanur reliefSi gamoiyofa Semdegi formebi: Selfi, kontinenturi beqobi,

kontinenturi beqobis Ziri, ganapira zRvis qvabulebi, kunZulTa rkalebi, okeanuri

Rrmaobebi, abisaluri vakeebi da Suaokeanuri qedebi.

Selfi warmoadgens xmeleTis uSualo gagrZelebas okeaneSi (zRvaSi). is

faqtobrivad sustad daqanebuli (1°-is farglebSi) vakea, romlis siganec aTeuli

kilometrebidan 1000-1500 km-mde meryeobs. igi dafarulia Txeli (marCxi) zRviT,

romlis siRrme 0-dan 200m-mdea (zogjer SeiZleba 300-500 m-mdec). Selfze mdebare

zRvebs (Crdilo yinulovani okeanis zRvebi da sxv.) epikontinenturi ewodeba. Selfi

Zalzed mgrZnobiarea teqtonikuri moZraobebisadmi, amitom Selfur (epikontinentur)

zRvebSi warmoSobili qanebis Seswavla bevr mniSvnelovan cnobas gvawvdis

geologiur warsulSi am moZraobaTa Sesaxeb.

kontinenturi beqobi Selfisagan gamoyofilia Selfis kidiT, romlis qveviTac

daqaneba mkveTrad izrdeba (Cveulebriv 3-7°, zogjer 10-17°- dan, iSviaTad 20-30° –

mdec kida metic). kontinenturi beqobi mdebareobs siRrmeSi 200 m-dan 2500 m-mde, ar

aris ganieri (15-30 km), zogjer safexuriseburi reliefiT xasiaTdeba. kontinenturi

beqobis yvelaze damaxasiaTebel morfologiur elements wyalqveSa kanionebi

warmoadgens. es aris Rrma (1200 m-mde) V-s magvari xeobis msgavsi depresiebi,

romelTa warmoSoba, rogorc fiqroben simRvrivis nakadebTan unda iyos

dakavSirebuli. wyalqveS momxdari miwisZvris Sedegad Selfis kididan daiZvreba

wylis da masSi ativtivebuli wmindamarcvlovani masis narevi (simRvrivis anu

turbidituli nakadi), romelic simZimis ZaliT mieqaneba beqobze da gzadagza

awarmoebs Zlier eroziul moqmedebas. Sedegad Cndeba wyalqveSa kanioni, romelic,

rogorc wesi, Selfis kididan iwyeba da mTeli kontinenturi beqobis gavliT mis

Ziramde vrceldeba. wyalqveSa kanionebi Selfzec gvxvdeba. maTi genezisi mdinareul

eroziasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

kontinenturi beqobis Ziri warmoadgens damrec vakes, sustad talRovani

reliefiT, romelic mdebareobs 2500 -3000 metr siRrmeze zRvis zedapiridan. mas

47

gardamavali adgili ukavia kontinentur beqobsa da sakuTriv okeanis fskers

(abisaluri vake) Soris. ZiriTadad agebulia simRvrivis nakadebis (turbidituli)

naleqebiT. aris agreTve wyalqveSa mewyerebis Sedegad warmoSobili naleqebic.

naleqTa simZlavreebi zogjer kilometrebiT izomeba. kontinenturi beqobis Ziri

yvelgan ar gvxvdeba. ganviTarebulia mxolod kontinentis pasiur kideze.

Selfi, kontinenturi beqobi da misi Ziri erTad Seadgenen kontinentis wyalqveSa

(zRvisqveSa) nawils, romelsac xSir SemTxvevaSi uSualod agrZelebs sakuTriv

okeanuri fskeri. es ukanaskneli zRvis donidan 3-6 km-is siRrmeze mdebareobs da

mxolod okeanuri qerqisagan Sedgeba. masSi ori mTavari morfologiuri erTeuli

gamoiyofa: abisaluri vakeebi da Suaokeanuri qedebi.

abisaluri vakeebi. es aris okeanis fskeris yvelaze mosworebuli ubnebi, Tumca

aseTi gamoTqma ramdenadme pirobiTia, radganac maTi reliefi sakmaod

danawevrebulia. mis farglebSi gamoiyofa qvabulebi (5-6 km siRrmeebze), qedebi,

vulkanuri nagebobebi (mag., havais kunZulebi) da a.S. aqvea gaiotebi - brtyelTxemiani

vulkanuri konusebi, romelTa wverebi, rogorc fiqroben, zRviuri abraziiT aris

gadarecxili. zogi gaiotis sigane 65 km-mdea, sigrZe 280 km-mde. gaiotebi

mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdian dedamiwis qerqis moZraobis Sesaxeb _ dRes maTi

Txemebi 1000 m-dan 2000 m-mde siRrmeebze mdebareoben. zogierTi maTganis zedapirze

napovnia talRebiT damuSavebuli riynari da, rac ufro sayuradReboa, Txeli(marCxi)

zRvis moyvaruli marjnebisa da moluskebis namarxi warmomadgenlebi. es ki imaze

miuTiTebs, rom gaiotebis warmoSobis Semdeg okeanis fskeri mniSvnelovnad

daZirula. ufro metic, mopovebuli namarxi organizmebis didi nawili mianiSnebs

imaze, rom es organizmebi cxovrobdnen ekvatorTan axlo mdebare zRvebSi. dRes ki

gaiotebi am zonidan sakmaod moSorebiT aris. aq ukve TiTqos aSkaraa okeanis

fskeris horizontuli gadaadgilebac, rac Zalian kargad aixsneba liTosferuli

filebis teqtonikuri moZraobiT. okeanis fskeris daZirvis (vertikaluri

gadaadgilebis) kargi maCvenebelia agreTve atolebis arsebobac.

Suaokeanuri qedebi okeanis fskeris mniSvnelovan erTeuls warmoadgenen.

morfologiurad isini namdvil mTaTa sistemebs hgvanan, Tumca absoluturad

gansxvavdebian maTgan rogorc genezisiT, ise agebulebiT.

Suaokeanuri qedebi yvela okeaneSia cnobili. isini TiTqos qmnian erTian sistemas,

romlis saerTo sigrZe 60 aTasi kilometria. yvelaze kargad Seswavlilia

Suaatlanturi qedi, romelic laTinuri S-is magvari moxazulobisaa da

meridionalurad aris gadaWimuli daaxloebiT 11 aTas km-ze. sigane araerTi aseuli

kilometria, xolo saSualo simaRle 2000m-mde. qedis gaswvriv mis centralur

nawilSi mTel sigrZeze gasdevs grabeniseburi riftuli depresia, romlis siRrme

ramdenime kilometria, xolo sigane 25-50 km. rifti cnobilia indoeTis Suaokeanur

qedzec. Suaokeanuri qedebi gakveTilia ganeduri e.w. transformuli rRvevebiT,

romlebic qeds calkeul blokebad yofen.

Suaokeanuri qedebis zoli gamoirCeva sakmaod intensiuri miwisZvrebiTa da

vulkanizmiT, agreTve dedamiwis SigneTidan zedapirisaken momdinare maRali

siTburi nakadebiT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am qedebis zolSi miwis qerqis sisqe

TiTqmis nulamdea dasuli.

Suaokeanuri qedebis genezisi napralur vulkanizmTan aris dakavSirebuli.

okeanuri Rrmaobebi Suaokeanuri qedebis sapirispiro, uaryofiT struqturebs

warmoadgenen. isini ganviTarebulia okeanis da kontinentis kideze. esaa didi

siRrmis grabeniseburi depresia, romelic daaxloebiT 6000-7000 m siRrmeze iwyeba da

11000 m-mde vrceldeba (maqsimaluria 11034 m); SedarebiT viwroa (100-150km siganis),

asimetriuli-kontinentiskena cicbo (10-15°) da okeaniskena damreci (2-3°) ferdobebiT.

aRsaniSnavia is, rom okeaniskena ferdobi okeanuri qerqiTaa agebuli, xolo

48

kontinentiskena - kontinenturi da subkontinenturiT. es garemoebac migvaniSnebs

imaze, rom okeanuri Rrmaobebi kontinentisa da okeanis sazRvarzea. isic

sainteresoa, rom okeanuri Rrmaobebi yvelgan ar gvxvdeba. isini ZiriTadad wynari

okeanisa da nawilobriv indoeTis okeanisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

im zols, sadac gadasvla kontinentsa da okeanes Soris okeanuri Rrmaobebis

meSveobiT xdeba, kontinentis aqtiur kides uwodeben. kontinentis aqtiuri kidis ori

tipi arsebobs: dasavleT wynarokeanuri da aRmosavleT wynarokeanuri anu anduri.

dasavleT wynarokeanur tipSi okeanur Rrmaobs kontinentis mxridan uSualod jer

kunZulTa rkali esazRvreba, Semdeg ganapira zRvis qvabuli da bolos TviT

kontinenti (magaliTad, saxalini -oxotis zRvis qvabuli-kurilis kunZulTa rkali -

kurilia -kamCatkis Rrmaobi-wynari okeane). aRmosavleT wynarokeanur tipSi kunZulTa

rkalebi da ganapira zRvis qvabulebi ar aris da okeanuri Rrmaobi uSualo

kontaqtSia kontinentTan (magaliTad, wynari okeane - peru-Ciles okeanuri Rrmaobi -

andebis axalgazrda naoWa mTebi).

sadac okeanuri Rrmaobebi ara gvaqvs, kontinentis gadasvla okeaneSi uSualoa da

Semdegi saxe aqvs - kontinenturi beqobi-kontinenturi beqobis Ziri - okeanis fskeri

(abisaluri vake). aseTs kontinentis pasiur kides uwodeben. ramdenadac aseTi suraTi

faqtobrivad mTeli atlanturi okeanisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, mas sxvagvarad

atlanturi tipi hqvia. aqtiuri kideebi gamoirCevian intensiuri miwisZvrebiT,

vulkanizmiT, liTosferuli filebis urTierTSejaxebiT, romlis msgavsic araferi

gvaqvs pasiur kideebze.

kontinentebis aqtiuri (gansakuTrebiT) da pasiuri kideebis arseboba Zalian bevrs

gveubneba dedamiwis qerqis moZraobisa da mTebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. amitom maT

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben.

kunZulTa rkalebi zRvidan kunZulebis saxiT amozidul mTaTa sistemebs

warmoadgenen. isini gansakuTrebiT farTod gavrcelebulia wynari okeanis dasavleT

sanapiroze (komandor-aleutis, kurilis, iaponiis da sxv.); cnobilia agreTve

indoeTis (zondis kunZulTa rkali) da atlantis (antiliisa da samxreTi antiliis)

okeaneebSi.

ganapira zRvebis qvabulebi umetesad aseve dasavleT wynarokeanur tips

ukavSirdebian (beringis, oxotis, iaponiis zRvebis qvabulebi da sxv.). am

qvabulebisaTvis formis garda, razec TviT saxelwodebac migvaniSnebs,

damaxasiaTebelia didi siRrmeebi (3-5 km), riTac isini emsgavsebian Sigakontineturi

zRvebis (xmelTaSua zRva, Savi zRva da a.S.) depresiebs da piriqiT, mkveTrad

gansxvavdebian epikontinenturi zRvebis (barencis, karis, TeTri da sxv.)

depresiebisagan.

rac Seexeba zemoT dasmul kiTxvas kontinentsa da okeanes Soris sazRvris

Taobaze, masze erTniSna pasuxis gacema arcTu iolia. savaraudod es sazRvari

kontinentis pasiuri kidis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi kontinentur beqobsa da okeanis

fskers (abisalur vakes) Soris gaivlis, xolo kontinentis aqtiuri kidis

SemTxvevaSi - okeanur Rrmaobebze.

11.2. okeanis (zRvis) wyali.

okeanis, rogorc geologiuri agentis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis udidesi

mniSvneloba aqvs iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa wylis marilianoba, temperatura,

gazuri reJimi, wylis moZraoba da sicocxle okeaneSi.

wylis marilianoba niSnavs masSi gaxsnili marilebis raodenobas, romelic

promileebSi izomeba (promile aris raRac nawili aTasidan, iseve, rogorc procenti

nawili asidan). okeanis, ganapira da epikontinenturi zRvebis saSualo marilianoba

Seadgens 35‰ 0/00 (promiles), rac imas niSnavs, rom 1000 gr (1 litr) wyalSi 35 gr

49

marilia gaxsnili. procentebSi es 3,5 % iqneba. es daaxloebiT 100 metri siRrmidan

aRebuli wylis monacemebia. zedapirze wyali ramdenadme gamtknarebulia

atmosferuli naleqebis, mtknari mdinareuli wylis Serevis Tu sxva mizezTa gamo.

Siga kontinentur zRvebSi marilianoba, rogorc wesi, anormulia, saSualo

okeanurze maRali an dabali. magaliTad, Sav zRvaSi (zedapirze) is 180/00‰, wiTel

zRvaSi -41-430/00 ‰. yaraboRaz golSi (kaspiis zRvis ube) – 200-300‰0/00.

okeanis (zRvis) wyali mdidaria gazebiT, romelTagan arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs

Jangbadsa da naxSirorJangs. Jangbadi zRvaSi Sedis atmosferodan; miiReba agreTve

wyalmcenareebis fotosinTezis Sedegad. garkveuli raodenobiT Jangbadi ekvatoruli

zolisaken SeaqvT polusebidan siRrmeSi gadaadgilebul civ wylebs.

naxSirorJangi Sedis atmosferodan, gamoiyofa mcenareebis sunTqvis dros, wyalSi

organuli nivTierebebis xrwnisas, wyalqveSa vulkanuri amofrqvevebis dros.

sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom naxSirorJangi kargad ixsneba civ wyalSi, amitom is

didi raodenobiTaa polarul wylebSi da nebismier ganedze arsebuli zRvebis

fskerispira wylebSi.

okeanis (zRvis) wyalSi kargad aris gamoxatuli temperaturuli zonaloba -

temperatura umaRlesia ekvatoruli wylebis zedapirze da klebulobs rogorc

polusebisaken, ise siRrmeSi. ekvatorul da tropikul sartyelebSi is Seadgens +

36-28°-s zedapirze da +2°-s fskerze, xolo maRal ganedebSi 0 - -2°-s zedapirze da -

2°-s fskerze.

11.3. sicocxle okeaneSi (zRvaSi).

okeaneebsa da zRvebSi erTob mravalferovani sicocxlea. sicocxlis es mraval-

ferovneba damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, gansakuTrebiT ki wylis temperaturasa

da marilianobaze. zogadad ufro mravalferovania sicocxle normulmarilian

(saSualomarilian) Tbil wylebSi.

cxovrebis niris mixedviT zRviur organizmebSi sami didi jgufi gamoiyofa:

neqtoni, planqtoni da benTosi. neqtoni (,,nekton“ - mcuravi, berZ.) gulisxmobs

wyalSi sxvadasxva siRrmeze aqtiurad moZrav (mcurav) organizmebs (Tevzebi, veSapebi,

Tavfexianebi da sxv.). planqtoni (,,planqton“ - moxetiale; berZ.) aseve wylis masaSi

(gansakuTrebiT zedapirTan axlo wylebSi) mcxovrebi, pasiurad moZravi, motivtive

organizmebia. ganarCeven mcenareul (fitoplanqtoni) da cxovelur (zooplanqtoni)

planqtonur organizmebs. fitoplanqtonidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT diatomeebi -

kaJis skeletis mqone erTujrediani wyalmcenareebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT kargad

xaroben SedarebiT civ wylebSi, an kidev erTujrediani, kirqvis skeletiani

mikroskopuli zomis wyalmcenareebi - kokoliToforidebi, romlebic

diatomeebisagan gansxvavebiT sacxovreblad Tbil zRvebs amjobineben. zooplanqtons

miekuTvneba erTujrediani, kirqvis skeletiani planqtonuri foraminiferebi - aseve

Tbili wylis moyvaruli, da radiolariebi - kaJis skeletiani, erTujrediani,

ZiriTadad ekvatorul zRvebSi mcxovrebi cxovelebi. zooplanqtons warmoadgens

agreTve erTob popularuli meduza.

rac Seexeba benTosur (,,benTos“ -siRrme; berZn.) organizmebs, isini cxovroben ara

wylis masaSi, aramed okeanis (zRvis) fskerze - fskeris zedapirze, an Slamian

gruntSi Cafluli Tu kldovan gruntSi ,,Camjdari“. benTosur organizmebs Soris

ganarCeven mimagrebul (marjnebi, kirqviani wyalmcenareebi, xavscxovelebi da sxv.) da

moarul (zRvis zRarbebi, zRvis varskvlavebi, moluskebi, braqiopodebi da a.S.)

formebs.

zRvis organizmebSi gamoiyofa jgufebi, romlebic met-naklebad advilad itanen

cxovrebis pirobebis (marilianoba, temperatura, siRrme da sxv.) cvalebadobas, da

jgufebi, romlebic aseT cvalebadobas ver itanen. pirvels evribionturi, xolo

50

meores stenobionturi ewodebaT (,,eurus“ - farTo, ,,steno“ viwro, ,,bios“, biontos“ -

sicocxle; berZ.).

sicocxleSi zRviuri organizmebi faqtobrivad okeanis mTel akvatorias ikaveben

sanapiro zolidan did siRrmeebamde da wylis zedapiridan fskeramde. Sesabamisad

amisa, SeiZleba gamoiyos zRvis sxvadasxva zonebi. amgvari zonaluri danawilebis

gansxvavebuli variantebi arsebobs, qvemoT moyvanilis safuZvlad ki aRebulia

a.konstantinovis mier mowodebuli sqema.

kontinentur Selfze fskers Seesabameba ori zona: litoraluri (,,litoralis“ -

napiri; laT.) anu sanapiro, romelic moicavs zvirTcemisa da moqceva-ukuqcevis

zols, da sublitoraluri, romelic litolarulidan Selfis kidemde grZeldeba.

kontinenturi beqobisa da misi Ziris farglebSi fskers Seesabameba baTialuri zona.

okeanis fskerze, abisuri vakeebis farglebSi gveqneba abisaluri zona, xolo

okeanuri Rrmaobebis fskerze - ultraabisaluri. rac Seexeba wylis masas, is

litoraluri da sublitoraluri zonebis Tavze qmnis neritul zonas (saxelwodeba

zRvis moluskis Nerita-dan modis. siRrme 0-200m). nerituli zonis gareT mdebareobs

pelaguri (,,pelagos“ - zRva; berZn.) anu gaSlili zRvis zona siRrmeebis mixedviT

Sesabamisi saxelwodebebiT: epipelaguri (siRrme 0-200m), baTipelaguri (200-3000m),

abisopelaguri (3000-6000m) da ultraabisopelaguri (>6000m-ze). zRvis saTanado

zonaSi mcxovreb cocxal organizmebsac Sesatyvisi saxeli aqvT, magaliTad,

nerituli, baTialuri, baTipelaguri formebi da a.S. ramdenadac naleqdagroveba

mxolod fskerze xdeba, am TvalsazrisiT gveqneba litoraluri, sublitoraluri,

baTialuri, abisaluri da ultraabisaluri naleqebi.

sicocxle gansakuTrebiT mdidari da mravalferovania sublitoralur da

neritul zonebSi. sxvagan es mravalferovneba klebulobs cxovrebis pirobebis

gauaresebis gamo. es gansakuTrebiT did siRmeebze SeimCneva, sadac faqtobrivad

usinaTlo garemoa Jangbadis deficitsa da dabal temperaturasTan erTad.

gamonakliss warmoadgens did siRmeebze (2000-3000m) riftul (rRvevis) zolebSi

arsebuli fskeris monakveTebi, sadac riftebidan gamomavali maRaltemperaturuli

(200-300°C) Termebis gavleniT mravalferovani fauna binadrobs (moluskebi, kiboebi,

aqtiniebi, Rrublebi da sxv.).

11.4. okeanis (zRvis) dinamika da geologiuri moqmedeba

zRvis wylis dinamikis ramdenime saxe arsebobs. esenia: zvirTcema, moqceva-ukuqceva,

atmosferuli naleqebis modenis aorTqlebasTan TanafardobiT gamowveuli moZraoba,

zedapiruli da siRrmuli dinebebi, cunami. amaTgan geologiuri procesebis

warmarTvis TvalsazrisiT wamyvani roli talRebis moqmedebaa.

zRva, msgavsad mdinaris, myinvarisa da a.S., asrulebs samgvar moqmedebas - ngrevas,

gadatanas da daleqvas.

zRvis damangrevel moqmedebas abrazia (,,abrazio“ - mofxeka, Camofxeka; laT.)

ewodeba. abrazia umTavresad talRebis meSveobiT mimdinareobs. talRebis siswrafe,

rasac abraziisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs, sxvadasxvaa, SeiZleba sT-Si 100 km-ic ki.

Zalze Zlieria talRis dartymis Zalac. magaliTad, Sotlandiis erT-erT qalaqSi

talRas mouglejia betonis bloki, romelic 2350 tonas iwonida. imave SotlandiaSi

Stormis dros talRam atacebuli lodebiT Suquris fanjrebi Caamtvria, romelic

100m-is simaRleze iyo. SerburSi (safrangeTi) 3m-iani, woniT 3.2 tona lodi talRam

6m-iani simaRlis kedels iqiT gadaagdo(Аллисон, Палмер, 1984).

abraziis efeqturoba pirdapir kavSirSia zvirTebis siZlieresa da sanapiro

zolis amgebi qanebis simagresTan. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs talRebis

mimarTulebas. abraziis efeqti Zalze didia napirisadmi marTobi an TiTqmis marTobi

51

talRebis SemTxvevaSi da TiTqmis nulmde dadis iribi talRebis SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac arsebiTad mongreuli masalis gadatana da daleqva xdeba.

abraziis tempi weliwadSi aTeuli sm-dan erTeul m-mde ganisazRvreba. talRebi

advilad angrevs rbil da napralovani qanebiT agebul napirs. ngrevis procesSi

talRaTcemis ubanze qanebSi xSirad Cndeba niSa, romelic TandaTan farTovdeba.

bolos ki niSis Tavze mdebare sayrdengamoclili qanebi simZimis ZaliT Camoingreva,

napiri ki ukan ixevs. magari qanebiT agebuli cicabo napiris SemTxvevaSi amgvari

procesiT klifi warmoiqmneba. napiris ukan daxevisas win Cndeba zRvisken odnav

daqanebuli, met-naklebad mosworebuli ubani, romelsac abraziuli terasa hqvia. is

TiTqmis yovelTvis wyliT aris dafaruli. abraziuli terasis gagrZelebaze (zRvaSi)

mongreuli masalis daleqviT SeiZleba gaCndes akumulaciuri terasa. abraziuli

terasebis warmoSoba TandaTanobiT xdeba. aseve TandaTan mcirdeba talRebis

abraziuli Zalac, maTi ukve mosworebul zedapirze ,,asrialebis“ gamo. bolos,

abraziuli terasis sruli Camoyalibebis Semdeg, abrazia Sewydeba kidec. amboben,

rom zRvam am droisTvis (msgavsad mdinarisa) ukve gamoimuSava wonasworobis

profili. Tumca es sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom abrazia saerTod damTavrda.

SeiZleba moxdes ise, rom zRvis donem daiwios, an xmeleTma aiwios, rac Cveulebriv

ambavs warmoadgens. maSin mosworebuli, terasuli zedapiri moxvdeba zvirTcemis

aris zeviT, xolo mis qveviT kvlav ganaxldeba abraziuli moqmedeba, romelic axali

terasis warmoqmniT dagvirgvindeba. ase Cndeba zRviuri terasebi. gasagebia, rom

hifsometriulad yvelaze maRla mdebare terasa asakiT yvelaze Zveli iqneba, xolo

yvelaze dabla mdebare -yvelaze axalgazrda (aseve iyo mdinaris eroziuli

moqmedebis drosac). Tu zRvis donem, piriqiT zeviT aiwia, an xmeleTma qveviT daiwia,

maSin abraziuli terasa wyalqveS moxvdeba, xolo talRaTcemis zolSi abrazia

ganaxldeba axali terasis ganviTarebiT.

gadatana da daleqva. talRebi ki ar angreven mxolod, aramed gadaaqvT kidec

mongreuli masala. marTobi talRebis SemTxvevaSi masala jer aitaneba napirisaken,

Semdeg ki zRvisken brundeba. procesi iqamde meordeba, vidre masala ar daileqeba

sanapiro zolSi an zRvaSi. procesis mravaljeradi ganmeorebiT mongreuli masala

kargad muSavdeba, mrgvaldeba. amitomac aris, rom zRvis sanapiro zolSi TiTqmis

ver SexvdebiT daumuSavebel, kuTxed masalas. masalis gadatana zRvaSi did manZilze

xdeba. gadatanisas masalis daxarisxebac mimdinareobs - napirTan axlos ufro

msxvili da mZime masala daileqeba, napiridan moSorebiT ki - wvrili da msubuqi.

masalis napiris gaswvrivi transportireba xdeba iribi talRebis an sanapiro

gaswvrivi dinebebis meSveobiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi masala SeiZleba aseul

kilometrebze iqnes gadatanili.

roca masalis gadatanazea laparaki ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom garda TviT zRvisa,

masala sxva gziTac gadaitaneba, ufro zustad ki - Seitaneba zRvaSi. Zalian didi

raodenobis masala SeaqvT mdinareebs, agreTve myinvarebs, qars, wyalqveSa vulkanebs

(piroklastoliTebi, ZiriTadad vulkanuri ferfli). kosmosidanac ki Semodis

masala.

napiris moxazuloba araerTgvarovania. erTgvarovani da SedarebiT rbili qanebiT

agebul napirze abrazia TiTqmis Tanabrad viTardeba, ris gamoc napiri erTianad

ixevs ukan da misi moxazuloba met-naklebad sworxazovania. sxva SemTxvevaSi napiris

moxazuloba ar aris sworxazovani, alag Cndeba zRvisken waweuli Sverilebi

(koncxebi), romelTa Soris napiris Sezneqili ubnebi (ubeebi) morigeobs. koncxebi

Semdgomi abraziis obieqtia, maSin roca ubeebSi ZiriTadad masalis dagroveba midis.

zRviuri akumulaciis Sedegad mravalnairi forma warmoiqmneba. SevexoT zogierT

maTgans.

52

zRvis mier masalis marTobulad gadatanisas napirze Cndeba uxeSi masaliT

(riynari, xvinWa, qviSa) agebuli sanapiro burcobi, romelic gaswvriv miuyveba napirs.

msgavsi formisa da moxazulobis nageboba SeiZleba gaCndes napirTan axlos

zRvaSic. mas bari ewodeba. barebi agebulia xvinWiTa da qviSiT, Tumca SeiZleba sxva

masalac iyos, magaliTad, lumaSeli. baris sigrZe zogjer aseul kilometrebs

aRwevs, sigane 20-30 km-s, simaRle ramdenime aTeul metrs. baris warmoSobis

SemTxvevaSi barsa da napirs Soris Cndeba laguna (baris mier zRvas mowyvetili

nawili).

masalis napirsgaswvrivi gadatanisas, Tu is dagrovebas iwyebs koncxis an

ubralod napiris Sverilis kidesa da ubis dasawyiss Soris, koncxis kidesTan

zRvaSi Cndeba akumulaciuri forma, romelsac cela ewodeba. celebi SeiZleba ubiT

gayofili ori mezobeli koncxidan erTmaneTis mimarTulebiT ganviTardes. maTi

SeerTebis SemTxvevaSi zRvis ube gadaiketeba da kvlav laguna gaCndeba. sxva

SemTxvevaSi masalis gaswvrivi gadaadgilebis dros is SeiZleba daileqos napirsa da

mis win mdebare kunZuls Soris. sabolood miiReba akumulaciuri forma - tombolo,

romelic kunZuls aerTebs napirTan.

rogorc vxedavT, gadatana-daleqvis procesi masalis saboloo dabinavebiTa da

akumulaciuri formebis warmoSobiT mTavrdeba. magram es ar aris masalis

dabinavebis erTaderTi gza. ufro masStaburia zRvis sxvadasxva zonaSi

(litoraluridan ultraabisaluramde) ara marto abraziuli, aramed nebismieri sxva

saxis (mdinareuli, myinvaruli, vulkanuri, eoluri, kosmosuri, organogenuli,

qemogenuri) masalis daleqvac, romlis Sedegadac sabolood Sreebrivi danaleqi

qanebi warmoiSoba - klasturi, organogenuli, qemogenuri da vulkanogenuri.

davsZenT, rom danaleqi qanebis didi umetesoba swored zRvebsa da okeaneebSi Cndeba.

yovelwliurad kontinentidan okeaneSi Sedis 25 mlrd.t. masala, wyalqveSa

vulkanebidan 2 mlrd. t. am 27 mlrd.t. masalidan 80% klasturia. amas emateba kidev

biogenuri (1.8 mlrd.t). rogorc vxedavT wamyvani roli klastur qanebs ekuTvnis,

romelic abisalur zonaSic ki gvxvdeba, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT baTialur da

gansakuTrebiT litoralur-sublitoralur zonebze. amave dros am masalis

zonalur ganawilebaSi garkveuli kanonzomiereba SeimCneva - litoraluridan

abisalurisaken masala sul ufro wvrilmarcvlovani xdeba da riye-kenWianidan

pelitur fraqciamde icvleba.

saerTod danaleqi qanebis didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva sublitoraluri

zona. aq gansakuTrebiT mravladaa terigenuli (klasturi) qanebi. es savsebiT

bunebrivia, radgan xmeleTi axlosaa da namsxvrevi masalac advilad aRwevs am

zonamde. bevria organogenuli (biogenuri) qanebic. esec savsebiT kanonzomieria Tu

gavixsenebT, rom zRvis am nawilSi (nerituli zona), sadac sinaTle TiTqmis yvelgan

fskeramde aRwevs, uxvad aris wyalmcenareebi (planqtonurica da benTosuric) da is

cxovelebi, romlebic am wyalmcenareebiT ikvebebian, agreTve isinic, romlebic TviT

am cxovelebs iyeneben sakvebad. mcenareTa da cxovelTa naSTebisagan ki, rogoroc

ukve viciT, SemdgomSi organogenuli (biogenuri) qanebi warmoiSoba, iseTebi,

rogoricaa qvanaxSiri, saweri carci, lumaSeli, marjniani kirqva da bevri sxva.

biogenur warmonaqmnebs miekuTvneba marjnis rifebic. rodesac marjnis rifebzea

laparaki unda gvaxsovdes, rom maT SenebaSi rifismSenebeli marjnebis garda

monawileoben kirqviani wyalmcenareebi, xavscxovelebi, krinoideebi da sxv. Tumca

umetes SemTxvevaSi wamyvani maT Soris majnebi an wyalmcenareebia. imisTvis, rom

marjnis rifebi ganviTardes, garkveuli pirobebia saWiro - Tbili wyali (+18-35°C-s

farglebSi), araRrma zRva (60-90 m-mde), normulmariliani, sufTa, JangbadiT mdidari

wyali. es umetesad sayuradReboa Tundac imitom, rom, rodesac dedamiwis qerqis

amgeb qanebSi rifogenulsac SevxvdebiT, maTi geologiuri asakis Sesabamisad

53

SesaZlebelia aRvadginoT im dros arsebuli fizikur-geografiuli garemo (Tbili,

araRrma zRva da a.S.).

marjnis rifebis sami tipi arsebobs: sanapiro, barieruli da atoli. sanapiro

rifi, rogorc saxelwodebidan Cans, napirze miuyveba xmeleTs an kunZuls.

barieruli rifi xmeleTisagan garkveuli manZiliT aris daSorebuli. maT Soris ki

lagunaa gaCenili. saukeTeso magaliTia avstraliis didi barieruli rifi, romelic

avstraliis kontinents Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT miuyveba. atoli warmoadgens marjnian

an wyalmcenareebian wriuli formis riful nagebobas, romlis SigniTac laguna

mdebareobs.

barieruli rifisa da atolis genezisis Sesaxeb metad saintereso Sexeduleba

arsebobs, romelic Carlz darvins ekuTvnis - zRvis fskeris TandaTan daZirvisas (im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu daZirvis tempi emTxveva rifis mSenebeli organizmebis zrdis temps)

sanapiro rifi TandaTan ,,Sordeba“ napirs, maT Soris Cndeba laguna da nacvlad

sanapirosi, viRebT barierul rifs. Tu es procesi kunZuls exeba, am ukanasknelis

TandaTan daZirvisas sanapiro rifidan jer barieruli rifi Cndeba, xolo procesis

gaRrmavebiT - kunZulis mTliani daZirviT - barieruli rifi atolSi gadaizrdeba.

rifuli kirqvebi sxva mxrivac aris saintereso - maRali porianobis gamo, isini

warmoadgenen navTobisa da gazis erTgvar ,,sawyobebs“, anu koleqtorebs.

baTialur zonaSi wamyvani kvlav terigenuli naleqebia, Tumca ufro wvril-

marcvlovani, vidre sublitoralurSi gvqonda. ZiriTadad esaa alevritebi, alevrit-

pelitebi da pelitebi. amaT gverdiT sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli planqtonuri

erTujrediani mcenareebisa da cxovelebis niJarebiT (kirqvis, kaJis) agebuli

Slamebi. aris vulkanogenuri naleqebic. imave baTialur zonaSi, kontinenturi

beqobis ZirSi simRvrivis nakadebidan ileqeba turbiditebi. es axarisxebuli masaliT

(qveviT msxvili, xolo zeviT TandaTan ufro wvrili) agebuli fenebrivi wyebebia,

romelTa erToblioba gvaZlevs metad saintereso qans, fliSs (,,flisen“ - dineba,

germ.). gamodis rom fliSi warmoadgens turbidituli wyebebis ritmul morigeobas.

fliSi Zalze saintereso naleqTa kompleqsia im mxriv, rom is dedamiwis qerqis

ganviTarebis garkveul etapze, Tanac garkveul ubnebSi (geoteqtonikur zonebSi)

warmoiSoba. sxvadasxva geologiuri asakis fliSuri qanebi farTod aris

gavrclebuli kavkasiaSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi.

abisalur zonaSi terigenuli masalis simciris gamo wamyvani roli organogenul

da poligenur naleqebs eniWebaT. organogenulidan baTialuri zonis msgavsad

kirqvisa da kaJis skeletiani organizmebiT (kokoliToforidebi, foraminiferebi,

diatomeebi, radiolariebi) agebuli Slamebi gvxvdeba. unda SevniSnoT, rom

kalciumis karbonati siRrmeSi mxolod 4000-4500m-mde gvxvdeba. ufro Rrmad is

ixsneba, amitom did siRrmeebze ZiriTadad kaJiani Slamebia gavrcelebuli

poligenurTan erTad.

poligenur naleqebs sxvagvarad wiTel okeanur Tixebsac uwodeben. es aris did

siRmeebze (4000-6500m) gavrcelebuli naleqebi - rTuli Sedgenilobis yavisferi

(sxvadasxva tonalobis) Tixebi, romlis masalac moicavs terigenul, organogenul,

eolur, vulkanur, kosmosur da sxva warmoSobis nawilakebs. arcTu iSviaTad masSi

zvigenis kbilebs an veSapis smenis organoebis nawilebsac pouloben. mravladaa

rkinisa da manganumis konkreciebi.

daleqvis tempi abisalur zonaSi Zalian nelia - saSualod 1 mm 1000 welSi. zRvis

fskerze naleqebis dagroveba aris danaleqi qanebis warmoSobis sawyisi stadia

(sedimentogenezisi). Semdgom stadiebze (diagenezisi, katagenezisi) xdeba masalis

Secementeba, gamtkiceba, Sreebad ganTavseba. sabolood ki namdvili danaleqi qani

Camoyalibdeba.

54

danaleqi qanebis Seswavlas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac isini

(maTSi dacul namarx organizmebTan erTad) yvelaze kargad asaxaven maTi genezisis

dros arsebul garemo pirobebs da amgvarad saSualebas gvaZleven kargad gavadevnoT

Tvali dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istorias. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom danaleq

qanebTan dakavSirebulia mravalferovani wiaRiseulis umdidresi sabadoebi

(qvanaxSiri, navTobi, aluminisa da rkinis madnebi, marilebi, fosforitebi, Tixebi da

sxva.).

napirdacvis problemebi. zRvis geologiur moqmedebas rig SemTxvevaSi didi ziani

moaqvs adamianisaTvis. es pirvel rigSi sanapiro zolis mdgomareobas exeba. araerTi

SemTxvevaa cnobili, rodesac zRviur abrazias mTeli sanapiro zoli waulekavs.

arcTu iSviaTad adamianisaTvis zRvis mavne moqmedebas xels TviT adamiani uwyobs.

cnobili faqtia, rom koktebelis (yirimi) ulamazesi plaJebi TiTqmis mTlianad

gairecxa zRviuri eroziis gamo im mizeziT, rom inertuli masalis mopovebis mizniT

plaJebis maxlobeli napiridan daiwyes riynaris gatana, ris gamoc zRvas ,,sakvebi“

moaklda da daiwyo aqtiuri moqmedeba plaJebis teritoriaze. md. engurze kaSxalis

agebam gamoiwvia mdinaris mier Sav zRvaSi myari masalis Setanis mkveTri Semcireba.

amis sapasuxod zRvam SesarTavTan axlo sanapiro zolis intensiuri garecxva

daiwyo.

napirebis dacvis mizniT zogjer xelovnuri naleqdagrovebis gamowvevaa saWiro.

magaliTad, imisaTvis rom plaJi ar gairecxos napiris marTobulad zRvaSi ageben

dambebs, romlebic plaJis erT nawilSi naleqdagrovebas iwvevs. xSirad napiris

dasacavad zRvis sanapiro zolSi talRaTmWrelebs ageben. Tumca aqac swori

gaTvlaa saWiro. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba piruku efeqti miviRoT. saintereso

magaliTi -1929 wels santa-barbaras portis (kaliforniis Stati, aSS) dasacavad

talRaTmWreli aages, ramac mis win didi raodenobis qviSis dagroveba gamoiwvia.

weliwadSi saSualod 600000t ileqeboda da 1934 wlisaTvis daiwyo TviT portis

midamoebis mosilvac. portis gadarCenis mizniT xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda

zedmeti silis gamotana daewyo.

dacviTi nagebobebis SenebiT xSirad irRveva bunebrivi naleqdagrovebis reJimi,

ris gamoc manamde mdgradi napiri iwyebs aragegmiur garecxvas, sxvagan ki

arasasurveli naleqdagroveba mimdinareobs. amitom napirdacviTi nagebobebi ise unda

aSendes, rom mas uaryofiTi Sedegebi ar mohyves.

napirdacvis problemebi mTeli seriozulobiT dgas SavizRvispira qveynebis, maT

Soris saqarTvelos winaSec.

55

endogenuri (Sigadinamiuri) procesebi

rogorc erT-erT wina TavSi aRvniSneT, endogenuri ewodeba iseT geologiur

procesebs, romelTa mamoZravebeli Zala dedamiwis SigniTaa, sakuTriv dedami-

wiseulia. aq igulisxmeba SigneTSi arsebuli energia, romlis momcemi wyaroc

SeiZleba iyos dedamiwis planetad Camoyalibebis procesSi warmoSobili, geosfe-

roebis formirebis procesSi gamoyofili, an radioaqtiuri nivTierebis daSlis

Sedegad miRebuli siTbo.

endogenur procesebs ganekuTvneba: magmatizmi, metamorfizmi, miwisZvrebi da

liTosferos teqtonikuri moZraoba.

Tavi 12. liTosferos mTavari struqturuli erTeulebi

gairkva, rom liTosfero warmoadgens geosferos im erTeuls, romelic moicavs

dedamiwis qerqsa da mantiis sul zeda nawils, anu is geosferoa, romelic

asTenosferos Tavze Zevs. iseve rogorc dedamiwis qerqi, is mTlianad (mTel

farTobze) ekvris dedamiwis Siga sferoebs. Tavisi agebulebiT liTosfero ar aris

erTgvarovani da ramdenadac es araerTgvarovneba umTavresad mis “qerqul” nawilSi

(e.i. dedamiwis qerqis farglebSi) mJRavndeba, qvemoT gamoyofili struqturuli

erTeulebi erTdroulad liTosferosic iqneba da dedamiwis qerqisac.

liTosfero (iseve rogorc dedamiwis qerqi) ori mTavari struqturuli

elementisagan SedgebAAAAAAAaA – esenia kontinentebi da okeaneebi. am or erTeuls

Soris gansxvaveba gamoixateba ara idenad morfologiur sxvaobaSi, ramdenadac

agebulebaSi, sisqesa da SedgenilobaSi. aqve, davsZenT, rom liTosferos sisqe

kontinentebze 150-200 km-ia (zogjer 400 km-ic ki), xolo okeaneebSi – 80-100 km.

12.1 okeanuri qerqi.

okeanuri qerqi, romelsac dedamiwis qerqis mTeli farTobis 56% uWiravs, Txelia

(saSualo sisqis 5-6 km-mde) da sami fenisagan Sedgeba. zevidan pirveli aris danaleqi

fena, romelic warmodgenilia Rrma zRvis naleqebiT (ZiriTadad karbonatuli da

kaJiani Slamebi, poligenuri Tixebi) da romlis simZlavre 0-dan (Suaokeanur qedebze)

10-15 km-mde (okeanis periferiebi) meryeobs.

danaleq fenas qveS uZevs bazalturi fena, romelic sxvadasxva tipis bazaltebiT

aris daxasiaTebuli. umetesi maTgani warmodgenilia baliSa lavebis (“pilou-

lavebi”) saxiT. simZlavre 1,5 km-ia.

da bolos, mesame fena, romelic okeanuri qerqis fuZes warmoadgens, ZiriTadad

daxasiaTebulia zeda nawilSi gabros tipis fuZe intruziuli qanebiT, xolo qvedaSi

– gabrosa da ultrafuZe qanebis (ultramafitebi) morigeobiT. simZlavre 5 km-ia.

okeanuri fskeris geologiuri asaki 180 milion wels ar aRemateba. yovel

SemTxvevaSi ase isazRvreba danaleqi fenis asaki. rac Seexeba momdevno or fenas,

mecnierTa azriT isinic danaleqi fenis Tanadroulni an TiTqmis Tanadroulni unda

iyvnen. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs sxvadasxva geologiuri asakis Zveli

okeanuri qerqic, romelic fragmentulad aris SemorCenili ama Tu im regionSi da

romelTac ofiolitebs uwodeben.

okeanuri qerqi ganviTarebulia Suaokeanur qedebsa da abisalur vakeebze.

12.2. kontinenturi qerqi.

kontinenturi qerqi SedarebiT naklebi gavrcelebiT sargeblobs, ukavia miwis

zedapiris 41%. misi saSualo sisqe 35-40 km-ia., xolo maqsimaluri –75-80 km. msgavsad

okeanisa, isic sami fenisagan Sedgeba, Tumca misi samive fena mniSvnelovnad

56

gansxvavdeba okeanuri qerqis Sesabamisi fenebisagan. zeda, yvelaze axalgazrda fena

aqac danaleqia, oRond ara okeanuris identuri. misi sisqe 0-dan (kontinenturi

farebi da zogi sxva struqtura) 10-20, zogjer 25 km-mde (kontinenturi platformebis

periferiebi, naoWa sistemebis mTiswina da mTaTaSua rofebi) meryeobs. am fenis amgeb

qanebSi wamyvani roli Txeli zRvis epikontinentur danaleq wyebebs ekuTvnis, Tumca

aris agreTve lagunuri, kontinenturi da zogjer baTialuri zonis naleqebic ki.

alag aRniSnaven fuZe vulkanuri qanebis ganfenebsac. danaleqi fenis amgebi qanebis

asaki farTo diapazonSi meryeobs, Tumca umetes wilad 540 milioni wlidan

meoTxeulis CaTvliT isazRvreba.

danaleq fenas qveviT (siRrmeSi) agrZelebs granit-metamorfuli fena, romelic

zedapirze kontinentur farebsa da masivebze, agreTve naoWa sistemebis RerZul

nawilebSi SiSvldeba. es fena ZiriTadad daxasiaTebulia kristaluri fiqlebiT,

gneisebiT, amfibolitebiT, granitebiT, anu magmuri da metamorfuli qanebiT

(saxelwodebac aqedan modis). am fenis sisqe maqsimaluria naoWa sistemebSi (25-30 km),

SedarebiT naklebia platformebze (15-20 km).

kontinenturi qerqis yvelaze qveS mdebare fenas Seadgens granulit-bazituri

fena. es fena Znelad misawvdomia damkvirveblebisaTvis, amitom sakmaod sustad aris

Seswavlili. rogorc fiqroben, am fenis amgebi qanebi zeda fenis qanebTan SedarebiT

ufro fuZe Sedgenilobisaa da ufro metad metamorfulic. fenis simZlavre 10-30 km-

is farglebSia.

rac Seexeba kontinenturi qerqis qveda ori fenis geologiur asaks, isic Zalian

did diapazonSi meryeobs da misi qveda sazRvari SeiZleba 4000 milion wlamdec ki

davides.

kontinenturi qerqi gavrcelebulia xmeleTze, Selfsa da kontinentur beqobze.

dedamiwis qerqis am ori umTavresi saxeobis gverdiT gamoyofen kidev maT Soris

gardamavals – subokeanur da subkontinentur qerqs. subokeanuri qerqi ZiriTadad

gvxvdeba ganapira da Siga zRvebis qvabulebSi. subkontinenturi qerqi

damaxasiaTebelia kunZulTa rkalebisaTvis da okeanuri Rrmaobebis Siga

(kontinentiskena) mxareebisaTvis.

kontinentebi da okeaneebi Tavis mxriv kidev ufro mcire erTeulebad iyofa.

kontinentebze es iqneba naoWa sartylebi anu orogenebi da kratonebi, okeaneebSi –

Suaokeanuri qedebi da abisaluri vakeebi (Talasokratonebi).

okeaneebisa da zRvebis geologiuri moqmedebis ganxilvisas (Tavi II) mokled

gvqonda saubari Suaokeanur qedebsa da abisaluri vakeebis Sesaxeb. aq davumatebT

mxolod imas, rom Tu Suaokeanuri qedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sakmaod aqtiuri

vulkanizmi (rogorc napraluri, ise centruli), miwisZvrebi da SigneTidan siTburi

nakadebis didi modeni, msgavsi araferi SeimCneva abisalur vakeebze, romlebic yvela

CamoTvlil movlenaTa TvalsazrisiT liTosferos uaRresad mSvidi ubnebia.

SeiZleba paraleli gavataroT kontinentis struqturebTan da vTqvaT, rom iq

aseTsave (abisaluri vakeebis msgavs) wynar ubnebs kontinenturi platfrmebi qmnian,

maSin roca naoWa sartylebi aqtiurni arian. radganac aqtiurobazea laparaki, aqve

aRvniSnoT, rom dReisaTvis teqtonikurad yvelaze aqtiur ubnebs seismurobis,

vulkanizmisa da qerqis moZraobis TvalsazrisiT kontinentebsa da okeaneebs Soris

gardamavali ubnebi – okeanuri Rrmaobebi, kunZulTa rkalebi da ganapira zRvebis

qvabulebi warmoadgenen.

kratonebi kontinentis didi struqturebia (magaliTad, aRmosavleT evropis

kratoni), romelTa agebuleba orsarTuliania – qveda struqturuli sarTuli,

romelsac kristalur fundaments uwodeben, Camoyalibebulia Zalian adre,

gvianarqeul-proterozoulSi (1650-540 mln. wlebis win). is agebulia danaoWebuli,

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Zlier metamorfuli wyebebiT, romlebic gakveTilia magmuri intruzivebiT,

umTavresad granitebiT.

kristaluri fundamentis gadarecxil zedapirze uTanxmod devs zeda

struqturuli sarTuli, romelsac danaleq safars uwodeben. es aris horizontuli

an subhorizontuli Sreebrivobis mqone, ZiriTadad Txeli (marCxi) zRvis qanebiT

agebul wyebaTa kompleqsi, Tumca masSi arcTu iSviaTia lagunuri da kontinenturi

qanebic. gamonaklisis saxiT gvxvdeba vulkanuri warmonaqmnebic (trapebi). danaleqi

safaris asaki ZiriTadad fanerozoulia.

kratoni ori nawilisagan Sedgeba, erT nawils, romelic mxolod qveda

struqturuli sarTuliT, anu kristaluri fundamentiT aris warmodgenili, fari

ewodeba. xolo meore wils, orsarTulians, anu iseTs, romelic zemoT aRvwereT,

baqani hqvia. aqedan gamomdinare kratonis formula aseTi iqneba – kratoni = fari +

baqani (sur. 12.1). amis konkretuli magaliTia aRmosavleT evropis kratoni, romelic

baltiis da ukrainis farebisa da ruseTis baqnisagan Sedgeba.

axla ramdenime sityva im struqturis sxva saxelwodebebis Sesaxeb, romelsac

kratoni vuwodeT. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval qvenebSi kratonis nacvlad

dResac platforma ixmareba. Cveni azriT, termini “platforma” zustad ver asaxavs

mis kratoniseul Sinaarss. es termini frangulidan modis da sityvasityviT brtyel,

mosworebul zedapirs gulisxmobs, anu Sinaarsobrivad baqans. baqani ki, rogorc

viciT, kratonis erTi nawilia mxolod. Tanac is nawili, romelic marTla

,,brtyelia”, radganac baqnebi, rogorc wesi, vake reliefiT xasiaTdebian (ruseTis

baqans, magaliTad, geomorfologiuri terminologiiT aRmosavleT evropis vake

hqvia). rac Seexeba farebs, isini sulac ar gamoirCevian vake reliefiT.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, rom ,,platformis” nacvlad

vixmaroT termini ,,kratoni”, rogorc amas yofil ssrk-Si Semavali qveynebis garda,

ucxoeTis yvela qveanaSi xmaroben (magaliTisaTvis ara ,,aRmosavleT evropis

platforma, aramed ,,aRmosavleT evropis kratoni”). es termini (,,krato” – Zala,

simagre, berZn.) SesaniSnavad gamoxatavs mis Sinaarssac, ramdenadac kratonebi

kontinentebis geologiur warsulSi gamtkicebul ubnebs warmoadgenen (igulisxmeba

kristaluri fundamenti). am termins kargad exmianeba okeanis analogiuri

struqturis – abisaluri vakis meorenairi saxelwodeba – Talasokratoni (,,Talasa”

– zRva, berZn.). imave ucxouri terminologiiT savsebiT samarTlianad ,,platforma”

baqnad xsenebul struqturas hqvia.

qarTvel mkvlevarTa erTi nawili ,,platformis” nacvlad “baqans” xmarobs Semdegi

formuliT – baqani = fari (an Txemi) + filaqani. aqac aSkaraa, rom baqani Tavis

adgilze ar zis (sxvaTa Soris arc ,,filaqani”).

qarTul samecniero literaturaSi terminebi “fari” da “baqani” al.janeliZem

Semoitana da maT savsebiT swori adgili miuCina (al.janeliZe, 1963). magram

al.janeliZe TviTon ar iyo kmayofili am ori terminis gamaerTianebeli saerTo

saxeliT – “kontinenturi fari” (farTo gagebiT), Tumca misi Semcvleli sxva termini

samwuxarod ar moucia.

yvelaferi zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT “formula” sabolood aseTi iqneba –

kratoni = fari + baqani (platforma).

rogorc davinaxeT, kratoni iseTi struqturaa, romlis kristaluri fundamentis

asaki arqeul-proterozoulia. aris sxva struqturebi, e.w. “axalgazrda

platformebi”, romelTa kristaluri fundamentis asakic proterozoulze

gacilebiT ufro axalgazrdaa. am struqturebs kratonisagan asakis garda kidev ori

Tviseba gamoarCevs – jer erTi, maT TiTqmis arasodes aqvT farebi da mxolod

baqnuri nawiliT arian warmodgenili. da meorec, es struqturebi yovelTvis naoWa

sartylebis farglebSia ganviTarebuli. da kidev, isini kristaluri fundamentis

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susti metamorfizmiT xasiaTdebian. sxvagvarad maT SeiZleba ,,axalgazrda baqnebi”

ewodoT. aseTi iqneba, vTqvaT, skviTuri baqani (platforma) yirim-kavkasiaSi.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, farebis gavrcelebis zolSi zedapirze kristaluri

fundamentia gaSiSvlebuli, xolo baqnebis zolSi is daZirulia sxvadasxva siRrmeze

da zevidan danaleqi safariT aris gadafaruli. safaris sisqe 0-dan 20-25 km-mde

meryeobs. danaleq safarSi sxvadasxva saxis struqturebia ganviTarebuli,

romelTagan rangiT umaRlesi sineklizebi da anteklizebia. sinekliza didi, TiTqmis

brtyeli izometruli an wagrZelebuli formis depresiaa, romlis qveSac

kristaluri fundamenti Rrmad, 2000 m-ze metad aris daZiruli, xolo Sreebis

daqaneba centriskenulia (centriklinuri). antekliza aseve didi, izometrul-

wagrZelebuli formis TaRiseburi struqturaa, qanebis periklinuri daqanebiT,

SedarebiT amoweuli kristaluri fundamentiT da Sesabamisad Txeli danaleqi

safariT (0-dan 2000 m-mde). SevniSnavT, rom SreTa daqanebas sineklizebsa da

anteklizebSi ramdenadme pirobiTi xasiaTi aqvs, radganac is (zogi momentis

gamoricxviT) sul raRac 1°-is farglebSia.

dReisaTvis cnobili kratonebia: Crdilo amerikis, aRmosavleT evropis, cimbiris,

CineT-koreis, samxreT amerikis, afrikis (an afrika-arabeTis), indoeTis, avstraliis

da antarqtidis (sur. 12.2).

naoWa sartylebi anu orogenebi. naoWa sartylebi kontinentis is nawilebia, sadac

fanerozoulSi mTebis warmoSoba momxdara. swored amitom maT meore saxelic aqvT –

,,orogenebi”. es aris kratonebs Soris gamavali, mraval aTas kilometrze

gadaWimuli sakmaod didi siganis (1000 km-mde) struqturebi, romlebic zogan

erTmaneTs uerTdebian kidec. dReisaTvis cnobilia xuTi naoWa sartyeli:

wynarokeanuri, Crdilo atlanturi, ural-oxotis, xmelTaSuazRviuri, arqtikuli. am

struqturebidan oTxi kontinentTSorisia, xolo wynarokeanuri ki kiduraa, gadis

wynari okeanisa da kontinentebis kideebze. mas Cveulebriv or nawilad yofen:

dasavleT wynarokeanuri, romelic evraziis aRmosavleT sanapiros miuyveba, da

aRmosavleT wynarokeanuri, romelic Crdilo da samxreT amerikis kontinentebis

dasavleT kides gasdevs (sur. 12.2.).

naoWa sartlebi rTuli, araerTgvarovani agebulebisaa, xasiaTdeba maRalmTiani

reliefiT da es arc aris gasakviri, radganac isini ZiriTadad axalgazrda naoWa

sistemebis erTianobas warmoadgenen. magaliTad, xmelTaSuazRviur naoWa sartyelSi,

romelic karibis zRvidan samxreT CineTis zRvamde vrceldeba, Sedis pireneebi,

alpebi, karpatebi, kavkasia, himalai da sxv. aqvea axalgazrda baqnebic – dasavleTi

evropis, skviTuri, Turanis.

naoWa sartylebSi gamoyofen ufro mcire erTeulebs, naoWa sistemebs. isini

erTmaneTisagan mTaTaSua olqebiT aris ganmxoloebuli (magaliTad, kavkasionis da

mcire kavkasionis naoWa sistemebi erTmaneTisagan amierkavkasiis mTaTaSueTiT an

mikrokontinentiT aris gamoyofili).

naoWa sartylebi xasiaTdeba qerqis maqsimaluri sisqeebiT (50-85 km), danaleqi

safaris Zlieri dislokaciiT (naoWa, wyvetiTi), naoWa sistemaTa centralur

nawilebSi magmuri da metamorfuli qanebis farTo gavrcelebiT, Zlier

danawevrebuli reliefiT.

Tanamedrove SexedulebebiT naoWa sartylebis CamoYyalibeba-ganviTareba

kontinentebis aqtiur kideebze xdeba.

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Tavi 13. liTosferos teqtonikuri moZraoba

teqtonikuri moZraoba liTosferos struqturis Secvlas gulisxmobs. am moZraobis

erT-erTi, Tumca ara erTaderTi Sedegi axalgazrda mTaTa sistemebis, ufro vrclad

ki kontinentebis erT-erTi umTavresi elementis - naoWa sartylebis - Camoyalibebaa.

rogor warmoiSoba mTebi? es problema yovelTvis did interess iwvevda. amitomac

ar aris gasakviri, rom dReisTvis mTebis warmoSobis araerTi hipoTezaa cnobili,

romlebic faqtobrivad XVIII-XX saukuneebSi gaCnda. davasaxeloT zogierTi maTgani

- vulkanuri, igive azevebis (a.humboldti, l.fon buxi), kontraqciuli (e. debomoni),

pulsaciuri anu oscilaciuri (haarmani), qerqsqveSa dinebebis (o.ampfereri),

materikebis dreifis (a.vegeneri). yvela orogenetul (,,oros“ mTa, ,,genezis“ -

warmoSoba; berZn.) hipoTezas sxva naklTan erTad erTi saerTo nakli gaaCndaT -

isini damakmayofileblad ver xsnidnen mTebis warmoSobis uaRresad rTul sakiTxs.

13.1.filebis tetqonika.

me-20 saukunis samociani wlebis miwuruls sxvadasxva qveynis mecnierTa (geologTa

da geofizikosTa) rudunebiT Camoyalibda metad saitereso koncefcia, romelic

imdenad dasabuTebulad da damajereblad xsnis liTosferos moZraobis metad rTul

sakiTxebs, rom geologiuri Teoriis rangi daimsaxura. am Teorias dasawyisSi ,,axali

globaluri teqtonika“, cota mogvianebiT ki ,,filebis teqtonika“ ewoda.

vidre ,,filebis teqtonikis“ arss SevexebodeT, mokled gavecnoT a.vegeneris

,,materikebis dreifis“ hipoTezas, romelic safuZvlad daedo axal Teorias.

aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela sxva hipoTeza liTosferos an miwis qerqis Semadgeneli

nawilebis umniSvnelo gadaadgilebas Tu aRiarebda. maSin rodesac vegeneris

hipoTezis dedaarsi, rogorc amas saxelwodebac gviCvenebs, dedamiwis qerqis msxvili

struqturuli erTeulebis masStabur moZraobaze miuTiTebs, amitomac vegeneris es

Sexeduleba mobilizmis (,,mobil“ moZravi; frang.) saxeliTaa cnobili, winaaRmdeg

yvela sxva danarCen avtorTa fiqsizmisa (,,fiqsus“-myari, ucvleli; laT.).

a.vegeneris hipoTeza ramdenime mniSvnelovan faqts eyrdnoboda: 1) kontinetebis

moxazulobis msgavseba. es pirvel rigSi exeboda samxreT amerikasa da afrikas.

marTlac imdenad didia msgavseba samxreT amerikis aRmosavleTi da afrikis

dasavleTi kideebis moxazulobaSi, rom miaxlovebisas es ori kontinenti erTmaneTSi

kargad ,,jdeba“. aseve kargad “jdeba” erTmaneTSi Crdilo amerika, grelandia da

Crdilo-dasavleTi evropa da a.S. gamodis rom geologiur warsulSi

(gvianpaleozursa da triasulSi) dedamiwaze yofila erTiani kontinenti, romelsac

a.vegenerma pangea uwoda da romelic misive azriT iurul periodSi calkeul

kontinentebad daiyo (sur. 13.1); 2) pangeas arsebobaze miuTiTebda is faqtic, rom

samxreT naxevarsferos materikebze (samxreTi amerika, afrika, avstralia,

antarqtida) da indoeTSi napovni iyo gvianpaleozouri asakis faqtobrivad erTnairi

xmeleTis fauna da flora (mtknari wylis Tevzebi, amfibiebi, qvewarmavlebi da

gansakuTrebiT e.w. ,,glosopterisis flora“), cxadia namarxebis saxiT. xmeleTis

organizmebis amgvari gavrceleba erTiani kontinentis pirobebSi iqneboda mxolod

SesaZlebeli, dRevandelobis msgavs pirobebSi maT migracias kontinentidan

kontinentze sxva rom ara, ori okeane (atlantis da indoeTis) aRudgeboda win; 3)

samxreT amerikaSi, afrikaSi, indoeTsa da avstraliaSi napovni iyo myinvaruli

warmoSobis qanebi gvianpaleozour-triasuli asakisa, rac samxreT naxevarsferoSi im

60

periodSi arsebul Zlier zewrul gamyinvarebaze miuTiTebda (zewruli gamyinvareba

ki swored did kontinentebze viTardeba. antarqtidisa da grelandiis dRevandeli

zewruli myinvarebi didi meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis narCenebia mxolod). aqedan

gamomdinare es zewruli gamyinvarebac erTian kontinentze unda momxdariyo;

4)kontinentebis qveS granituli fenaa, okeaneebis qveS ki bazalturi. ra mouvida

okeaneebis qveS arsebul granitul fenas? is ver CaiZireboda okeanur qerqSi

(fenaSi), radganac ufro msubuqia. gamodis, rom gadaadgilda. saboloo daskvna ki

aseTi iyo -- gvianpaleozourSi arsebobda erTiani kontinenti pangea, romelic

Semdgom calkeul kontinentebad daiyo. kontinentTa erTi nawili (Crdilo da

samxreT amerika) ,,gacurda“ simatur (bazaltur) qerqze dasavleTi mimarTulebiT.

moZraobisas maT wina (frontalur) nawilSi, granitul da bazaltur qerqs Soris

warmoSobili didi winaaRmdegobis gamo, gaCnda naoWa mTebi kordilierebisa da

andebis saxiT. radganac aseTi winaaRmdegoba ar iyo kontinentis ,,gaxleCvis“ zolSi

(atlanturi okeanis orive sanapiro), iq mTebi ar warmoSobila.

amgvarad gaCnda erTob gonebamaxviluri Sexeduleba kontinentebis dreifis

Sesaxeb.

a.vegeneris metad saintereso hipoTezis naklovan mxareebze arafers vityviT.

mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom Znelia moiZebnos is Zala, romelic SeZlebda dedamiwis

myari sialuri (granituli) qerqis aseve myar simatur (bazaltur) qerqze aTaseul

kilometrebze gadaadgilebas.

,,filebis teqtonikis“ avtorebma SesaniSnavad gamoiyenes vegeneriseuli monacemebi.

magram es xom sakmarisi ar iyo. amitom maT am vegeneriseul faqtebs sxva axali da

amave dros mniSvnelovani monacemebi daumates, romlebmac ganapirobes kidec axali

Teoriis Seqmna.

ras gulisxmobs es axali monacemebi? rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, me-20 saukunis

ormocdaaTiani wlebis miwurulsa da samociani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo okeanis

fskeris intensiuri Seswavla, romelmac bevri axali codna SesZina mecnierebas. am

codnas sxva monacemebic daemata. sabolood ki vegeneriseuli hipoTezis saZirkvelze

axali Teoria dafuZnda. SevexoT am axali monacemebidan umTavress - 1) Cven

liTosferos aRviqvamdiT rogorc erTian sxeuls. sinamdvileSi ki is calkeuli

nawilebis, filebisagan agebuli aRmoCnda. dReisaTvis cnobilia Svidi didi da

daaxloebiT amdenive mcire fila. davasaxelebT mxolod did filebs: Crdilo

amerikis, evraziis, samxreT amerikis, afrikis (zogjer amboben afrika-arabeTis),

avstraliis (indostan-avstraliis), antarqtikis da wynari okeanis. filaTa umetesoba

erTdroulad moicavs rogorc okeanur, ise kontinentur qerqs (magaliTad, evraziis,

afrikis), zogi ki – mxolod okeanur qerqs (magaliTad, wynari okeanis) (sur. 12.2).

filebs Soris sazRvari dgindeba miwisZvrebis intensivobis mixedviT. gairkva, rom

miwisZvris epicentrebi didi raodenobiT swored filaTa sazRvarze iyris Tavs,

maSin roca filebis Siga nawilebi faqtobrivad aseismurni arian. filebs Soris sami

tipis sazRvars gamoyofen: divergentuls, konvergentulsa da transformuls.

divergentuli (,,divergencia“ - dacileba; laT.) sazRvari gulisxmobs filebis

erTmaneTis sapirispirod gadaadgilebas, konvergentuli (,,konvergere“ - miaxloeba,

erTmaneTTan Seyra; laT.), piriqiT, erTmaneTisaken, xolo transformuli - erTi

filis meoris gaswvriv gadaadgilebas vertikaluri rRvevis zolSi; 2) aRmoCenil

iqna Suaokeanuri qedebi, romlebic filebis divergentuli sazRvrebis zolSia

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ganviTarebuli, da maTi marTobulad mkveTi transformuli rRvevebi. amasTanave

oTxive okeanis Suaokeanuri qedebi faqtobrivad erTian sistemas qmnian (sur. 13.2); 3)

okeanuri qerqi rogorc SedgenilobiT, ise sisqiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba

kontinenturisagan. Tanac uaRresad sagulisxmoa isic, rom okeanuri qerqis danaleqi

safaris sisqeebi matulobs Suaokeanuri qedebidan (sadac nulis tolia) okeanis

periferiebisaken. da rac mTavaria, amave mimarTulebiT izrdeba (Zveldeba) misi

geologiuri asakic, romelic Tanamedrovedan 180 milion wlamde midis; 4) uaRresad

mniSnelovani iyo asTenosferos aRmoCena. asTenosfero xom plastiur sferos

warmoadgens. amdenad SedarebiT advili xdeba imis warmodgena, rom garkveuli

Zlebis arsebobis SemTxvavaSi myari liTosfero SesaZlebelia gadaadgildes mis

qveS mdebare plastiur asTenosferoze; 5)aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo

paleomagnetizmis aRmoCenac. saqme imaSiaa, rom dedamiwis qerqis amgebi mineral

magnetitis Semcveli zogierTi qani (magaliTad, bazalti) warmoSobisas damagnitebas

ganicdis ise, rom misi magnituri velis mimarTuleba im dros arsebuli magnituri

meridianis paraleluria. qani aseT damagnitebas arsebobis bolomde inarCunebs. aseT

qanSi paleomagneturi meTodebiT isazRvreba rogorc misi warmoSobis adgili

(geografiuli ganedi), ise misi pirvandeli ganlageba. amgvarad SeiZleba gavigoT

qanis paleoganedi da gavzomoT kuTxe, romliTac Sebrunda droTa ganmavlobaSi

damagnitebuli qaniT agebuli kontinenti (liTosferuli fila). da ai, armoCnda, rom

sxvadasxva kontinentze arsebuli erTi da imave asakis amgvari qanebi gansxvavebuli

mimarTulebis magnitur velebs aCveneben, rac warmoudgenelia, radgan gamodis, rom

yvela kontinentis qans sakuTari magnituri polusi hqonia. dedamiwa ki am

TvalsazrisiT bipolarulia. xolo paleomagnituri monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT

kontinentebis gadaadgilebisa da maTi saTanado kuTxiT Sebrunebis SemTxvevaSi

damagnitebul qanTa velebi erTmaneTs daemTxveva. sruliad aSkaraa, rom

paleomagnetizmi calsaxad miuTiTebs kontinentebis, an rac am SemTxvevaSi igivea,

liTosferuli filebis moZraobaze. amgvari gaangariSebiT cnobili gaxda, rom

indostani, romelic gvian paleozourSi afrikis samxreTi nawilis aRmosavleTiT

mdebareobda, CrdiloeTisaken daaxloebiT 8000 km-ze gadaadgilda.

amgvarad, liTosferuli filebis, an SeiZleba vTqvaT, kontinentebis moZraoba eWvs

ar unda iwvevdes. sxvaTa Soris, superkontinentis daSlasa da misi calkeuli

nawilebis dreifze (am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad zemoT xsenebuli samxreT

naxevarsferos kontinentebi igulisxmeba) miuTiTebs is faqtic, rom iuruli

periodidan moyolebuli maTi xmeleTis fauna da flora erTmaneTisagan ukve

aSkarad gansxvavebulia. vfiqrobT, rom filebis moZraobas adasturebs kidev erTi

uaRresad saintereso faqti - rogorc cnobilia rifis mSenebeli marjnebi Tbili

zRvis moyvaruli formebia. dReisaTvis isini Crdilo da samxreTi ganedebis 30° -mde

vrceldebian mxolod, ufro maRal ganedebSi ki aRar gvxvdebian. Zveli geologiuri

asakis marjnis rifebi ki cnobilia gacilebiT ufro maRal ganedebze, polaruli

wris iqiTac ki (kanadis Crdilo raionebsa da grenlandiaSi). Tu ara kontinentebis

dreifi, cota Znelia rifis mSenebeli marjnebis ,,civ qveynebSi“ gansaxlebis

warmodgena. liTosferuli filebis moZraoba kosmosuri geodeziiTac dasabuTda.

da bolos, saTqmeli darCa umTavresi - Tu rogor esmiT axali Teoriis avtorebs

liTosferuli filebis moZraoba.

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axali TeoriiT kontinentur qerqze xdeba riftis Casaxva, romelic sabolood

kontinents orad gayofs. riftul zolSi mantiidan zedapirze amodis magmuri

masala, romlis gacivebiTac Suaokeanuri qedebis saxiT axali (axalgazrda)

okeanuri qerqis formireba xdeba. iwyeba spredingi (,,spredingi“ - gaWimva, gafarToeba;

ingl.), romlis meSveobiTac okeanuri qerqi Suaokeanuri qedebis zolidan okeanis

periferiebisaken erTmaneTis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba (gavixsenoT,

rom riftis gaCenisa da spredingis dawyebis Semdeg es aris liTosferul

filaTaSorisi divergentuli sazRvari Tu zoli). okeanuri qerqi periferiebisaken

miiwevs, Suaokeanuri qedis zolSi ki sul axali da axali qerqi Cndeba. okeanuri

qerqis gadaadgilebis tempi sxvadasxvaa da zogadad ganisazRvreba erTeuli

santimetrebiT weliwadSi.

Semxvedri moZraobis mqone filasTan Sejaxebisas, filaTa konvergentul

sazrvarze, romelic yovelTvis okeanuri RrmaobiT aris gamoxatuli, okeanuri qerqi,

rogorc ufro mZime, Semxvedri kontinenturi qerqis qveS iZireba. es xdeba e.w.

subduqciis zonaSi (sur. 13.3). rogorc vxedavT, okeanuri qerqi mudmiv ganaxlebas

ganicdis - warmoiSoba Suaokeanuri qedebis (spredingis) zolSi da ispoba okeanuri

Rrmaobebis (subduqciis) zonaSi. swored amiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom okeaneTa

Soris uZvelesis - wynari okeanis fskeris amgebi qanebis geologiuri asaki iurulze

Zveli (daaxl. 180 mln.w.) ar aris. Sejaxebisas okeanuri qerqis zeda nawili SeiZleba

Tavze gadaevlos kontinentur qerqs. aseT movlenas obduqcias uwodeben. Tu

erTmaneTs ori kontinenturi fila Seejaxa, gveqneba kolizia. yvela SemTxvevaSi

Sejaxebis Sedegad Zlieri danaoWeba xdeba, Tanmyoli Zlieri metamorfizmiTa da

magmatizmiT. Sedegad ki axalgazrda mTaTa sistemebi warmoiqmneba.

ra warmoadgens liTosferuli filebis gadaadgilebisaTvis saWiro energiis

wyaros? unda iTqvas, rom es sakiTxi filebis teqtonikis Teoriis yvelaze susti

adgilia. TiTqos dadgenilia, rom mTel mantiaSi (asTenosferos CaTvliT)

konveqciuri dinebebia. maTi meSveobiT aRmavali siTburi nakadi Suaokeanuri qedebis

riftul zonebSi asTenosferos zeda sazRvarze adis, Semdeg horizontalurad

gaedineba filebis konvergentul sazRvaramde da gacivebuli da damZimebuli

subduqciis zonis qveviT, SigneTisaken eSveba. amgvari moZraobisas siTburi nakadi

Suaokeanuri qedis zonidan Tan waitacebs liTosferos (konveieris lentis msgavsad),

romelsac CaZiravs kidec subduqciis zonaSi.

rogorc fiqroben dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi liTosferuli

filebis teqtonikuri moZraoba gvianproterozoulidan (daaxloebiT 1500 mln.

wlidan) iwyeba.

,,cxeli laqebi“. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom liTosferuli filebis Siga ubnebi

aseismuria. es marTlac asea, Tumca sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom sxva geologiuri

procesebis mimarT (rogoricaa dislokaciebi, magmatizmi) es ubnebi absoluturad

inertuli iyos. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba davasaxeloT centruli vulkanizmis

kerebi, romlebic farTod aris gavrcelebuli mTel dedamiwaze ZiriTadad swored

filebis Siga zonebSi. maT ,,cxeli laqebi“ (,,hoT spoTebi“) ewodeba. sainteresoa

,,cxeli laqebis“ warmoSobis hipoTeza, romelic wynar okeaneSi mdebare havaisa da

mis mezobel wyalqveSa, imperatoris qedze dakvirvebiT Seiqmna (sur. 13.4) - havais

qedi warmoadgens vulkanur kunZulTa erTobliobas, romelic aRmosavleT - samxreT-

aRmosavleTidan dasavleT - Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT aris gadaWimuli.

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qedi iwyeba samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebare havais kunZuliT, romelzec dRes

moqmedi cnobili vulkanebi mauna-loa, kilauea da mauna-keaa ganlagebuli. qedis

amgebi yvela momdevno kunZuli warmodgenilia Camqrali vulkanebiT. Tanac

sayuradReboa, rom am vulkanebis geologiuri asaki Crdilo-dasavleTi

mimarTulebiT TandaTan izrdeba (Zveldeba) da qedis dasavleT - Crdilo-dasavleT

daboloebaze eocenamde (daaxl. 42 mln.w) midis. havais qeds Crdilo-dasavleTiT

agrZelebs mTlianad Camqrali vulkanebiT agebuli wyalqveSa imperatoris qedi,

romlis vulkanur nagebobaTa asaki zogadad samxreTidan Crdilo mimarTulebiT

eocenidan gvian carculamde (daaxl. 78 mln.w) izrdeba.

aSkaraa, rom aq saqme gvaqvs vulkanebis asakis Tanmimdevrul zrdasTan

Tanamedrovedan gvian carculamde. TiTqos xdeboda vulkanuri kerebis gadaadgileba

zogadad Crdilo-dasavleTidan samxreT-aRmosavleTi mimarTulebiT. cota

sxvagvarad fiqroben j.vilsoni da j.morgani, romlebmac metad moxdenili hipoTeza

SemogvTavazes. maTi azriT vulkanuri kera erTi iyo da dResac erTi aris. is

mdebareobs havais kunZulebis qveS, Rmad mantiaSi. iqidan amosuli magmiT gamowveuli

vulkanuri procesebi mimdinareobs mTeli 78 milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi. vulkanuri

kera uZravia. magram moZraobs wynarokeanuri fila, Tanac zogadad Crdilo-

dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. swored amiT aris gamowveuli, rom filasTan erTad

vulkanuri konusic gadaadgildeba imave mimarTulebiT, xolo mis adgilze

(vulkanuri keris Tavze) axali konusi Cndeba. da ase meordeba uwyvetliv 78 milioni

wlis ganmavlobaSi. amgvarad warmoiSva havais da imperatoris vulkanuri qedebi,

romlebzec yvelaze axalgazrda vulkanebi (Tanamedrove) ukidures samxreT -

aRmosavleT nawilSi, havais kunZulze gvaqvs, xolo yvelaze Zveli (78 mln.w. asakisa)

- imperatoris qedis ukidures Crdilo-dasavleT daboloebaze. amasTanave vulkanur

konusTa Tu warmonaqmnTa asaki TandaTan izrdeba (Zveldeba) samxreT-aRmosavleTidan

Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. Tu ,,cxeli laqebis“ hipoTeza simarTles

emyareba, maSin SegviZlia gavarkvioT filebis moZraobis ara marto mimarTuleba,

aramed moZraobis tempic.

13.2. orogenezisi.

rogorc ukve iTqva, orogenezisi mTebis warmoSobas niSnavs. es procesi ki

mimdinareobs liTosferuli filebis konvergentul, an sxvagvarad kontinentebis

aqtiuri kideebis zonebSi, romelTac adre dReisaTvis ukve moZvelebuli saxeli -

geosinklini erqva, dRes ki moZravi sartyeli hqvia. mTebis warmoSoba metad

xangrZlivi procesia, romelic aTeuli milioni wlebis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba.

amave dros, es procesi ar aris droSi uwyveti. dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis

istoriaSi gamoiyofa periodebi mTaTa warmoSobisa (e.w. geokratuli periodebi) da

periodebi simSvidisa (Talasokratuli periodebi). geokratul periodSi mTebis

warmoSoba mimdinareobda orogenetuli ciklebis ganviTarebiT. am SinaarsiT

cnobilia baikaluri (gvianproterozouri asakis), kaledonuri (siluruli),

hercinuli (gvianpaleozouri), kimeriuli (iuruli) da alpuri (kainozouri)

orogenetuli ciklebi an ubralod orogenezisi. am orogenetuli ciklebis Sedegad

Camoyalibebul mTaTa sistemebs Sesabamisad baikalidebi, kaledonidebi, hercinidebi,

kimeridebi da alpidebi ewodeba. SevniSnavT, rom mTebis warmoSoba

gvianproterozoulze adrec momxdara.

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12.3. epeirogenezisi.

liTosferuli filebis moZraoba Tavisi xasiaTiT ZiriTadad horizontaluria,

Tumca zogan is vertikalurSic gadadis (subduqciis zonaSi liTosferuli filis

mantiaSi Casvla, an filaTa Sejaxebisas danaoWebis Sedegad struqturebis zeviT

amozidva).

magram cnobilia liTosferuli filebis meore saxis moZraobac, romelic mxolod

vertikaluria. esaa epeirogenezisi (,,epeiros“ -xmeleTi; berZ.), romelic sityva-

sityviT xmeleTis warmoSobas niSnavs. amdenad es termini TiTqos srulad ver

asaxavs movlenis Sinaars, radganac filebis vertikaluri moZraoba gulisxmobs

rogorc maT azevebas da Sesabamisad xmeleTis warmoSobas, ise, piriqiT, daZirvasac

da am SemTxvevaSi xmeleTis nacvlad zRvis gaCenas. miuxedavad amisa, es termini

SemorCa geologiur literaturas Tavisi farTo (awev-daweva) SinaarsiT.

epeirogenezisi orogenezisisagan gansxvavebiT ki ar cvlis dedamiwis qerqis

(liTosferos) Sinagan struqturas, aramed mxolod mis deformacias (gaRunvas)

iwvevs.

ra aris epeirogenezisis mizezi da ra iwvevs mas? myari liTosfero devs

plastikur asTenosferoze da nawilobriv Caflulic aris masSi. maT Soris

damyarebulia izostaziuri wonasworoba (,,izos“ -Tanabari, ,,stazis“ -mdgomareoba;

berZn.). raime mizeziT am wonasworobis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi liTosfero iwyebs

aRmaval an daRmaval moZraobas, vidre kvlav ar damyardeba izostaziuri

wonasworoba. mizezi ki bevrnairi SeiZleba iyos. am procesis amsaxveli Tanamedrove

da geologiuri warsulis kargi magaliTebic arsebobs. cnobilia, rom skandinaviis

teritoria dRes zeviT miiwevs, Tanac centralur nawilSi ufro didi tempiT,

periferiebze ki - naklebiT. es namdvilad izostaziiT gamowveuli moZraobaa. is rom

xmeleTis aweviT ki ara, zRvis (okeanis) donis daweviT iyos ganpirobebuli, maSin

arc xmeleTis diferencirebuli azeveba gveqneboda iq da arc mezobel holandiaSi

imave xmeleTis daZirva, aramed yvelgan Tanabar azevebas eqneboda adgili.

mkvlevarTa azriT es azeveba gamowveulia am regionis yinulis safarisagan

ganTavisuflebiT. rogorc cnobilia meoTxeul periodSi Crdilo evropaSi Zlieri

gamyinvareba iyo. ramdenime kilometri sisqis yinulma dafara skandinaviac da

mezobeli regionebic. bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom yinulis sqeli safariT gamowveuli

simZimiT liTosferuli fila am regionSi Caizniqeboda da ufro Rrmad Caefloboda

asTenosferoSi. xolo gamyinvarebis periodis damTavrebis Semdeg yinuli gadna,

liTosferos am nawils ,,tvirTi“ moexsna da azevebac daiwyo. sadac datvirTva meti

iyo, aseve meti iqneboda gantvirTvac. aqedan-azevebis diferencirebuli xasiaTi.

cnobilia istoriul xanaSi momxdari erTi magaliTic. italiaSi qalaq neapolis

maxloblad aris naqalaqari pocuoli, sadac Zvel romaelebs elinisturi egviptis

erT-erTi wamyvani RvTaebis - serapisis taZari augiaT. dRes am taZris nangrevebia

mxolod SemorCenili. saintereso ki is aris, rom taZris SemorCenil svetebze

(kolonebze), Ziridan eqvs metr simaRleze, mcire zomis zRviur uxerxemlo

cxovelebs, e.w. mburRav moluskebs daudiaT bina. aSkaraa, rom es svetebi sul cota

6m-mde mainc erT dros zRviT yofila dafaruli. isic aSkaraa, rom zRviT

dafarvamde isini zedapirze iqnebodnen (zRvaSi xom ar aagebdnen romaelebi taZars!).

gamodis, rom aq orgvar epeirogenetul moZraobas hqonia adgili - jer iyo daZirva,

xolo Semdeg azeveba.

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Tavi 14. magmatizmi

magmatizmi uaRresad rTul da mravalferovan geologiur procesTa erTobliobaa,

romelic, rogorc viciT, dedamiwis SigneTSi da zedapirze mimdinareobs. Sesabamisad

ganarCeven intruziul da efuziur magmatizms. SigneTSi mimdinare magmuri

procesebis Sesaxeb informacias mxolod zedapirze moxvedrili intruziuli

magmuri qanebi gvawvdian, ramdenadac maTze uSualo dakvirveba SeuZlebelia.

magma ar qmnis raime erTian fenas, romelic geosferoebis msgavsad irgvliv ekvris

SigneTs. is dedamiwis SigneTSi sxvadsxva doneze calkeuli kerebis saxiT aris

warmodgenili. rogorc fiqroben, magmuri kerebis formireba ZiriTadad

asTenosferoSi xdeba. Tumca miCneulia, rom magmis erTi nawili liTosferoSic

(sxvadasxva doneze) warmoiqmneba.

saerTod ki magmis warmoSoba SigneTis amgebi qanebis maRali temperaturis

pirobebSi dnobiT aris ganpirobebuli. masalis dnoba moculobaSi gazrdas niSnavs.

amitom axlad warmoqmnili magma Semcveli qanebis hidrostatikuri (liTostatikuri)

wnevis gamo amoiwbereba zeviT, napralebSi. amgvarad is iWreba Semcvel qanebSi,

civdeba da TandaTan kristaldeba. sabolood ki xdeba intruziuli magmuri qanebis

formireba. did siRrmeebze warmoiSoba magmuri baToliTebi, Stokebi, xolo Sedare-

biT mcireze, daaxloebiT 1-1,5km siRrmeze–daikebi, SreZarRvebi, lakoliTebi da sxv.

zeviT gadaadgilebisas magmaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba, rac gamowveulia,

erTi mxriv, masSi mimdinare diferenciaciiT, xolo, meore mxriv, mis mier Semcveli

qanebis gadamuSavebiT. diferenciacia gulisxmobs magmis Sedgenilobis cvlas masSi

sxvadasxva mineraluri asociaciis gamoyofis meSveobiT. magma xom mineralur mdnars

warmoadgens. amitom misi TandaTan gacivebisas mineralTa gamokristaleba xdeba. jer

gamokristaldebian maRaltemperaturuli mineralebi, Semdeg saSualotemperaturuli

da bolos dabaltemperaturuli. maRaltemperaturuli mineralebi (olovini, fuZe

plagioklazi) xasiaTdebian Mg da Ca-is didi SemcvelobiT, dabaltemperaturulSi ki

(orToklazi, mJave plagioklazi) am elementTa mkveTri Semcireba xdeba Na, Si, Al-is

zrdis fonze. saerTod ki maRaltemperaturuli mineraluri asociacia iZleva fuZe

magmasa da Semdgom fuZe qanebs, saSualotemperaturuli – saSualo qanebs, xolo

dabaltemperaturuli – mJave qanebs.

amJamad miRebulia, rom pirvelad magmas warmoadgens fuZe Tu kidevac ultrafuZe

Sedgenilobis piroliTi, romlis Semdgomi diferenciaciiT sxvadasxva magma miiReba.

rac Seexeba asimilacias, is gulisxmobs magmuri intruzivis mier misi Semcveli

(irgvliv myofi) qanebis STanTqma-gadamuSavebas. es procesi zogjer mniSvnelovnad

cvlis magmis Sedgenilobas. zogan magma verc ki axerxebs Semcveli qanis mTlianad

gadamuSavebas da es ukanaskneli qsenoliTis (ucxo sxeulis) saxiT SemorCeba

intruziul magmur qanSi. asimilaciiT TiTqos advilad ixsneba magmis mier

Tavisufali sivrcis mopovebis problema. ara da es metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia

pirvel rigSi iseTi uzarmazari intruziuli magmuri sxeulebisaTvis, rogoric

baToliTebia.

Semcvel qanebTan kontaqtSi magmis TandaTani gaciveba mimdinareobs. es procesi

metad xangrZlivia da SeiZleba erTeuli an aTeuli milioni welic ki gagrZeldes.

mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi magmidan gadaxurebuli wylis xsnarebi da gazebi

gamoiyofa, romlebic Semcveli qanebis kontaqtis zolSi warmoSoben mineralur

sabadoebs, rogoricaa magaliTad, volframis, kalis, berilis, molibdenis da sxvaTa

sabadoebi da romelTac pnevmatolizuri hqvia. Tu mxolod cxeli xsnarebi moqmedebs

Semcvel qanebze, maSin hidroTermuli sabadoebi Cndeba (magaliTad, spilenZis,

TuTiis, tyviis).

66

14.1. efuziuri magmatizmi anu vulkanizmi.

vulkanizmis saxelwodeba liparis kunZulebis erT-erTi patara kunZulis –

vulkanos saxelwodebidan modis. TiTqos aq iyo ZvelromaelTa cecxlisa da

mWedlobis mfarveli RvTaebis – vulkanis samWedlo (sxva versiiT vulkanis

samWedlo etnis ZirSi iyo da samWedlos kvamlic swored am vulkanidan amodioda).

vulkanebi imTaviTve ipyrobda adamianTa yuradRebas, pirvel rigSi albaT imis

gamo, rom vulkanis amofrqvevas maTTvis didi ubedureba mohqonda. gavixsenod

Tundac vulkan vezuvis amofrqveva Cveni welTaRricxvis 1 saukuneSi (79 wels),

romlis Sedegadac sami romauli qalaqi pompei, herkulanumi da stabia mTlianad

daifara vulkanuri ferfliT da aTasobiTadamianis sicocxle Seiwira, an krakataus

aseve cnobili amofrqveva 1883 wels. krakatau iyo sumatrasa da iavas (zondis

arqipelagis kunZulebi) Soris mdebare erT-erTi patara kunZuli. vulkanuri

amofrqvevebi am kunZulZe 1883 wels ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda.

yvelaze Zlieri amofrqveva agvistos miwuruls moxda. afeTqeba imdenad Zlieri iyo,

rom misi xma 5000 km-ze avstraliaSic ki ismoda. amoityorcna daaxloebiT 18 kuburi

kilometri masala, umetesad ferfli da pemza. vulkanuri ferfli atmosferoSi 80

km simaRleze avida da ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi irgvliv uvlida dedamiwas.

ferflis sakmaod sqeli feniT daifara 750000 km2 farTobi. gaCnda daaxloebiT 40 m

simaRlis cunami, romlisganac maxlobel kunZulebze (TviT kunZuli krakatau

ukacrieli iyo), ZiriTadad iavasa da sumatraze 36000 kaci daiRupa. kunZulis didi

nawili haerSi aityorcna.

aseve saSineli iyo kunZul martinikaze (karibis zRvis auzi) mdebare vulkan mon-

peles amofrqveva 1902 wels. amofrqveva uZlieresi afeTqebiT moxda, rac vulkanis

yelSi gazebis didi raodenobiT dagrovebam gamoiwvia. afeTqebis talRa imdenad

Zlieri iyo, rom man TiTqmis mTlianad daangria vulkanidan 6 km-ze mdebare qalaqi

san-pieri – saxlebi, romelTa qvisagan nagebi kedlebi 1 m sisqisa iyo, namsxvrevebad

aqcia; xeebi, didi Tu patara, fesvebianad amoglija; samtoniani qandakeba

postamentidan oTx metrze isrola. portSi ramdenime gemi gadabrunda da CaiZira.

afeTqebis Sedegad warmoiSva sqeli Rrubeli – gavarvarebuli vulkanuri mtvris,

wylis orTqlisa da gazebis narevi daaxloebiT 700-1000°½ temperaturis, romelic

didi siCqariT (160 km/sT) daeSva vulkanidan q. san-pierisaken da mTlianad mosra iq

mcxovrebi 30000 kaci. amboben, rom gadarCa erTaderTi adamiani, patimari, romelic

miwisqveSa dilegSi iyo Camwyvdeuli.

vulkanizmTan dakavSirebiT bevri sxva amgvari faqtis moyvana SeiZleba. miuxedavad

amisa, adamianebi Zalian xSirad sacxovreblad vulkanebis ferdobebs irCevdnen

pirvel rigSi iq ganviTarebuli noYyieri niadagis gamo. bunebrivia isic, rom

adamiani imTaviTve aqcevda vulkanebis moqmedebas yuradRebas da cdilobda

Cawvdomoda mis arss.

13.1.1. vulkanebis amofrqvevis produqtebi.

vulkanebis mier zedapirze amotanili masala samgvaria: Txevadi, myari da gazebrivi.

vulkanis mier amofrqveul Txevad masalas lava ewodeba. lava igive magmaa, oRond

im gansxvavebiT, rom gazebi TiTqmis mTlianad aqvs dakarguli. e.i. lava ugazo magmaa.

lavis ramdenime saxe arsebobs, romelTa forma maTi qimiuri SedgenilobiT aris

ganpirobebuli. rogorc cnobilia, fuZe magma ufro Txelia, nalkebad blanti.

amitom zedapirze gadmosuli fuZe lava (SeiZleba mas bazalturi lavac vuwodoT)

kargad moZravia da sakmaod didi siCqariT vrceldeba aTeul kilometrze. SeiZleba

siCqarem 60 km-sac miaRwios saaTSi. am tipis lava maRaltemperaturulia (daaxloebiT

1100-1200°). gacivebisas mas qerqi uCndeba, Tumca lava qerqis qveS kvlav ganagrZobs

moZraobas, ris gamoc misi zedapiri talRovani xdeba, TiTqos dagrexili bawariao.

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amitom mas dabawrul lavas uwodeben. sxvagvarad ki mas pahoehoe lava hqvia. aseTi

lava xelSemwyobi reliefis pirobebSi did farTobze iSleba da vulkanur zewrebs

gvaZlevs. zogjer SeiZleba “lavuri mdinare” an “CanCqeric” ki miviRoT meore tipis

lava, e.w. aa-lava, ufro blantia, axasiaTebs lodebrivi zedapiri, romelic

gamomwvari aguris dakuTxul namsxvrevebs mogvagonebs, mis qveS ki lavis masaa

moTavsebuli. es lava naklebad moZravia, saaTSi sul ramdenime kilometrs gadis,

SedarebiT dabaltemperaturulia; gacivebisas vulkanur gumbaTebs qmnis. wyalqveSa

amofrqvevebis Sedegad warmoSobili lava, romelic, rogorc wesi, bazalturi

Sedgenilobisaa, iZleva baliSa lavebs (“pilou-lava”). calkeuli baliSa lavebis

sigrZe erTeuli metrebia.

rogorc viciT, nebismieri saxis lavis gacivebis Sedegad efuziuri magmuri qanebi

miiReba.

vulkanis mier amotyorcnil myar masalas zogadad piroklastebs (“piros” –

cecxli; berZn. da “klastos”) uwodeben. am terminiT xazi aqvs gasmuli im garemoebas,

rom es masala gavarvarebuli qanis namsxvrevebs warmoadgens. sityva “myari” SeiZleba

erTgvarad pirobiTad naTqvamic ki iyos, radganac umetesad magmuri masalis

amofrqveva xdeba. haerSi atyorcnili lavis sxvadasxva zomis naglejebi zedapirze

dacemamde an Semdeg TandaTan civdebian da sabolood viRebT piroklastebs an

tefras. tefris mcire nawili SeiZleba sxva qanebis namsxvrevi masalac iyos.

simsxos mixedviT piroklastebis ramdenime saxe gamoiyofa: lodebi (beltebi)

vulkanuri bombebi lapilebi vulkanuri qviSa vulkanuri mtveri.

vulkanuri lodebi (beltebi), rogorc wesi, myari qanebis dakuTxul namsxvrevebs

warmoadgens. zomebiT didia, zogjer giganturic ki. cnobilia, rom vulkanos

(italia) amofrqvevisas amoutyorcnia 25 m3 moculobis 68 toniani lodi. vulkanuri

bombebic sakmaod didi moculobisaa (minimum 5 sm-mde sigrZis). isini warmoadgenen

lavis naglejebs, romelTac haerSi trialis gamo ragbis burTismagvari forma

miuRiaT. lapilebi Txilis zomis piroklastebia. kidev ufro mcire zomisaa

vulkanuri qviSis marcvlebi (1 mm-is rigis), xolo uwvrilesia vulkanuri ferfli da

mtveri. am ukanasknelis simsxo mikronebSi izomeba. xSirad vxvdebiT vulkanuri

bombis an lapilis odena arawesieri formis forian namsxvrevebs, romelTac

vulkanuri wida ewodeba. aris Zalze maRalforiani vulkanuri wida, romelic am

Tvisebis gamo wyalze msubuqia. mas pemza hqvia. vulkanur widasac da pemzasac

gamkvrivebul magmur ,,qafs”uwodeben.

gazebi udides rols TamaSoben vulkanebis moqmedebaSi. maTi gamoyofa xdeba ara

marto vulkanuri aqtivobis periodSi, aramed maSinac, roca vulkanis moqmedeba ukve

Sewyvetilia. gazebis gamoyofis postvulkanuri (vulkanis aqtiuri moqmedebis

Semdgomi) periodi SeiZleba gagrZeldes erTeuli, aTeuli da meti wlebic ki.

magaliTad, vulkani solfatari amoifrqva XII saukuneSi, magram dResac gamoyofs

gogirdian gazebs.

gazebis gamoyofa xdeba rogorc TviT vulkanuri konusidan (amomyvani yeli,

parazituli vulkanebi), ise lavuri nakadebidan.

gazebs Soris wamyvani adgili wylis orTqls ukavia (daaxl. 90%), Semdeg

naxSirorJangs (CO2), naxSirJangs (mxuTav gazs CO), azots (N2), gogirdis Jangebs (SO2,

SO3), gogirdwyalbads (H2S). gazisebr gogirds (S), wyalbads (H2), amiaks (NH3), meTans

(CH4) da sxv. bevri maTgani, mcire raodenobiTac ki Zalian saSiSia cocxali

organizmebisaTvis.

rogorc aRvniSneT, vulkanur konusze gazebi sxvadasxva adgilebidan gamoiyofa.

Tanac aris adgilebi, saidanac mxolod gazi amodis da sxva araferi. aseT adgilebs

fumarolebi (“fumo” – boli; ital.), ewodeba, xolo gazebis gamoyofis

postvulkanur stadias – fumaroluri. fumarolebs Soris ganarCeven iseTebs,

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saidanac yvelaze maRaltemperaturuli (500°-ze meti) da mravalferovani gazebi

amodis (e.w. mSrali fumarolebi). fumarolebi, saidanac gogirdiT mdidari gazebi

gamoiyofa, pirvel rigSi gogirdwyalbadi, solfatarebis saxeliTaa cnobili. aqauri

gazebis temperatura 300-100°-is farglebSia. im fumarolebs ki, romlebic yvelaze

dabaltemperaturul (100°-ze naklebi), naxSirorJangiT mdidar gazebs Seicaven,

mofetebi ewodeba. zogjer samecniero literaturaSi samive tipis fumarolebs

saerTod vulkanuri gazebis sinonimebad xmaroben.

14.1.2. vulkanuri aparati (agebuleba da tipebi).

vulkanuri procesis dawyebis Semdeg amofrqvevis centris irgvliv grovdeba

piroklasturi da lavuri masala, romlis Sedegadac iqmneba vulkanuri mTa anu

vulkanuri konusi. konusis centrSi zevidan vulkanis Ziramde gadis vertikaluri

mili, romelsac vulkanis yeli an amomyvani yeli hqvia. swored aqedan amoitaneba

SigneTis masala. vulkanis yeli zeviT Tasiseburi an Zabriseburi CaRrmavebiT –

krateriT (“krates” – Tasi; berZn.) bolovdeba (sur. 14.1, 14.2). Zlieri afeTqebiT

vulkanuri konusi SeiZleba mTlianad moiglijos, moingres. maSin mis adgilze

gaCndeba wriuli depresia, romelsac kaldera (“kaldera” – qvabi; port.) ewodeba,

xolo kalderis SigniT axali konusi Camoyalibdeba. Zveli konusis kideebze ki

wriuli seri an misi nawilebi SemorCeba. es iqneba soma – vezuvis Zveli vulkanuri

konusis monte-somas saxelidan gamomdinare (sur. 14.2). fiqroben, rom vezuvis Zveli

konusi 79 wlis amofrqvevisas daingra Zlieri afeTqebis Sedegad, xolo axali

konusi daaxloebiT 100 wlis Semdeg gaCnda. Tumca aris sxva Sexedulebac –

amofrqvevam konusi ki ar daangria, aramed krateridan amovida didZali lava, ris

gamoc SigneTSi (vulkanuri konusis qveS) sicariele gaCnda da swored am adgilSi

Caiqca vulkanuri konusi. sulac ar aris gamoricxuli, rom kalderas gaCena am gziT

xdebodes.

vulkanuri konusi anu vulkanuri aparati SeiZleba agebuli iyos lavisa da

piroklasturi masalis morigeobiT. aseT konuss stratovulkani hqvia. gasagebia, rom

stratovulkani axasiaTebs iseT vulkanebs, romlebic moqmedebisas tefrasTan erTad

lavasac iZlevian (vezuvi, etna, vulkano). SeiZleba konusi agebuli iyos mxolod

tefriT (umetesad widiTa da lapilebiT). aseTi konusebi aqvT vulkanebs, romelTa

amofrqveva faqtobrivad lavis gareSe xdeba (monpele, krakatau). aris mxolod laviT

agebuli vulkanuri konusebi. aseT formebs iZleva ZiriTadad fuZe, e.i. SedarebiT

kargad moZravi naklebad blanti lava. esaa vulkanuri farebi – did farTobze

gaSlili, centrSi mcired amozneqili formebi (axasiaTebs e.w. “havais tipis”

vulkanebs – mauna-loa da sxv.).

14.1.3. vulkanebis tipebi.

vulkanebis amofrqveva Zalian mravalferovania. is ganpirobebulia Semdegi

faqtorebiT: magmis qimizmiT, temperaturiT, siblantiT da gansakuTrebiT gazianobiT.

magmaSi gazi an gaxsnilia, an Tavisufal mdgomareobaSia (buStebis saxiT). swored es

ukanasknelia Zlieri afeTqebis wyaro.

amofrqvevis xasiaTis mixedviT vulkanebis, ufro zustad ki vulkanizmis sami

ZiriTadi tipi SeiZleba gamoiyos: 1) efuziuri (wyalqveSa da xmeleTis), 2)

piroklasturi da 3)eqsploziuri.

efuziuri tipis vulkanizmi ukavSirdeba fuZe, bazaltur magmas, mimdinareobs

Zalian mSvidi afeTqebebiT da iZleva vulkanur farebs (havaisa da islandiis

vulkanebi da sxv.). piroklasturi tipi xasiaTdeba Zlieri gazuri afeTqebebiT, didi

raodenobiT iZleva lavasa da piroklastur masalas, aqvs stratovulkani (vezuvi,

etna, stromboli da a.S.). eqsploziuri tipi uZlieresi gazuri afeTqebebiT

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xasiaTdeba, didi raodenobiT Cndeba piroklasturi masala da TiTqmis ar aris lava

(romelic vulkanuri procesis dasasruls SeiZleba amoizidos obeliskiviT. sur.

14.3). amofrqveva ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba saSualo da mJave qanebs (mon-pele, krakatau,

bandai da sxv.).

vulkanizms, rogorc process, SeiZleba sxva kuTxiTac SevxedoT da gamovyoT misi

ori saxe – napraluri da centruli vulkanizmi. napraluri vulkanizmis dros,

saxelwodebidan gamomdinare, amofrqveva ara vulkanuri centridan, aramed

napralidan xdeba. es napralebi SeiZleba xazobrivad aTasobiT kilometrzec ki iyos

gadaWimuli. am tipis vulkanizmi damaxasiaTebelia Suaokeanuri qedebisaTvis da sxva

riftuli zolebisaTvis. vulkanizmi bazalturia, fuZea. rac Seexeba centrul

vulkanizms, mis Sesaxeb zeviT gvqonda saubari. davsZenT mxolod, rom centruli

vulkanebis didi nawili poligenuria, anu maTi moqmedeba droSi ganaxlebadia. maT

gverdiT arseboben monogenuri vulkanebic. es aris erTjeradi afeTqebis vulkanebi,

romlebic lavas ar iZlevian da arc vulkanur konuss qmnian. afeTqebis Sedegad

Cndeba aseuli metris an zogjer erTeuli kilometri diametris krateri, romlis

irgvliv piroklasturi masaliT agebuli dabali zvinulia ganviTarebuli. krateris

ZirSi SigneTidan Semodis vulkanuri arxi, e.w. afeTqebis mili anu diatrema,

romelic ZiriTadad ultrafuZe qanebiT agebuli vulkanuri breqCiiT aris

amovsebuli. mas kimberliti ewodeba (saxelwodeba samxreT afrikidan modis).

kimberlitebi Zalze Rirebul qanebad iTvleba, radganac maTTan almasis umdidresi

sabadoebia dakavSirebuli (samxreTi afrika, ruseTi). kimberlitebi gviCveneben, rom

maTi warmoSoba moxda maRali wnevisa da temperaturis pirobebSi, Tanac masala didi

siRrmidan, mantiidan modioda.

monogenuri vulkanebi gavrcelebulia germaniaSic, sadac mas maari hqvia. zogjer

maarebSi tbac aris Camdgari (sur. 14.4).

13.1.4. postvulkanuri procesebi.

dadgeba dro, roca vulkani wyvets Tavis aqtiur moqmedebas. magram misi “sicocxle”

erTgvarad grZeldeba, rac vulkanuri gazebis gamoyofaSi gamoixateba. am

postvulkanur process zeviT fumaroluri stadia vuwodeT.

gazebis gverdiT postvulkanur procesebTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli cxeli

wyaroebi anu Termebi, romlebic dRes farTod aris gavrcelebuli Tanamedrove an

uaxlesi (pliocen-meoTxeuli) vulkanizmis regionebSi, rogoricaa magaliTad,

islandia, kamCatka, axali zelandia, italia, kavkasia da sxv. Termuli wyaroebidan

xSirad xdeba sxvadasxva nivTierebis gamoleqva, magaliTad, kaJis an kirqvis tufis.

Termebis Tavisebur saxeobas warmoadgens geizeri (sur. 14.5). es Tavisebureba imaSi

gamoixateba, rom geizeri mudmivad ki ar gadmosCqefs zedapirze, aramed wyali (ufro

zustad ki wylisa da orTqlis narevi) drodadro asxams zeviT Sadrevanis msgavsad.

Sadrevnebs Soris siwynaris periodebia, romelic erTeuli wuTidan ramdenime

dRemde grZeldeba. wylis temperatura zedapirze amosvlisas 75-100°-is farglebSi

meryeobs. geizeris maxloblad ileqeba kaJis tufi anu geizeriti, romelic ulamazes

naden formebs qmnis (sur. 14.6).

ratom aris geizeris moqmedeba wyvetili, denaperioduli? am sakiTxze arsebobs

metad saintereso Sexeduleba – zedapiridan siRrmeSi Cadis milisebri arxi,

romelic wyliT aris savse. siRrmeSi wyali TandaTan cxeldeba, radganac ierTebs

maRaltemperaturul gazebs da exeba gaxurebul qanebs. is siTxed rCeba manamde,

vidre misi temperatura arsebuli wnevis pirobebSi duRilis temperaturas ar

gadaaWarbebs. bolos dgeba momenti, roca wyali iqceva orTqlad da es ukanaskneli

miawveba zeviT mdebare wylis svets. amis Sedegad wylis erTi nawili zedapirze

gadmoiRvreba. amas ki mosdevs wnevis swrafi Semcireba da Sesabamisad duRilis

70

temperaturis mkveTri dacema. axla ukve wyali, romlis temperatura duRilis axal

temperaturaze gacilebiT ufro maRalia, swrafad iqceva orTqlad da wylisa da

orTqlis saxiT amoinTxeva. Cndeba Sadrevani. garkveuli drois Semdeg situacia

ganimuxteba, wylisa da orTqlis mTeli masa amova zeviT da Sadrevanic Sewydeba.

Semdeg, simSvidis periodSi, wyali kvlav iwyebs dagrovebas da zemoT aRwerili

procesi ganmeordeba.

postvulkanur procesebTan aris dakavSirebuli talaxis vulkanebis garkveuli

tipis warmoSobac.

13.1.5. Tanamedrove vulkanebis geografiuli gavrceleba.

Tanamedrove vulkanebi mTels dedamiwazea gavrcelebuli, rogorc xmeleTze, ise

okeaneebSi. Tumca maT ganawilebaSi aSkara kanonzomiereba SeimCneva (sur. 14.7).

gamoyofen sam did sartyels, sadac Tanamedrve vulkanTa didi umetesobaa

Tavmoyrili. pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT wynarokeanuri sartyeli, romelic

irgvliv uvlis wynari okeanis orive (dasavleT da aRmosavleT) sanapiros. am

sartyels cirkumwynarokeanursac uwodeben, zogjer ki cecxlovan rgols.

wynarokeanuri sartylis “aziuri nawili” iwyeba kamCatkis vulkanebiT da kurilis

kunZulebis, iaponiis da sxvaTa gavliT axali zelandiis vulkanebamde midis. rac

Seexeba sartylis “amerikul” nawils, is aleutis kunZulebidan samxreT sandviCebis

rkalamde vrceldeba.

wynarokeanuri sartylis vulkanebze dRes moqmed vulkanTa 3/4 (500-dan 370) modis.

metad sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom wynarokeanuri sartylis vulkanebi

ganlagebulia kontinenturi da okeanuri liTosferuli filebis urTierTSexebis

zolSi, anu im zolSi, sadac Sejaxebisas erTi fila (wynarokeanuri) iZireba meoris

(kontinenturis) qveS. es aris CvenTvis ukve cnobili subduqciis zona, romelic

warmoadgens aqtiuri vulkanizmis (da agreTve Zlieri miwisZvrebis) keras. rogorc

fiqroben, subduqciis zonaSi, daaxloebiT 90-150 km siRrmeze xdeba vulkanuri

kerebis formireba. magma SedgenilobiT kir-tute, andezituria.

xmelTaSuazRviur sartyelSi Tanamedrove vulkanebi ganviTarebulia sartylis

dasavlur da samxreT-aRmosavlur daboloebebze (italia, saberZneTi, malais

arqipelagi). maT Sua ki cnobilia axalgazrda, pliocen-meoTxeuli asakis vulkanebi

(kavkasia, TurqeTi, irani). es sartyelic, msgavsad pirvelisa, liTosferuli filebis

konvergentul sazRvarzea ganviTarebuli. Tumca aq kontinenturi filebis

SejaxebasTan, koliziasTan gvaqvs saqme da ara kontinenturi da okeanuri filebis

kontaqtTan. magma mravalferovania, ZiriTadad mJave da tute.

aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom orive sartylis vulkanebi faqtobrivad axalgazrda

naoWa mTebis zolebs ukavSirdebian.

mesame sartyels Suaokeanuri qedebis gaswvriv arsebuli riftuli zonebi qmnian.

aseT riftul zonebTan aris dakavSirebuli, magaliTad, islandiis, azoris

kunZulebis, asunsionis, tristan da kunias vulkanebi atlantur okeaneSi. aqac,

msgavsad pirveli da meore sartylebisa, vulkanebi ganlagebulia liTosferuli

filebis kideebze, Tumca ara konvergentuli sazRvrebis, aramed, piriqiT,

divergentuli sazRvrebis zolSi. es xom is sazRvrebia, sadac filebis Sejaxebis

nacvlad maTi urTierTdaSoreba xdeba (e.w. spredingis zona). magma aq bazalturia da

rogorc Cans mantiis Rrma nawilebidan modis. vulkanuri sartylebis kidev erTi

tipi dakavSirebulia afrikis (ZiriTadad aRmosavleT afrikis) kontinentur

riftebTan (kilimanjaro, niragongo da sxv.).

did yuradRebas iqcevs agreTve Tanamedrove vulkanebis gavrcelebis is ubnebi,

romlebic liTosferuli filebis Siga regionebTan aris dakavSirebuli. aseTebia:

kanaris, mwvane koncxis kunZulebi atlantur okeaneSi; komoris kunZulebi, reunioni,

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kergeleni indoeTis okeaneSi; galapagosi da havais kunZulebi wynar okeaneSi. am

vulkanTa erTi nawili “cxel laqebs” ukavSirdeba.

13.2. magmatizmis praqtikuli mniSvneloba.

magmatizmi uaRresad mniSvnelovani procesia ara marto Teoriuli, aramed

praqtikuli TvalsazrisiTac. magmatizmTan dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva tipis iseTi

Zvirfasi madneuli sabadoebis formireba, rogoricaa spilenZis, nikelis, tyviis,

TuTiis, rkinis, oqros, vercxlis, uranis, dariSxanis da sxva mravali elementis Tu

mineralis sabadoebi; agreTve Zvirfasi da naxevradZvirfasi qvebis genezisi (almasi,

granatebi, topazi, turmalini, berili, lali da a.S.). fumarolebs zedapirze

gamoaqvT: spilenZi, gogirdi, bori, vercxlis wyali da sxv. didi praqtikuli

mniSvneloba aqvs vulkanuri areebis Termuli energiis gamoyenebas. mraval qveyanaSi

(italia, islandia, meqsika, axali zelandia, aSS, iaponia, ruseTi) muSaoben

geoTermuli eleqtrosadgurebi. Termul wylebs iyeneben saTburebisaTvis, binebis

gasaTbobad, samkurnalod. vulkanuri ferfli, romelic mdidaria kaliumiT,

fosforiT da sxva elementebiT, qmnis noyier niadags, romelic weliwadSi ramdenime

mosavals iZleva.

magmuri procesebis, rogorc intruziulis, ise efuziuris Sedegad warmoSobili

TiTqmis yvela qani saukeTeso samSeneblo masalas warmoadgens. saukeTeso

mosapirkeTebeli qanebia: graniti, labradoriti, gabro, bazalti, dioriti, teSeniti

da bevri sxva.

Tavi 15. metamorfizmi

xSirad dedamiwis qerqSi an mantiaSi mimdinare geologiuri procesebis gamo

zedapirze arsebuli qanebi SigneTSi iZireba. iq ki maRali wnevisa da temperaturis

pirobebSi da kidev imis gamo, rom qanebze did gavlenas axdens napralebSi moZravi

airebiT gajerebuli cxeli xsnarebi _ fluidebi (,,fluidus“ - denadi; laT.), qanebi

saxes icvlian, gardaiqmnebian, Sedegad ki metamorfuli qanebi miiReba. metamorfuli

qanebi miiReba im SemTxvevaSic, roca SigneTSi arsebul qanebTan kontaqtSi modis

ufro Rrma fenebidan SemoWrili maRaltemperaturuli magma, romelic kontaqtis

zolSi daxvedrili qanebis safuZvlian Secvlas iwvevs.

amgvarad metamorfizmi ukve arsebuli magmuri an danaleqi qanebis saxecvlaa da

maT adgilze sxva axali qanebis warmoSobaa.

metamorfuli procesebis Sedegad xdeba qanebis gadakristaleba, mineraluri da

rig SemTxvevaSi qimiuri Sedgenilobis Secvlac. Sesabamisad icvleba qanis

struqturaca da teqsturac. es procesi sxvadasxva intensivobiT mimdinareobs.

amitom arsebobs metamorfuli qanebis uwyveti rigi sustad metamorfulidan Zlier

metamorfulamde. pirvel SemTxvevaSi cvlileba umniSvneloa da qani faqtobrivad

inarCunebs pirvandel struqturas, teqsturas da Sedgenilobas. bolo SemTxvevaSi

cvlileba imdenad didia, rom dedaqanis amocnoba SeuZlebeli xdeba.

zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom metamorfizmis wamyvani faqtorebia wneva, maRali

temperatura da fluidebi.

wneva orgvaria: yovelmxrivi anu hidrostatikuri (liTostatikuri), romelic

ganpirobebulia zeviT mdebare qanebis dawoliT, da stresuli an calmxrivi (zogjer

orientirebulsac uwodeben), romelic teqtonikur procesebTan aris dakavSirebuli

da yvelaze mkveTrad liTosferuli filebis koliziis zonaSi mJRavndeba.

72

maRali temperatura SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos dedamiwis saerTo Sinagani

siTboTi, an SeiZleba lokaluri warmoSobis iyos, vTqvaT rRvevis zolSi magmuri

intruziiT an cxeli fluidebiT motanili. miCneulia, rom metamorfizmisaTvis

saWiro temperatura 300°C -ze naklebi ar unda iyos.

fluidebs, romelTa did nawils wylis orTqli da naxSirorJangi Seadgens,

moaqvT siTbo, xsnian qanebis amgeb mineralebs, gadaaqvT qimiuri elementebi da

amgvarad monawileoben ra qimiur procesebSi, saxes ucvlian liTosferos amgeb

qanebs.

metamorfizmis ZiriTadi tipebi.

Tavisi bunebis mixedviT metamorfizmis sxvadasxva tipi arsebobs, romelTagan

mxolod ramdenimes ganvixilavT. erT-erTi maTgani kontaqturi metamorfizmia. misi

warmoSoba SigneTidan zeda fenebSi magmuri intruziis SemoWrasTan aris

dakavSirebuli. maRaltemperaturiani magmuri intruzia Termul zemoqmedebas axdens

im qanebze, romelSic iWreba da gardaqmnis maT. sabolood magmuri intruziis

irgvliv Cndeba Semcveli qanebis metamorfulad saxecvlili zona, anu zona

metamorfuli qanebisa. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria SemoWrili intruziis sidide,

kontaqturi metamorfizmis zona ganisazRvreba erTeuli metridan kilometrebamde.

metamorfizmis efeqti gansakuTrebiT maRalia intruziisa da Semcveli (damxvedri)

qanis uSualo kontaqtis zonaSi da TandaTan ecema periferiebisaken, anu uSualo

kontaqtis zonidan daSorebiT. radganac kontaqturi metamorfizmi met-naklebad

adgilobrivi xasiaTisaa da didi sivrcobrivi masStabebiT ar gamoirCeva, mas

sxvanairad lokalursac uwodeben. zogjer Termul zemoqmedebas emateba agreTve

intruziidan gamoyofili fluidebis moqmedebac, rac Semcveli qanebis qimiur-

mineralur cvlasac iwvevs. aseT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs kontaqt-metasomatur

metamorfizmTan.

Tu kontaqturi metamorfizmi lokaluri xasiaTisaa, Tavisi grandiozuli

masStabebiT gamoirCeva regionuli metamorfizmi, romelic liTosferuli filebis

moZraobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. subduqciis zonaSi filis daZirvisas, am

ukanasknels Tan miaqvs zRvaSi daleqili qanebis mZlavri wyebebi, romlebic did

siRrmeebze (20-30 km) moxvedrisas, maRali wnevisa da temperaturis pirobebSi da

agreTve fluidebis intensiuri zemoqmedebiT, Zlier metamorfizms ganicdian. Sors

wasuli metamorfuli procesebis SemTxvevaSi ultrametamorfizms viRebT.

bolo xanebSi saubaria e.w. dartymiT metamorfizmze (anu impaqtur metamorfizmze),

romelic Cndeba dedamiwaze didi meteoritebis vardnis Sedegad. meteoritis

Camovardnisas dartymis Sedegad warmoSobili didi energiis wyalobiT meteorituli

kraterebis (astroblemebis) zolSi qerqis amgebi qanebis metamorfuli saxecvla

xdeba (didi meteoritebis vardna dedamiwaze periodulad xdeboda. dReisaTvis

cnobilia 200-ze meti astroblema, romlebic sxvadasxva dros aris gaCenili. maT

Soris yvelaze didi Ciskulubis (iukatani, meqsika) krateria 180 km-iani diametriT,

romelic daaxloebiT 65 mln.wlis win gaCnda.).

regionuli metamorfizmi sxvadasxva intensivobisaa. gamoyofen dabal, saSualo da

maRalsafexurian metamorfizms. xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom metamorfizmis

TiToeul am safexurs Seesabameba qanebis da maTi amgebi mineralebis garkveuli

kompleqsi, romelTa mixedviTac xdeba zemoT xsenebuli safexurebis amocnoba.

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dabalsafexurian metamorfizms gansazRvravs mwvane fiqlebis faciesi, romlis

damaxasiaTebeli qani mwvane fiqlebia, xolo wamyvani mineralebi: qloriti, epidoti,

mwvane rqatyuara da sxv. saSualosafexurian metamorfizms warmoadgens

amfibolituri faciesi, romelsac qmnian kristaluri fiqlebi, gneisebi da

amfibolitebi, wamyvani mineralebidan ki - qarsebi ( biotiti, muskoviti), amfibolebi

da sxv. maRalsafexurian metamorfizms gviCvenebs granulituri faciesi. wamyvani

qanebia granuliti da eklogiti, xolo mineralebidan - kvarci, mindvris Spatebi,

granatebi.

faciesuri zonaloba aRiniSneba kontaqturi metamorfizmis drosac.

Tavi 16. miwisZvrebi

1964 wlis 27 marts alaskaSi, q. ankorijis maxloblad moxda Zlieri miwisZvra,

romlis Sesaxeb metad saintereso cnobebi am miwisZvris uSualo Semswrem, gazeT

“ankorij deili Taimsis” redaqtorma robert istvudma mogvawoda – “ucbad naTeli

gaxda, rom es ar iyo saxumaro miwisZvra... raRac Zalian Zlier qanaobda WaRi,

romelic gemis saWevarisagan iyo gakeTebuli. yvelaferi Zirs cvioda... ezoSi

gamosvlisTanave davinaxe, Tu rogor “ikrunCxeboda da kvnesoda” Cemi saxli. Zirs

enarcxebodnen didi xeebi... miwaSi gaCnda napralebi. gaurkveveli formis miwis

naglejebi zeviT-qveviT moZraobdnen... mindoda Robeze gadaxtomiT mezoblis ezoSi

gadasvla, rom uceb Robe miwaSi STainTqa... Cem win didi naprali gaCnda, romelmac

mezoblis saxli mTlianad STainTqa” (Болт и др., 1978). am miwisZvris siZlieris

ramdenadme kargad warmosadgenad, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom im momentSi r. istvudi

q. ankorijSi imyofeboda, romelic miwisZvris epicentridan 130 km-iT iyo

daSorebuli.

ankorijis miwisZvra Tavisi ZaliT erT-erTi uZlieresi iyo cnobil miwisZvraTa

Soris. xolo mis mier miyenebulma materialurma zaralma 310 milioni amerikuli

dolari Seadgina. cnobilia miwisZvrebi, romelTac qalaqebi mTlianad daungreviaT

an sagrZnoblad mouoxrebiaT. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, miwisZvrebi: san-franciskos

(1906w.), AaSxabadis (1948 w.), skoples (1963 w.), taSkentis (1966 w.), buqarestis (1977 w.),

spitakis (1988 w.) da sxv.

ufro saSineli ki is aris, rom miwisZvraTa Sedegad uamravi adamiani iRupeba.

daRupulTa ricxvi yovelwliurad saSualod 10 000 kacs Seadgens. iuneskos-s

monacemebiT 1926-1950 wlebSi miwisZvris Sedegad 310 000 kaci daiRupa, xolo

materialurma zaralma 10 mlrd. dolari Seadgina. adamianTa msxverplis

TvalsazrisiT Semzaravia CineTSi momxdari miwisZvrebi. 1556 wels momxdari

miwisZvris Sedegad iq daiRupa 830 000 kaci, xolo 1976 wels – 650 000. am

TvalsazrisiT aranakleb saSineli iyo tokios (1923 w., daiRupa 160 000 kaci) da

lisabonis (1775 w., daiRupa 60 000 kaci) miwisZvrebi.

zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan kargad Cans, Tu ra damRupvel stiqions

warmoadgens miwisZvra. bunebrivia, rom adamiani mas imTaviTve SiSiT aRiqvamda da es

SiSi ar gamqrala dResac.

magram SiSTan erTad gaCnda am stiqionis Secnobis interesic. ra aris miwisZvra?

aq moviSvelioT al. janeliZis (1972) lakonuri ganmarteba, rom miwisZvra aris

dedamiwis uecari Seryeva, romlis mizezic miwis SigneTSi mdebareobs.

uaRresad sainteresoa imis codna, Tu rogor Cndeba miwisZvra, ra iwvevs mas.

cnobilia, rom dedamiwis qerqisa da mantiis amgebi qanebi drekad deformaciebs

ganicdian, ris gamoc qanebi “daZabul” mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. rodesac drekadi

deformaciis gamomwvevi Zala gadaaWarbebs qanebis misdami gamZleobis unars,

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ganviTardeba wyvetiTi deformaciebi, rac gamoaTavisuflebs didZal energias da

Sesabamisad miwisZvrebs iwvevs. es SigneTSi xdeba. zedapiramde ki miwisZvra seismuri

gaswvrivi da ganivi talRebis meSveobiT vrceldeba. swored isini, vertikaluri da

horizontuli biZgebiT gvamcnoben miwisZvras da iwveven ngrevas. gamodis, rom

miwisZvris mizezi teqtonikuri deformaciebi yofila. es marTlac asea –

miwisZvrebis mTavari mizezi teqtonikuri deformaciebia. Tumca mis gverdiT sxva

mizezebic unda davasaxeloT: 1) vulkanizmi (vulkanur afeTqebasa da magmis

moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli miwisZvrebi), b) teqnogenuri faqtori (birTvul

afeTqebebTan, wyalsacavebis avsebasTan, navTobisa da gazis sabadoebis

damuSavebasTan da sxva amgvarTan dakavSirebuli miwisZvrebi). wylalsacavebiT

gamowveuli miwisZvrebis magaliTebi sakmaod bevria (aSS, indoeTi, tajikeTi,

yirgizeTi, uzbekeTi, daRestani). unda SevniSnoT, rom vulkanizmiTa da teqnogenuri

faqtorebiT gamowveuli miwisZvrebi ar aris Zlieri, maSin roca teqtonikuri

miwisZvrebi xSirad katastrofulia.

didi mniSvneloba aqvs miwisZvris intensivobis anu Zalis gansazRvras, rac balebSi

gamoixateba. intensivoba ganisazRvreba gruntis dazianebisa da nagebobaTa ngrevis

xarisxiT, agreTve adamianis reaqciiT miwis Seryevaze. amis mixedviT dgeba miwisZvris

Zalis maCvenebeli skala. pirveli aseTi, aTbaliani, skala Seiqmna evropeli

mecnierebis mier mecxramete saukunis oTxmocian wlebSi. XX saukunis dasawyisSi,

1902 wels italielma seismologma merkalim mogvca 12 baliani skala, romelic

modernizebuli saxiT dResac ZalaSia. aris aseve 7 baliani iaponuri skalac. yofil

sabWoTa kavSirSi funqcionirebda merkalis skalis msgavsi 12 – baliani skala “MSK

- 64”, romlis mixedviTac aSxabadis 1948 wlis miwisZvra 10 baliT, xolo spitakis

(1988 w.) 7-10 baliT ganisazRvra.

rogorc vxedavT, miwisZvris Zalis gazomva subieqturia. amis paralelurad,

instrumentulad SeiZleba miwisZvris energiis gazomvac. miwisZvris talRebis Camwer

instruments seismografi ewodeba, romelic SigneTidan mosul talRebs seismogramis

saxiT aRnusxavs. seismogramebiT ganisazRvreba is energia, romelic gamoiyofa

miwisZvris keraSi. es gansazRvra ki xdeba rixteris skalis mixedviT da magnitudebSi

izomeba. rixteris skala icvleba 0-dan 9-mde. dRemde cnobil miwisZvraTagan yvelaze

maRali magnitudis (8.9) miwisZvra iaponiaSi 1933 wels aRiniSna. miwisZvris

intensiurobasa da magnitudas Soris pirdapiri kavSiri ar aris, magram Cveulebriv,

rac ufro Zlieria miwisZvra, miT ufro didia misi magnituda.

adgils sadac miwisZvris Casaxva xdeba miwisZvris kera, hipocentri an fokusi ewodeba.

hipocentris maqsimaluri siRrme 720 km-ia. ufro didi siRmidan wamosuli miwisZvrebis

dafiqsireba zedapirze ver xerxdeba. hipocentridan umoklesi manZiliT dakavSirebul

wertils dedamiwis zedapirze epicentri ewodeba. sxvagvarad epicentri aris

hipocentris proeqcia miwis zedapirze. epicentris irgvliv gamoiyofa intensiuri

ngrevis farTobi – pleistoseisturi are. epicentridan preistoseisturi farTobis

gavliT periferiebisaken miwisZvris intensiuroba TandaTan mcirdeba. Tanabari

siZlieris miwisZvris wertilebis SeerTebiT viRebT koncentrul xazebs – izoseistebs.

hipocentris mdebareobis mixedviT miwisZvris sami tipi gamoiyofa: 1. mcire-

fokusiani miwisZvrebi, romelTa hipocentrebi 60 km-mde siRrmeSi mdebareoben. maTze

modis mTeli miwisZvrebis 75-80%. aqaa yvelaze saSiSi miwisZvrebic; 2.

saSualofokusiani – 60-300 km siRrmeze; 3. Rrmafokusiani – 300-720 km siRrmeze. am

tipis TiTqmis yvela miwisZvra subduqciis zonebTan aris dakavSirebuli.

dedamiwis zedapirze miwisZvris Zalas gansazRvravs hipocentris siRrme,

miwisZvris keraSi warmoSobili kinetikuri energia da qanebis mier seismuri

75

talRebis gamtarunarianoba. rac ufro Rrmad mdebareobs hipocentri, miT ufro

naklebi iqneba miwisZvris Zala zedapirze, Tumca, amave mizeziT is ufro farTod

gaiSleba da met teritoriebs moicavs.

miwisZvras uamravi mZime Sedegi mosdevs: 1. ryeviTi moZraobis gamo miwaSi Cndeba

napralebi (rRvevebi), romelTa gaswvriv calkeuli blokebis urTierTgadaadgileba

xdeba; 2. okeaneSi momxdari miwisZvris Sedegad Cndeba cunami es aris didi sigrZis talRa

(100km-mde), romelic okeanis siRrmeSi warmoiSoba, iq misi simaRle Zalian mcirea (1 m-

mde), amitom Sua okeaneSi cunami ar SeimCneva. napirTan moaxloebisas, zRvis siRrmis

Semcirebis gamo cunamis siCqare klebulobs, katastrofulad mcirdeba misi sigrZec.

samagierod izrdeba simaRle, romelic rig SemTxvevaSi aTeul metrs aRwevs. Cndeba

saSineli Zalis giganturi talRa, romelic yvelafers anadgurebs. ZiriTadad

cunamis “damsaxurebaa” adamianTa is didi msxverpli (60 000 kaci), rac lisabonis 1775

wlis miwisZvras mohyva, xolo 1883 wels krakataus amofrqvevisas swored cunamma

Seiwira 36 000 kacis sicocxle; 3. miwisZvra iwvevs ngrevebs (rogorc xmeleTze, ise

zRvaSi), zvavebs, namzRvlevebs da a.S. zogjer aseTi zvavebi giganturi zomisaa.

peruSi 1970 wels momxdari miwisZvris dros mTidan mowyda 100 mln m3 yinulis,

gruntisa da qanebis masa; gadaevlo dabalmTian qedebsa da mdinareTa xeobebs, ise,

rom mcenareul-niadaguri safari masze arc ki darRveula (rogorc fiqroben,

mewyeri moZraobda SekumSuli haeris ,,baliSze”, ramac Zalian Seamcira xaxunis

Zala); 4. Zlieri miwisZvrebis dros xSirad xdeba kaSxlebis da dambebis gagleja,

rac wyaldidobis sababi xdeba; 5. miwisZvris dros zogjer qalaqebSi Zlieri xanZari

Cndeba. amgvarma xanZarma udidesi zarali miayena q. san-franciskos (1906 w.) da q.

tokios (1923 w.). xanZriT aranakleb dazaralda 1963 wels q. skople (makedonia).

miwisZvrebis geografiuli ganawileba.

vulkanebis mgavsad, miwisZvrebis geografiuli gavrceleba dakavSirebulia

wynarokeanur da xmelTaSuazRviur zonebTan, Suaokeanuri qedebis zolTan da

aRmosavleT afrikis riftul zolTan. Zlieri, damangreveli, miwisZvrebi ZiriTadad

kontinentebis aqtiur kideebTan aris dakavSirebuli, an im zonebTan, romlebic sul

axlo geologiur warsulSi aseT kideebs warmoadgendnen. aq Tavmoyrilia

miwisZvrebis 80-90%. miwisZvrebis kerebis koncentraciis zonebs seismofokaluri

zonebi (“seismos” – miwisZvra; berZn. “fokaluri” – kerasTan dakavSirebuli) hqvia.

aseismuria kratonebi, okeanuri filebis Siga ubnebi, axalgazrda platformebi.

Tumca gamonaklisis saxiT miwisZvrebi aqac aris cnobili (sur. 13.7.).

miwisZvrebis prognozireba.

es sakiTxi metad aqtualuria, ramdenadac masze aris damokidebuli araTu calkeuli

qalaqebis da iq mcxovrebTa, aramed garkveulwilad calkeuli qveynebis bedic ki.

Tumca sulac ver vityviT, rom miwisZvrebis prognozirebis sakiTxi dRes mTlianad,

an mniSvnelovnad mainc iyos gadaWrili.

miwisZvrebis prognozi gulisxmobs adgilis, drois da intensivobis (Zalis)

winaswar ganWvretas. am samidan SedarebiT ioli gasarkvevia da amdenad ufro realuri

momavali miwisZvris adgilis garkveva. ukve cnobilia, rom miwisZvrebi umetesad

teqtonikurad aqtiur regionebSi xdeba. amdenad adgili TiTqos miTiTebulia. rac

Seexeba dros, aq saqme ufro rTuladaa, Tumca prognozisaTvis zogi momennti

cnobilia. kerZod, Tu mocemul regionSi miwisZvrebi garkveuli periodulobiT

xdeba, es momenti SeiZleba gaxdes drois prognozis – erT-erTi sayrdeni. sxva

SemTxvevaSi, Tu miwisZvra didxans ar yofila misi ganviTarebis albaToba didad

izrdeba.

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zemoT dasaxelebuli orive momenti miwisZvris Soreul prognozs gulisxmobs.

rac Seexeba axlo prognozs uaRresad mniSvnelovania imis codna, rom mosalodnel

miwisZvris win SesamCnevad izrdeba magnituri veli, garemos akustikuri Tvisebebi,

atmosferos eleqtruli pontenciali, wylebis hidrogeoqimiuri reJimi. anomalurad

iqcevian cxovelebi.

drois prognozi zogjer marTldeba. amis saukeTeso magaliTia CineTSi 1975 wels

momxdari miwisZvra (7.3-iani magnitudiT) winaswari ganWvreta, ramac aTaseulobiT

adamiani sikvdils gadaarCina.

Zalze Zneli Cans miwisZvris intensivobis prognozireba. miwisZvris prognozirebas

erTgvarad aadvilebs calkeuli regionebisaTvis arsebuli sxvadasxva masStabis

seismuri daraionebis rukebis arseboba.

mTeli rigi RonisZiebebiT SeiZleba momavali miwisZvris Sedegebisagan winaswari

Tavdacva. aseTebia: mSeneblobis akrZalva teqtonikuri rRvevebis zolSi,

seismomedegi Senobebis ageba, xanZarsawinaaRmdego zomebis miReba da a.S.

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nawili III

dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoria

geologiuri mecnierebis erT-erT saintereso mimarTulebas, SeiZleba iTqvas,

umTavressac, dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriis Seswavla warmoadgens. es

istoria ki daaxloebiT oTxi miliardi wlis win daiwyo, roca civ kosmosSi

„moxetiale“ dedamiwas qerqi gadaekra, e.i. Camoyalibeba daiwyo erT-erTma

mniSvnelovanma geosferom - dedamiwis qerqma.

magram ra iyo manamde? sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom dedamiwa mzis sistemis

rvaTagan erT-erTi planetaa. mzis sistema ki Cveni galaqtikis Semadgeneli nawilia.

rogorc fiqroben, samyaro 100 miliardi galaqtikisagan Sedgeba, xolo TiToeul

galaqtikaSi aseve 100 miliardi varskvlavia. amdenad, dedamiwis, rogorc ciuri

sxeulis formireba unda ganvixiloT mTeli samyaros, upirvelesad ki mzis sistemis

formirebis fonze.

samyaros gaCena uaRresad rTul da problemur sakiTxs warmoadgens da adamianis

codnac mis Sesaxeb hipoTezebis doneze Tua. am hipoTezebis Tanaxmad ki samyaro

gaCnda udidesi, maRaltemperaturuli (miliardi gradusebi) cecxlovani sferos

afeTqebiT, romlis Sedegadac sivrceSi yvela mimarTulebiT gaifanta uwvrilesi

nawilakebi. SemdgomSi temperaturis TandaTani dacemiT moxerxda am nawilakebis

SeerTeba-dajgufeba gaz-mtveris calkeuli nislovanedebis saxiT, romlebmac

sabolood varskvlavebi, planetebi da maTi erTobliobiT warmoqmnili galaqtikebi

mogvces. varaudoben, rom samyaro 13-14 miliardi wlis win Seiqmna. Tumca umjobesia

vTqvaT, rom am periodSi daiwyo samyaros formirebis procesi, radganac es procesi

SemdgomSic grZeldeboda Tundac dRevandeli dRis CaTvliT.

fiqroben, rom samyaros msgavsad moxda mzis sistemis Camoyalibebac, romelic

dakavSirebuli unda iyos uaxlesi varskvlavis afeTqebasTan. am afeTqebas unda

gamoewvia gravitaciuli talRa, romelmac xeli Seuwyo kosmosSi gafantuli gazisa

da mtvris nawilakebis SekumSvas da amgvarad masalis kondensacias. Sedegad ki mzis

sistema miviReT, romlis formirebac (cxadia, dedamiwis CaTvliT) daaxloebiT 4,6

miliardi wlis win unda momxdariyo.

mecnierTa azriT planeta dedamiwis formireba rkiniTa da nikeliT agebuli

birTvisagan (yovel SemTxvevaSi Siga birTvisagan) unda dawyebuliyo. cota

mogvianebiT unda gaCeniliyo mantia da dedamiwis qerqi. pirvandeli qerqi, romelic

dRemde arsad napovni ar aris, albaT bazalturi iyo.

amave dros unda iyos Seqmnili dedamiwiseuli atmosfero, romlis formirebac

mantiis degazaciiT unda momxdariyo (intensiuri vulkanizmis wyalobiT). SigneTidan

(mantiidan) amotyorcnili msubuqi gazebi (wyalbadi, heliumi) kosmosSi ifanteboda,

xolo SedarebiT mZime gazebma, iseTebma rogoricaa wylis orTqli (H2O),

naxSirorJangi (CO2), meTani (CH4), naxSirJangi(CO), gogirdwyalbadi(H2S) da sxva,

Seqmnes albaT pirveli dedamiwiseuli atmosfero. odnav mogvianebiT, atmosferodan

wylis orTqlis kondensaciiT dedamiwaze pirveli zRvebic unda gaCeniliyo.

aseTi suraTi iyo dedamiwaze 4 miliardi wlis win. dedamiwis qerqis amgebi

yvelaze Zveli qanebis asakic daaxloebiT 4 miliardi wlisaa. swored aman

ganapiroba is garemoeba, rom dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istorias 4

miliardi wlidan viwyebT.

78

mecnierebas, romelic dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istorias swavlobs,

istoriuli geologia ewodeba. istoriuli geologiis mraval mimarTulebaTa Soris

ori umTavresi unda gamoiyos. erTi iqneba dedamiwaze (SigneTSi Tu zedapirze)

geologiur warsulSi mimdinare procesebis dadgena-amocnoba da misi meSveobiT

dedamiwis zedapiris ama Tu im droindeli suraTis Seqmna (igulixmeba zRvisa da

xmeleTis ganawilebis dadgena), anu paleogeografia. cota sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,

paleogeografia aRadgens geologiur warsulSi arsebul fizikur-geografiul

garemos, romelic gamoxateba kontinentebisa da okeaneebis ganawilebaSi, xmeleTis

reliefisa da okeanis fskeris morfologiaSi, klimatSi da sxv. da rac ufro

mTavaria _yvelaferi amis droSi cvalebadobis gaTvaliswinebiT. meore mimarTuleba

gulisxmobs zemoxsenebuli geologiuri procesebis asakebis gansazRvras, anu im

drois amocnobas, roca es procesebi mimdinareobda. es iqneba geoqronologia.

Tavi 17. sicocxle dedamiwaze

rogorc paleogeografiul, ise geoqronologiur kvlevaSi fasdaudebeli samsaxuri

SeiZleba gagviwios dedamiwaze sicocxlis ganviTarebis Seswavlam.

dedamiwaze sicocxlis arseboba-ganviTareba erT-erT fenomenalur movlenas

warmoadgens da savsebiT bunebrivia, rom is mkvlevarTa udides yuradRebas

imsaxurebda da imsaxurebs dResac. dReisaTvis cnobilia, rom dedamiwaze sicocxle

daaxloebiT 3700 milioni wlis win gaCnda. Tumca amgvar gancxadebas garkveuli

ganmarteba sWirdeba - sicocxle dedamiwaze Caisaxa-ganviTarda da amdenad dedamiwa

warmoadgens erTaderT unikalur planetas am fenomenis arsebobis TvalsazrisiT,

Tu is sxva planetidan mogvevlina. SeiZleba isic vifiqroT, rom sicocxle pirvelad

dedamiwaze gaCnda da Semdeg gavrcelda sxva planetaze.

yovel SemTxvevaSi dReisaTvis ZalaSia orgvari Sexeduleba. erTis mixedviT

sicocxle dedamiwiseulia, e.i. gaCnda da ganviTarda dedamiwaze. am Sexedulebis

erT-erTi fuZemdebelia cnobili rusi mecnieri al. oparini, romelmac es mosazreba

gasuli saukunis ocian wlebSi Camoayaliba (Опарин, 1924). Tumca al. oparini

bolomde mainc ar gamoricxavda dedamiwaze sicocxlis kosmosidan Semosvlis

SesaZleblobas.

meore Sexedulebas zogadad „panspermiis Teoria“ hqvia, romlis avtoria me-19

saukunis germaneli mecnieri h. rixteri. panspermia kosmosSi sayovelTaod arsebul

sicocxles aRiarebs. es Teoria, ufro sworad ki hipoTeza, romelic kosmosidan

dedamiwaze sicocxlis Semotanas gulisxmobs, erTgvari miviwyebis Semdeg dRes

kvlav ganaxlebas iwyebs. TiTqos gaCnda utyuari sabuTebi imisa, rom kosmosidan

SemoWril meteoritebsa da kometebs anabiozis mdgomareobaSi myofi baqteriebi

SemoaqvT („anabiozis“ - gamococxldeba, berZn. - organizmis unari srulad

aRidginos sasicocxlo funqciebi, romlebic mTlianad an nawilobriv dakarga

araxelsayreli cxovrebis pirobebis ganviTarebis gamo). aseT baqteriebs TiTqos

SeswevT unari anabiozis mdgomareobaSi darCnen erTi an ramodenime milioni wlis

ganmavlobaSic ki. aris cnoba imis Taobaze, rom ruseTis mikrobiologiis

institutis TanamSromlebs antarqtidis yinulebSi aRmouCeniaT anabiozSi myofi

baqteriebi, romlebic erTi milioni wlis „Zilis“ Semdeg yinulis galxobis Sedegad

gacocxlebulan. Tu am monacemebs davumatebT imasac, rom avstraliaSi napovn 4500-

79

4600 milioni wlis winandeli asakis meteoritebSi baqteriebis kvalia mikvleuli,

maSin panspermiis hipoTeza aSkarad realur saxes iRebs.

da mainc, dedamiwaze sicocxlis gaCenis sakiTxi bolomde gadawyvetili ar aris.

miuxedavad amisa, erTi ram mainc udavoa - sicocxle dedamiwaze wyalSi, ufro

zustad ki zRvaSi gaCnda. swored zRva iyo is garemo, sadac sicocxlis Casaxvas, an

Casaxvas Tu ara, ganviTarebis dasawyiss mainc hqonda adgili. ara mxolod aTeuli

da aseuli milioni wlebi, aramed miliardi wlebic ki gaxda saWiro imisaTvis, rom

sicocxle zRvidan xmeleTze damkvidrebuliyo. yovelive amis damadasturebeli

utyuari sabuTebi Semonaxulia dedamiwis qerqis amgeb qanebSi.

17.1. ras Seiswavlis paleontologia.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sicocxle dedamiwaze gaCnda daaxloebiT 3700 milioni

wlis win. is arsebobs dResac, Tanac gacilebiT ufro maRali organizaciiT, vidre

iyo adre, geologiur warsulSi. aSkaraa, rom sicocxlem dedamiwaze mTeli am

TiTqmis 4 miliardi wlis ganmavlobaSi didi aRmavloba, evolucia ganicada.

rogorc cnobilia, Tanamedrove sicocxles biologia Seiswavlis. rac Seexeba

geologiur warsulSi arsebul sicocxles, mas sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis metad

saintereso dargi - paleontologia ikvlevs. termini „paleontologia“ niSnavs

moZRvrebas Zveli arsebis (Sinaarsobrivad - Zveli sicocxlis) Sesaxeb. „Zveli

sococxle“ ki is sicocxlea, romelic geologiur warsulSi an sxvagvarad

geologiur xanaSi arsebobda. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom sakmaod Znelia uSualo

sazRvris gatareba geologiur xanasa da istoriul xanas (Tanamedroveobas) Soris

da amdenad geologiur warsulSi arsebuli sicocxlis Tanamedrovisagan gamijvna.

magram gamosavali mainc aris, ramdenadac geologiur warsulSi arsebuli sicocxle

bunebaSi dRes namarxi organizmebis an mokled namarxebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.

aqedan gamomdinare, paleontologia SeiZleba ganvmartoT rogorc mecniereba namarxi

organizmebis Sesaxeb. zogjer namarx organizmebs gadaSenebulebsac uwodeben, rac

mTlad zusti ar aris.

ra aris namarxi? namarxi aris sicocxlis yvela is naSTi, romelic ama Tu im

saxiTaa SemorCenili dedamiwis qerqis amgeb qanebSi. aseTi SeiZleba iyos cxovelis

mTliani skeleti (ConCxi) an misi fragmenti ( magaliTad, dinozavris ConCxi an

xerxemlis erTi mala, uxerxemlo cxovelebis niJarebi da sxv.); mcenaris foTlebis

an meduzebis da sxva cxovelTa anabeWdebi; Siga da gare kalapotebi (gansakuTrebiT

gavrcelebulia uxerxemlo cxovelebSi); nakvalevi, romelic rCeba cxovelTa

siarulis, gruntze xoxvis, gruntSi Caflobis Tu moZraobis Sedegad (magaliTad,

dinozavris nakvalevi quTaisis midamoebSi saTaflias karstuli mRvimis maxloblad);

cxovelTa sasicocxlo moqmedebis Sedegad darCenili produqtebi, e.w. koproliTebi

da sxv.

ganamarxeba, romelsac sxvagvarad fosilizaciasac uwodeben, metad rTuli da

xangrZlivi procesia. amitom sulac ar aris gasakviri, rom organizmTa mxolod 10-

20% Tu namarxdeba, danarCeni ki mTlianad nadgurdeba. dRes cocxal organizmTa 2

300 000 saxeobaa cnobili. mecnierTa azriT axali saxeebis aRmoCeniT es cifri

SeiZleba 30 molionamde avides. saxeobaTa arsebobis saSualo asaki 2-20 milion

wels Seadgens. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT dedamiwaze sicocxlis arsebobis

xangrZlivobas (3700 mln weli), maSin ganamarxebul saxeobaTa ricxvi erTob

80

STambeWdavi iqneba. d. simpsonis (Симпсон, 1948) monacemebiT gadaSenebul saxeobaTa

maqsimaluri ricxvi SeiZleba oTxi miliardic ki iyos. dReisaTvis ki namarxi

organizmebis sul raRac 130 000 saxea cnobili. marTalia namarx saxeobaTa sakmaod

didi nawili jer kidev dedamiwis qerqis amgeb qanebSia damarxuli da amdenad

mkvlevarTaTvis ucnobia, magram miuxedavad amisa, zemoT dasaxelebuli cifri Zalian

mcirea da bevri sxva momentis gaTvaliswinebiT aSkarad miuTiTebs ganamarxebis

erTob dabal procentze. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom

gansakuTrebiT kargad namarxdebian is organizmebi, romlebic mineralur skelets

ikeTeben (sxvadasxvagvari moluskebi an marjnebi an sxv.), xolo Zalze cudad -

uskeleto an TiTqmis uskeleto organizmebi (meduzebi, Wiebi, mwerebi da a.S.).

paleontologia namarxi organizmebis calkeuli jgufebis uSualo Seswavlis

paralelurad ikvlevs maTi cxovrebis pirobebs (paleoekologia), maTi geografiuli

(sivrcobrivi) ganawilebis kanonzomierebebs (paleobiogeografia), xolo sicocxlis

evoluciuri ganviTarebis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT sazRvravs dedamiwis qerqis amgebi

qanebis calkeuli wyebebis geologiur asaks (biostratigrafia). aqedan gamomdinare

fasdaudebelia is wvlili, romelic paleontologias Seaqvs dedamiwis geologiuri

ganviTarebis kvlevis saqmeSi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sicocxlis evolucia

dedamiwaze am ukanasknelis ganviTarebis istoriis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi

nawilia.

paleoekologia warmodgeba terminidan „ekologia“ („oikos“ - saxli,

sacxovrebeli, berZn.), xolo es ukanaskneli Seiswavlis organizmisa da garemos

urTierTobas.

garemos nebismieri ubani iq mcxovrebi organizmebiT anu biosiT warmoadgens

ekosistemas, romelic ori ZiriTadi komponentisagan - biocenozisa da biotopisagan

Sedgeba. biotopi („bios“ + „topos“ - adgili; berZn.) gulisxmobs daaxloebiT

erTnairi pirobebis mqone garemos, romelSic organizmTa garkveuli kompleqsi

binadrobs, xolo biocenozi („bios“ + „cenozi“ - saerTo; berZn.) mocemul konkretul

biotopSi mcxovreb organizmTa erTobliobaa. ekosistema iqneba, magaliTd, okeane an

Tundac biosfero mTeli Tavisi biotopuri Tu biocenozuri mravalferovnebiT da

aseve ekosistemaa wylis patara gubec ki masSi mobinadre baqteriebisa da

mikroorganizmebis TiTo-orola saxeobiT. aSkaraa, rom biocenozi da biotopi

mWidro urTierTkavSirSia da gansazRvraven urTierTs. aqedan gamomdinare

paleoekosistemebis (geologiuri warsulis ekosistemebis) Seswavlisas Zveli

biocenozebis meSveobiT, romelTac oriqtocenozi („oriqtos“ - namarxi, berZn.)

SeiZleba vuwodoT, SegviZlia aRvadginoT is fizikur-geografiuli garemo, romelic

arsebobda dedamiwaze misi geologiuri ganviTarebis ama Tu im periodSi, epoqasa Tu

saukuneSi.

msgavsad paleoekologiurisa, paleobiogeografiuli kvlevis meSveobiTac sakmao

sizustiT SegviZlia aRvadginoT Zveli fizikur-geografiuli garemo, gavigoT

mocemul adgilze adre zRva iyo Tu xmeleTi, zRvis fskeris siRrme, wylis

temperatura da marilianoba, adgilis klimaturi pirobebi da mravali sxva. da rac

mTavaria movxazoT dedamiwis imdroindeli zedapiris paleogeografiuli suraTi.

rac Seexeba biostratigrafias, mas Semdeg SevexebiT. aseve mogvianebiT

ganvixilavT paleontologiuri kvlevis erT-erT problemur, magram uaRresad

saintereso sakiTxs, romelic organizmTa gadaSenebas exeba.

81

17.1.1. organuli samyaros klasifikacia

namarxTa mravalferovani saxeobebis Sesaswavlad maTi sistemaSi moyvana anu

klasifikaciaa saWiro. paleontologia, rogorc biologiuri mecnierebis erT-erTi

dargi, am ukanasknelSi miRebul klasifikacias eyrdnoba, rac savsebiT bunebrivia.

organul samyaroSi gamoiyofa didi erTeulebi (taqsonebi), romelTac samefos

(laT. Regnum) uwodeben (SevniSnavT, rom paleontologiaSi, iseve rogorc saerTod

biologiaSi, nebismieri taqsonis saxelwodeba laTinurad iwereba). samefoebi

nawildebian ufro mcire erTeulebad - tipebad (Phylum). tipi aerTianebs klasebs

(Classis), romelic Tavis mxriv rigebisagan (Ordo) Sedgeba. rigi moicavs ojaxebs

(Familia). ojaxi gvarebs (Genus), xolo gvari saxeebs (Species). es aris organuli

samyaros mTavari taqsonomiuri erTeulebi. maT gverdiT arsebobs aramTavari,

SeiZleba iTqvas gardamavali erTeulebic, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, zesamefo, zetipi,

qvetipi, zeojaxi, qvegvari da sxv.

dReisaTvis organul samyaroSi xuTi samefoa gamoyofili, romlebic or

zesamefoSi erTiandebian:

sqemidan Cans, rom dReisaTvis xuTi samefoa cnobili: baqteriebi, cianobiontebi

(cianobaqteriebi), mcenareebi, sokoebi da cxovelebi. namarxebis saxiT xuTive

samefos warmomadgenlebi gvxvdeba, Tumca paleontologiuri TvalsazrisiT udidesi

mniSvneloba aqvT cxovelebs, Semdeg mcenareebs, naklebad - cianobiontebs da kidev

ufro naklebad - baqteriebsa da sokoebs.

17.1.2 samefo Bacteria _ baqteriebi

baqteriebi mikroskopuli erTujrediani organizmebia, romelTa sxeuli measedi,

meaTedi an erTeuli milimikronebiT izomeba. farTod gavrcelebuli jgufia da

gvxvdeba biosferos yvela ubanze qanebidan dawyebuli sxva organizmebis Sinagan

organoebamde. maTi kveba qemosinTeziT mimdinareobs (qemosinTezi _ organuli

nivTierebis warmoqmna araorganulidan am ukanasknelis daJangvis xarjze).

baqteriebi geologiurad uaRresad sayuradRebo jgufia, radganac warmoadgenen

qanTSemqmnel organizmebs. maT qmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli rkinis, gogirdis, piritis,

fosforitis, navTobis, gazisa da bevri sxva wiaRiseuli sabados formireba.

paleontologiuri TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom pirveli

organizmebi, romlebic dedamiwaze gaCndnen 3700 milioni wlis win, rogorc fiqroben,

swored baqteriebi unda yofiliyvnen.

baqteriebi arqeulidan dRemde modian.

zesamefo

Procaryota – ubirTvoni Eucaryota– birTvianebi

Bacteria baqteriebi

(3900)

Cyanobionta cianobiontebi

(2000)

Phyta (Plantae)

mcenareebi

(360 000)

Fungi sokoebi

(100 000)

Zoa (Animalia) cxovelebi

(1 700 000)

82

17.1.3. samefo Cyanobionta _cianobiontebi

cianobiontebi erTujrediani caledi an koloniuri formebia (albaT pirveli

koloniuri organizmebi dedamiwaze sicocxlis ganviTarebis istoriaSi), romlebic

fotosinTezis meSveobiT ikvebebian. adre maT lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebs

uwodebdnen da Sesabamisad mcenareebs akuTvnebdnen. magram rogorc gairkva, isini

wyalmcenareebisagan gansxvavebuli jgufia, ris gamoc calke erTeulad gamoiyo.

cianobiontebi arqeulSi gaCndnen,daaxloebiT 3500 milioni wlis win. aRsaniSnavia,

rom maTi meSveobiT iqmneba Tavisufali biogenuri Jangbadi, romlis didi

raodenobiT dagroveba arqeulsa da proterozoulSi swored ZiriTadad

cianobiontebis meSveobiT moxda.

Zveli cianobiontebi Txeli (marCxi) zRvis mcxovrebni iyvnen. dRes isini

xmeleTzec gvxvdebian. cianobiontebi qmnian kalciumis karbonatis warmonaqmnebs,

romelTa Zvel formebs stromatoliTebi hqvia. stromatoliTebi gansakuTrebiT

mravladaa proterozoul naleqebSi, sadac isini rifebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.

gamodis, rom pirveli rifismSenebeli organizmebi cianobiontebi yofilan. Tumca

aris Sexeduleba, rom stromatoliTebis formirebaSi cianobiontebTan erTad

baqteriebic monawileobdnen.

stromatoliTebs didi roli eniWebaT proterozouli (gansakuTrebiT rifeuli)

naleqebis stratigrafiaSi. cianobiontebi cnobilia arqeulidan dRemde.

17.1.4. samefo Fungi _ sokoebi.

imdenad mcirea sokoebis rogorc geologiuri, ise paleontologiuri mniSvneloba,

rom maT arc ki SevexebiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom sokoebi xasiaTdebian, rogorc

mcenareTa, ise cxovelTa TvisebebiT. mecnierebi ar gamoricxaven im faqts, rom

sokoebi SeiZleba organizmTa erT-erTi uZvelesi jgufi iyos, Tumca yvelaze Zveli

namarxi sokoebis asaki devonuria. erTi kia, rom xmeleTis pirveli binadarni

baqteriebTan erTad sokoebic iyvnen.

17.1.5 samefo Phyta (Plantae) _ mcenareebi.

mcenareebi organuli samyaros erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlebia.

udidesia maTi rogorc geologiuri, ise paleontologiuri Rirebuleba. SegviZlia

davasaxeloT sakmaod bevri qani da madani, romlebic mTlianad an mniSvnelovnad

mcenareuli naSTebiTaa agebuli. aseTebia: saweri carci, diatomiti, qvanaxSiri, sawvavi

fiqlebi, trepelebi, opokebi, wyalmcenareebiani rifebi da a.S. Zalze mniSvnelovania

mcenareebis roli biostratigrafiaSi.

mcenareebSi or did jgufs (qvesamefoebs) gamoyofen: umdables da umaRles

mcenareebs. pirvel jgufs zogadad wyalmcenareebs uwodeben. saxelidan gamomdinare,

wyalmcenareTa udidesi nawili wyalSi (zRvebSi, lagunebSi, tbebSi) cxovrobs, Tumca

arseboben niadagSic da sxva garemoSic (magaliTad, xeebze, Senobis kedlebze).

wyalmcenareebi erT an mravalujredianebi arian, caledi an koloniuri formebia.

wyalSi mcxovrebni ewevian benTosur an planqtonur cxovrebas. arasodes did

siRrmeebze ar gvxvdebian, vrceldebian sinaTlis sxivis CaRwevis zonamde (saSualod

200 m-ze). es bunebrivicaa, radgan wyalmcenareebi fotosinTezis meSveobiT arseboben.

maTi zomebi sxvadasxvaa _ erTeuli mikronebidan aTeul metramde. zogi maTgani

ikeTebs mineralur skelets.

rogorc varaudoben, wyalmcenareebi gaCndnen proterozoul eonSi daaxloebiT

2000 milioni wlis win. movidnen dRemde.

qvemoT sqematurad SevexebiT wyalmcenareTa im jgufebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania

geologiuri TvalsazrisiT.

83

oqrosferi wyalmcenareebi (tipi Chrysophyta) ZiriTadad erTujrediani,

mikroskopuli formebia, romlebic zogjer koloniebs qmnian; cxovroben mtknar

wylebSi, iSviaTad zRvebSi. ganamarxebuli qrizofitebidan yvelaze cnobilia

kokoliToforidebi – Zalze patara zomis (miekuTvnebian nanoplanqtons (,,nanos” –

juja; berZ.), erTujrediani, ZiriTadad zRvaSi mcxovrebi mcenareebi, romlebic kirqvis

(CaCO3) skelets ikeTeben. swored kokoliToforidebia saweri carcis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawili. sayuradReboa, rom kokoliToforidebi Tbili wylis

moyvaruli formebia. amdenad namarxi kokoliToforidebis meSveobiT SegviZlia

amovicnoT im drois zRvis wylis temperatura da Sesabamisad visaubroT Zveli, anu

paleoklimatis Sesaxebac.

kokoliToforidebi triasulidan dRemdea cnobili. maTi aYyvavebis xanad ki

gviancarculi epoqa iTvleba (daaxloebiT 95-65 milioni wlis win);

qrizofitebis meore wamyvani jgufia silikoflagelatebi, romlebic

kokoliToforidebisagan gansxvavebiT kaJis (SiO2) skelets ikeTeben. msgavsad

kokoliToforidebisa, isinic zRviuri planqtonuri organizmebia, romelTa Soris

cnobilia, rogorc Tbili, ise civi wlis moyvaruli formebi.

geologiuri asaki _ carculidan dRemde.

diatomeebi (tipi Diatomeae) kaJiani wyalmcenareebia, mikroskopuli zomis,

erTujrediani, caledi an iSviaTad koloniuri. ZiriTadad planqtonuri formebia,

vxvdebiT benTosis saxiTac; cxovroben zRvebsa da mtknar wylebSi, diatomeebi

ZiriTadad civi wylis moyvaruli organizmebia.

diatomeebs uviTardebaT mcire zomis ori nawilisagan Semdgari kaJiani niJara,

romelTa dagrovebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba cnobili kaJovani qanebi _ diatomiti,

trepeli, opoka (saqarTveloSi q. axalcixis maxloblad sof. uravelTan aris

diatomitis cnobili sabado). namarxi diatomeebi biostratigrafiaSi detaluri

(zonaluri) danawilebisTvisac ki gamoiyeneba.

geologiuri asaki – carculidan dRemde.

wiTeli da Zoweuli wyalmcenareebi (tipi Rhodohphyta) erT-erTi uZvelesi jgufia

wyalmcenareebisa, arseboben kambriulidan dRemde. zogi maTgani monawileobs marjnis

rifebis SenebaSi.

yviTel-mwvane wyalmcenareebi (tipi Phacophyta) yvelaze rTulad agebuli

mravalujrediani wyalmcenareebia. zogi maTgani gigantur zomebsac aRwevs.

magaliTad, Tanamedrove zRvebSi mcxovrebi laminariebi 60m-mde izrdebian. bevri

maTgani saukeTeso sakveb produqts warmoadgens. laminariebis jgufis erT-erTi

warmomadgeneliT (gvari Sargassum) ,,amovsebulia” sargasis zRva, romelmac

saxelwodeba swored am wyalmcenaris saxelidan miiRo.

umaRlesi mcenareebis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTebels Seadgens is, rom mcenaris

sxeuli sami ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: fesvi, Rero da foToli.

umaRlesi mcenareebis pirveli warmomadgenlebi silurulSi gaCndnen, daaxloebiT

420-415 milioni wlis win. esenia e.w. riniofitebi (tipi Rhyniophyta), 70 sm-mde simaRlis

balaxismagvari mcenareebi, romelTac adre fsilofitebs uwodebdnen. riniofitebi

pirveli mcenareebi iyvnen, romelTac daiwyes zRvidan xmeleTze amosvla. es moxda

daaxloebiT 410 milioni wlis win, siluruli da devonuri periodebis sazRvarze.

riniofitebi gadaSendnen devonur periodSi (Sua devonurSi).

likopodiumismagvarni (tipi LLLLycopodiophyta) Tanamedrove floraSi balaxismagvari

mcenareebiTaa warmodgenili. geologiur warsulSi ki xeebisa da buCqebis saxiT iyo

gavrcelebuli. xeTa ganivkveTi 2 m-s, xolo simaRle 40 m-sac ki aRwevda.

likopodiumismagvarni silurulis bolos an devonuris dasawyisSi gaCndnen da

movidnen dRemde. Tumca maTSi aris gadaSenebuli jgufebi, romelTagan pirvel rigSi

aRsaniSnavia lepidodendronisebrTa ojaxi. es ojaxi arsebobda gviandevonuridan

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adre triasulamde. swored am ojaxs miekuTvneba zemoT xsenebuli giganturi

formebi. ojaxis yvelaze cnobili warmomadgenlebia lepidodendronebi (karbonul-

qveda permuli) da sigilariebi(Sua karbonul – qveda permuli) (sur. --). rogorc

vxedavT orive gvari paleozouris bolos (adrepermulSi) gadaSenda.

lepidodendronisebrni monawileobdnen paleozouri asakis qvanaxSiris sabadoebis

genezisSi.

Svitismagvarni (tipi EEquisctophyta) balaxovan da xe-mcenareebs warmoadgenen. maTi

pirveli warmomadgenlebi gviandevonurSi gaCndnen. modian dRemde. gansakuTrebiT

sainteresoa kalamitisnairni (,,kalamus” – lerwami; laT) – didtaniani (20 m-mde)

xeebi, romlebic garda imisa, rom ulamazes tyeebs qmnidnen, qvanaxSiris mdidari

sabadoebic mogvces lepidodendronebTan erTad. garda amisa didia maTi

biostratigrafiuli roli zeda paleozouris kontinenturi wyebebisaTvis.

kalamitisnairni gadaSenebuli jgufia, romelic dedamiwaze gviandevonuridan

permulamde arsebobda.

gvimrismagvarni (tipi Polypodiophyta) cnobilia rogorc balaxisebri, ise didtaniani

xe-mcenareebiT. dRevandel floraSi isini saxeobaTa raodenobiT mxolod xavsebsa

da farulTeslianebs Tu CamorCebian.

gadaSenebuli gvimranairebidan aRsaniSnavia gvari Archaeopteris, romlis warmomad-

genelTa ganamarxebuli foTlebi ise mravlad gvxvdeba gviandevonur naleqebSi, rom

gviandevonur floras ,,arqeopterisis floris” saxeliTac ixsenieben.

umaRlesi mcenareebis zemoT xsenebuli yvela tipi sporebiT mravldeba. maTze

ufro ganviTarebul jgufebs qmnian SiSvelTeslianebi da farulTeslianebi,

romlebic, rogorc amaze maTi saxelebic migvaniSnebs, TesliT mravldebian.

SiSvelTeslianebi (tipi Gymnospermae an Pinophyta) mravalferovani jgufia, romelic

ZiriTadad xe-mcenareebisa da buCqnarebis saxiT gvxvdeba. Tanamedrove floraSi

umTavresad wiwvovanebiTaa warmodgenili. gavrcelebulia faqtobrivad yvela

klimatur zonaSi.

SiSvelTeslianebis istoria gviandevonuridan iwyeba. maTi aYyvavebis xanad ki

mezozouri eraa miCneuli. cikadofsidebi anu sagovanebi triasulidan dRemde

gvxvdebian. benetitisnairni (gviantriasul-carculi), glosofterisebi (karbonul-

triasuli), kordaitebi (karbonul-adre triasuli) aerTianeben SiSvelTeslianebis

mezozour eraSi gadaSenebul jgufebs.

glosofterisis flora arsebobda zomieri da civi klimatis pirobebSi.

gavixsenoT, rom am floris arseboba samxreTi amerikis, afrikis, avstraliis,

antarqtidis da gansakuTrebiT indoeTis gvianpaleozour naleqebSi erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani sabuTia imisa, rom im dros samxreT naxevarsferoSi arsebobda erTiani

superkontinenti gondvanisi, romelic zemoT dasaxelebuli kontinentebis erTianobas

warmoadgenda. amave dros, glosofterisis flora gamyinvarebis arsebobis erT-erTi

maCvenebelicaa. kordaitebi, piriqiT, tropikul sartyelSi cxovrobdnen. isini

qvanaxSiris sabadoebis warmoSobaSi monawileoben. wiwvovanebi gavrcelebulia

tropikulidan polarul sartylamde, Tumca amjobineben zomier klimatSi arsebobas.

ZiriTadad gvxvdebian xe-mcenareebis saxiT, zogjer giganturi zomebiT. magaliTad,

sekvoia 110 m-mde izrdeba, misi tanis ganivkveTi ki 5-8 m-s Seadgens; cocxlobs 2000

welze mets. saerTod wiwvianebi 4-6 aTas wlamde cocxloben.

farulTeslianebi (tipi Angiospermae an Magnoliophyta) yvelaze maRalganviTarebul

mcenareebs warmoadgenen. amave dros yvelaze ufro farTod gavrcelebulebs _

gvxvdebian yvela klimatur zonaSi. warmodgenili arian sxvadasxva ekologiuri

tipiT _ xe-mcenareebi, buCqnari, balaxeuli, wylis mcenareTa saxiTac ki. zogi

maTganis simaRle (evkalipti) 150 m-s aRwevs.

85

farulTeslianebi or klasad iyofa: orlebnianebi da erTlebnianebi. ufro

adreuli warmoSobis da Tanac mravalferovania orlebnianebis klasi. maTSi

gaerTianebulia balaxeuli mravalZarRva, agreTve Wadari, wabli, muxa da sxv.

erTlebnianebSi Sedis balaxovani mcenareebi, maT Soris wylisa da Waobis formebi,

xe mcenareebi (palma) da sxv.

farulTeslianebis arseboba carculi periodidan daiwyo. kainozouri era

(dRevandelobis CaTvliT) maTi aYyvavebis xanaa.

saerTod unda iTqvas, rom gvianproterozoulSi farTod iyvnen gavrcelebuli

cianobiontebi, paleozourSi _ sporianebi (pirvel rigSi gvimranairebi), mezozourSi

_SiSvelTeslianebi, xolo kainozourSi _farulTeslianebi. Sesabamisad xsenebuli

jgufebis geologiuri mniSvneloba miTiTebul droSi gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,mcenareebs didi wvlili miuZRviT qanebis warmoSobaSi, xolo

maTi roli qvanaxSiris, torfisa da sawvavi fiqlebis formirebaSi unikaluria.

17.1.6. samefo Zoa (Animalia) _ cxovelebi

erTob mravalferovania cxovelTa samyaro – arian erTujrediani da

mravalujrediani, caledi da koloniuri formebi, aqtiurad moZravni da zRvis

fskerze mimagrebulebi, SlamSi Caflulni Tu kldeSi Camjdarni. maT dapyrobili

aqvT zRva da xmeleTi, haeric ki.

pirveli cxovelebi daaxloebiT 1500 milioni wlis win, gvianproterozoulSi

gaCndnen. isini erTujredianebi iyvnen. mogvianebiT, venduris dasawyisSi, 680 milioni

wlis win maT SeuerTdnen mravalujredianebi.

sicocxlis ganviTarebis xangrZlivsa da rTul gzaze cxovelebis mravali axali

jgufi gaCnda, gzadagza bevric gadaSenda.

cxovelTa samefo or qvesamefod iyofa: Protozoa – erTujredianebi da Metazoa –

mravalujredianebi. orive qvesamefoSi calkeuli tipebia gamoyofili. erTujredi-

anebidan mxolod erT tips davasaxelebT – Sarcodina (sarkodinebi),

mravalujredianebSi ki Semdegi tipebia cnobili: Spongia (Rrublebi), Archaeocyatha

(arqeociaTebi), Coelenterata (nawlavRruianebi), Vermes (Wiebi), BBryozoa (xavscxovelebi),

Conodonta (konodontebi), Arthropoda (fexsaxsrianebi), Mollusca (moluskebi), Brachiopoda

(mxarfexianebi), EEchinodermata (kaneklianebi), Hemichortada (naxevradqordianebi), Chordata

(qordianebi).

mokled ganvixiloT mxolod im tipebis warmomadgenlebi, romelTac kargad

ganviTarebuli skeleti aqvT, Sesabamisad kargad namarxdebian, amave dros evoluciis

maRali xarisxiT gamoirCevian da amdenad geologiur-paleontologiuri

TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT.

erTujredianebidan Zalze mniSvnelovania foraminiferebisa da radiolariebis

klasebi.

foraminiferebi ZiriTadad zRviuri cxovelebia, romelTa umetesoba fskerze

cxovrebas (benTosi) amjobinebs, nawili ki planqtons warmoadgens. isini ikeTeben

kirqvis (CaCO3) niJaras, romlis zomebi milimetris measedi nawilidan 10-15 sm-mde

meryeobs.

foraminiferebi gaCndnen kambriulSi. daaxloebiT 540 milioni wlis win da

movidnen dRemde. maT didi mniSvneloba aqvT biostratigrafiaSi (fuzulinidebi,

globigerinidebi, numulitidebi) (sur. 17.2.a). numulitidebi imdenad damaxasiaTebelia

paleogenisaTvis, rom am periods ,,numulitebis epoqadac” ki moixseniebdnen.

didi mniSvneloba aqvT foraminiferebs paleobiogeografiaSi da Sesabamisad,

paleogeografiuli suraTis aRdgenaSi; agreTve paleoklimatebis dadgenaSi, qanT-

mSeneblobaSi (saweri carci, kirqvebi) da sxv.

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radiolariebi mikroskopuli formis (1 mm-mde) planqtonuri zRviuri cxovelebia,

romlebic ikeTeben kaJis (SiO2) skelets. maTi umetesoba Tbil zRvebSi cxovrobs.

amdenad namarxebis saxiT radiolariebis povna Zveli klimaturi pirobebis aRdgenis

karg saSualebas iZleva.

radiolariebiT agebulia bevri qani (radiolaritebi, iaSmebi, opokebi).

gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia isini Rrma okeanuri ,,wiTeli TixebisaTvis”. zemoT

aRvniSneT, rom okeanis Rrma nawilebSi (4000m-ze Rrmad) kirqviT agebuli niJarebi

ixsneba wyalSi, kaJiani ki ara. aqedan gamomdinare, kaJis Semcveli qanebi (vTqvaT

kaJiani fiqlebi) zRviuri auzis did siRrmeebze miuTiTeben.

bolo xanebSi radiolariebma didi gamoyeneba poves paleozouri, paleogenuri da

meoTxeuli naleqebis biostratigrafiaSi.

radiolariebis geologiuri asaki kambriulidan dRemdea.

tipi Archaeocyatha (arqeociaTebi) erTaderTi tipia cxovelTa samyaroSi, romelic

mTlianad gadaSenebulia – isini gaCndnen, ganviTardnen da amowydnen kambriuli

periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tundac am erTi niSniT maT didi roli eniWebaT kambriuli

naleqebis (gansakuTrebiT qveda kambriulis) biostratigrafiaSi.

arqeociaTebi zRvis cxovelebi iyvnen, romlebic ikeTebdnen kirqvis skelets.

cxovrobdnen Txel da Tbil zRvebSi rogorc caledi, ise koloniuri formebis

saxiT. miekuTvnebodnen mimagrebul benToss (sur. 17.2.b).

koloniuri formebiq mnidnen rifebs. am TvalsazrisiT arqeociaTebi pirveli

rifismSenebeli cxovelebia.

tipi Coelenterata (nawlavRruianebi) mravalujrediani cxovelebis Zalze

mravalferovani tipia, romelSic Sedis hidroiduli polipebi, meduzebi da marjnebi.

maTi pirveli warmomadgenlebi ukve vendurSi gvxvdeba.

geologiur – paleontologiuri TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

marjnebi (klasi Anthozoa) imsaxurebs. es aris caledi an koloniuri cxovelebis

jgufi, romelTa umetesoba kirqvis skelets ikeTebs. marjnebi zRviuri cxovelebia,

gansakuTrebiT farTod arian gavrcelebuli tropikuli da subtropikuli

sartylebis zRvebSi, umetesad Selfur zolSi. benTosuri cxovelebia (sur. 17.3.a).

marjnebi kambriulidan gvxvdeba. koloniuri marjnebi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili

rifismSenebeli cxovelebia. amitomac bunebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli rogorc

Tanamedrove, ise sxvadasxva geologiuri drois marjnis rifebi.

marjnebSi oTxi qveklasi gamoiyofa, romelTagan tabulatebi (Tabulata) da

oTxqimiani marjnebi (Tetracoralla) paleozourSi mcxovrebi da paleozouris bolos

gadaSenebuli jgufebia, xolo eqvsqimiani (Hexacoralla) da rvaqimiani (OOctocoralla)

marjnebi triasulis dasawyisidan dRemde modian.

tipi AAAArthropoda (fexsaxsrianebi) uxerxemlo cxovelTa Soris yvelaze

mravalricxovani jgufia. es gansakuTrebiT mwerebze iTqmis, romlebzec Tanamedrove

faunis daaxloebiT 70% modis. fexsaxsrianebi amave dros maRali ganviTarebis

organizmebs warmoadgenen. albaT amiT aris ganpirobebuli maT mier faqtobrivad

yvela tipis biotopis ,,dapyroba” (wyali, haeri, niadagi, xmeleTi).

fexsaxsrianebi caledi formebia, ar qmnian koloniebs, maTi sxeuli, gansakuTrebiT

ki kidurebi, mTlianad dasaxsrulia. aqedan warmodgeba maTi saxelwodebac. isini

ikeTeben sxvadasxva formis qitinovan skelets, zogjer orsagduliani niJaris

saxiTac ki. gvxvdebian venduridan dRemde.

miuxedavad dRevandeli mravalferovnebisa, mwerebs Zalian iSviaTad vxvdebiT Zvel

wyebebSi imis gamo, rom isini Zalze cudad namarxdebian.

samagierod aris jgufebi, romelTa ganamarxebuli formebi farTodaa

warmodgenili sxvadasxva asakis qanebSi. am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovania

trilobitebi, romlebic mTeli paleozouris ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki

87

kambriul-ordoviciul-silurulSi didi ganviTarebiTa da mravalferovnebiT

gamoirCeodnen (sur.17.3. b).

trilobitebi zRvis cxovelebi ivnen, ZiriTadad moZrav benToss miekuTvnebodnen,

cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva siRrmeze. magram umetesad sublitoralur zonaSi.

trilobitebi paleozouris bolos gadaSendnen. maTi biostratigrafiuli

mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT didia kambriul-ordoviciuli naleqebisTvis.

trilobitebis gverdiT unda davasaxeloT ordoviciul-permuli asakis

evripteridebi (qveklasi EEurypteroidea), romlebic yuradRebas pirvel rigSi imiT

iqceven, rom zogi maTgani gigantur zomebs aRwevda (2m-de) (sur. 17.3.g G).

evripteridebi binadrobdnen zRvis araRrma zonebSi, lagunebSi da mtknari wylis

auzebSic. savaraudoa, rom maT sicocxlis zRvidan xmeleTze amosvlis erTgvari

xidi gasdes.

tipi Mollusca (rbiltanianebi anu moluskebi) – fexsaxsrianebis Semdeg yvelaze

gavrcelebuli jgufia uxerxemlo cxovelebSi. savaraudod isini vendurSi gaCndnen,

Tumca namarxebis saxiT mxolod kambriulidan gvxvdebian.

moluskebi cxovroben wyalSi (umetesad zRvebSi) da xmeleTzec. zRvaSi mcxovrebi

formebi sanapiro zonidan dawyebuli 7000 m siRrmezec ki gvxvdeba. moluskebs Soris

arian rogorc benTosuri, ise neqtonuri da planqtonuri formebi. cxovelTa zomebi

meryeobs 1-2 mm-dan (planqtonuri gastropodebi) TiTqmis 20 m-mde (giganturi

kalmarebi).

geologiuri TvalsazrisiT moluskebi arqimniSvnelovani jgufia, gansakuTrebiT

Tavfexianebi, orsagdulianebi da mucelfexianebi.

klasi Gastropoda (gastropodebi anu mucelfexianebi). am klasis warmomadgenlebi

cxovroben wyalsa da xmeleTze, yvelaze mravlad ki – zRvebSi. moluskebs Soris

yvelaze mravalricxovani jgufia. cxoveli ,,iSenebs” kirqvis niJaras, romlis

SigniTac TviT aris moTavsebuli. iSviaTadaa uniJaro gastropodebic. niJaris zomebi

milimetris meaTedidan aTeul santimetramdea. niJara, rogorc wesi, asimetriulia,

daxveulia spiralurad (helikoidurad) (sur.17.4.a.).

zRvaSi mcxovrebi gastropodebi 5000m. siRrmemde vrceldebian, Tumca amjobineben

zRvis SedarebiT araRrma zonebs, gansakuTrebiT tropikuli da subtropikuli

sartylebis zRvebis. ZiriTadad benTosur cxovrebas ewevian, Tumca vxvdebiT

planqtonsac.

gastropodebi kambriulidan modian. maTi ayvavebis xanad ki yvelaze axali,

kainozouri era iTvleba. isini mravladaa dResac.

klasi Bivalvia (orsagdulianebi). maT zogjer firfitlayuCianebis da kidev sxva

saxeliTac moixsenieben. mxolod wylis cxovelebia, zRvebis garda, lagunebSi,

tbebsa da mdinareebSic gvxvdebian.

orsagdulianebi mxolod caledi formebia, arasodes ar qmnian koloniebs.

cxovelis sxeuli ori nawilisagan (sagdulebisagan) Semdgar niJaraSia moTavsebuli.

niJara umetesad bilateraluria (ormxrivsimetriuli). misi zoma erTeulidan aTeul

santimetrebSi meryeobs (sur. 17.4.b). avstraliis barieruli rifis zolSi cnobilia

bivalviebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic gigantur zomebs (1.5 m.) aRweven da 300 kg-s

iwonian.

orsagdulianebi cxovroben sxvadasxva marilianobisa da temperaturis wyalSi,

xolo zRvebSi litoraluri zonidan abisuramde da ultraabisaluramdec ki (7000

m.). cxovrebis niriT isini tipur benToss warmoadgenen; cxovroben gruntis

zedapirze an eflobian gruntSi, zogjer burRaven fskeris amgeb magar qanebs da

Zvrebian Sig (e.w. “mburRavi moluskebi”); arian xeTa mburRavebic ki. swored

orsagdulianebis erT-or warmomadgenels aqvs margalitis warmoqmnis unari –

cxovelis rbili sxeulis zedapirze, mantiasa da niJaras Soris SemTxveviT

88

moxvedrili raime namceci aRizianebs cxovels, romelic amis gamo namcecis irgvliv

gamoyofs kalciumis karbonats, e.w. sadafis fenas, romelic sabolood ulamazesi

samkaulis – margalitis saxes Rebulobs.

klasi Cephalopoda (Tavfexianebi).

Tavfexianebi uxerxemlo cxovelTa Soris yvelaze maRalganviTarebul

organizmebad iTvlebian. maT xatovnad ,,zRvis primatebsac” ki uwodeben. isini

mxolod zRvebSi cxovroben da Tanac mxolod normulmarilianSi. Tundac am erTi

TvisebiT SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom namarxi cefalopodebi paleozRvebSi arsebuli

fizikuri garemos saukeTeso indikatorebia. Tavfexianebi neqtons, anu aqtiurad

mcurav organizmebs miekuTvnebian.

cefalopodebi ordoviciulSi gaCndnen da miuxedavad Zlieri gadaSenebisa

mezozourisa da kainozouris sazRvarze, dRemde movidnen. isini or ZiriTad

qveklasad iyofian: Ectocochlia (gareniJarianebi) da Endocochlia (SiganiJarianebi).

gareniJarianebis Tanamedrove warmomadgenelia nautilusi, xolo SiganiJarianebis –

kalmarebi, sepia (melanTevza), rvafexa. qveklasebis saxelwodebidan kargad Cans, rom

Tavfexianebi ikeTeben niJaras, romlis mdebareobac gansazRvravs qveklasis Sinaarss.

gareniJarianebSi cxovelis rbili sxeuli niJaris SigniTaa moTavsebuli (sur. 17.5).

niJara kirqvisaa. igi umetes SemTxvevaSi erT sibrtyeSia spiralurad daxveuli, ris

gamoc ormxrivsimetriulia (bilateraluria). Tumca cnobilia paleozouri asakis

gareniJarianebi, romelTac swori, amarTuli skeleti aqvT.

gareniJarianebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia amonitebi – spiralurad daxveuli

niJaris mqone formebi, romlebic devonuridan carculis bolomde arsebobdnen da

sami evoluciuri jgufi mogvces: goniatitebi – devonur-permuli, ceratitebi-

ZiriTadad triasuli da e.w. namdvili amonitebi, iurul-carculi. carculis bolos

amonitebi amowydnen. sxvaTaSoris, amonitebis niJaris diametri aTeul santimetrebs

aRwevda, Tumca cnobilia giganturi zomis (2-m-ni diametris) amonitebic. unda

vivaraudoT, rom amonitebi kargi mcuravebi iyvnen.

ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom biostratigrafiuli TvalsazrisiT amonitebi erT-

erTi umniSvnelovanesi jgufia, gansakuTrebiT iuruli da carculi naleqebisaTvis.

SiganiJarianebSi niJara rbili sxeulis SigniTaa moTavsebuli. cxovelebi

ormxrivsimetriulia, umetesad kargad mcuravi; sxvadasxva zomisaa. cnobilia

giganturi kalmarebi, romelTa sigrZe sacecebis CaTvliT 18m-s aRwevs. gamodis, rom

isini yvelaze didi zomis uxerxemlo cxovelebi yofila.

SiganiJarianebis erTaderTi ganamarxebuli jgufia cnobili.

es aris belemnitebi, romlebic devonurSi gaCndnen da carculis bolomde

arsebobdnen, Tumca aris cnoba imis Taobaze, rom belemnitebis erTi ojaxi eocenSic

cxovrobda.

belemnitebis biostratigrafiuli Rirebuleba, msgavsad amonitebisa, Zalze didia,

gansakuTrebiT iurul-carculi naleqebisaTvis (sur.17.6.b,g).

tipi Brachiopoda (mxarfexianebi) – caledi, ZiriTadad zRviuri cxovelebia,

romlebic fskerze binadroben, umetesad sublitoralur zonaSi, Tumca gvxvdebian

ufro Rrmadac. orsagdulianebis msgavsad mxarfexianebis rbili sxeuli

orsagdulian niJaraSia moTavsebuli, Tumca pirvelTagan gansxvavebiT simetriis

sibrtye gadis ara sagdulebs Soris, aramed sagdulebze. gamoyofen muclisa da

zurgis (sididiT muclisaze mcire) sagdulebs. niJara umetes SemTxvevaSi kirqvisaa.

mxarfexianebis umetesoba auzis fskers emagreba ,,fexiT”, zogi ubralod devs

fskerze, nawili ki gruntSi efloba. maTi niJarebi erTeuli mm-dan aTeul sm-mdea

(sur. 17.7).

mxarfexianebma gaiares evoluciis saintereso gza kambriulidan dRemde. maTi

ayvavebis xana iyo paleozouri era, romlis miwurulsac umetesoba amowyda. amitom

89

mxarfexianebis geologiuri mniSvneloba ZiriTadad paleozouri droiT

Semoifargleba. am eraSi isini rifebis mSeneblebic ki iyvnen.

tipi Echinodermata (kaneklianebi) Tanamedrove zRvebSi farTod gavrcelebuli

jgufia. maTi istoria ki kambriulidan iwyeba. es erTob mravalferovani jgufia,

romlis warmomadgenlebi normulmarilian zRvebSi sxvAAADAadasxva siRrmeze

cxovroben, litoraluri zonidan 10000 m-mdec ki. tipuri benTosuri cxovelebia,

romelTa Soris aris rogorc fskerze mimagrebuli (krinoideebi), ise fskerze

moaruli (zRvis zRarbebi, zRvis varskvlavebi), an SlamSi Cafluli formebi (zRvis

zRarbebi). zogierTi klovan qanebsac ki burRavs (zRvis zRarbebi). kaneklianebi

ZiriTadad kirqvis skelets ikeTeben.

am tips miekuTvneba cistoideebi (zRvis buStebi), blastoideebi (zRvis kokrebi),

krinoideebi (zRvis SroSnebi), asteroideebi (zRvis varskvlavebi), ofiurebi (zRvis

gvelanebi), eqinoideebi (zRvis zRarbebi), holoTuriebi (sur. 17.8.).

geologiuri TvalsazrisiT didi mniSvneloba aqvT krinoideebsa da eqinoideebs.

krinoideebi kambriulidan dRemdea cnobili. maTi ayvaveba paleozourSi moxda,

amitom did interess swored paleozouri formebi iwvevs. rac Seexeba eqinoideebs,

evoluciuri piki maT ramdenjerme hqondaT, Tumca am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze

mniSvnelovani mainc gviancarculi epoqaa.

krinoideebsa da eqinoideebs didi gamoyeneba aqvT paleobiogeografiul da

biostratigrafiul kvlevaSi. krinoideebi zogjer aqtiuri rifismSeneblebic iyvnen.

tipi Hemichordata (naxevradqordianebi). am tipidan CvenTvis sainteresoa mxolod

gadaSenebuli klasi Graptolithina _ graptoliTebi, romlebic paleozour eraSi

cxovrobdnen. isini iyvnen zRviuri koloniuri cxovelebi, benTosuri da

planqtonuri cxovrebis niriT. isini wyalmcenareebs ufro waagavdnen, vidre

cxovelebs. ganviTarebuli hqondaT qitinovani skeleti.

glaptoliTebi arsebobdnen Sua kambriulidan adre karbonulamde. gansakuTrebiT

farTod iyvnen gavrcelebuli ordoviciul-silurulSi, ris gamoc aRniSnuli

sistemebis detaluri(zonaluri) danawileba swored am cxovelTa mixedviT xdeba.

yvelaze xSirad graptoliTebs vxvdebiT Tixian fiqlebSi, zogjer imdenad

mniSvnelovani raodenobiT, rom aseT qanebs graptoliTebiani fiqlebis saxelic ki

Searqves.

tipi Chordata (qordianebi). am tipidan udides yuradRebas mxolod xerxemlianebi

imsaxurebs.

qvetipi Vertebrata (xerxemlianebi) wyalSi da xmeleTze mcxovrebi cxovelebia,

romlebmac organuli samyaros ganviTarebis umaRles safexurs miaRwies.

xerxemlianebSi 6 klasi gamoiyofa: Agnatha (uyboni), Pisccs (Tevzebi), Amphibia

(amfibiebi anu wyalxmeleTani), Reptilia (qvewarmavlebi), Aves (frinvelebi) da Mammalia

(ZuZumwovrebi). CamoTvlili klasebidan uyboni, Tevzebi da amfibiebi wyalSi

mcxovrebi formebia, xolo qvewarmavlebi, frinvelebi da ZuZumwovrebi zogi

gamonaklisis garda tipur xmeleTis faunas warmoadgenen.

xerxemlianebis pirveli warmomadgenlebi uybo Tevzebis saxiT ordoviciulSi

gaCndnen. SevniSnavT, rom bolo xanebSi uyboebs, Tevzebisagan gamoyofilad, calke

taqsonad ganixilaven. maTi Tanamedrove warmomadgenelia salamura. uyboebis

umetesoba silurul-devonurSi cxovrobda.

Nnamdvili Tevzebi silurulSi Cndeba. maT imTaviTve daiwyes swrafi ganviTareba,

daipyres wylis farTo areali zRvidan dawyebuli lagunebis, tbebisa da mdinareebis

CaTvliT.

Tevzebi Zalze mravalferovani jgufia. maT miekuTvneba zvigenebi, dipnoebi

(orgvarad msunTqavi Tevzebi, romlebic albaT zRvidan xmeleTze amosuli

cxovelebis erT-erT pirvel razmSi iyvnen da romlebic dRes reliqtis saxiTaa

90

SemorCenili), latimeriebi da sxv. latimeria paleozour-mezozouri drois Tevzebis

erT-erTi gvaria. mecnierebs es gvari 100 milioni wlis win gadaSenebulad miaCndaT,

magram XX saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi am gvaris warmomadgenlebi indoeTis okeaneSi,

samxreT afrikis maxloblad ipoves. cxovroben daaxloebiT 200-600 m. siRrmeze.

sainteresoa, rom maTi qviriTis zoma greifrutis odenaa. mecnierTa azriT, yvela

oTxfexiani xerxemlianebi – amfibiebi, reptiliebi, frinvelebi da ZuZumwovrebi

Tanamedrove latimeriebis Zvel winaparTa STamomavlebia (sur. 17.9).

klasi Amphibia (amfibiebi). cxovelebis zRvidan xmeleTze amosvlam da Sesabamisad

moZraobis xasiaTis mkveTrad Secvlam, pirvel rigSi ori wyvili kiduris Taviseburi

ganviTareba gamoiwvia. amitom amfibiebi, reptiliebi, frinvelebi da ZuZumwovrebi

erTiandebian zeklasSi Tetrapoda - oTxfexianebi. maTgan velaze ufro adreuli

warmoSobis (devonuri) da ufro primitiuli amfibiebia.

amfibiebi, msgavsad Tevzebisa, civsisxliani cxovelebia. isini gviandevonurSi

gaCndnen da dRemde moaRwies. uZvelesi amfibiebidan aRsaniSnavia stegocefalebi,

romlebic sakmaod gavrcelebul jgufs warmoadgenda. isini umTavresad WaobebSi,

daWaobebul tyeebsa da lagunebSi binadrobdnen, gviandevonuridan iurulis

miwurulamde (sur. 7.10).

Tanamedrove amfibiebs miekuTvnebian bayayebi, gombeSoebi, salamandrebi, tritonebi.

amfibiebma (stegocefalebma) maRal ganviTarebas miaRwies karbonulsa da

permulSi. biostratigrafiaSi isini swored karbonul-permuli da kidev triasuli

naleqebis asakebis gansasazRvravad gamoiyeneba.

klasi Reptilia (qvewarmavlebi). qvewarmavlebi is jgufia, romelmac xerxemlianTagan

pirvelma daipyro xmeleTi mTlianad, pirveli SeiWra sahaero sivrceSic (mfrinavi

qvewarmavlebi) da nawilobriv ganagrZobda zRvaSi cxovrebasac (iqTiozavrebi,

pleziozavrebi, mozazavrebi). qvewarmavlebis ayvavebis xanad mezozouri era iTvleba,

Tumca dResac mravladaa niangebi, xvlikebi, ku, gvelebi, agreTve qameleonebi,

tuatarebi (hateriebi) da sxv.

qvewarmavlebi karbonulSi gaCndnen da permulsa da Semdgom periodebSi iwyes

swrafi ganviTareba. amas SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyo im garemoebamac, rom permulis

bolosaTvis dedamiwaze ukve arsebobda erTiani superkontinenti pangea, romelzedac

gabatoneba xerxemlianTa Soris erT-erT pirvel binadarT ar unda gasWirvebodaT.

rogorc Cans, asec moxda. mezozouris bolos qvewarmavlebis didi nawili,

mcenareebisa da cxovelebis mraval sxva jgufTan erTad gadaSenda.

geologiur warsulSi arsebul qvewarmavalTagan yvelaze koloritul jgufs, ra

Tqma unda, dinozavrebi warmoadgens. dozavris xsenebaze Tvalwin didi da saSineli

cxoveli warmogvidgeba da es asecaa. TviT saxelic xom saSinel cxovels niSnavs.

Tumca arsebobdnen ciyvisodena dinozavrebic. rac Seexeba didtanianebs, dinozavrebi

12 metrsac ki aRwevdnen simaRleSi, xolo sigrZeSi 40 m-s aWarbebdnen. marokoSi

napovnia breviparopusis nakvalevi, romlis mixedviTac gamoangariSebulia cxovelis

sigrZe – 48 metri. amgvari monacemebiT dinozavrebi dedamiwaze arsebuli yvelaze

didi cxovelebi yofilan (zRvaSic, xmeleTzec, xerxemlianebSic da uxerxemloebSic).

woniTac dinozavrebi aTeulobiT tonas iwonidnen, ultrazavri ki Turme 130 tonas

aRwevda (Tumca zemZime wonis TvalsazrisiT ginesis wignSi dinozavri ki ara,

Tanamedrove lurji veSapi Seva, romlis erTi warmomadgenlis saerTo wona 187 tona

yofila, marto ena 4200 kg-s iwonida, xolo guli 698 kg-s). aris eWvi imis Taobaze,

rom dinozavrebi SesaZloa, Tbilsisxlianebic iyvnen.

dinozavrebs Soris iyvnen rogorc saSineli mtaceblebi, ise ,,mSvidi”,

balaxismWameli formebi, magram yvelani – kvercxismdeblebi (sur. 17.11).

dinozavrebi gaCndnen triasulSi, daaxloebiT 240 mln wlis win da gadaSendnen

carculis bolos, 65 mln wlis win.

91

mfrinavi xvlikebi pterozavrebis saxeliTaa cnobili. haerSi frenasTan

dakavSirebiT qvewarmavlis sxeulmac Sesaferisi forma miiRo da sxva cvlilebebTan

erTad misi sxeuli ,,bumbuliT” daifara, rac Tbilsisxlianobis maCvenebelia (sur.

17.12).

mfrinavi xvlikebis cnobili warmomadgenlebi iyvnen iuruli asakis

ramforinxusebi da carculi pterodaqtilusebi. romforinxusis gaSlili frTebis

sigrZe 13 m-s aRwevda.

namarxi reptiliebi gamoiyeneba permul-mezozouri kontinenturi wyebebis

biostratigrafiaSi.

klasi Aves (frinvelebi). am klasSi Semavali organizmebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs

sxva niSnebTan erTad warmoadgens frTebad gadaqceuli wina kidurebis wyvili da

namdvili bumbuliT dafaruli sxeuli. frinvelebi Zalze mravalferovani jgufia,

Tumca geologiurad naklebad saintereso.

pirveli frinvelebi, arqeopteriqsebi, romlebic gvianiurulSi gaCndnen, rigi

niSniT (grZeli, 20-21 malisagan agebuli kudi, brWyalebi TiTebze, kbilebi)

qvewarmavlebs waagavdnen. naTelia, rom frinvelebi qvewarmavlebisagan gaCndnen (sur.

17.13).

klasi Mammalia (ZuZumwovrebi) Tanamedrove faunaSi erT-EerTi farTod

gavrcelebuli da mravalferovani jgufia. ZiriTadad xmeleTis cxovelebia, Tumca

gvxvdebian zRvebSic (veSapebi) da haerSic (Ramurebi). ZuZumwovrebis erT-erT ZiriTad

maxasiaTebels TbilsisxlianobasTan erTad cocxlad Sobadobac warmoadgens. Tumca

aris gamonaklisebic, magaliTad, Tanamedrove eqidnasa da ixvniskartas saxiT,

romlebic kvercxiT mravldebian.

ZuZumwovrebi triasul periodSi gaCndnen. pirveli ZuZumwovrebi Tagvisodenebi

iyvnen. Semdgomi ganviTarebiT ZuZumwovrebma ayvavebas kainozour eraSi miaRwies,

romlis wamyvan jgufsac warmoadgenen.

geologiuri mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT ZuZumwovrebis mravalferovani

jgufebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT cxenismagvarTa ojaxi primitiuli hiparionidan

dawyebuli (eoceni) Tanamedrove cxenamde (Equus), martorqebis ojaxi, xorTumianTa

rigi neogenuri mastodontidan Tanamedrove spilomde da sxv.

ZuZumwovrebs miekuTvneba aseve primatebis rigi, romelSic Sedis adamianismagvari

maimunebi (giboni, oragutangi, Simpanze, gorila).

primatebsve miekuTvneba adamianic. pirveli adamiani Homo habilis daaxloebiT 2.5

milioni wlis win gaCnda afrikaSi, rudolfis tbis piras. rogorc qarTvelma

paleontologebma daadgines afrikaSi mcxovrebi pirveli adamianis uSualo

memkvidre yofila saqarTveloSi, patara dmanisis midamoebSi gansaxlebuli Homo

georgicus-i, romlis asakic 1.75 -1.80 milioni wliT isazRvreba. aSkaraa, rom

saqarTvelo adamianis evoluciis erT-erTi uZvelesi regioni yofila!

namarxi ZuZumwovrebi kainozouri kontinenturi naleqebis biostratigrafiaSi

gamoiyeneba.

msgavsad mcenareebisa, xerxemliani cxovelebis ganviTarebaSic garkveuli

kanonzomiereba SeimCneva – SeiZleba iTqvas, rom paleozouri iyo Tevzebisa da

amfibiebis era, mezozouri – qvewarmavlebis, xolo kainozouri – ZuZumwovrebis.

17.1.7. organizmTa gadaSeneba

paleontologiuri sakiTxebis ganxilva gvinda davasruloT uaRresad saintereso da

amave dros Zalze problemuri sakiTxiT, romelsac organizmTa gadaSeneba

(amowyveta) hqvia.

gadaSeneba gulisxmobs organizmTa calkeuli taqsonis (saxeobis, gvaris an ufro

maRali rangis erTeulis) amovardnas (gamoklebas) sicocxlis ganviTarebis

92

istoriidan. Sesabamisad gadaSeneba sicocxlis ganviTarebis erT-erT etaps,

umjobesia vTqvaT, damagvirgvinebel etaps warmoadgens – taqsoni (saxeoba, gvari da

a.S.) warmoiSoba, ganviTardeba da bolos gadaSendeba. es aris sicocxlis evoluciis

bunebrivi procesi.

rogorc iTqva, sicocxle dedamiwaze daaxloebiT 3700 milioni wlisaa. am didi

drois ganmavlobaSi sicocxlis evoluciis calkeuli etapebis gaSifvra xelewifeba

erTaderT mecnierebas – paleontologias. igive paleontologia adgens calkeul

taqsonTa gadaSenebis momentebsac. gasagebia, rom rac ufro dabali rangisaa

taqsoni, miT ufro maRali iqneba gadaSenebis raodenobrivi maCvenebelica da tempic,

ubralod imis gamo, rom es taqsonebi zemdgomebTan SedarebiT raodenobrivad ufro

metia, xolo maTi arsebobis periodi – gacilebiT ufro xanmokle. ukve aRvniSneT,

rom gadaSenebul saxeobaTa ricxvi dReisaTvis 130000-s Seadgens, gacilebiT ufro

mcirea gadaSenebuli gvarebis raodenoba, xolo gadaSenebuli tipi mxolod

erTaderTia (arqeociaTebi).

ra iwvevs organizmTa gadaSenebas? martivi pasuxi iqneba – sicocxlis

ganviTarebis saerTo procesi. imisaTvis rom organizmma iarsebos, is valdebulia

maqsimalurad kargad moergos, Seeguos garemo pirobebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi

daRupva gardauvalia. garemo pirobebSi ki igulisxmeba rogorc fizikuri garemo,

ise organuli samyaro (e.i. sxva organizmebi). organizmi cdilobs Seeguos cvalebad

fizikur garemos, ufro ukeT moipovos sakvebi, gaafarToos sacxovrebeli areali,

dastovos ufro Zlieri memkvidreoba. yovelive amis gamo CaRdeba brZola

arsebobisaTvis calkeul saxeobebs Tu sxva taqsonTa Soris. arsebobisaTvis brZola

bunebis uZiriTadesi kanonia da swored is warmoadgens sicocxlis ganviTarebis

safuZvels. am kanonze dayrdnobiT Seqmna didma bunebismetyvelma Carlz darvinma

sayovelTaod cnobili bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT organizmTa ganviTarebis Teoria.

Zvel romaelebs hqondaT erTob saintereso gamoTqma – Homo homini Lepus est, romlis

pirdapiri Targmani niSnavs – ,,kaci kacisTvis mgeliao”, e.i. mteri. es gamoTqma, Cveni

azriT, zustad gadmoscems arsebobisaTvis brZolis Sinaarss – adamianebi, iseve

rogorc sxva organizmebi, erTmaneTis mtrebi ki ara, erTmaneTis konkurentebi arian

cxovrebaSi. da es sulac ar aris gasakviri, radganac adamianic, pirvel rigSi,

iseTive biologiuri arsebaa, rogorc nebismieri sxva organizmi. amitom Zveli

romaelebis xsenebuli gamonaTqvami marto adamianTa sazogadoebaze ki ara, aramed

mTel cocxal samyaroze SeiZleba gavrceldes. arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi xdeba

bunebrivi gadarCeva, ispoba (gadaSendeba) susti, anu naklebad Seguebuli taqsonebi,

Cndeba da rCeba ufro Zlieri, ukeT Seguebuli da ufro ganviTarebuli jgufebi. es

procesi uwyvetad midis, Sedegad ki sicocxlis evolucias viRebT.

rogorc vxedavT organizmTa gadaSeneba sicocxlis evoluciis Tanmxvedri

procesia, romelic bunebaSi sistematurad xdeba. Tanac sulac ar aris

savaldebulo, rom is sxvadasxva jgufSi erTdrouli iyos. Tumca dedamiwis

geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriam Semogvinaxa organizmTa mravali jgufis

erTdrouli gadaSenebis faqtebic, romelic sul cota orjer mainc moxda

dedamiwaze, paleozour-mezozouri da mezozour-kainozouri erebis mijnaze.

mezozourisa da kainozouris sazRvarze carculi periodis dasasrulsa

(maastrixtuli saukunis miwuruls) da paleogenuri periodis dasawyisSi (daniuri

saukune) moxda biosis erT-erTi uZlieresi gadaSeneba, romelsac faqtobrivad

sayovelTao xasiaTi hqonda. am gadaSenebis Sedegad dedamiwaze (zRvasa da xmeleTze)

moispo im dros arsebuli mcenareebisa da cxovelebis gvarebis naxevari da

saxeobaTa sami meoTxedi. es sazRvari ver gadakveTes mezozouri eris iseTma

maRalganviTarebulma jgufebma, rogorebic iyvnen: amonitebi, belemnitebi,

inoceramebi (orsagdulianebis klasi), dinozavrebi, pleziozavrebi, mozazavrebi,

93

pterozavrebi da sxv. aRniSnuli sazRvari didi danakargebiT gaiares planqtonurma

foraminiferebma, braqiopodebma, marjnebma, eqinoideebma, Zvlianma Tevzebma da sxva

organizmebma. Zalze Znelia moiZebnos amgvari gadaSenebis uSualo mizezi. es arcTu

ise ioli saqmea da unda iTqvas, rom dRes aseTi codna hipoTezebis doneze Tu aris.

erTi ram aSkaraa – es gadaSeneba unda gamoewvia cxovrebis pirobebis mkveTr

gauaresebas. cxovrebis pirobebis gauaresebis mizezebi SeiZleba iyos klimatis

globaluri Secvla, SeiZleba mTaTa warmoSoba masTan dakavSirebuli Zlieri

vulkanizmiT da a.S. aris kidev erTi, TiTqos yvelaze mimzidveli hipoTeza,

romelsac ,,impakturi hipoTeza” hqvia. am hipoTezis Tanaxmad dedamiwas daaxloebiT

65 milioni wlis win (carc-paleogenis sazRvari) giganturi meteoriti (asteroidi)

daejaxa. mecnierTa azriT ciuri sxeuli sul cota 10 km diametris unda yofiliyo.

meteoritis miwaze danarcxebis Sedegad, cxadia, unda gaCeniliyo krateri. aseTi

krateri, amJamad ukve damarxuli, marTlac naxes 1992 wels meqsikis (iukatanis

naxevarkunZuli) teritoriaze. misi diametri 180 km aRmoCnda, xolo gaCenis dro 65

milioni weli. asteroidis dajaxebas TiTqos adasturebs is faqtic, rom amgvari

katastrofis Sedegad dedamiwaze aramiwieri warmoSobis iridiumis didi raodenoba

unda gafantuliyo. da, marTlac, carculisa da paleogenis mosazRvre qanebSi

(ZiriTadad TixebSi) bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, aseTi ram marTlac

iqna mikvleuli.

eqspertTa daskvniT, asteroidis Sejaxebis Sedegad gamoyofili energia 100

trilioni tona trotilis ekvivalenturi iyo, rac daaxloebiT miliardjer da

ufro metad aRemateba hirosimasa da nagasakiSi Camogdebuli atomuri bombebis

simZlavres.

asteroidis Sejaxebas mkveTrad unda Seecvla klimati. SesaZlebelia man ,,mJave

wvimebi” da sicocxlis xelSemSleli kidev sxva movlenebi gamoiwvia (farTo

masStabis xanZrebi, Zlieri miwisZvrebi, mewyerebi, cunami da sxva). mecnierTa azriT,

am kataklizmis Sedegad dedamiwiseul atmosferoSi imdeni nivTiereba unda

dagrovebuliyo, rom mas planetis dabneleba mohyoloda, rasac Tavis mxriv

globaluri zamTari unda gamoewvia.

am kataklizmis Sedegad moispo dedamiwaze mcxovrebi cocxali arsebebis

naxevarze meti (sxva monacemebiT _ im dros arsebuli gvarebis 70%-ze meti).

gadaSenebul organizmTa Soris iyvnen yvela drois giganturi cxovelebi _

dinozavrebi, romelTa saboloo amowydomas zemoT xsenebul faqtorebTan erTad

albaT ZuZumwovrebis gamravlebamac Seuwyo xeli, romelTa erTi nawili, rogorc

Cans dinozavrebis kvercxebiTac ikvebeboda da Sesabamisad, STamomavlobas uspobda

am ukanasknelT.

asea Tu ise, aSkarad saxezea biosis erTdrouli masobrivi gadaSeneba, romelsac

sicocxlis evoluciis gverdiT sxva faqtorebic udevs safuZvlad.

Tavi 18. paleogeografia

ise Tamamad vsaubrobT warsulSi arsebul geologiur procesebze da xSirad maT

droSi monacvleobaze, rom TiTqos xelTa gvaqvs werilobiTi dokumenti am procesTa

mimdinareobisa da dedamiwis garegani da Sinagani ieris sistemuri cvlis Sesaxeb.

diax, aseTi werilobiTi dokumenti marTlac gvaqvs. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

dedamiwas aqvs sakuTari damwerloba, romelic adamianTa damwerlobaze ufro sando

da srulyofilia. mTavaria kacma SeZlos misi sworad wakiTxva. es damwerloba

dedamiwis qerqis amgebi qanebia! marTlac qerqis amgebi qanebi maTSi daculi namarxi

organizmebiTurT xom im geologiuri procesebis utyuari sabuTia, romlebic

garkveul (mocemul) sivrcesa da droSi mimdinareobda da romelTa Sedegadac

swored es qanebi gaCnda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qanebi da maTSi daculi namarxebi

94

warmoadgenen saxes im geologiuri procesebisa, romelTa meSveobiTac isini gaCndnen

dedamiwaze. amgvarad, dedamiwis ganviTarebis istoria mis amgeb qanebsa da namarx

organizmebSia dafiqsirebuli. j.beilisa da T.seddonis azriT, es istoria

arasrulia, fragmentulia, magram Tavisi xibliT tols ar udebs nebismier

deteqtiur romans.

zemoT aRniSnuli Tvisebebis gamo qanebs zogjer faciessac (,,faciesi” – iersaxe;

laT.) uwodeben. TanamedroveobaSi faciesi konkretuli fizikur-geografiuli garemo

iqneba. SeiZleba davasaxeloT zRviuri faciesi, kontinenturi, baTialuri da a.S.

qanebTan dakavSirebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT qviSaqvis faciesi, karbonatuli faciesi,

metamorfuli qanebis faciesi da sxv.

faciesuri analizi.

faciesuri analizis meSveobiT aRvadgenT Zvel fizikur-geografiul garemos masSi

arsebuli sicocxliTurT. radganac faciesuri analizi gulisxmobs rogorc qanebis,

ise maTSi daculi namarxebis monacemTa gaanalizebas, amdenad misi ori saxe

gamoiyofa _ liTofaciesuri analizi da biofaciesuri analizi. rogorc

liTofaciesuri, ise biofaciesuri analizis dros mecnierebi eyrdnobian

Tanamedrove monacemebs, romlebic gadaaqvT geologiur warsulSi. es aris cnobili

ingliseli bunebismetyvelis Carlz laielis mier geologiaSi Semotanili e.w.

,,aqtualisturi meTodi”, romelic gulisxmobs geologiur warsulSi

Tanamedroveobis msgavsi pirobebis arsebobas. magaliTad, Tu vTqvaT, kavkasiaSi

vipoveT 80 milioni wlis winandeli marjnebiT agebuli rifuli kirqva, SegviZlia

davaskvnaT, rom im dros kavkasiaSi iyo zRva, Tanac aucileblad Tbili zRva (radgan

kirqvebi mxolod Tbil zRvebSi ileqeba da rifis mSenebel marjnebsac Tbili zRva

uyvarT). amave dros es unda yofiliyo zRvis marCxi nawili (ramdenime aTeul

metramde siRrmis), sufTa da JangbadiT mdidari wyliT. mxolod aseT pirobebSi

SeuZliaT Tanamedrove rifis mSenebel marjnebs arseboba.

meTodi SesaniSnavia da geologiaSi mas farTo gamoyeneba aqvs. Tumca yovelTvis

unda gvaxsovdes, rom geologiuri warsulis pirobebi an Zvelad mimdinare

geologiuri procesebi dRevandelis absoluturad identuri ar iqneboda.

liTofaciesuri analizisas mniSvnelovan monacemebs gvaZlevs rogorc magmuri,

ise metamorfuli qanebi. magram am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT informatiulia

danaleqi qanebi. maTi meSveobiT sakmaod iolad SeiZleba gairkves zRviur

garemosTan gvaqvs saqme, Tu kontinenturTan (imisda mixedviT, zRviuri warmoSobisaa

mocemuli qani, Tu kontinenturis), SegviZlia davadginoT zRvis siRrme (qanebis

xasiaTis, masalis simsxos da sxva niSnebis mixedviT), wylis temperatura (magaliTad,

qanSi arsebuli minerali glaukoniti migvaniSnebs Tbil zRviur garemoze, radganac

dRevandel pirobebSi es minerali gavrcelebulia iseT zRvebSi, romelTa saSualo

wliuri temperatura +12 °C-s Seadgens), ganvsazRvroT auzis marilianoba

(magaliTad, gamarilianebuli lagunis maCvenebelia haliti, TabaSiri, anhidriti an

msgavsi sxva mineralebi da qanebi), gazuri reJimi, hidrodinamika da sxv. sabolood

liTofaciesuri analiziT SesaZlebeli xdeba geologiuri warsulis fizikur-

geografiuli garemosa da klimatis (paleoklimatis) aRdgena.

biofaciesuri analizi. Zveli geologiuri pirobebis aRdgenis TvalsazrisiT

ufro STambeWdav suraTs iZleva biofaciesuri analizi. es arc aris gasakviri,

radganac cocxali organizmebis arseboba-ganviTareba pirdapir kavSirSia maT

sacxovrebel garemosTan da iq arsebul pirobebTan. biofaciesuri analizi eyrdnoba

paleoekologiur monacemebs, romelic aSuqebs geologiur warsulSi organizmis

urTierTkavSirs gare samyarosTan. Cven ukve visaubreT rifismSenebeli marjnebis

Sesaxeb. ganamarxebuli zRviuri wyalmcenareebi migvaniSneben imaze, rom zRvis

95

siRrme 200m-is farglebSi unda yofiliyo, vinaidan wyalSi sinaTlis sxivis CaRwevis

maqsimumi daaxloebiT am siRrmeebiT Semoifargleba. sinaTle ki wyalmcenareebis

arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia (fotosinTezi). namarxi kaneklianebi pirdapir

miuTiTeben normulmarilian zRvaze, Tanac umetesad 200m-ze siRrmis (Tumca zogi

maTi warmomadgeneli 7000m-ze ufro Rrma zRvaSic ki gvxvdeba). namarxi dinozavrebi

ki aSkarad kontinentur garemoze migvaniSneben da a.S.

faciesuri analiziT sabolood geologiur warsulSi arsebuli fizikur-

geografiuli pirobebis da landSaftur-klimaturi viTarebis aRdgena xdeba.

Tavi 19. geoqronologia

(geologiuri welTaRricxva)

ukve viciT, rom dedamiwaze geologiuri procesebi mimdinareobs mas Semdeg, rac

mas qerqi gadaekra. albaT metad sainteresoa davadginoT am procesTa droSi

monacvleoba, anu ganvsazRvroT maTi geologiuri asaki. gavixsenoT, rom geologiuri

procesebis Sedegad dedamiwis qerqis amgebi qanebi warmoiSoba, an piruku, qanebi

warmoadgenen geologiuri procesebis saxes. aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom Tu

ganvsazRvravT dedamiwis qerqis amgebi qanebis geologiur asaks, gvecodineba im

procesTa asakic, romlebmac Sesabamisi qanebi mogvces. amitom visaubrebT ara

geologiuri procesebis, aramed qanebis asakebze.

dedamiwis qerqi agebulia qanebiT, romlebic erTmaneTze arian ganlagebuli

uZvelesidan uaxlesamde (Tanamedrovemde). am qanebis asaki orgvarad SeiZleba

ganisazRvros. erTi mxriv, mocemuli (konkretuli) qani mis qveS mdebare qanze ufro

axalgazrdaa (rogorc ufro gvian gaCenili), xolo mis Tavze mdebareze ufro Zveli.

meore mxriv, mocemuli qani imdeni wlis aris, ramdeni droc gasula misi

warmoSobidan dRemde. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs qanebis SefardebiT asakTan

(romeliRacaze ufro axalgazrda, mavanze ufro Zveli), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _

absolutur asakTan. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare arsebobs SefardebiTi da

absoluturi geoqronologia (,,qronos” _ dro; berZn.).

19.1. SefardebiTi geoqronologia

qanebis SefardebiTi asakis gansazRvris meTodi absoluturze ufro Zvelia. mas

safuZveli italiaSi moRvawe cnobilma danielma bunebismetyvelma nikolaus stenom

(XVII saukune) Cauyara. stenoseuli meTodi Zalian martivad gvamcnobs, rom

erTmaneTze ganlagebul SreTa Soris qveviT mdebare yvelaze Zvelia, xolo zeviT

mdebare _ yvelaze axalgazrda.

SefardebiT geoqronologias SeiZleba stratigrafiac (,,stratum” _ Sre; laT.)

vuwodoT. stratigrafia swavlobs Sreebisa da SreTa kompleqsebis (bunebrivi

geologiuri sxeulebis) vertikalur (droSi) da horizontalur (sivrcobriv)

ganlagebas da amgvarad adgens maT asakobriv urTierTdamokidebulebas.

SefardebiTi asakis gansazRvris sxvadasxva meTodi arsebobs, romlebic

geologiur, geofizikur da paleontologiur, anu biostratigrafiul meTodebSi

erTiandeba. amaTgan geologiur-geofizikur meTodebs erTi didi nakli aqvT _ maTi

meSveobiT Catarebuli stratigrafiuli danawileba mTel dedamiwaze ver vrceldeba

da amdenad met-naklebad viwro regionul xasiaTs atarebs, maSin rodesac

biostratigrafiul (paleontologiur) meTods faqtobrivad saerTo planetaruli

xasiaTi aqvs.

biostratigrafiuli (paleontologiuri) meTodi damyarebulia im faqtze, rom

sicocxlis evoluciur ganviTarebaSi, romelic Seuqcevadi xasiaTisaa, calkeul

etapebze xdeba saxeobebis, gvarebis an sxva taqsonebis gadaSeneba. swored es

gadaSenebuli taqsonebi (ZiriTadad saxeebi) warmoadgenen maTi Semcveli qanebis

96

asakobriv maxasiaTeblebs. rac ufro farToa am taqsonebis geografiuli gavrceleba

da moklea maTi asakobrivi diapazoni (anu moklea maTi vertikaluri gavrceleba),

miT ufro detaluria stratigrafiuli danawileba da Sesabamisad ufro zustad

isazRvreba Semcveli qanebis (SefardebiTi) geologiuri asaki.

biostratigrafiuli meTodisaTvis organizmTa yvela Tu ara, bevri jgufi

gamodgeba. Tumca maT Soris arian am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani

jgufebi, romelTa Soris upirvelesad unda davasaxeloT graptoliTebi

(ordoviciul-siluruli wyebebisaTvis), amonitebi (iurul-carculi naleqebisaTvis),

numulitebi (paleogenuri wyebebisaTvis) da sxv.

biostratigrafiuli meTodi universaluria im TvalsazrisiTac, rom misi

meSveobiT SeiZleba ara marto danaleqi, aramed metamorfuli da magmuri qanebis

asakis gansazRvrac. marTalia magmuri qani namarxebs ar Seicavs, magram is xom

namarxebian danaleq qanebs Sorisaa moTavsebuli. romelTagan zogze axalgazrdaa,

xolo zogze _ Zveli. gamodis, rom is garkveul asakobriv diapazonSia moqceuli.

amitom magmur qanebSi dgindeba geologiuri asakis qveda da zeda sazRvari.

moviyvanoT magaliTi, romelic naTels mohfens zemoTqmuls.

davuSvaT, rom intruziuli magmuri sxeulis mier gakveTilia paleocenuri asakis

danaleqi qanebi da igive intruzivi zevidan (cxeli kontaqtis gareSe) gadafarulia

oligocenuri wyebebiT. es niSnavs, rom intruzivis SemoWrisas paleocenuri qanebi

ukve arsebobda, xolo oligocenuri wyebebi intruzivis SemoWrisa da gacivebis

Semdegaa daleqili. gamodis, rom intruzivis asaki paleocenurze ufro axalgazrdaa

(qveda asakobrivi sazRvari) da oligocenurze ufro Zveli (zeda asakobrivi

sazRvari), e.i. eocenuria.

ar SevudgebiT geologiur-geofizikuri meTodebis ganxilvas. davasaxelebT

mxolod zogierT maTgans. esenia: liTostratigrafiuli, teqtonostratigrafiuli,

seqvenstratigrafiuli, klimatostratigrafiuli, magnitostratigrafiuli, seismo-

stratigrafiuli meTodebi.

19.2. absoluturi geoqronologia.

rogorc aRvniSneT, absoluturi geoqronologiiT qanebis uSualo asaki isazRvreba,

vigebT Tu ra droa gasuli maTi warmoSobidan dRemde.

absoluturi geoqronologiis meTodi me-20 saukunis pirmSoa. misi Seqmna

radioaqtivobis aRmoCenasTanaa dakavSirebuli. meTodi Zalzed rTulia, Tumca misi

Sinaarsis gadmocema ramdenadme gamartivebuli saxiTa mainc SesaZlebelia –

zogierT mineralSi arseboben radioaqtiuri elementebi, romlebic am Tvisebebis

gamo bunebrivad iSlebian da mineralis struqturul meserSi (met-naklebad daxSuli

garemoa) stoveben daSlis produqtebs. magaliTad, minerali cirkoni Seicavs

radioaqtiur urans, romlis daSlis Sedegad miiReba tyvia da heliumi – U238U →

206Pb+84He. Tu daviangariSebT da davajamebT cirkonis kristalur meserSi dRes

arsebul 238U-is, amave dros daSlis Sedegad gaCenil tyviasa da heliumis

raodenobas, miviRebT 238U-is sawyis raodenobas, anu im raodenobas, romelic

iqneboda mineral cirkonis dakristalebis momentSi. radganac mecnierebisaTvis

cnobilia 238U-is naxevardaSlis periodi, Zalzed advili xdeba im drois gamoTvla,

roca cirkonis dakristaleba (warmoqmna) moxda. amave dros igulisxmeba, rom

daaxloebiT Tanadroulia cirkonisa da misi Semcveli qanis warmoSobac. aqedan

gamomdinare, saxeze gvaqvs qanis absoluturi asaki.

absolutur geoqronologias zogjer moixsenieben birTvuli geoqronologiis, radiogeoqronologiis an radiologiuri Tu kidev sxva saxelwodebiT. misi ZiriTadi meTodebia: uran-Torium-tyviis (an ubralod tyviis), kalium-argonis (an argonis),

97

rubidium-stronciumis, radioaqtiuri naxSirbadis (14C). aqve viZleviT zogi

radioaqtiuri elementis naxevardaSlis periodebs: 238U – 4510 mln.weli, 235U – 713

mln.w., 232Th – 15170 mln.w., 87Rb – 47000 mln.w., 40Ar – 1300 mln.w., 14C – 5750 w. unda SevniSnoT, rom es meTodi gamoiyeneba mxolod radioaqtiuri mineralebis

(elementebis) Semcveli qanebisaTvis. samagierod fasdaudebelia absoluturi geoqronologiis mniSvneloba, gansakuTrebiT im qanebisaTvis, romlebic namarxebs ar Seicaven da amdenad biostratigrafiuli meTodiT ver TariRdebian. aseTebs pirvel rigSi, arqeuli da proterozouri asakis magmuri da metamorfuli qanebis kompleqsebi warmoadgens. radioaqtiuri naxSirbadis meTodi gamoiyeneba mxolod

axalgazrda qanebisaTvis (ara uZveles 60-80 aTasi wlisa), radganac 14C-is naxevardaSlis periodi Zalzed mcirea, mxolod 5750 weli. samagierod sakmaod aqtiurad iyeneben am meTods arqeologebi.

19.3. geoqronologiuri skala.

dedamiwis qerqis amgebi qanebi uZvelesidan uaxlesis CaTvliT vertikalur WrilSi qmnian erTian, uwyvet kompleqss. Tumca es erTianoba erTgvarad moCvenebiTia, radganac is irRveva sxvadasxva asakobriv doneze qanTa kompleqsebis rig SemTxvevaSi uTanxmo ganlagebiT da rac mTavaria maTSi daculi namarxebis (mcenareebisa da cxovelebis) gansxvavebuli jgufebis SemcvelobiT. swored es niSnebi da maT Soris upirvelesad paleontologiuri monacemebia gamoyenebuli mecnierTa mier dedamiwis qerqis amgebi qanebis calkeul jgufebad dasanawileblad vertikalur WrilSi. Sesabamisad gamoyofilia ramdenime erTeuli, romelTagan udidess eonoTema ewodeba. eonoTema Sedgeba SedarebiT patara erTeulebisagan. es iqneba eraTema. eraTema iyofa sistemebad, sistema - seqciebad, seqcia – sarTulebad, sarTuli ki – zonebad. am ierarqiuli kibidan kargad Cans, rom zona yvelaze mcire erTeulia, eonoTema ki – udidesi. kidev erTxel xazs vusvamT im garemoebas, rom eonoTemidan dawyebuli zonis CaTvliT qanTa kompleqsebi igulisxmeba (cxadia sxvadasxva moculobis).

magram qanebis warmoSobisaTvis xom droa saWiro. amitom eonoTema → zonis Sesabamisad drois erTeulebic gamoiyofa – eonoTemas Seesabameba eoni, eraTemas – era, sistemas – periodi, seqcias – epoqa, sarTuls – saukune, zonas – faza. unda aRiniSnos, rom erTi da imave rangis qanebisa da drois maCvenebel erTeuls erTi (saerTo) saxeli aqvs. magaliTad, arsebobs arqeuli eonoTema da imav droulad arqeuli eonic. pirvel SemTxvevaSi arqeuli qanebi igulisxmeba, xolo meoreSi is dro, romelic am qanebis warmoSobas dasWirda. aseve erTi saxeli aqvT carcul sistemasa da periods, paleozour eraTemasa da eras da a.S.

dReisaTvis gamoyofilia sami eonoTema/eoni: arqeuli, proterozouli da fanerozouli (cxrili 19.1). geologiuri welTaRricxva iwyeba arqeuli eoniT da mTavrdeba fanerozouliT.

calkeuli eonoTemebis, erameTebis Tu sxva erTeulebis daxasiaTebas cota mogvi-anebiT SevudgebiT. aq ki gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom mocemuli cxrili (,,geoqrono-logiuri skala”) arasrulia, ramdenadac masSi sarTulebi da zonebi ar aris gamoyofili. es garkveulwilad SeuZlebelic aris, radganac sarTulebis didi simravle Zalian gadatvirTavda mocemul cxrils. rac Seexeba zonebs, maTi gamoyofa mTel rig sarTulebSi erTdroulad sxvadasxva faunisturi (da floristuri) jgufebis mixedviT xdeba amitom aseT cxrilSi zonebis Cveneba SeuZlebelia.

arqeuli da qveda proterozouli saerTod ar aris danawilebuli. amitomac cxrilSi isini arc aris saxeldebuli. arqeulsa da proterozouls erTad prekambriulsac (kambriulis winas) uwodeben. mkiTxvelTa yuradRebas mivaqcevT imasac, rom absoluturi asakebi eonebisa, erebisa da a.S. sxvadasxva avtorTa SromebSi gansxvavebulia, zogjer mniSvnelovnadac ki. cxrilSi mocemulia ramdenime avtoris monacemTa erTgvari Sejerebuli varianti, zogi cifris damrgvalebiT.

98

eoni (eonoTema)

era (eraTema)

periodi (sistema)

epoqa (seqcia)

geol.asaki (mln.wl)

faner

ozouli

PH

kainozouri KZ

meoTxeuli (anTropogenuli)

Q Q

holoceni Q _0.01 _ _1.75 _ _ 5 _ _ 25 _ _ 35 _ _ 55 _ _ 65 _ _ 145 _ _ 205 _ _ 250 _ _ 300 _ _ 360 _ _ 410 _ _ 440 _ _ 500 _ _ 540 _ _ 680 _ _ 1650_ _ 2500_ _ 3000_ _ 3500_ _ 4000_ _ 4600_

pleistoceni

Q

neogenuri N

plioceni

N2

mioceni N1

paleogenuri EE

oligoceniE3

eoceni E2

paleoceniE1

mezozouri MZ

carculi K

iuruli I

triasuli T

paleozouri PZ

permuli P P

karbonuli C

devonuri D

siluruli S

ordoviciuli O

kambriuli ϵ

proterozouli PR

gvianproterozouli PR2

venduri V

rifeuli R

adreproterozouli PR1

arqeuli AR

gvianarqeuli AR3

Suaarqeuli AR2

adrearqeuli AR1

katarqeuli

99

dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoria arqeulidan dRemde

Tavi 20. arqeuli eoni

arqeuli uZvelesi droa dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi (,,arqeos”

_Zveli; berZn., eoni- drois borblis mabrunebeli, berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT).

mis dasawyisad daaxloebiT 4 miliardi wlis winandeli droa miCneuli, xolo

xangrZlivoba 1500 milion wels aRwevs. Sesabamisad, arqeulis zeda asakobrivi

sazRvari proterozoulTan 2500 milion welze gadis.

rogori iyo sicocxle arqeulSi? adre arqeuli usicocxlo drod iTvleboda.

swored amitom mis momdevno eons proterozouli (,,proteros” _ ufro adreuli,

,,zoe” _ sicocxle; berZn.) uwodes. magram aRmoCnda, rom sicocxle dedamiwaze ukve

arqeulSi yofila. uZvelesi sicocxlis niSnebi mikvleulia kunZul grenlandze

arsebul cnobil isuas kompleqsSi, romlis asaki 3700-3800 milioni welia. aseve

Zvelia (3500 mln.wlis) cianobiontebis cxovelmoqmedebis Sedegad warmoSobili

qanebi _stromatoliTebi, romlebic napovnia avstraliis erT-erT raionSi.

arqeulSi sicocxlis arsebobis dadasturebis gamo zogi mkvlevari am eons

arqeozoulsac uwodebs, rac savsebiT samarTliani Cans imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom

yvela danarCeni eonisa Tu eris saxelwodeba swored sicocxlesTanaa

dakavSirebuli (fanerozouli, paleozouri da sxv.).

arqeuli sicocxle ar iyo maRalganviTarebuli da samwuxarod ar SemorCenila

met-naklebad mdidari namarxi kompleqsebis saxiT, rom SeiZlebodes maTi

stratigrafiaSi (biostratigrafiaSi) gamoyeneba. amitom arqeuli qanebis geologiuri

asaki radioaqtiuri meTodebiT (absoluturi geoqronologia) isazRvreba mxolod.

arqeuls samad yofen: qveda (4000-3500 mln.w.), Sua (3500-3000 mln.w.) da zeda (3000-2500

mln.w.). zogjer qveda arqeuls katarqeulis saxeliTac gamoyofen.

roca arqeulzea laparaki, erT-erT pirvel sakiTxad dedamiwis qerqSi dRes

arsebul yvelaze Zveli qanebis sakiTxi dgeba. ra viciT maT Sesax an ras

warmoadgenen isini? es aris e.w. ,,ruxi gnaisebi”, romlebic pirvelad kanadis farze

(Crdilo amerikis kratoni) daadgines. dReisaTvis es qanebi yvela kratonzea cnobili

(Crdilo amerikis, aRmosavleT evropis, cimbiris, indostanis, avstraliis,

antarqtidis, afrikis, samxreT amerikis). isini qmnidnen fundaments sxva, ufro

axalgazrda qanebisaTvis da amdenad warmoadgendnen dedamiwis pirvel

prokontinentur qerqs. ,,ruxi gnaisebi” aris narevi sxvadasxvagvari gnaisebisa,

kristaluri fiqlebis, rkiniani kvarcitebis da sxva CanarTebiT. fiqroben, rom am

qanebis momcemi dedaqanebi umTavresad magmuri (rogorc intruziuli, ise efuziuri)

saSualo simJavianobis wyebebi unda yofiliyo, romlebmac Semdgom Zlieri (albaT

araerTjeradi) metamorfizmi da granitizacia ganicades. ,,ruxi gnaisebis” asaki 4000-

3500 milioni welia. yvelaze Zveli asakis maT Soris dReisaTvis kanadis farze

mikvleuli 3960 milioni wlis akastas gnaisebia.

bevr adgilze ,,ruxi gnaisebi” naoWebis magvar rTul struqturebs da rac

mTavaria, granit-gnaisis gumbaTebs qmnian.

,,ruxi gnaisebi” zevidan dafarulia mZlavri (10-20 km sisqis) Zlier metamorfuli

da dislocirebuli qanebis kompleqsiT, romelTa Soris wamyvani adgili e.w. mwvane

qvebis sartylebs ukaviaT. es aris mravalferovani qanebis kompleqsi, romelTa

Soris granitebi da gnaisebi gamoiyofa, SedarebiT naklebad _ rkiniani kvarcitebi,

metakonglomeratebi, marmarilioebi da sxv. mwvane qvebis faciesTan dakavSirebulia

ultrafuZe, fuZe da saSualo simJavianobis vulkanitebi, kaJiani da qviSian-Tixiani

qanebi. mTel kompleqsSi xSirad intruziebia SeWrili, qveda nawilSi _ultrafuZe,

xolo zedaSi _granituli qanebisa. am ukanasknelTa asaki 2600 mln. welia.

100

rogorc ,,ruxi gnaisebi”, ise mis zeviT mdebare mZlavri wyebebi yvela cnobili

kratonis centralur nawilebs ikaveben (sur. 20.1).

rogor esaxebaT mkvlevarebs dedamiwis ganviTarebis arqeuli etapi?

arqeulis dasawyisisaTvis dedamiwaze ukve iyo protookeanuri (bazalturi) qerqi,

romelic Cvenamde 4 miliard welze adre (daaxloebiT 4.6-4.5 mlr. wlis win) gaCnda

da dRes ukve aRar aris. arqeulis dasawyisSi es qerqi mis qveS mdebare cxeli

mantiis gavleniT gadamuSavda da TandaTan gadaiqca protokontinentur qerqad

(,,ruxi gnaisebi”). es ukanaskneli deformacias ganicdida, Tumca namdvili danaoWebis

nacvlad wina planze qanebis amowberva da gumbaTovani struqturebis formireba iyo

wamoweuli, radganac imave cxeli mantiis gavleniT masTan axlo myofi qanebi did

denadobas iZendnen. protokontinenturi qerqi albaT calkeuli kunZulebis saxiT

arsebobda (esaa momavali materikebis birTvi), romelTa Soris jer kidev unda

yofiliyo protookeanuri qerqi (Хаин и др., 1997).

Sua da gvian arqeulSi (3500-2500 mln.w) protokontinentur qerqze riftingis

ganviTarebiT, am qerqis alag gaxleCviT Camoyalibeba daiwyo mwvane qvebis sartyelma.

yvelaferma aman ki (,,ruxi gnaisebis” CaTviT) erT mTlianobaSi Seadgina arqeuli

asakis kontinenturi qerqi, romelic yvela kratonis safuZvels (fuZes) warmoadgens.

arqeulis bolos moxda Zlieri danaoWeba granitizaciiT. danaoWebis Sedegad

miRebul struqturebs umetesad gumbaTovani ieri hqondaT. es aris swored zemoT

xsenebuli qerqi, romlis savaraudo sisqe 30-40 km unda yofiliyo.

dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis arqeuli drois istoriaSi realuri faqtebis

(masalis) simciris gamo bevri ram hipoTezuria. arc is viciT zustad arqeulis

bolos warmoSobili qerqi erTiani iyo, Tu calkeuli kunZulebis (an

mikrokontinentebis ) saxiT iyo gavrcelebuli dedamiwaze. mkvlevarTa varaudiT

ufro misaRebia is azri, rom im dros dedamiwaze iyo erTiani kontinenti pangea,

romelsac ,,upirispirdeboda” erTiani okeane panTalasa (Хаин и др., 1997).

Tavi 21 proterozouLli eoni

proterozouli moTavsebulia arqeulsa da fanerozouls Soris. es eoni daiwyo

2500 milioni wlis win da dasrulda 540 milioni wlis win. misi xangrZlivoba,

Sesabamisad, TiTqmis 2000 milion wels Seadgens.

saxelwodeba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, upirveles sicocxles, anu sicocxlis

yvelaze adrindel xanas gulisxmobs. marTalia dRes ukve cnobilia, rom sicocxle

dedamiwaze gacilebiT ufro adre, arqeulSi gaCnda, magram proterozouls

tradiciuli saxeli mainc SemorCa.

21.1. sicocxle proterozoulSi.

sicocxlis evoluciis TvalsazrisiT proterozouli eoni did interess iwvevs.

Tumca unda iTqvas, rom faqtobrivad mTeli eonis ganmavlobaSi (2500-680 mln.wlebi)

mxolod prokariotebi Tu arsebobdnen _ baqteriebi da cianobiontebi. am

ukanasknelebma im dros iseT ganviTarebas miaRwies, rom proterozouli eoni

SeiZleba cianobiontebis xanadac ki CaiTvalos.

mecnierTa varaudiT adreproterozoulis Sua nawilSi, daaxloebiT 2000 mln.

wlis win, atmosferoSi mkveTrad gaizarda Jangbadis raodenoba, rasac

cianobiontebis aqtiur fotosinTezur moqmedebas miaweren. daaxloebiT am dros

gaCndnen mravalujrediani organizmebi, agreTve planqtonis pirveli

warmomadgenlebi.

sicocxlis ganviTarebaSi didi gardatexa xdeba vendurSi. am dros Cndeba

evkariotebis mravali warmomadgeneli wyalmcenareebis, sokoebisa da uxerxemlo

101

zRviuri cxovelebis saxiT. prokariotebic (cianobiontebi) ayvavebas ganicdian, rac

kargad dasturdeba stromatoliTebis farTo ganviTarebiT. evkariotuli

wyalmcenareebidan pirvel rigSi mwvane wyalmcenareebi (qlorofitebi) unda

davasaxeloT.

raRac evoluciuri afeTqebis msgavsi xdeba uxerxemlo cxovelebis ganviTarebaSi.

vendurSi Cndeba maTi sakmaod mravalferovani jgufebi. uaRresad sainteresoa is,

rom yvela forma absoluturad uskeleto iyo. es fenomenaluri movlena dResac ki

saTanadod kargad ar aris axsnili. organizmebis SemorCnen anabeWdebis, nakvalevis,

koproliTebis (namarxi eqskrementebi) saxiT.

venduri asakis uxerxemlo cxovelebis namarxebi bevr qveyanaSia napovni (samxreT

afrika, inglisi da sxv.) magram am mxriv gansakuTebulia samxreT avstraliis

,,ediakaris biota” da baltiispireTis faunisturi kompleqsi.

uskeleto, rbiltaniani organizmebi, romlebic ,,ediakaris biotis” saxeliTaa

cnobili (Ediacarien - saxelwodeba modis samxreT avstraliaSi arsebul ediakaris

borcvebidan da aborigenTa enaze niSnavs ,,aris wyali” (:dyakra)), rogorc Cans, zRvaSi

mcxovreb bilateraluri (ormxrivi) an radialuri simetriis mimagrebul benToss

miekuTvneboda. ramdenime aTeuli wlis win paleontologTa umetesoba ,,ediakaris

biotas” Rrunawlavianebis (umTavresad meduzebisa da polipebis), fexsaxsrianebis da

sxvaTa Soreul winaprad moiazrebda. Tumca bolo wlebSi amgvari Sexeduleba

mTlianad uaryofil iqna.

venduri periodis mSveneba _ ,,ediakaris biota” cxovelTa samefoSi warmodgenili

iyo ramdenime tipiT, romelTa sruli gadaSeneba (amowyveta) ,,kambriuli afeTqebis”

qveda sazRvarze, 540 milioni wlis win moxda.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom ,,ediakarelebi” formiTa da zomiT sakmaod

mravalferovanni iyvnen. magaliTad, e.w. proartikulatebi (sxvagvarad, ,,gaberili

matrasebi”) zomebSi 1-2 milimetridan 1,5 metramde aRwevdnen, xolo maTgan

gansxvavebuli, diskoseburi formis mqone organizmebis zomebi erTeuli

santimetrebidan 18 santimetramde meryeobda (sxvaTa Soris, meduzebad Tu

meduzoidebad ,,monaTluli” Cyclomedusa, Ediacaria da kidev sxva, swored diskosebur

organizmTa jgufs miekuTvneboda)(sur. 21.1).

21.2. dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis adreproterozouli etapi

proterozouli orad iyofa _qveda (2500-1650 mln. w. ) da zeda (rifeuli _1650-680

mln.w. da venduri 680-540 mln.w.). unda aRiniSnos, rom qveda da zeda proterozouli

sakmaod gansxvavdeba erTmeneTisgan, rogorc faciesurad, ise, rac mTavaria,

geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am TvalsazrisiT qveda

proterozouli ufro axlos aris arqeulTan, vidre zeda proterozoulTan. aqedan

gamomdinare, ufro mizanSewonilia qveda da zeda proterozoulis cal-calke

ganxilva.

qvedaproterozouli qanebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli, umetesad ki dRevandeli

kratonebis farebze da baqnebis (platformebis) kristalur fundamentSi gvxvdeba.

warmodgenilia Zalze mravalferovani wyebebiT, romlebSic mravladaa magmuri

(rogorc efuziuri, ise intruziuli), metamorfuli (sxvadasxva xarisxis

metamorfizmiT) da danaleqi qanebi. am ukanasknelSi vxvdebiT zRviur da

kontinentur naleqebs, myinvarulsac ki tilitebis saxiT.

qvedaproterozouli wyebebi ZiriTadad or geoteqtonikur erTeuls ukavSirdebian

_ a) kratonebs, sadac isini arqeuli asakis kristalur fundamentze sustad

dislocire bul, TiTqmis daunaoWebel wyebebs qmnian da b) naoWa sartylebs, sadac

Zvel wyebebTan erTad intensiurad dislocirebulni arian. sailustraciod erTi-ori

magaliTic gamogvadgeba:

102

samxreT afrikaSi, kratonze, romlis fundamentic arqeuli asakis ,,ruxi

gnaisebiT”, mwvane fiqlebis faciesiTa da sxva qanebiT aris agebuli da romelTa

zeda asakobrivi sazRvari 2700 mln. wliT isazRvreba (sxvaTa Soris wyebis zeda

nawilSi gamoereva oqrosSemcveli konglomeratebi, romlebic msoflioSi

saxelganTqmul vitvatersrandis oqros sabadoebs qmnian), gadarecxil zedapirze

uTanxmod ganlagebulia 12km sisqis qveda proterozouli (2350-2050 mln.weli)

transvaalis seria. seriis qveda nawili warmodgenilia Tixiani fiqlebiT,

kvarcitebiT, bazalturi da rioliTuri lavebiTa da tufebiT, romlebic zeviT

Txeli zRvis klasturi qanebiT icvlebian. am ukanasknelT vertikalur WrilSi

zeviT dolomituri kirqvebis, jespilitebis (romelTac rkinis madnebi ukavSirdeba)

mZlavri wyebebi anacvleben.

transvaalis seria gakveTilia mZlavri intruziuli magmuri sxeuliT, romlis

asakic daaxl. 2000 mln. wels Seadgens. ufro zeviT, gadarecxil zedapirze

ganlagebulia Wreli qviSaqvebis mZlavri (5 km) kontinenturi wyeba, romelSic

SuaSreebis saxiT konglomeratebi, Tixafiqlebi da sxva qanebi gamoereva (Хаин и др.,

1997).

transvaalis seriis da mis Tavze mdebare wyebis qanebi TiTqmis ar aris

danaoWebuli. es gvaZlevs uflebas davaskvnaT, rom aq saqme gvaqvs kratonTan, ufro

zustad ki kratonis platformul nawilTan, romlis kristaluri fundamenti

arqeuli qanebiT, xolo danaleqi safari qvedaproterozouli naleqebiT aris

agebuli(sur....).

sinamdvileSi ki saqme cota sxvagvaradaa _rogorc cnobilia, platformis

danaleqi safari wyebaTa horizontuli (an subhorizontuli) ganlagebis garda

xasiaTdeba am wyebaTa mcire simZlavreebiT, rac calkeuli sistemis (periodis)

farglebSi aTeuli an aseuli metrebiT Tu izomeba. garda amisa, ,,namdvil” danaleq

safarSi praqtikulad ver SevxvdebiT magmur sxeulebs. sul sxva suraTia Cven mier

zemoT mocemul WrilSi – aq intensiurad dislocirebuli arqeuli kompleqsis

gadarecxil zedapirze ganlagebulia saerTo jamSi 17 km(!) sisqis danaleqi qanebis

kompleqsi, romelic ,,daglejilia” intruziuli magmuri sxeulebiT da romelSic

arcTu iSviaTad vxvdebiT efuziur magmur warmonaqmnebsac. amave dros naoWa

sartylisagan gansxvavebiT am kompleqsSi zRviuri naleqebis gverdiT xSiria

kontinenturi naleqebic (mdinareuli, tbiuri, myinvaruli). amasTanave klastiur

masalas emCneva araerTjeradi gadarecxvis kvali, rac praqtikulad ucxoa(ufro

zustad _ Zalze iSviaTia) naoWa sartylis danaleqi safarisaTvis. aSkaraa, rom

zemoT aRweril WrilSi saqme gvaqvs kratonsa da naoWa sartyels Soris gardamaval

struqturasTan, romelic damaxasiaTebel TvisebaTa erTobliobiT aSkarad

gansxvavdeba rogorc erTis, ise meorisgan. amgvar struqturas avlakogeni hqvia.

sul sxva suraTia afrikis dasavleT nawilSi, gvineis ubis sanapirosTan. iq

grauvakuri fliSis, qviSaqvebis, tufogenuri naleqebis morigeobaa, romelsac Tavze

bazaltebisa da andezit-rioliTebis wyebaTa kompleqsi edeba. yvela am wyebis

jamuri simZlavre 7000 m-s aWarbebs. wyebaTa es kompleqsi mTlianad

dislocirebulia, Zlier danaoWebulia, qmnian rTul naoWebs SecocebebiTa da

SariaJebiT. aseve danaoWebulia am wyebebze uTanxmod ganlagebuli oqrosSemcveli

molasuri naleqebi (konglomeratebi, gravelitebi, qviSaqvebi, kvarcitebi, argilitebi

((Хаин и др., 1997). oqros sabadoebis gavrcelebis gamo am adgils ,,oqros napiri”

Searqves.

mTeli es kompleqsi, romlis asakic qvedaproterozoulia, udavod moZrav

sartyelSia formirebuli.

rogori iyo dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTareba adre proterozoulSi?

gavixsenoT, rom arqeulis bolos dedamiwaze erTiani kontinenti, pangea arsebobda

103

(yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTi varaudi ufro misaRebia). proterozouli eonis dasawyisSi,

3500 milioni wlis win pangeam daSla daiwyo _ zogan kontinenturi qerqi

ixliCeboda da am adgilebSi xdeboda moZravi sartylebis formireba. qerqis

bolomde gaxleCis Sedegad miviReT calkeuli kratonebi (adre dasaxelebuli

Crdilo amerikis, armosavleT evropis, cimbirisa da sxv.) da maTi gamyofi moZravi

sartylebi _ aTaseuli kilometris sigrZisa da aseuli kilometris siganis mqone

depresiebi(sur. 20.1).

adre proterozoulis miwuruls, daaxloebiT 1650 milioni wlis win, qerqis

Zlieri SekumSvis Sedegad kratonebis kvlav gaerTianeba da superkontinent pangeas

Camoyalibeba moxda. am SekumSvis Sedegi iyo Zlieri orogenezisi, romelsac SeiZleba

kareluri vuwodoT. pangeas paralelurad unda warmoSobiliyo superokeane

panTalasa Tavisi okeanuri qerqiT.

iyo Tu ara spredingisa da subduqciis zonebi adreproterozoulSi da saerTod

moqmedebda Tu ara im dros liTosferuli filebis teqtonikis meqanizmi _ es

sakiTxebi jerjerobiT bolomde garkveuli ar aris.

21.3. gvianproterozouli (rifeul-venduri) etapi.

,,rifea” uralis Zveli saxelwodebaa, xolo vendebi Tu venedebi aRmosavleT

evropis Zvelad mobinadre tomi yofila.

gvian proterozoulis saerTo xangrZlivoba 1 miliard wels aWarbebs. am

droisaTvis ukve kargad ganviTarebuli cianobiontebis (igulisxmeba

stromatoliTebi) meSveobiT rifeulis, xolo ediakaris fauniT venduris

biostratigrafiuli danawileba xerxdeba, Tumca mis gverdiT absoluturi

geoqronologiis meTodic gamoiyeneba.

gvian proterozoulis miwuruls ukve mTlianad iyo Camoyalibebuli kratonebis

qveda struqturuli sarTuli _ kristaluri fundamenti, ramac ganapiroba

kratonebis zeda struqturuli sarTulis_danaleqi safaris ganviTareba.

faqtobrivad gvianproterozoulSi iwyeba kratonebis, rogorc srulyofili

struqturebis formireba.

kratonebis gverdiT gvian proterozoulSi ganviTarebas iwyebs axali moZravi

sartylebi, romlebic sabolood Zlier dislocirebul naoWa struqturebs iZlevian.

gvian proterozoulSi iwyeben formirebas agreTve mesame tipis geostruqturebi

e.w. avlakogenebi. avlakogenebi Tavisi bunebiT gardamavalia kratonebsa da moZrav

sartylebs Soris. isini teqtonikurad ufro mobilurni arian, vidre kratonebi da

naklebad mobilurni, vidre moZravi sartylebi. avlakogenebis formireba kratonebis

fundamentSi xdeba viwro (aseuli kilometrebi) da gamwe (aTaseuli kolometrebi)

grabenuli depresiebis saxiT.

mkvlevarTa xelT arsebul liTologiur-petrografiuli da paleontologiuri

masala saSualebas iZleva Tvali gavadevnoT xsenebul etapze dedamiwis geologiuri

ganviTarebis istorias. gavixsenoT, rom gvianp roterozouli etapis dawyebis win

Camoyalibda erTiani kontinenti pangea (SeiZleba vTqvaT pangea-2), rifeulSi iwyeba

pangea-2-is TandaTan daSla, Tumca am procesis ganviTarebas xels uSlis

grenviluri orogenezisi (daaxloebiT 1 miliardi wlis win), romlis wyalobiTac

pangeas danawevreba SeCerda. SevniSnoT, rom adre proterozoulis miwuruls (1650

mln. wlis win) momxdarma karelurma orogenezisma Seqmna Zveli kratonebis

kristaluri fundamentis ZiriTadi birTvi, grenviluri orogenezisis Sedegad ki

sabolood Camoyalibda Crdilo amerikis, aRmosavleTi evropis, indostanisa da

avstraliis kratonebis fundamenti. aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom

kratonis kristaluri fundamentis asaki zogadad arqeul-proterozoulia (anu

prekambriuli), rac Seexeba danaleq safars, is yovelTvis kristalur fundamentzea

104

ganlagebuli, e.i. masze gviandelia, ufro axalgazrdaa. amdenad kratonebis danaleqi

safaris asaki ZiriTadad fanerozouli iqneba.

gvian rifeulSi kvlav daiwyo pangeas destruqcia. superkontinentze jer Caisaxa

ganeduri moZravi sartyeli _xmelTaSuazRviuri (okeane teTisi), romelmac pangea

orad gayo _ Crdilo da samxreT kontinentebad (dRevandeli ganlagebiT). SemdgomSi

orive kontinenti ganicdida daSlas. magram vendurSi momxdari orogenezisis

wyalobiT ,,samxreTSi” kvlav erTiani kontinenti (gondvanisi) miviReT (am

orogeneziss ruseTSi baikaluri, Crdilo amerikaSi kadomuri, afrikaSi panafrikuli,

xolo samxreT amerikaSi braziliuri orogenezisi hqvia). rac Seexeba ,,Crdilo”

kontinents, misi daSliT paleozouris (kambriulis ) dasawyisSi ramdenime

kontinenti (kratoni) gaCnda, maT Sua moZravi sartylebis CasaxviT. Crdilo amerikis

kratonsa (lavrencia) da aRmosavleTi evropis kratons (fenoskandia) Soris gaCnda

Crdilo-atlanturi moZravi sartyeli (okeane iafeti), aRmosavleTi evropis kratonsa

erTi mxriv, xolo meore mxriv cimbirisa da CineTis (CineT-koreis) kratonebs Soris

_ ural-oxotis moZravi sartyeli (paleoaziuri okeane). amave droisaa wynari okeane,

romelic gars uvlida xuTive kontinents.

amrigad, paleozouris dasawyisisaTvis dedamiwaze xuTi didi kontinenti

lavrencia, fenoskandia, cimbiri, CineTi da gondvanisi arsebobda maTi gamyofi

okeaneebiT (teTisi, iafeti, paleoaziuri, wynari).

21.4. prekambriulis wiaRiseuli

prekambriuli naleqebi Zalian mdidaria wiaRiseuliT. maTSi gansakuTrebiT

mravladaa metalTa sabadoebi. aq aris rkinisa da titanis saerTo maragebis 90%,

xolo oqrosi, uranisa da nikelis _ 70%. davasaxeloT zogierTi metalis sabadoebi:

rkina _ qvedaproterozouli asakis_ruseTi (kurskis magnituri anomalia da sxv.),

afrika, brazilia, aSS, avstralia; zeda _proterozouli – ruseTi (urali), Crdilo

korea, afrika, avstralia, aSS.

spilenZi _ qveda proterozouli _fineTi, kanada, ruseTi (cimbiri); zeda

proterozouli _ avstralia, kanada, namibia, zairi, zambia, aSS.

tyvia-TuTia _zeda proterozouli _avstralia,aSS, kanada,zambia.

titani _ qveda proterozouli_samxreTi afrika.

oqro _ zeda arqeuli_ samxreTi afrika (vitvatersrandi), qveda proterozouli

_dasavleTi afrika; zeda proterozouli _avstralia,aSS,zambia.

urani _ zeda proterozouli _kanada, aSS, zairi(msoflioSi udidesi sabado

Sinkolobve).

nikeli _ qveda proterozouli _kanada; zeda proterozouli _kanada.

almasi _ qveda proterozouli _ gaiana,gana;zedaproterozouli _ indoeTi.

gaz-navTobi _ rifeuli _aRmosavleTi cimbiri (ruseTi).

Tavi 22. Ffanerozouli eoni

Ffanerozouli aSkara sicocxlis xanas niSnavs. Mmisgan sapirispirod arqeul da

proterozoul eonebs erTiani saxeli “kriptozouli” (faruli sicoxlis xana) aqvT.

Ffanerozouli uaxlesi eonia dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi. misi

xangrZlivoba am istoriis bolo 540 milion wels moicavs anu daiwyo 540 milioni

wlis win da grZeldeba dResac. niSandoblivia, rom arqeul-proterozoulTan (igive

prekambriulTan) SedarebiT Zalian mcire droSi, sul raRac 540-mde milioni wlis

ganmavlobaSi organulma samyarom arnaxuli evolucia ganicada. amasTanave uaRresad

mniSvnelovani iyo agreTve Zveli kontinentebis moZraoba da urTierTgadaadgileba,

rac drodadro sagZnoblad ucvlida iersaxes dedamiwas.

105

fanerozouli eoni moicavs sam eras: paleozours, mezozoursa da kainozours.

22.1. paleozouri era

paleozouri era (“Zveli sicocxlis xana”) daiwyo 540 milioni wlis win da

dasrulda 245 milioni wlis win. Sesabamisad misi xangrZlivoba 290 milion wels

Seadgens. Ppaleozouri era Sedgeba 6 periodisagan: kambriuli, ordoviciuli,

siluruli, devonuri, karbonuli da permuli. zogjer paleozours or nawilad

yofen _ qveda da zeda paleozourad. aseT SemTxvevaSi qveda paleozouri moicavs

kambriul, ordovociul da silurul sistemebs, xolo zeda _ devonur, karbonul da

permul sistemebs.

paleozours qvevidan sazRvravs proterozouli (kerZod, venduri sistema), xolo

zevidan _ mezozouri (kerZod, triasuli sistema).

22.1.1. sicocxlis ganviTareba paleozourSi

Ees uaRresad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi upirvelesad paleozouri skeleturi faunis

gaCenasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Ppaleozouri eris da saerTod mTeli fanerozouli

eonis erT-erTi, faqtobrivad yvelaze mniSvnelovani ganmasxvavebeli niSani arqeul-

proterozoulis anu kriptozoulisagan (igive prekambriuli) aris

maRalganviTarebuli niJariani faunis arseboba, romlis msgavsic prekambriulSi

(kriptozoulSi) ara gvaqvs!P paleozouri eris dasawyisSive, kambriul periodSi

vxvdebiT maRali organizaciis mqone, myari niJariT warmodgenil uxerxemlo

cxovelebis yvela ZiriTad tips. Zalian Znelia im faqtis axsna, Tu ratom aris

kambriulSi niJariani cxovelebis taqsonTa aseTi siuxve, maSin, roca cota xniT

ufro adre, venduri periodis dasasruls niJariani organizmebi saerTod ar iyo

dedamiwaze.

kambriuli faunis organizaciis maRali done da amave dros am periodSi

uxerxemlo cxovelTa faqtobrivad yvela tipis arseboba migvaniSnebs imaze, rom

kambriuli periodis dasawyisisaTvis cxovelTa samefos evoluciis mniSvnelovani

gza unda gaevlo. Mmeore mxriv, amgvari evoluciisaTvis warmoudgenlad mcire droa

(gavixsenoT, rom kambriuli periodi droSi uSualod enacvleba vendur periods).

Ggamomdinare aqedan unda davaskvnaT,rom kambriulSi sicocxlis evoluciis tempi

Zalian maRali iyo, risTvisac xeli unda Seewyo garemo pirobebis mkveTr cvlas.

Aamas gvafiqrebinebs is garemoebac, rom ara Cans kambriuli faunis uSualo

winaprebi. Aadre am garemoebas xsnidnen prekambriuli naleqebis Zlieri

metamorfizmiT, rasac unda moespo qanebSi namarxebis saxiT daculi sicocxle.

amasTanave miuTiTebdnen drois did xarvezze prekambriulsa da paleozours Soris.

Mmagram gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi yvela kontinentze mikvleul iqna

gvianproterozouli asakis arametamorfuli, Cveulebrivi danaleqi qanebi, romelTa

erTi nawili saerTod unamarxo aRmoCnda, xolo meore nawilSi, rogorc ukve viciT,

sakmaod mravalferovani uniJaro fauna iyo (magaliTisaTvis Tundac “ediakaris

biota” gamodgeba). Aamave dros es unamarxo Tu namarxiani qanebi droSi Zalian

swrafad inacvleba kambriuli asakis naleqebiT.Aamgvarad, zemoT xsenebuli

Sexeduleba dRis wesrigidan moixsna.

mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT ,,kambriuli afeTqeba”, rac gamoixata niJariani

formebis swraf warmoqmnaSi, ganpirobebuli iyo mtacebeli cxovelebis gaCeniT.

Aamdenad, organul samyaroSi Seiqmna axali urTierToba _ mtacebeli-msxverpli!

Sedegad ki niJariani formebi miviReT.

niJariani formebis gaCenis erT-erT mizezad SeiZleba kambriul periodSi

zRvebSi marilianobis mkveTri gazrda migveCnia. zRvis gamarilianeba (iseve rogorc

ganmarilianeba) fanerozouli eonis sxvadasxva periodsa Tu epoqaSi cnobili

106

faqtia. Mmagram am process yovelTvis lokaluri (da ara globaluri) xasiaTi

hqonda. Tanac,rogorc cnobilia, wylis gamarilianeba ZiriTadad lagunebSi xdeba.

xolo imis daSveba,rom vendurSi lagunebi ar arsebobda, ubralod absurduli Cans!

sxva mosazrebiT ediakar-belomoruli uniJaro fauna cxovrobda erTiani kontinentis

irgvliv arsebul zRvebSi, maRali temperaturisa da Raribi sakvebi resursebis

pirobebSi. kambriuli organizmebi ki gaCndnen superkontinentis daSlis dros, roca

mniSvnelovnad gaizarda sanapiro zoli, Tanac misi udidesi nawili ganTavsebuli

iyo arsebobisaTvis Zalian xelsayrel tropikuli klimatis zonaSi. Ggamwe da

ganieri Selfis sazRvrebSi intensiuri karbonatuli naleqdagroveba mimdinareobda

(rogorc cnobilia, karbonatuli qanebis warmoqmna yvelaze intensiurad zRvis

Selfur nawilSi, 100-200 metr siRrmeze xdeba).swored aseTi adgilebi iyo

cxovelTaTvis sacxovreblad idealuri, ramdenadac isini sakvebis siuxviTa da

mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeodnen.

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, venduri asakis ,,ediakaris biotis” Semcvel Sreebs

uSualod agrZelebs adrekambriuli organizmebis Semcveli wyebebi. es faqti udavod

miuTiTebs skeletiani formebis gaCenis swraf tempze, SeiZleba uswrafeszec ki,

radganac skeletiani faunis gaCena erTi-ori milioni, an SeiZleba sulac ramdenime

aseuli aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi unda momxdariyo. TiTqos udavoa,rom swored

evoluciuri ganviTarebis tempis aCqarebaa skeletiani organizmebis gaCenis mizezi.

magram oranizmTa swrafi evoluciisaTvis xom mastimulirebeli faqtoria saWiro.

AaseT faqtorad zogi mecnieri kosmosur gamosxivebas miiCnevs. dadgenilia, rom mzis

ultraiisferi an maionizirebeli kosmosuri gamosxiveba Zalian Zlierad moqmedebs

cocxal organizmTa genur da qromosomul struqturebze da, Sesabamisad, mkveTrad

zrdis maTi mutaciis unars. Mmutaciis Sedegad SeZenil axal TvisebaTa erTi nawili

dabla swevs organizmTa sicocxlisunarianobas da Sesabamisad iwvevs am organizmTa

gadaSenebas. sxvani, romlebic arsebul sacxovrebel garemos kargad esadagebian,

piriqiT, organizmTa gaZlierebas (progress,evolucias) ganapirobeben. xsenebuli

orive saxis gamosxiveba (mzis, kosmosuri) sistematur xasiaTs atarebs. Tumca maTi

gaaqtivebis periodi TiTqos ukavSirdeba mzis sistemis romelime zeaxali

varskvlavis afeTqebas. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom amgvar SemTxvevasTan gvqonda saqme

vendur-kambriulis sazRvarze an, praqtikulad rac igivea, kambriulis dasawyisSi.

ram gamoiwvia organuli samyaros kambiulis Semdgomi evolucia? Mmizezi unda

veZeboT albaT erTi mxriv organizmebis sacxovrebel garemosa, xolo meore mxriv

TviT organizmTa genetikur cvlaSi.

kambriuli periodi - C

saxelwodeba modis uelsis Zvelromauli saxelidan _ Cambria, sadac es sistema

pirvelad iqna gamoyofili ingliseli mecnieris a. sejvikis mier 1835 wels.

sazRvrebi. qveda sazRvari vendurTan 540 milioni wliT isazRvreba, xolo zeda

sazRvari ordoviciulTan _ 500 milioni wliT. Sesabamisad kambriuli periodis

xangrZlivoba 40 milion wels moicavs. Kkambriuli sistema sam seqciad iyofa: C1–

qveda, C2-Sua,C3-zeda.

cocxali buneba. kambriul periodSi iwyebs formirebas Tanamedrove zRvebsa da

okeaneebSi arsebuli sicocxle, pirvel rigSi sxvadasxvagvari wyalmcenareebiTa da

uxerxemlo cxovelebiT, romlebic niJaris matareblebi iyvnen. zRvebSi batonobdnen

uxerxemloTa arqauli jgufebi. rac Seexeba xmeleTs, is praqtikulad dausaxlebeli

iyo.

kambriuli periodis cxovelebi TandaTan daxelovndnen myari qitinovan-

fosfaturi an kirqvis niJaris SenebaSi. maTgan pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT

arqeociaTebis saxeliT cnobili metad Taviseburi jgufi, romelic kambriulis

107

dasawyisSi gaCnda, ganviTarebis maqsimums adrekambriulSi miaRwia da kambriulis

bolos gadaSenda. arqeociaTebi mimagrebuli benTosuri organizmebi iyvnen,

romlebic Tbil, wyalmarCx zRvebSi cxovrobdnen. wyalmcenareebTan erTad isini

rifis mSeneblebic iyvnen.

Kkambriuli periodi aris trilobitebis gaCenisa da ayvavebis xana. trilobitebi

warmoadgenen fexsaxsrianTa tipis paleozouris bolos gadaSenebul jgufs. isini

zRviuri organizmebi iyo. maTi didi nawili benTosur (SlamSi Cafluli,fskerze

mRoRavi) cxovrebas eweoda, SedarebiT mcire nawili planqtons miekuTvneboda, zogi

SesaZloa neqtonsac. SevniSnavT,rom trilobitebis meSveobiT xdeba kambriulis sam

seqciad danawileba: qveda (gvari Olenellus), Sua (gvari Paradoxides),zeda (gvariOlenus).

trilobitebTan erTad kambriulSi sxva fexsaxsrianebic gvxvdeba, pirvel rigSi

ostrakodebi.

Kkambriul faunaSi did rols TamaSoben braqiopodebi, pirvel rigSi uklitoni _

Obolus, Kutorgina da sxv. am droidan iwyeben ganviTarebas klitianebic.

kambriulis dasawyisSi Cndebian marjnebi. Aaqtiurad viTardebian moluskebi,

romelTagan gastropodebi gaCndnen adre kambriulSi, bivalviebi _ Sua kambriulSi,

xolo cefalopodebi _ gvian kambriulSi.

kaneklianebidan vxvdebiT helmatozoebis primitiul jgufebs (cistoideebi,

Tekoideebi, karpoideebi) da TiTo-orola holoTuriebs.

kambriul naleqebSi vxvdebiT agreTve: erTujredian cxovelebs _ foraminiferebsa

da radiolariebs; Rrublebs; Wiebs; graptoliTebs; cianobiontebs; mwvane

wyalmcenareebs (qlorofitebs).

faciesebi. kambriulis dasawyisisaTvis ukve srulad aris Camoyalibebuli

kratonis kristaluri fundamenti da iwyeba kratonebisaTvis tipuri danaleqi

safaris formireba. Aamgvari suraTi damaxasiaTebelia TiTqmis yvela kratonisaTvis.

rogorc erT-erTi saukeTeso, davasaxeloT aRmosavleT evropis kratonis

Semadgeneli ruseTis baqnis (platformis) kambriulis Wrili.

Zalian saintereso Wrilia. aq kambriuli mxolod qveda seqciiTaa warmodgenili,

romelic Semcveli namarxebiT met-naklebad normalurad isazRvreba. qvedakambriuli

wyebebi uTanxmod adevs vendur naleqebs, e.w. laminaritian wyebebs, xolo TviT

uTanxmod ifareba qvedaordoviciuli diqtionemiani TixebiT, romelic Seicavs

swored qveda ordoviciulis saxelmZRvanelo namarxs – Dictyonema flabelliforme-s. bevri

ram aris am WrilSi sayuradRebo– jer erTi is,rom calkeul wyebaTa simZlavreebi

aTeuli metrebis farglebSia, xolo jamuri simZlavre 260 metrze odnav metia.

wyebebi horizontuladaa ganlagebuli.wyebebi mTlianad warmodgenili aris

klastiuri terigenuli danaleqi qanebiT. maTSi ara Tu arseboba, miniSnebac ar aris

metamorfuli, da rac ufro mniSvnelovania, magmuri qanebis ( rogorc intruziulis,

ise efuziuris) arsebobaze. yvelaferi es aSkarad miuTiTebs namdvili kratonuli

(SeiZleba jobdes vTqvaT – platformuli, baqnuri) pirobebis arsebobaze.

sul sxva xasiaTis kambriuli gvaqvs im dros arsebul moZrav sartylebSi.

magaliTisaTvis xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyelic gamogvadgeba. am moZravi

sartylis farglebSi gavrcelebuli kambriuli naleqebi yvelgan kontinentis

aqtiuri kidis bunebisaa. magaliTisaTvis safrangeTis centraluri platos

samxreTiT mdebare montenuaris (Monte-Noire) midamoebis Wrilic gamogvadgeba.

xsenebul WrilSi yuradRebas iqcevs kambriuli (da mis Tavze ganlagebuli

ordoviciuli, siluruli, devonuri da kidev ufro axalgazrda naleqebi)wyebebis

Zlieri danaoWeba da aTaseuli metris sisqis qanebi; Tumca metamorfuli da magmuri

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qanebi SedarebiT umniSvneloa. sustia metamorfizmi. es Wrili udavod mkveTrad

gansxvavdeba zemoT xsenebuli baltiuri Wrilisgan.

paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.kambriulis dasawyisisaTvis Zveli

kontinentebi, ufro zustad ki kratonebi (samxreT amerika, afrika,

indostani,antarqtida, avstralia) gaerTiandnen erT superkontinentad, romelsac

gondvanisi ewoda da romelmac iurul periodamde iarseba.

gondvanisis gverdiT amJamindeli Crdilo orientaciis oTxi kontinenti iyo:

Crdilo amerikis (lavrencia), romelic ganTavsebuli iyo ekvatoris orive mxares;

CineTis, romelsac Crdilo naxevarsferos tropikuli da zomieri sartyeli ekava;

fenoskandiis (aRmosavleT evropis), romelic samxreT naxevarsferoSi iyo

ganTavsebuli (ZiriTadad tropikul, nawilobriv ki zomier sartyelSi) da cimbiris

–TiTqmis mTlianad samxreT naxevarsferos tropikul–ekvatorul sartyelSi

ganTavsebiT da mcire nawiliT ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT. unda SevniSnoT,rom

gondvaniss dasavleTidan uSualod esazRvreboda fenoskandia, xolo am

ukanasknelsa da misgan dasavleTiT mdebare Crdilo amerikis kontinents Soris

„ijda“ cimbiris kontinenti (sur. 22.1.) .

zemoT dasaxelebuli kontinentebi erTmaneTisagan gamoyili iyo moZravi

sartylebiT, xolo moZrav sartylebze okeaneebi iyo ganTavsebuli. kambriul,

ordoviciul da siruluri periodebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda sami moZravi

sartyeli: Crdiloatlanturi, ural–oxotis da xmelTaSuazRviuri. maTgan

Crdiloatlanturi moZravi sartyeli gadioda Crdilo amerikisa (lavrencia) da

aRmosavleT evropis (fenoskandia) kontinentebs Soris. aRmosavleT evropis,

cimbirisa da CineTis kontinentebs Soris gaidevneboda ural–oxotis moZravi

sartyeli, xolo mesame, xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyeli moTavsebuli iyo

superkontinent gondvanasa da mis „sapirispirod“ mdebare zemoT xsenebul 4

kontinets (Crdilo amerika,aRmosavleT evropa, cimbiri,CineTi) Soris.

Crdilo atlantur moZrav sartyelze ganTavsebuli iyo okeane iafeti (igive

protoatlanturi okeane), romelic Crdilo amerikis kontinents (anu kratons)

aRmosavleT evropis kontinentisagan (kratonisagan) yofda. okeane iafetis arsebobas

gvidasturebs niufaundlendis dasavleT da aRmosavleT kideebis marCxi zRvis

faunis gansxvaveba – dasavleT sanapiroze mas wynarokeanuri auzis faunis ieri aqvs,

xolo aRmosavleT sanapiroze – evropulis (baltiuri). ural–oxotis moZrav

sartyels(romelic TiTqmis meridionalurad iyo gadaWimuli polaruli uralidan

samxreT uralamde da am ukanasknelidan ukve ganeduri mimarTulebiT altai–saianis

olqisa da monRoleTis gavliT oxotis zRvamde) zevidan „efara“ paleoaziuri

okeane. dabolos mesame, xmelTaSuazRviur moZrav sartyelze ganTavsebuli okeane

paleoteTisi, romelic Crdilo–aRmosavleTidan sazRvravda superkontinent

gondvaniss da gamoyofda mas danarCeni 4 kontinentisagan. es okeaneebi

dakavSirebuli iyvnen erTmaneTTan da paleopacifikasTan (wynari okeane).

zemoT xsenebuli okeaneebiT gamoyofili yvela kontinenti adre kambriulSi,

msgavsad gondvanisisa, ganTavsebuli iyo dabal an zomier ganedebSi, ramac

ganapiroba Tbili(alag cxeli) klimatis batonoba da Sedegad venduri zewruli

gamyinvarebis mTlianad mospoba. adrekambriul epoqaSi Crdilo amerika ekvatorze

iyo ganTavsebuli, aRmosavleTi evropa da cimbiri – samxreT naxevarsferoSi.

aRmosavleT evropis didi nawili tropikul, SedarebiT mcire ki – zomier

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sartyelSi. rac Seexeba cimbiris kontinents, mis udides nawils samxreTi

tropikebis zoli ekava, umcires nawils ki – Crdilo ekvatoruli zoli. CineTis

kontinenti Tanabrad iyo ganawilebuli Crdilo ganedis tropikul da zomier

sartylebs Soris.

Sua da gviankambriul epoqebSi paleoteqtonikuri da paleogeografiuli viTareba

TiTqmis adrekambriulis msgavsi iyo. yvelaze metad TvalSi sacemia mxolod

imdroindeli okeaneebis (paleopacifikis garda) gafarToeba. gviankambriulSi

paleoaziurma okeanem siganeSi 4000 kilometrs miaRwia.

klimati. adrevenduri acieba (rasac zewruli gamyinvareba moyva) gvianvenduri

aTbobiT Seicvala. kambriulis ganmavlobaSi aTbobis procesi kvlav grZeldeboda.

TiTqmis yvela kontinentze tropikulis msgavsi pirobebi iyo. albaT mxolod

samxreT amerikis kontinentis Crdilo–aRmosavleTi da afrikis Crdilo–dasavleTi,

romlebic im dros samxreTi polusis siaxloveSi iyo ganlagebuli, SedarebiT

grili klimatis pirobebSi imyofebodnen. tropikuli garemo sakmaod kargad

fiqsirdeba sulfatur–karbonatuli da evaporituli formaciebiT; siTbosmoyvaruli

arqeociaTebis, marjnebis, braqiopodebis da wyalmcenareebis farTo gavrcelebiT;

bioTermuli masivebis arsebobiT; rkinisa da fosforitis danaleqi sabadoebis

gavrcelebiT da sxva.

ordovciuli periodi – O

saxelwodeba Zvelad uelsSi mcxovreb ordovikTa tomidan modis. Tavdapirvelad

ordoviciuli naleqebi siluruli sistemis qveda nawilad iyo miCneuli (r.

merCisoni, 1835 w.). mxolod 1960 wels 21–e saerTaSoriso geologiurma kongresma

daakanona damoukidebeli ordoviciuli sistemis statusi.

sazRvrebi. qveda sazRvari kambriulTan 500 milion wels utoldeba, zeda

sazRvari silurulTan – 440 milion wels. amdenad ordoviciulis xangrZlivoba 60

wels Seadgens.

cocxali buneba – ordoviciul zRvebSi farTod iyvnen gavrcelebuli uxerxemlo

cxovelebi da wyalmcenareebi. ganviTarebas iwyeben xerxemliani cxovelebi _agnatebi

anu uyboni. ordoviciulis meore naxevarSi mcenareebic amovidnen xmeleTze.

trilobitebi, romlebsac kambriulSi wamyvani poziciebi ekavaT, ordoviciulSi

raodenobrivad Semcirdnen da erTgvarad daTmes poziciebi. samagierod wina planze

gamodian graptoliTebi, romlebmac am periodSi swrafi evolucia ganicades. amis

gamo isini ordoviciulis saxelmZRvanelo namarxebad iTvlebian. adre da Sua

ordoviciulisaTvis davasaxeloT gvarebi Phyllograptus, Didymograptus, xolo gvian

ordoviciulisaTvis – Diplograptus, Climacograptus. Rrunawlavianebi (tipi Coelenterata)

warmodgenilia stromatoporoideebiT, primitiuli oTxqimiani marjnebiT

(rugozebiT) da tabulatebiT. SevniSnavT, rom ordoviciuli periodis

Rrunawlavianebi rifis mSenebeli organizmebi iyvnen. ordoviciulSi grZeldeba

braqiopodebis evolucia, romelTagan davasaxelebT popularul gvarebsObolus da

Orthis. kaneklianebi wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen benTosur organizmTa Soris. eseni

iyvnen cistoideebis, krinoideebis, karpoideebis, asterozoebisa da eqinoideebis

warmomadgenlebi. ordoviciulSi farTod gavrceldnen Tavfexiani moluskebi

(cefalopodebi) nautiloideebis, orToceratoideebisa da endoceratoideebis saxiT.

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ordoviciul zRvebSi cxovrobdnen agreTve foraminiferebi, radiolariebi,

Rrublebi, Wiebi, ostrakodebi, orsagduliani moluskebi, mucelfexiani moluskebi,

xavscxovelebi, agreTve namdvili Tevzebis winapari xerxemliani cxovelebi – e.w.

uyboni (klasi Agnatha).

ordoviciulis danawileba

ordoviciul sistemaSi sami seqcia da eqvsi sarTuli gamoiyofa. esenia:

sistema seqcia sarTuli

ordoviciuli

O

zeda

O3 aSjiluri

Sua

O2

karadokuli landeiluri lanviruli

qveda

O1 areniguli tremadokuli

ordoviciulis kambriulze TanxmobiT ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi sazRvars maT Soris

namarxebis meSveobiT atareben - fiqlebis faciesis SemTxvevaSi ordoviciulis sul

qveda nawili (e.i. dasawyisi) iqneba graptoliTis Dictyonema flabelliforme-s Semcveli

Sreebi, xolo qviSaqvebis faciesSi - trilobiti Ceratopyge (Tumca es ukanaskneli

fiqlebSic gvxvdeba). rac Seexeba zeda sazRvars silurulTan, is xSirad

teqtonikuri uTanxmoebiT aris gamoyofili. am ori sistemis TanxmobiT ganlagebis

SemTxvevaSi sazRvari faunisturi kompleqsebis cvlas emyareba - silurulis sul

qveda sarTulis (landoveruli) dasawyiss moaswavebs e.w. RerZiani graptoliTebis

(Axonopora) gamoCena.

ordoviciulis faciesebi _ msgavsad kambriulisa, ordoviciuli ZiriTadad

orgvari faciesiT aris warmodgenili - moZravi sartylis da plaTtformuli

(baqnuri). moZravi sartylis tipis ordoviciuli naleqebi kargad aris cnobili

Crdiloatlantur (kaledonur) naoWa sartyelSi (im dros - moZrav sartyelSi!),

romlis erT-erT Semadgenel nawils uelsis RerZuli rofic warmoadgens. gavecnoT

am Wrils.

uelsis RerZul zolSi ordoviciulis saerTo sisqe 3500-5000 metria. WrilSi

mniSvnelovani roli ekuTvnis vulkanoklastoliTebs da lavur ganfenebs. mxolod

ordoviciulis dasasruls wydeba vulkanuri aqtivoba! qanebi danaoWebulia da

araiSviaTad metamorfizebuli. aSkaraa, rom uelsis teritoria ordoviciul

periodSi moZrav sartyelSi (orogenSi) iyo moqceuli da Crdiloatlanturi moZravi

sartylis erT-erT ubans warmoadgenda. aRsaniSnavia, rom uelsis zog ubanSi

aSjiluri sarTuli Wrilidan amovardnilia da karadokulsa da silurulis sagebs

Soris kuTxuri uTanxmoeba aRiniSneba(!).

aRwerili Wrilisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli Wrilia ruseTis baqanze,

baltiispireTSi.

uaRresad saintereso Wrilia. Wrili iwyeba uxeSmarcvlovani terigenuli

naleqebiT (qviSaqvebi). Semdgom auzis TandaTani gaRrmavebiT jer Tixebis

(argiliTebi) faciesSi gadavdivarT, Semdgom ki kirqvebSi. ordovociulis jamuri

simZlavre samasiode metria. qanebi terigenul-karbonatulia. xsenebac ki ar aris

magmuri an metamorfuli qanebis. wyebaTa ganlageba horizontulia. aSkaraa,rom

111

kratonis baqnur nawilSi varT! Tanac aSkarad Cans auzis daZirva: jer qviSaqvebi,

Semdeg argilitebi, bolos kirqvebi!

orogenezisis TvalsazrisiT ordoviciuli mSvid xanad unda CaiTvalos. Tumca

erTi ki aris,rom ordoviciulis miwurulisaTvis TiTqos SeimCneva teqtonikuri

moZraobebi moZravi sartylis zog ubanze. amis maCvenebelia qveda silurulis

uTanxmo ganlageba karadokulze aSjiluris „amogdebiT“ Wrilidan.

paleogeografiuli suraTis sinamika. ordoviciulis dasawyisSi gondvanisma

samxreTisaken gadaadgileba daiwyo. amave dros is azevebas ganicdida

(epeirogenezisi), ris gamoc denudaciur xmeleTs warmoadgenda. gaganiereba daiwyo

okeane iafetma. amave dros aRmosavleT evropis kontinenti Crdilo-dasavleTisaken

miiwevda, xolo masa da cimbiris kontinents Soris ixsneboda uralis okeane,

romelic paleoaziuri okeanis nawils Seadgenda.

iafetis, paleoteTisis da paleoaziurma okeaneebma Sua ordoviciulSi maqsimalur

siganeebs miaRwies. maT aqtiur kideebze ganagrZobdnen ganviTarebas vulkanuri

rkalebi.

gvian ordoviciulSi gondvanisma samxreT polusamde miaRwia. TviT samxreTi

polusi Crdilo afrikaSi iyo, ris gamoc am regionSi im dros zewrulma

gamyinvarebam daiwyo ganviTareba. am gamyinvarebis kvali niufaundlendidan samxreT-

dasavleT safrangeTsa da afrikis ukidures samxreTamde gaidevneba, xolo

aRmosavleTiT egviptemde midis.

adre ordoviciulis ganmavlobaSi Tbili klimati iyo aridulis erTgvari

siWarbiT. Sua ordoviciulidan klimatis humidizacia gaZlierda, xolo gvian

ordoviciulSi kvlav aridizaciaa, oRond temperaturis daweviT,ramac polarul

adgilebSi myinvaris „qudebi“ gaaCina, bolos ki - zewruli gamyinvareba ganviTarda.

mTeli ordoviciuli periodis ganmavlibaSi tropikuli garemo iyo Crdilo

amerikis, aRmosavleT evropis, cimbirisa da avstraliis kratonebze; agreTve samxreT

amerikis ukidures samxreTSi. amgvari pirobebi dgindeba karbonatuli wyebebis

intensiuri dagrovebiT, sulfat-karbonatuli da evaporituli naleqebiT, rifuli

sxeulebis arsebobiT. tropikuli da ekvatoruli zonebis zRvebi „dasaxlebuli“ iyo

siTbosmoyvaruli fauniT, romelic Sedgeboda marjnebis, briozoebis,

stromatoporebis, braqiopodebis, trilobitebisa da moluskebisagan.

tropikul sartyelSi gamoiyifoda ariduli da humiduri zonebi. mTeli

ordoviciulis ganmavlobaSi ariduli pirobebi batonobda aRmosavleT cimbirSi,

CineTsa da indoneziaSi. samxreT aridul zonas miekuTvnebodnen baltiispireTi da

skandinaviis samxreTi. samagierod mTeli ordoviciulis ganmavlibaSi ekvatoruli

nestiani klimati batonobda aRmosavleT evropis kratonis aRmosavleT nawilSi,

uralze, dasavleT cimbirSi, baikalispireTSi, centralur yazaxeTSi.

samagierod myinvaruli naleqebi gaCnda samxreT amerikisa da Crdilo-dasavleT

afrikis zeda ordoviciulSi (samxreT amerikidan - braziliaSi, Crdilo argentinasa

da boliviaSi). tilitebi, fluvioglacialuri qviSebi da damarxuli myinvaruli

xeobebi damuSavebul-gaprialebuli fskeriT aRmoCenilia saharaSi da arabeTis

naxevarkunZulze.

samxreT amerikisa da Crdilo-dasavleT afrikis gamyinvareba zewruli tipis iyo,

xolo samxreT afrikis da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis farglebSi mTis myinvarebi

112

arsebobda. gamyinvarebis centrebi iyo braziliaSi (md. paranas xeoba), Crdilo-

dasavleT saharaSi da arabeTis naxevarkunZulze.

siluruli periodi - S

siluruli sistema gamoyofilia ingliseli geologis r. merCisonis mier 1835 w.

uelsSi. saxelwodeba Zveli kelturi tomebis - silurebisagan modis. pirvelad

siluruls gamoyofdnen tremadokulis sagebidan „Zveli wiTeli qviSaqvis“

(devonuri) sagebamde, anu is moicavda dRevandel ordoviciulsa da siluruls. 1960

wels 21-e geologiurma kongresma gansazRvra silurulis Tanamedrove sazRvrebi.

danawileba - siluruli sistema ori seqciisa da oTxi sarTulisagan Sedgeba,

Tanac ise, rom TiToeul seqciaSi or-ori sarTulia ganTavsebuli.

sistema seqcia sarTuli

siluruli

S

zeda

S2

dauntonuri(prJidolis) ludlouuri

qveda

S1 uenlokuri landoveruli

siluruli periodi daiwyo 440 milioni wlis win da dasrulda 410 milioni wlis

win. amdenad am periodis xangrZlivoba 30 milion wels Seadgens.

cocxali buneba - silurul periodSi organuli samyaro wina periodTan

SedarebiT ufro mdidari da mravalferovani gaxda. faunasa da floras

dapyrobili hqondaT zRvebi da okeaneebi, xolo umaRlesma mcenareebma periodis

miwuruls xmeleTis dapyroba daiwyes.

siluruli periodis zRvebSi wamyvani poziciebi ekavaT organizmTa im jgufebs,

romlebic dominirebdnen kambriulsa da ordoviciulSi (arqeociaTebis gamoklebiT,

romlebic kambriulis dasasruls gadaSendnen). am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT

unda gamovyoT graptoliTebi, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba siluruli sisitemis

sarTulebad da zonebad danawileba. rifismSenebelTagan davasaxeloT

stromatoporitebi, tabulatebi (Halysites, Favosites). evolucias ganicdidnen

tetrakoralebi (oTxqimiani marjnebi). Tavfexianebidan isev da isev

orToceratoideebi da endoceratoideebi iyvnen wamyvani. braqiopodebidan

silurulSi Cndebian aTripidebi, spiriferidebi, rinxonelidebi, ptoduqtidebi.

siluruli periodisaTvis Zalian damaxasiaTebelia rTulad agebuli xelis aparatis

mqone braqiopodebis arseboba.

kaneklianebidan silurulSi pelmatozoebi gabatondnen. maTgan wina planze

wamowevas iwyeben krinoideebi (zRvis SroSebi).

zemoT CamoTvlil organizmTa garda siluruli drois zRviuri auzebi ekavaT:

erTujredianebs, Rrublebs, Wiebs, ostrakodebs, evripteridebs, orsagdulian

moluskebs, briozoebs, eqinoideebs da zRvis varskvlavebs. silurulis meore

naxevarSi uybo xerxemllianTa jgufma mtknari auzebis dapyroba daiwyo. silurulis

bolos gaCndnen namdvili Tevzebi.

evolucias ganicdidnen sxvadasxvagvari wyalmcenareebi (wabla, wiTeli); aseve

cianobiontebi. xmeleTze gaCndnen xavsebi, sokoebi, umaRlesi mcenareebis pirveli

warmomadgenlebi - riniofitebi.

silurulis faciesebi - silurulis faciesebi umetes SemTxvevaSi moZravi

sartylis an platformuli bunebisaa.

113

moZravi sartylis faciesis maCvenebelia uelsis cnobili Wrili. am WrilSi

silurulis maqsimaluri simZlavre 4000 metrs aWarbebs, xolo saSualo simZlavre

3000 metris farglebSia. rogorc vxedavT uelsis siluruli sakmaod sqelia,

metamorfuli da intensiurad danaoWebuli. aSkaraa, rom is moZrav sartyelSia

formirebuli. rig SemTxvevaSi intensiurad danaoWebul silurulze kuTxuri

uTanxmoebiT aris ganlagebuli devonuri, romelic daunaoWebelia da praqtikulad

horizontuli.

uelsi Crdiloatlanturi vrceli moZravi sartylis samxreT nawils warmoadgens.

am sartylis Crdilo-aRmosavleT grampianebis zolSi ( amJamindeli skandinaviis

mTaTa sistema) silurul periodSi didi sisqis tipuri moZravi sartylis bunebis

terigenuli naleqebi grovdeboda. siluruli aqac intensiurad aris danaoWebuli,

xolo masze kuTxuri uTanxmoebiT daunaoWebeli devonuri devs.

sul sxvagvari bunebisaa siluruli aRmosavleT evropis kratonze, konkretulad -

ruseTis platformaze. saintereso Wrili gvaqvs baltiispireTSi,kerZod estoneTSi.

aq silurulis sul zeda nawili ar aris! silurulze stratigrafiuli

uTanxmoebebiT devs Suadevonuri naleqebi. silurulis saerTo simZlavre 500

metramdea. wyebebi horizontul ganlagebaSia. miniSnebac ki ar aris metamorful an

magmur qanebze. dominirebs karbonatuli faciesebi (ZiriTadad kirqvebi), rac

platformebis SedarebiT Rrma auzebisaTvis Cveulebrivi movlenaa.

am Wrilis cota samxreTiT, podoliaSi silurulis Wrili TabaSiris SreebiT

mTavrdeba.

aSkaraa, rom ruseTis platformaze TiTqmis mTeli silurulis ganmavlobaSi

auzis daZirvasTan gvaqvs saqme, sadac karbonatuli wyebebi ileqeba. mxolod gviani

silurulis sul bolo monakveTSi aSkara azevebaa, romlis Sedegadac zeda

silurulis sul zeda nawili an saerTod ar aris (estoneTis Wrili), an

evaporitebis ( TabaSiriani wyeba) regresiuli naleqebiT aris warmodgenili

(podoliis Wrili).

Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,rom ruseTis platformis silurulis zemoT mocemuli

suraTi pirdapir miuTiTebs silurulis dasasruls ganviTarebul orogenezisze

(kaledonuri orogenezisi), romelic Crdiloatlantur moZrav sartyelSi

mimdinareobda faqtobrivad mTeli silurulis ganmavlobaSi da romlis

„gamoZaxilmac“ silurulis bolos aRmosavleT evropis kratonamdec (ruseTis

baqnamde) miaRwia.

orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleografiuli suraTis dinamika -

adresilurulSi gondvanisi kidev ufro miuaxlovda samxeT poluss da avstraliis

gamoklebiT TiTqmis mTlianad samxreT polusis maRal ganedebSi moeqca. amave dros

superkontinentze Zlieri transgresia ganviTarda albaT imis gamo, rom gvian

ordoviciulSi zewruli gamyinvarebis Sedegad gaCenilma yinulis safarma dnoba

daiwyo. sxva kontinentebi ordoviciulis msgavsad ekvatorul da tropikul

sartylebSi iyvnen ganlagebuli - cimbiri da CineTi ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT, xolo

Crdilo amerika da aRmosavleTi evropa - ekvatoris samxreTiT.

silurulis meore naxevarSi yvela kontinentze Zlieri regresia daiwyo, ramac

naxevraddaxSul auzebSi evaporitebis (haliti, sulfatebi, dolomitebi)warmoqmna

ganapiroba.

114

didi cvlilebebi xdeba moZrav sartylebSic. protoatlanturi okeane iafeti

gafarToebis nacvlad TandaTanobiT iketeba imis gamo, rom lavrenciam da

fenoskandiam (aRmosavleT evropis kontinentma) erTmaneTisaken gadaadgileba daiwyes.

amas Sedegad Zlieri orogenezisi mohyva samxreT apalaCebis, aRmosavleT

grenlandiis, Crdilo irlandiis, Sotlandiis, Spicbergenis da sxva zonebSi

(apalaCebis sistema zomebSi TiTqmis ormagad Semcirda). am orogeneziss kaledonuri

orogenezisi hqvia (kaledonia Sotlandiis Zvelromauli saxelwodebaa).

orogenezisi saerTod xangrZlivi procesia,romelic aTeuli da meti milioni

wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs. is zogadad erTiania, Tumca calkeuli

stadiebisagan Sedgeba. am stadiebs orogenetuli fazisebi hqvia. orogenetuli

fazisebi erTmaneTisgan danaoWebis TvalsazrisiT mSvidi periodebiT (ar danaoWebiT)

gamoiyofa. orogenetul fazisTa jami orogenetul cikls an ubralod orogeneziss

gvaZlevs ( magaliTad, igive kaledonuri orogenezisi sxvadasxva dros gamovlenil

sam orogenetul faziss moicavs - takoniurs (O/S), ardenulsa (S1/S2) da iriuls (S/D).)

rogorc cnobilia, orogenezisi xdeba moZrav sartyelSi erTmaneTisaken moZravi

liTosferuli filebis Sejaxebis Sedegad. swored amgvar Sejaxebas hqonda adgili

gvian silurulSi dedamiwis qerqis sxvadasxva adgilSi, romlis Sedegadac

kaledonuri naoWa sistemebi, anu kaledonidebi gaCnda. upirvelesad es exeba ori

Zveli kontinentis - Crdilo amerikisa (lavrencia) da aRmosavleT evropis

(fenoskandia) Sejaxebas Crdiloatlantur moZrav sartyelSi. koliziis Sedegad

Crdiloatlanturi moZravi sartyeli (e.w. „grampianis geosinklini“) Caiketa, xolo

Sejaxebis (koliziis) adgilze Sotlandiisa da skandinaviis mTebis saxiT

warmoSobilma naoWa sartyelma zemoT xsenebuli ori kontinenti SeaerTa. maT

nacvlad erTi didi kontinenti - evroamerika miviReT.

kaledonuri orogenezisi mnisvnelovani iyo ural-oxotis moZrav sartyelSic. am

orogenezisis Sedegad gaCnda mTiani altais,kuzneckis alaTaus,mTiani Soriis,

dasavleT saianebis, centraluri yazaxeTis, Crdilo tian-Sanisa da sxva naoWa

struqturebi. miuxedavad aseTi danaoWebisa, ural-oxotis moZravi sartyeli

Semdgomac ganagrZobda arsebobas, Tundac imitom, rom jer kidev ar iyo gaCenili

TviT uralis naoWa sistema, jungar-balxaSis naoWa sistema da sxv.

kaledonuri orogenezisi Seexo xmelTaSuazRviur (teTisi), wynarokeanur da

arqtikul moZrav sartylebsac, Tumca arc erTi maTganis saboloo likvidacia ar

mouxdenia.

amgvarad, siluruli periodis miwiruls dedamiwaze xuTis nacvlad oTxi

kontinenti iyo - evroamerika, cimbiri, CineTi da gondvanisi. maTgan evroamerika isev

da isev ekvatoris orive mxares iyo ganTavsebuli, praqtikulad mTlianad tropikul

sartylebSi. cimbirs Crdilo ganedis zomieri sartyeli ekava, odnavi gadaxriT

Crdilo polarulisaken. cimbiris aRmosavleTiT, imave Crdilo ganedis zomier

sartyelSi (mciredi qimiT Crdilo tropikulSi) mdebareobda CineTis kontinenti.

rac Seexeba gondvaniss, is kvlav ganTavsebuli iyo Crdilo tropikulsa da samxreT

tropikul, zomier da polarul sartylebSi.

kontinentebs Soris arsebuli sami moZravi satylidan erTi (Crdiloatlanturi)

kaledonuri orogenezisis wyalobiT naoWa sartylad iqca, xolo ori darCenilidan

ural-oxotis moZravi sartyeli (mis Tavze mdebare paleoaziur okeanesTan erTad)

ganTavsebuli iyo evroamerikis, cimbirisa da CineTis kontinentebs Soris.

115

xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyeli (Tavze okeane paleoteTisiT) moTavsebuli iyo

ukve ara 4, aramed 3 (evroamerika, cimbiri,CineTi) kontinentsa da superkontinent

gondvaniss Soris. paleopacifika (wynari okeane) kvlav garss uvlida kontinentebs

(sur. 11.5. gv. 218) .

rac Seexeba kontinentebis moZraobas, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ori kontinentis

(lavrencia da fenoskandia) urTierTSejaxeba da erT kontinentad (evroamerika)

gadaqceva moxda. cimbiri CrdiloeTisaken, xolo CineTi, piriqiT, samxreTisaken

gadaadgilda. rac Seexeba gondvaniss, is aSkarad wriulad moZraobda samxreT -

samxreT-dasavleT - Crdilo-dasavleTi mimarTulebiT.

klimati. siluruli periodis dasawyisSi SedarebiT grili klimati iyo gvianor-

doviciuli gamyinvarebis regionebSi (zogan myinvaruli wyebebiT warmodgenili -

bolivia, argentinis CrdiloeTi, aRmosavleT brazilia). SesaZloa,rom saharis zog

raionSic iyo yinulis safari, ramdenadac am adgilebidan fluvioglacialuri

naleqebia cnobili. tilitebisa da „wliuri Tixebis“ gavrcelebiT ifargleba

yvelaze civi klimatis olqebi - samxreT amerikis Crdilo da Crdilo-aRmosavleTi

nawili da Crdilo afrika.

silurul periodSi gondvanisi inarCunebda monoliTobas da sust azevebas

ganicdida. zRviuri garemo mxolod saharaSi SemorCa.

mTeli silurulis ganmavlobaSi tropikuli pirobebi iyo Crdilo amerikisa da

aRmosavleT evropis kontinentebis teritoriis did nawilze da cimbiris

kontinentis samxreT nawilSi. aq gavrcelebuli iyo eqstrakarbonatuli formaciebi

(anu karbonatebi magniumis maRali SemcvelobiT). cnobilia agreTve karbonatul-

sulfaturi da marilSemcveli (qvamarilis?) naleqebi. Crdilo ariduli sartyeli

moicavda alaskis Crdilo-dasavleT da kanadis da grenlandiis did nawils.

ariduli klimatis samxreTi sartyeli ganTavsebuli iyo Crdilo amerikis

kontinentis centralur nawilSi, aRmosavleT evropis kontinentsa da dasavleT

avstraliaSi.

tropikul zRvebSi yvela piroba iyo Seqmnili marjnul - braqiopoduli faunis

ganviTarebisaTvis. yvelaze farTod tropikuli sartyeli fiqsirdeba evropis,

afrikis, kordilierebis, cimbiris, centraluri aziisa da avstraliis provinciebSi.

ekvatoruli sartyeli Crdilo amerikis kontinentze iyo (ariduli zona).

ekvatoruli teniani klimatis zona iyo axali miwis, uralis, centraluri yazaxeTis

da altai-saianis olqSi. ekvatoruli zonis normulmarilian zRvebSi xdeboda

organogenuli da ooliTuri kirqvebisa da giganturi rifuli warmonaqmnebis

formireba.

devonuri periodi - D

vidre devonur periodze daviwyebdeT saubars, kidev erTxel gavamaxviloT

yuradReba im garemoebaze, rom silurulSi ganviTarebuli kaledonuri orogenezisis

Sedegad moxda ori kontinentis - Crdilo amerikisa (lavrencia) da aRmosavleT

evropis (fenoskandia) kratonebis SeerTeba. advili misaxvedria, rom SeerTeba moxda

Crdiloatlanturi moZravi sartylis zolSi, romelic xsenebuli orogenezisis

(orogenetuli ciklis) Semdeg gadaiqca Crdiloatlantur naoWa sartylad. am naoWa

sartylis zolSi ori didi struqtura Camoyalibda skandinaviisa da Sotlandiis

naoWa sistemebis saxiT. es procesi, rogorc viciT, kaledonur orogenSi ganviTarda.

swored amitom silurul periodSi ganviTarebul orogeneziss kaledonuri

116

orogenezisi ewodeba. am orogenezisis Sedegad ori kratonis (kontinentis)

SeerTebiT warmoSobil erTian did kontinents ki evroamerika (igive, Crdilo

atlanturi kontinenti) ewoda. amgvarad, silurul-devonuri periodebis sazRvarze

gaCenili kontinenti (evroamerika, igive Crdiloatlanturi kontinenti) sami didi

morfostruqturisagan Sedgeba_Crdilo amerikis kratoni, aRmosavleT evropis

kratoni da maTi gamaerTianebeli Crdiloatlanturi naoWa sartyeli.

devonuri sistema gamoiyo 1839 wels ingliseli mecnierebis a.sejvikisa da r.

merCisonis mier inglisSi, devonSiris sagrafoSi. saxelwodebac aqedan modis.

devonuri sistema moTavsebulia silurul da karbonul sistemebs Soris. misi

qveda asakobrivi sazRvari (silurulTan) 410 milion wels Seadgens, xolo zeda

(karbonulTan) – 360 milion wels. amdenad, devonuri periodis xangrZlivoba 50

milion wels moicavs.

devonur sistemaSi 3 seqcia da 7 sarTuligamoiyofa:

sistema seqcia sarTuli

devonuri

D

zeda D3 famenuri franuli

Sua

D2

Jiveturi eifeluri

qveda

D1

emsis zigenuri Jedinuri

adre zigenuri da emsis sarTulebis nacvlad koblencuri figurirebda.

devonuri sistemis danawileba ardenebSi (belgiis teritoriaze), safrangeTsa da

rainis fiqliani mTebis (germania) teritoriebze moxda.

cocxali buneba. silurulis bolos moxda gadaSeneba im organizmTa bevri

jgufisa, romlebic manamde farTod iyo gavrcelebuli dedamiwaze. devonuris

gariJraJze iwyeba mcenareTa da cxovelTa axali taqsonebis gaCena, anu im jgufebisa,

romelTa meSveobiT Camoyalibda gvianpaleozouri epoqis florisa da faunis saxe.

am axali floristul-faunisturi kompleqsis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo is,

rom sicocxlem zRvisa da mtkani wylis auzebis gverdiT damkvidreba daiwyo

xmeleTzec - gaCnda xmeleTis flora da fauna! amis paralelurad zRvaSi

grZeldeboda sicocxlis evolucia - gamoCndnen pirveli amonitebi martivi tixris

xazebiT (goniatituri tipi), ayvavebis xana daudgaT tetrakoralebs (oTxqimiani

marjnebi), briozoebs (xavscxovelebi), fuzulinidebs (erTujredianTa cnobili

ojaxi), klitian braqiopodebs.

aseTi evoluciis ZiriTadi mizezi albaT iyo ara TviT evoluciis tempis aCqareba,

aramed organizmTa sacxovrebeli garemos Secvla, rac ganpirobebuli iyo xSiri da

Zlieri teqtonikuri moZraobebiT, Sesabamisad paleogeografiuli viTarebis

SecvliT da kosmosuri zemoqmedebiT.

devonuri periodi gamoirCeva Tevzebis klasis warmomadgenelTa simravliTa da

mravalferovnebiT, ris gamoc mas xSirad „Tevzebis periodsac“ uwodeben. amave

periodSi daknineba („Caqroba“) iwyes graptoliTebma, cistoideebma, trilobitebma,

nautiloideebma. samagierod farTod iyvnen gavrcelebuli: klitiani braqiopodebi,

tetrakoralebi, tabulatebi, krinoideebi, (zRvis SroSnebi). imdroindeli

117

braqiopodebi xasiaTdebodnen saxeobaTa siuxviT da droSi swrafi cvliT, rac maTi

meSveobiT devonuri naleqebis detaluri danawilebis saSualebas iZleva. aseve

mniSvnelovan jgufs warmoadgendnen devonuri amonoideebi, romlebmac ganviTarebis

farTo asparezi hpoves. devonuris dasawyisSive Cndebian agoniatitebi da

goniatitebi. devonuris „sruli kursi“ gaiares klimeniebma, romlebmac devonur

periodSi moaswres warmoSobac, ayvavebac da gadaSenebac. tabulatebis dakninebis

fonze gaZlierdnen tetrakoralebi. tetrakoralebi, briozoebi da stromato-

poroideebi devonur periodSi rifis mSeneblebi iyvnen. uxerxemlo cxovelebis sxva

warmomadgenlebsac (ostrakodebi, krinoideebi, eqinoideebi, spongiebi, bivalviebi,

gastropodebi da sxv.) mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRviT devonuri sicocxlis

iersaxis SeqmnaSi.

farTod gamodian cxovrebis asparezze xerxemliani cxovelebi. pirvel rigSi es

Tevzebs exeba. devonurSi kargad grZnobdnen Tavs javSniani, xrtiliani da Zvliani

Tevzebi. majafarflianma Tevzebma saTave daudes amfibiebs.

fiqroben, rom silurulisa da devonuris sazRvarze momxdarma regresiam xeli

Seuwyo mcenareebis xmeleTze amosvlas. adre da Sua devonurSi xmeleTze

riniofitebi batonobdnen, romlebic umetesad daWaobebul adgilebSi binadrobdnen.

devonuris miwuruls isini mTlianad amowydnen. Sua devonuridan riniofitebis

gverdiT dadga sporovanTayvela ZiriTadi jgufi. devonurSi farTo gavrcelebiT

sargeblobda gvimranairTa warmomadgeneli Archaeopteris, ris gamoc gviandevonur

floras arqeopterisians uwodeben.

xmeleTis flora umetesad zRvis sanapiro zolSi binadrobda, rasac xels

uwyobda Tbili da amave dros nestiani klimati. kontinentebis zRvisgan daSorebuli

raionebi mcenareul safars ar Seicavda.

devonuris bolos xmeleTi, gansakuTrebiT zRvis sanapiro zolis mimdebare

teritoriebi, tyiT Seimosa.

devonuris facisiebi. rogorc viciT, kaledonurma orogenezisma sagrZnoblad

gardaqmna kontinentebis struqtura. isic viciT, rom es orogenezisi

gansakuTrebuli siZlieriT moqmedebda Crdiloatlantur moZrav sartyelSi. Tumca

misi Zala sxva moZrav sartylebSic gamovlinda. Sesabamisad, iqac gaCndnen

kaledonidebi. magram Crdiloatlanturi moZravi sartylis gardaarcerT moZrav

sartyels sruli likvidacia ar ganucdia, anu yvela isini kvlav moZrav sartylebad

darCa. Tumca am moZrav sartylebSi, SeiZleba vTqvaT, kunZulebis saxiT kaledonuri

naoWa struqturebi warmoiSva.

kaledonuri orogenezisiT gamowveuli azeveba kratonebmac ganicades. regresiam,

romelic silurulis bolos daiwyo, maqsimums adredevonurSi miaRwia. denudaciis

ared gadaiqcnen aramarto axlad warmoqmnili naoWa struqturebi (kaledonidebi),

aramed kratonebis vrceli teritoriebic, amis gamo kontinentebze adredevonurSi

mkveTrad iklo zRviurma sedimentaciam (naleqgadagrovebam). zogi, odesRac vrceli

epikontinenturi zRvis farTobi, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda da tipur anormuli

marilianobis lagunad iqca. amitom devonurisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi mxriv,

moZravi sartylis, xolo meore mxriv, epikontinenturi facisiebis didi roli,

romelTa Soris aris rogoc xmeleTze, subaerul garemoSi dagrovili didi

simZlavris (kilometrebis rigis) feradi qanebiskompleqsebi, ise mSrali da cxeli

havis pirobebSi warmoqmnili, marilebiT mdidari lagunuri faciesebi.

118

kontinenturi faciesebis gacnoba daviwyoT geologiur literaturaSi Zveli

wiTeli qviSaqvis saxeliT cnobili kompleqsidan, romelic TiTqmis mTeli devonuri

periodis ganmavlobaSi grovdeboda kaledonuri orogenezisis Semdeg warmoqmnil

did Crdiloatlantur kontinentze, romelsac Cven evroamerika vuwodeT. am

kontinents araiSviaTad Zveli wiTeli qviSaqvis kontinentsac uwodeben. devonuris

ganmavlobaSi is warmoadgenda mTagorian xmeleTs, romlis mTiswina da mTaTaSua

depresiebSi didi simZlavris kontinenturi wyebebi ileqeboda. erT-erTi aseTi

depresia iyo e.w. kaledonuri rofi, romelic axladwarmoSobil grampianis

(skandinaviis) da samxreT Sotlandiis naoWa sistemebs Soris mdebareobda. es rofi

amovsebulia daunaoWebeli (!) devonuri da karbonuli naleqebiT, romelTa saerTo

simZlavre 7000-8000 metria. am mZlavri wyebis qveda nawili, simZlavriT daaxloebiT

3000-4000 metri qveda devonurze modis. sayuradReboa,rom daunaoWebeli, TiTqmis

horizontuli ganlagebis qveda devonuri uTanxmod aris ganlagebuli intensiurad

danaoWebul da metamorfizebul ordoviciul-silurulze an kidev ufro Zvel

wyebebze (Wrili, sur.22.3.). is ZiriTadad agebulia uxeSmarcvlovani qviSaqvebisa da

konglomeratebis dastebiT, romlebTanac mJave an fuZe Sedgenilobis mZlavri

lavuri ganfenebi morigeoben. qanebi iribi SreebrivobiTa da mowiTalo-moyavisfro

SeferilobiT xasiaTdebian, rac imis damadasturebelia, rom Zveli wiTeli qviSaqvis

warmoSoba ariduli - mSrali da cxeli havis pirobebSi mimdinareobda. amasve

adasturebs qviSaqvebSi arsebuli namarxi organizmebi, romlebic zRvisagan

izolirebul auzebSi - tbebSi binadrobdnen. esenia – Estheria fexsaxsrianebidan,

giganturi kibo-morielebi (Gigantostracea), Tevzismagvarni (Agnatha - uyboni), javSniani

da majafarfliani Tevzebi. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos ormagadmsunTqavi Tevzebi

(Tanamedrove Neoceratodus-is tipis), romelTa arseboba xmeleTze ganviTarebul

aridul klimatze miuTiTebs.

qvedadevonuri asakis Zvel wiTel qviSaqvas garkveuli uTanxmoebiT

stratigrafiulad (asakobrivad) zeviT agrZelebs 600-800 metris simZlavris Sua da

zedadevonuri Zveli wiTeli qviSaqvis wyeba.

Zveli wiTeli qviSaqvis saerTo simZlavre 4000-5000, zogjer ki 8000 metrsac

aRwevs. aseTi didi simZlavris terigenuli qanebisaTvis saWiro klasturi masalis

wyaros warmoadgenda kaledonuri orogenezisis Sedegad warmoSobili axalgazrda

naoWa struqturebi, romelTa ngrevis Sedegad warmoSobili masala mdinareebsa da

droebiT Rvarebs SemohqondaT mTiswina da mTaTaSua depresiebSi.

Zveli wiTeli qviSaqvis tipis faciesia gavrcelebuli agreTve samxreT uelssa da

samxreT-dasavleT irlandiaSi.

cota gansxvavebuli bunebisaa Crdilo amerikis kontinentis devonuri. qveda

devonuri aqac regresiuli faciesiT (Zveli wiTeli qviSaqva - ?) aris warmodgenili.

Sua devonuridan zeda devonuris CaTvliT aq zRviuri, epikontinenturi naleqebia

ganviTarebuli. naTlad Cans, rom adredevonuri regresia Suadevonurma transgresiam

Secvala - zRva TandaTan faravda kontinents. gviandevonurSi transgresiam maqsimums

miaRwia. Tbili havis pirobebSi marCx, epikontinentur auzSi karbonatebi

grovdeboda, gansakuTrebiT kontinentis dasavleT nawilSi, sadac rifuli

nagebobebic (masivebi) ki Seiqmna.

Crdilo amerikis msgavsi suraTi gvaqvs aRmosavleT evropis kratonze, kerZod -

ruseTis baqanze (platformaze). aq qveda devonuri an saerTod ar aris

119

(baltiispireTi), an tipuri kontinenturi wyebebiT aris warmodgenili (lvovis

mulda) - uxeSmarcvlovani Wreli qviSaqvebi Tevzebis (Pteraspis, Cephalaspis) ConCxebiT.

simZlavre daaxloebiT 330 metri. rac Seexeba Sua da zeda devonurs, umetes

SemTxvevaSi isini aseuli metris sisqis zRviuri warmoSobis qviSaqvebis, Tixebis,

mergelebis, kirqvebis wyebebiT aris warmodgenili. qanebSi, gansakuTrebiT kirqvebSi,

mravladaa zRviuri namarxi fauna - briozoebi, marjnebi, kaneklianebi, braqiopodebi,

orsagdulianebi, gasrtopodebi da sxva. sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom

aRmosavleTisaken (uralisaken) qanebis karbonatuloba da simZlavreebi sagrZnoblad

matulobs.

zemoT aRwerilTan SedarebiT sruliad gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs Crdilo

atlanturi kontinentis samxreTiT arsebul amJamindeli centraluri da samxreTi

evropis teritoriebze. es teritoriebi devonur periodSi(iseve, rogorc devonurze

ufro adreul silurul, ordoviciul da kambriul periodebSic) CvenTvis kargad

cnobil xmelTaSuazRviur moZrav sartyels miekuTveneboda. maTSi naleqgadagrovebis

sami zoli gamoiyofoda (CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken) – 1. ardenebis, 2. bretan-

bohemis da 3. samxreT evropis. am zolTagan yvelaze CrdiloeTiT iyo ardenebis

zoli, romelic samxreTidan sazRvravda Crdilo atlantur kontinents.

ardenebis zoli dRevandeli ardenebis garda moicavda kunZul didi britaneTis

ganapira samxreT nawils - kornuelsis naxevarkunZuls, rainis fiqlebian masivs,

madnian mTebs, harcsa da sudetebs. ardenebis samxreTiT iyo bretan-bohemis zoli,

romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda: armorikuli masivi, safrangeTis centraluri

plato, vogezebi, Svarcvaldi da bohemis masivi. bretan-bohemis zolis samxreTiT

ganlagebuli iyo xmelTaSuazRviuri moZavi sartylis mesame, damagvirgvinebeli

samxreT evropis zoli, romelic dRevandeli pireneebidan alpebis karpatebis da

sxvaTa gavliT kavkasiamde aRwevda (e.w. xmelTaSuazRviuri naoWa sartylis

dasavleTi segmenti).

xseneuli sami zolidan naoWa sartylisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis

gansakuTrebulobiT-didi simZlavreebi, intensiuri danaoWeba, Zlieri metamorfizmi,

magmuri qanebis (rogorc intruziulis, ise efuziuris) Semcveloba - samxreT

evropis zoli gamoirCeva. am zolSi devonuri naleqebi espaneTidan kavkasiamdea

cnobili. es naleqebi yvelgan TanxmobiT agrZelebs siluruls da TanxmobiTve

ifareba karbonuliT. faciesi mravalferovania, magram sWarbobs fiqlebi, qviSaqvebi,

vulkanoklastoliTebi. gaSlili zRvis naleqebSi xSiria goniatitebi. naleqebis

simZlavreebi 3-4 aTas metrze metia.

sainteresod gveCveneba agreTve devonuri naleqebis Wrili ardenebis zolSi.

am WrilSi devonuri uTanxmod devs danaoWebul kambriul-silurul wyebebze. es

uTanxmo ganlageba gamowveulia devonuriswina periodebSi am adgilze

kordilierebis gaCeniT, romelTa denudirebel zedapirze daiwyo devonuri

naleqdagroveba. mTeli devonuris ganmavlobaSi am zolSi faqtobrivad uwyveti

sedimentacia midioda. amitomac dagrovda mZlavri, 10 km-mde sisqis wyebebi. masalaSi

sakmaod xSirad wiTeli feris masalac ereva, rac ardenebis CrdiloeTiT mdebare

Zveli atlanturi kontinentis gadarecxvaze miuTiTebs - igrZnoba zRviuri da

kontinenturi faciesebis Widili! Tumca es ZiriTadad adre devonursa da eifelurs

exeba mxolod. SemdgomSi auzi ise gaRrmavda, rom Crdiloatlanturi kontinentis

kvali sruliad gaqra.

120

cimbiris kratonze devonuri naleqebis gavrceleba didi ar aris. adre devonurSi

is TiTqmis mTlianad xmeleTs warmoadgenda. Sua da gviandevonurSi naleqdagroveba

umetesad mSrali da cxeli havis pirobebSi mimdinareobda xmeleTze, anormuli

marilianobis lagunebsa da marCxi (Txeli) zRvis ubeebSi. amas mowmobs wiTeli

feris qanebis mniSvnelovani xvedriTi wili, agreTve qvamarilis, TabaSirisa da

anhidritis arseboba qanebSi.

devonuris ganmavlobaSi gondvanisis udidesi nawili azevebuli iyo. zRviuri

garemo mxolod superkontinentis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi iyo (andebis zoli;

dasavleT avstralia - ?).

orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika. rogorc

aRvniSneT, kaledonuri orogenezisis Sedegad ori Zveli kontinenti lavrencia da

fenoskandia erTian kontinentad - evroamerikad iqca. adre devonurSi evroamerika

ekvatorze iyo ganlagenuli (TiTqmis Tanabrad Crdilo da samxreT ganedebze).

darCenili kontinentebidan cimbiri Crdilo zomier sartyelSi iyo, CineTi aseve

Crdilo ganedis zomier da tropikul sartyelebSi. rac Seexeba gondvaniss, is

faqtobrivad mTlianad samxreT naxevarsferoSi ganTavsda - mis tropikul zomier da

maRal ganedebSi.

Sua devonurSi evroamerikis kontinenti kvlav agrZelebda kaledonuri

orogenezisiT gamowveul azevebas da mTiswina da mTaTaSua depresiebSi „Zveli

wiTeli qviSaqvis faciesis“ warmoqmnas. (grenlandiis, britaneTis, skandinaviis da

Spicbergenis depresiebSi).

Sua da gviandevonur epoqebSi evroamerikis kontinenti kvlav ekvatoris orive

mxareze iyo ganTavsebuli. misgan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT Crdilo ganedis zomier

sartyelSi iyo cimbiris kontinenti. es ori kontinenti erTmaneTisagan paleoaziuri

okeaniT iyo gayofili.

superkontinenti gondvanisi kvlav inarCunebda Tavis monoliTurobas da azevebiT

tendenciebs.

gondvanisi da CrdiloeTis jgufi kontinentebisa erTmaneTisagan paleoteTisiT

iyo gayofili. paleoteTisis samxreTi periferia pasiur kides,xolo Crdilo -

aqtiur kides warmoadgenda (mikrokontinentebiT, kunZulTa rkalebiTa da ganapira

zRvebiT). paleoteTisis maqsimaluri sigane aRiniSneboda dasavleT nawilSi Crdilo

amerikasa da samxreT amerika-afrikas Soris, xolo minimaluri - dasavleT evropasa

da afrikas Soris.

gvian devonurSi evroamerikisa da cimbiris kontinentebma erTmaneTTan daaxloeba

daiwyes, ramac paleoaziuri okeanis Seviwroeba gamoiwvia. amis sapirispirod

paleoteTisis aziuri nawili farTovdeboda. Tumca imave paleoteTisis dasavleT

segmentSi, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropasa da afrikas Soris kontinentebis

daaxloeba xdeboda. iketeboda paleoteTisis Crdilo nawili dasavleT evropasa da

apalaCebTan. erTmaneTs uaxlovdebodnen dasavleT gondvanisi da evroamerika, Tumca

devonuris miwurulisaTvis maT Soris 2500 km-ni manZili iyo.

Tu SevajamebT zemoT naTvams SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom devonur periodSi oTxive

kontinenti ganagrZobda aqtiur moZraobas. amgvari moZraobis Sedegad gondvanisi

mTlianad ganTavsda samxreT naxevarsferos samive (tropikul, zomier da polarul)

sartyelSi. evroamerika isev ekvatoris orive mxaris tropikul zolSi iyo

ganTavsebuli, Tumca siluruli periodisagan gansxvavebiT Crdilo tropikuli

121

zolis gacilebiT didi nawili ekava. cimbiri jiutad (Tumca naklebi efeqturobiT)

miiwevda Crdilo - Crdilo-RmosavleTi mimarTulebiT. CineTma, romelic silurulSi

TiTqmis mTlianad Crdilo zomier sartyelSi mdebareobda, devonur periodSi Tavisi

didi nawiliT samxreTisaken - Crdilo tropikul sartyelSi gadmoinacvla.

devonurSi aSkarad ikveTeba kontinentebis moZraobis zogadi suraTi. kontinentebi

moZraobdnen wriulad, Tanac saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT - samxreT -

samxreT-dasavleT - Crdilo-dasavleT (gondvanisi) - CrdiloeT (evroamerika) -

Crdilo-aRmosavleT (cimbiri) - samxreTi (CineTi) mimarTulebiT. amave dros isic

kargad Cans,rom silurul periodTan SedarebiT devonurSi sagrZnoblad mcirdeba

kontinentebsSorisi manZili. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad aris gamoxatuli gondvanis -

evroamerika - cimbiris kontinentebTan mimarTebaSi. (sur.?, .Х.,Н.К.,Н.Я.,1997,Рис.12.2.).

klimati. faqtobrivad mTeli devonuri periodis ganmavlobaSi yvela materikze

maRali temperaturuli reJimi sufevda. evroamerikis ekvatorul nawilSi

saSualowliuri temperatura 28-31°C-s Seadgenda, amierkavkasiaSi 23-28°C-s.

gamoirCeodnen ariduli da humiduri zonebi. aridul zonebSi ganviTarebuli iyo

kontinenturi TabaSiriani da karbonatuli naleqebi, eoluri naleqebi, agreTve

dolomitebi da evaporitebi.

karbonuli periodi - C

karbolnuli periodi xasiaTdeba dedamiwaze qvanaxSiris pirveli didi sabadoebis

farTo gavrcelebiT. periodis saxelwodebac swored qvanaxSirTan aris

dakavSirebuli.

karbonuli sistema gamoiyo 1822 wels ingliseli geologebis u. konibirisa da u.

filipsis mier. stratotipuli Wrilebi dasavleT evropaSia.

karbonuli periodi daiwyo 360 milioni wlis win da dasrulda 300 milioni wlis

win. Sesabamisad misi xangrZlivoba 60 milion wels Seadgens.

cocxali buneba - karbonulSi mkveTrad mcirdeba roli im organizmebisa,

romlebic adrepaleozourSi aRmavlobas ganicdidnen. karbonulis dasawyisamde,

devonuri periodis miwuruls gadaSendnen riniofitebi - xmeleTis floris uZvelesi

warmomadgenlebi. karbonulis dasawyisSi moxda graptoliTebis ukanaskneli

warmomadgenlebis amowyveta. am periodSi wamyvani poziciebi daTmes trilobitebma

da giganturma kibonairebma. mcirdeba nautiloideebis raodenoba.

erT dros maRalganviTarebuli jgufebi (florisa da faunis) karbonulSi sxva

jgufebiT inacvleba. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos xe-mcenareebis swrafi evolucia,

rac gaxda safuZveli qvanaxSiris umdidresi sabadoebis formirebisa. isic

aRsaniSnavia, rom Suakarbonul epoqaSi xerxemlianTa tipis axali klasi gaCnda

reptiliebis (qvewarmavlebis) saxiT. magram xe-mcenareebica da qvewarmavlebic (didi

nawili) xmeleTis bioss miekuTvneba. sainteresoa vicodeT, Tu ra xdeboda

sicocxlis evoluciis TvalsazrisiT zRvebsa da okeaneebSi.

am periodSi did ganviTarebas miaRwies foraminiferebma (erTujredianebidan),

klitianma braqiopodebma, goniatitebma, oTxqimianma marjnebma, xavscxovelebma, zRvis

SroSnebma da zRvis zRarbebma. miuxedavad ufro Zveli drois organizmebTan sakmao

msgavsebisa, CamoTvlili jgufebi warmogvidgnen axali ojaxebiT, gvarebiTa da

saxeobebiT.

122

foraminiferebidan unda aRvniSnoT msxvili (didtaniani) fuzulinidebi (Fusulina,

Triticites), romlebic karbonul periodSi qanmaSen organizmebs warmoadgendnen da amave

dros aqvT didi biostratigrafiuli Rirebulebac.

klitiani braqiopodebidan unda davasaxeloT spiriferidebisa da gansakuTrebiT -

produqtidebis warmomadgenlebi (maT Soris Gigantoproductus-i, romelic sigrZeSi 40

santimetramde aRwevda), romlebic wamyvan rols TamaSoben karbonuli drois

paleobiogeografiasa da biostratigrafiaSi. biostratigrafiis TvalsazrisiT didi

Rirebuleba aqvs goniatitebsac. ayvavebas ganicdidnen oTxqimiani marjnebic (Caninia,

Lonsdaleia da sxv.), romlebic xetetidebTan, tabulatebTan da xavscxovelebTan erTad

rifebis SenebaSi monawileobdnen. kaneklianebidan davasaxeloT zRvis SroSnebi da

zRvis zRarbebi. zRvebSi farTod iyvnen warmodgenili sxva uxerxemloebic

(Rrublebi, ostrakodebi, gastropodebi, bivalviebi, konodontebi).

xmeleTis mcenareulobis did ganviTarebas unda davukavSiroT albaT mwerebis

evoluciac, romlebic im droisaTvis erTaderT mfrinav organizmebs warmoadgendnen.

zogma maTganma gigantur zomebsac ki miaRwia (70sm. gaSlili frTebiT).

karbonulis dasawyisisaTvis mkveTrad mcirdeba javSniani Tevzebis xvedriTi wili

iqtiofaunaSi da wina planze gamodian xrtiliani Tevzebi zvigenismagvarTa

jgufidan. am dros arian agreTve cnobili amfibiebi - stegocefalebi, romlebic

nestian tyeebSi da WaobebSi cxovrobdnen.

Sua karbonulSi Cndebian qvewarmavlebi (kotilozavrebi, romelTac rqovani tyavi

hqondaT gadakruli). amfibiebisagan gansxvavebiT, reptiliebs gamravlebisaTvis ar

sWirdebodaT wyliani garemo - isini debdnen kvercxebs, romlebsac kirqvis naWuWi

hqondaT. qvewarmavlebs Soris iyvnen mtaceblebi, balaxismWamelni da mweriWamiebic.

karbonuli periodi axali etapia mcenareTa evoluciaSi. aRmavlobas ganicdian

devonurSi gaCenili jgufebi:

likopodiumebi - karbonuli floris yvelaze mniSvnelovani jgufi, romlis

wamyvan nawils lepidodendronebi Seadgendnen. zogi maTgani simaRleSi 40 metrs

aRwevda, xolo tanis ganivkveTi - 1-2 metrs. likopodiumebi sporovan mcenareebs

miekuTvnebodnen.

sporovanTa jgufSi Sedis agreTve gvimrebi, kalamitebi, romlebic sxvebis

msgavsad amSvenebdnen karbonuli periodis tyeebs. am periodSi gaCndnen primitiuli

SiSvelTeslianebi- gvimrismagvarni. isini TesliT mravldebodnen, rac saSualebas

aZlevda zRvis sanapiro zonidan Rrmad „SeWriliyvnen“ xmeleTze. gvimrismagvarTagan

aRvniSnoT kordaitebi. periodis miwuruls gaCndnen gingkoebi . kordaitebis

(gadaSenebuli jgufis) zogi warmomadgeneli (gv. Cordaites) 30mt. simaRlesac ki

aRwevda. isini lepidodendronebsa da sigilariebTan erTad monawileobdnen

qvanaxSiris sabadoTa warmoSobaSi. qvanaxSirSemqmneli mcenareulobis didi

ganviTareba aSkarad miuTiTebs karbonul periodSi Tbili da nestiani (humiduri)

klimatis arsebobaze.

karbonulis danawileba. karbonulis danawilebis ramdenime sqema arsebobs -

dasavleTevropuli, rusuli, amerikuli, saerTaSoriso stratigrafiuli skalis

(romelic praqtikulad rusuli sqemis ganmeorebas warmoadgens).

123

seqcia sarTuli

ruseTi dasavleT evropa

aSS ISC

C3 gJeluri kasimovis

stefanuri pensilvaniuri gJeluri kasimovis

C2

moskovuri baSkiruli

vestfaluri pensilvaniuri moskovuri baSkiruli

C1 serpuxovis vizeuri

turneuli

namiuruli vizeuri

turneuli misisipuri

serpuxovis vizeuri

turneuli

faciesebi. karbonuli periodis (iseve, rogorc permulis) faciesebis xasiaTze

didi gavlena iqonia hercinulma orogenezisma, romelmac mniSvnelovnad Secvala am

drois paleogeografiuli suraTi. Tumca periodis dasawyisSi gviandevonuris

msgavsi suraTi iyo - arsebobas ganagZobda 4 didi kontinenti (Crdilo atlanturi

anu evroamerika, cimbiri, CineTi, da superkontinenti gondvanisi), romelTa Soris

iyo ural-oxotisa da xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartylebi. faciesTa xasiaTic

amgvari paleogeografiuli suraTiT aris ganpirobebuli - erTi mxriv vxvdebiT

kontinentur (xmeleTis) naleqebs, xolo meore mxriv, moZravi sartylis da

platformul wyebebs.

adrekarbonulSi aSkarad dominirebda zRviuri naleqdagroveba, rac Zlier

transgresiaSi gamoixata. zRvebsa da okeaneebs ekavaT rogorc moZravi sartylis, ise

kontinentis calkeuli nawilebi. erTaderTi gamonaklisi superkontinenti gondvanisi

iyo, romelic mTlianad xmeleTs warmoadgenda (zRva mxolod mis periferiebze iyo).

platformuli bunebis karbonuli kargad aris warmodgenili moskovis

sineklizaSi (aRmosavleT evropis kratoni). aq mTeli karbonulis ganmavlobaSi

dominirebda karbonatuli faciesi (kirqvebi, dolomitebi, mergelebi), romelSic

daculia foraminiferebis, braqiopodebis, marjnebis, orsagdulianebis,

gastropodebis, kaneklianebis (ZiriTadad eqinoideebis), Rrublebis, diatomeebis

namarxi warmomadgenlebi. iSviaTad gvxvdeba goniatitebic. zRviuri garemo

kontinenturiT mxolod orjer Seicvala - vizeur saukuneSi (naxSiriani wyebis

warmoqmnis dro) da Sua karbonulis dasawyisSi, romelic Wrilidan baSkiruli

sarTulis amovardniT gamoixata.

moskovis sineklizaSi fauniT daTariRebul famenur kirqvebs TanxmobiT agrZelebs

50-100m. simZlavris turneuli sarTulis SedarebiT TxelSreebrivi kirqvebi,

romelic mdidari (ZiriTadad braqiopodebis) fauniT aris daxasiaTebuli.

turneulis gadarecxil zedapirze uTanxmod (stratigrafiuli uTanxmoeba)

ganlagebulia vizeuri asakis naxSiriani wyeba, romelic warmodgenilia

xlarTulSreebrivi qviSaqvebiTa da TixebiT da mura naxSiris linziseburi

SuaSreebiT. naxSiriani wyeba ramdenime ritmiTaa warmodgenili. faunisturi naSTebi

iSviaTia. samagierod bevria namarxi flora (umetesad Lepidodendron). simZlavre 60

metri. naxSiriani wyebis dagroveba xdeboda xmeleTis zRvispira zolSi.

naxSirian wyebas agrZelebs aseve vizeuri asakis kirqvebis wyeba (simZlavriT 150m.),

mdidari zRviuri fauniT, romelSic produqtusebi sWarbobs (Gigantoproductus giganteus

da sxv.). stratigrafiulad zeviT serpuxovis sarTulis gigantoproduqtusiani

karbonatuli wyeba gamodis, simZlavriT 100m-mde. ufro zeviT, stratigrafiuli

xarveziT (romelic baSkiruli sarTulis Sesatyvisia), qviSaqvebiT fuZeSi da

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kirqvebiT Tavze, serpuxovis sarTuls agrZelebs faunisturad daTariRebuli

moskovuri sarTulis qanebi, simZlavriT 150 metri. am ukanasknelis Tavze

zedakarbonuli karbonatuli wyebaa, simZlavriT 170 metri. zeda karbonuli zevidan

gadafarulia (fuZis konglomeratiT) zedaiuruli naleqebiT.

moskovis sineklizaSi karbonulis saerTo simZlavre 600-700 metris farglebSia.

wyebebi horizontaluradaa (!) ganlagebuli. ara gvaqvs magmuri da metamorfuli

qanebi. naoWa dislokaciaze Soreuli miniSnebac ki ar aris. tipuri platformaa!

mTeli karbonuli faqtobrivad karbonatuli wyebebiT (umetesad kirqvebi) aris

warmodgenili, romelTa arsebobac platformaze yovelTvis maqsimaluri daZirvis

maCvenebelia (ix. Wrili, gv. 58).

Crdiloatlanturi kontinentis dasavlur nawilSi (dasavleT evropa, Crdilo

amerika) karbonulis dasawyisSi gviandevonuris msgavsi pirobebi SemorCa. turneuli

da vizeuri ZiriTadad zRviuri karbonatuli wyebebiT aris warmodgenili.

adrekarbonulsa da Suakarbonulis sazRvarze hercinuli orogenezisis gavleniT,

romelic xmelTaSuazRviur da apalaCebis moZrav sartylebSi gamovlinda,

lavrenciaSi mkveTrad Seicvala naleqdagrovebis xasiaTi. cimbiris platformaze

faqtobrivad mTeli karbonulis ganmavlobaSi kontinenturi pirobebi iyo

gabatonebuli. zRviuri garemo iyo mxolod Crdilo-dasavleT da Crdilo-

aRmosavleT periferiebze, sadac sakmaod mZlavri (aseuli metrebi) karbonatuli

naleqdagroveba midioda. kontinenturi faciesebidan ki gabatonebuli iyo qviSebi,

alevritebi, Tixebi, torfnari, romlebmac Semdgom qvanaxSiris SuaSreebi mogvces.

xmeleTi dafaruli iyo mdidari mcenareuli safariT, romelSic kordaitebi

dominirebdnen. unda SevniSnoT,rom cimbirisa da mezobeli raionebis karbonuli

flora Zalian Taviseburia, rac aZnelebs cimbiris platformis karbonuli

naleqebis Sepirispirebas dasavleT evropis da ruseTis evropuli nawilis

stratotipul WrilebTan.

gondvanisis didi nawili mTeli karbonulis ganmavlobaSi, iseve, rogorc

devonurSi, azevebuli iyo. daZirvas mxolod superkontinentis periferiuli

nawilebi ganicdida (adrekarbonulSi!). am droisaTvis zRviuri garemo iyo

gondvanisis afrikul nawilSi, sadac transgresia okeane teTisidan wamovida.

gviani karboni gondvanisze sayovelTao gamyinvarebiT xasiaTdeba. tilitebi

cnobilia afrikaSi, madagaskarze, indostanSi, avstraliaSi, samxreT amerikaSi,

antarqtidaSi, sadac isini Sedian kontinenturi bunebis gondvanis seriis

SemadgenlobaSi. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom centralur da samxreT afrikasa da

madagaskarze tilitebi (400mt.) agebulia sxvadasxva xarisxiT damuSavebuli,

dauxarisxebeli kenWebiTa da 2 metramde diametris mqone blokebiT (lodebiT)

warmodgenili prekambriuli asakis qanebiT, romlebic dafarulia myinvariseuli

StrixebiT da Secementebulia qviSian-Tixiani masaliT. Tixebis SuaSreebSi gvxvdeba

namarxebi Tevzebis, moluskebis da krinoideebis saxiT, rac drois garkveul

monakveTSi kontinentze zRvis SemoWris utyuari sabuTia.

karbonulSi (da Semdgom droSic albaT) gondvanisis erTianobaze klimaturi

pirobebis garda gvianpaleozouri florisa da reptiliebis kompleqsebic

miuTiTeben.

platformebisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli bunebisaa kontinentebis aqtiur

kideebze ganviTarebuli karbonuli. am tipis karbonuli naleqebi gavrcelebulia

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dasavleT da centralur evropaSi, Cven mier adre dasaxelebuli xmelTaSuazRviuri

moZravi sartylis samive zolSi - ardenebis, bretan-bohemisa da samxreT evropis.

moZrav sartyelTan dakavSirebuli karbonulis buneba gansakuTrebiT kargad aris

gamokveTili dRevandel uralis naoWa sistemaSi, romelic, rogorc cnobilia,

ural-oxotis naoWa sartyelSi erTiandeba. karbonuli periodis ganmavlobaSi urali

warmoadgenda ural-oxotis moZravi sartylis meridionaluri mimarTebis mqone

zols, romelSic kargad ikveTeboda erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli bunebis mqone

aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi zonebi.

uralis dasavleT ferdze _karbonulis sruli Wrilia, romelic am sistemis

samive seqciiT aris warmodgenili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samive seqcia ZiriTadad

organogenuli kirqvebiTaa daxasiaTebuli.

karbonulis jamuri simZlavre 1300 metramdea. wyebebi ar Seicavs magmur qanebs

(rogorc intruziuls, ise-efuziurs). sustia danaoWeba. aseve sustia metamorfizmic.

dasavleT uralis karbonuli mdidari da mravalferovani fauniT aris

daxasiaTebuli, rac mis sarTulebad danawilebis saSualebas iZleva. amave mizeziT

is SeiZleba zRviuri karbonulis etalonadac miviCnioT.

sul sxvagvari suraTia aRmosavleT uralSi. qveda karbonuli aq mZlavri

vulkanuri, vulkanogenuri, danaleqi da maTTan erTad metamorfuli qanebiT aris

daxasiaTebuli. qanebSi bevria tufebi, tufitebi, kaJiani fiqlebi, iaSmebi. wyebebSi

SuaSreebisa da linzebis saxiT CarTulia zRviuri faunis Semcveli kirqvebi. wyebaTa

saerTo simZlavre 3500 metria. Sua karbonuli klasturi (namsxvrevi) masaliT nagebi

qanebia, romlebSic SuaSreebis saxiT karbonatuli wyebebi gamoereva. aRiniSneba

agreTve didi simZlavris konglomeratebic. saerTo simZlavre 1000 metrs Seadgens.

uralis aRmosavleT ferdze zeda karbonuli ar aris!

Tu SevadarebT uralis dasavleT da aRmosavleT ferdebis Wrilebs davinaxavT,

rom adre karbonulSi uralis dasavleT nawilSi kontinentis pasiuri kidis

pirobebi iyo karbonatuli naleqdagrovebiT, xolo aRmosavleTSi - kontinentis

aqtiuri kidis garemo, romelSic didi simZlavris vulkanogen-danaleqi formaciebis

formireba mimdinareoba. Sua karbonulSi uralis dasavleT ferdze mdgomareoba

praqtikulad ar Secvlila - kvlav kontinentis pasiuri kidis garemo karbonatuli

naleqdagrovebiT. samagierod mkveTrad icvleba suraTi uralis aRmosavleT ferdze,

rac gamowveuli iyo am zolSi hercinuli orogenezisis ganviTarebiT. uralis

aRmosavleT ferdis karbonulis Wrili Suakarbonuli naleqebiT mTavrdeba,

romlebzec kuTxuri uTanxmoebiT aris ganlagebuli mezozour-kainozouri wyebebi.

am zolSi zedakarbonul-permuli naleqebis amovardna Wrilidan da Sua karbonulze

mezozour-kainozouri wyebebis ganlagebis xasiaTi migvaniSnebs imaze, rom Sua

karbonulis bolos uralis aRmosavleT nawilSi dasrulda hercinuli orogenezisi.

samagierod gviankarbonulSi ganagrZobda arsebobas dasavleT uralis (kontinentis

pasiuri kide) zoli, romlis saboloo danaoWeba, rogorc Cans karbonul-permulis

sazRvarze moxda.

amgvarad, uralis naoWa sistema hercinuli orogenezisis nayofia. misi saboloo

formireba uraluri orofazisiT (C/P) aris ganpirobebuli.

orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.

karbonulze saubris dawyebisas vTqviT, rom devonuri periodis dasasruls

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dedamiwaze oTxi didi kontinenti iyo, romlebic erTmaneTisagan moZravi sartylebiT

da maT Tavze ganlagebuli okeanuri auzebiT iyo gamoyofili.

karbonul periodSi kontinentTa Soris udidesi, gondvanisi karga xnis

dabinavebuli iyo samxreT naxevarsferoSi, didi nawiliT samxreTi polusis

midamoebSi. Tumca is xsenebul epoqaSi CrdiloeTisaken moZraobda da ramdenadme

miuaxlovda kidec evroamerikas. imavdroulad is azevebasac ganicdida, Tumca mis

periferiebze alag orogeni iyo (andebis sartyeli, antarqtikis gondvanuri zoli).

evroamerika TviTonac gadaadgildeboda CrdiloeTisaken. amave dros brunavda ra

saaTis isris mimarTulebiT, uaxlovdeboda cimbirs.

evroamerikis dasavleT nawilisagan gansxvavebiT, mis aRmosavleT nawilSi

(aRmosavleT evropis kratonis platformul zolSi) zRviuri garemo iyo, sadac

normulmariliani zRviuri auzisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli karbonatuli naleqdagroveba

midioda.

evroamerikis msgavsad, CineTis (CineT-koreis) kontinentic Tavisi mxridan

uaxlovdeboda cimbiris kontinents.

kontinentTa amgvarma miaxlovebam sagrZnoblad Seamcira paleoaziuri okeanis

akvatoria, romlis siganec (gansakuTrebiT uralis zolSi) 2000 kilometramde

Semcirda. aSkaraa, rom momzadda pirobebi am okeanis Casaketad.

rac Seexeba paleoteTiss, is TiTqmis mTlianad daixura dasavleT nawilSi, rac

gamoiwvia gondvanisis evroamerikisaken gadaadgilebam. samagierod paleoteTisis

aRmosavleTi nawili sul ufro farTovdeboda aRmosavleTisaken, sadac

„uerTdeboda“ kidec paleopacifikas (wynar okeanes). paleoteTisis samxreTi

(gondvanisis) kide kvlav pasiur kided rCeboda, xolo Crdilo-aqtiur kided

(Crdilo kideze Zalian rTuli suraTi iyo, rac ganapiroba zRvebis, kunZulTa

rkalebisa da okeanuri Rrmulebis ganlagebam). (sur. 13.7. ХКЯ. gv.257).

karbonulis miwuruls kontinentTa Sejaxeba moxda: dasavleT gondvanisisa

evroamerikis kontinentis amerikul nawilTan (yofil lavrenciasTan), xolo

evroamerikis Crdiloevropuli nawilisa - aRmosavleT evropasTan. Sejaxebul

kontinentebs Soris mxolod viwro zoli iyo mTiswina rofebis saxiT, romlebSic

fliSuri da molasuri naleqebis formireba mimdinareobda. es naleqebi dRes kargad

migvaniSneben im orogenul sartyelze, romelic gadaWimuli iyo apalaCebidan

aRmosavleT aziamde evropuli hercinidebisa da ural - samxreT tianSan - jungaris

zolis gavliT.

hercinuli orogenezisis mTavari fazisi (impulsis TvalsazrisiT), rogorc Cans,

sudeturi orofazisi iyo. Tumca orogenis sxvadasxva ubanze saboloo danaoWeba da

hercinidebis formireba sxvadasxva dros (Sesabamisad sxvadasxva orofazisis

meSveobiT) moxda.

axladSeqmnili hercinidebis „zurgis mxareze“ mTaTaSua molasuri depresiebi

gaCnda (magaliTad ardenebsa da bretan-bohems Soris).

gondvanisi inarCunebda kavSirs evroamerikis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilTan.

faqtobrivad am kavSiriT daiwyo pangea - 3-is formireba.

samagierod karbonulis miwuruls gondvanisis samxreT (afrikul) da indostanis

nawilebSi ganviTarda grabenuli depresiebis sistemebi, romelSic ileqeboda

gadarecxili myinvaruli masala. ase gaCnda bazaluri fenebi karus (afrika) da

gondvanis (indostani) myinvaruli kompleqsebisa. myinvaruli naleqebi cnobilia

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agreTve arabeTSi, antarqtidaSi, samxreT amerikaSi. am naleqebis farTo

geografiuli gavrceleba dasturia imisa, rom saqme gvaqvs zewrul (materikul)

gamyinvarebasTan.

Crdilo amerikaSi, avstraliaSi, antarqtidaSi, Crdilo afrikaSi mTeli Sua da

gviani karbonis ganmavlobaSi azevebiTi tendenciebi sWarbobda.

okeaneebTan dakavSirebiT vityviT, rom paleoteTisi, romelic dasavleT nawilSi

ori didi kontinentis (gondvanisisa da evroamerikis dasavleTi nawilis -

lavrenciis) SeerTebiT mTlianad daketili iyo, sul ufro da ufro ixsneboda

aRmosavleTisaken. paleoteTisis Crdilo msazRvrelebi (dinaridebi, karpatebi,

balkanebi, yirimi, kavkasioni, hindukuSi, Crdilo pamiri, kunluni da cinlini)

aqtiurad iyvnen CarTuli hercinul orogenetul procesebSi.

karbonul periodSi kargad iyo gamoxatuli klimaturi zonaloba. am

TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT didi sxvaobaa adrekarbonul da Sua da gviankarbonul

epoqebs Soris.

adrekarbonul epoqaSi mTel dedamiwaze tropikuli klimati batonobda. amis

damadasturebeli aris kirqvebis, qvanaxSiriani wyebebis,boqsitebis da siTbosa da

tenis moyvaruli sxva qanebis farTo gavrceleba. amazeve metyvelebs

siTbosmoyvaruli zRvisa da xmeleTis biosis simravle. tropikuli pirobebi iyo

praqtikulad Crdilo amerikis mTel kontinentze, dasavleT evropaSi, aRmosavleT

evropis kratonze, cimbirSi, CineTSi, afrikis did nawilSi, Crdilo-dasavleT

avstraliaSi, paleoteTisis aRmosavleT nawilSi.

garemos temperatura amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 25-30°C-s Seadgenda,

amierkavkasiaSi - 20-24°C-s, uralze ki 22-24°C-s (paleotemperaturebi gamoTvlilia

namarxi braqiopodebis mixedviT).

klimati mkveTrad Seicvala Sua da gansakuTrebiT gvian karbonulSi. klimatis

Secvlis mTavari maCvenebeli iyo Zlieri acieba dedamiwaze, ramac maRal ganedebSi

zewruli gamyinvareba gamoiwvia. ekvatorul sartyelSic ki saSualo-wliuri

temperatura 3-5°-iT daeca, xolo dedamiwis saSualo globaluri temperatura

gviankarbonulSi 10-15°-iT naklebi iyo adrekarbonulTan SedarebiT.

aciebis erT-erTi kargi maCvenebelia marjnebis gavrcelebis arealis mkveTri

Seviwroeba da Tavmoyra ekvatoris mimdebare viwro zolSi. Zlieri aciebis sabuTebi

gvaqvs samxreT naxevarsferoSi - samxreT amerikaSi, centralur da samxreT afrikaSi,

avstraliaSi, indoeTSi.

karbonuli periodis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo qvanaxSiris sabadoebis

formireba. qvanaxSiris intensiuri dagroveba xdeboda rogorc platformebze, ise

mTiswina da mTaTaSua rofebSi, aseve Sidakontinentur auzebSi Tu zRvis sanapiro

zonebSi. saqveynod cnobilia donecis, yaragandis, moskovis, ekibastuzis, poloneTis,

CexeTis, germaniis, belgiis, safrangeTis, inglisis da kidev sxvaTa umdidresi

sabadoebi.

karbonuli asakis sabadoebze modis qvanaxSiris msoflio maragebis 30%.

permuli periodi - P

saxelwodeba ruseTis evropuli nawilis ukidures aRmosavleTSi, uralispira

zolSi mdebare qalaq permidan modis. swored aq aRmoaCina ingliselma geologma r.

merCisonma karbonul da triasul sistemebs Soris moqceuli naleqTa kompleqsi,

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romelsac permuli uwoda. evropaSi, upirvelesad ki germaniaSi, permuls adre diass

uwodebdnen imis gamo, rom is erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli ori

nawilisagan Sedgeboda - qvedas, asakobrivad ufro Zvels, romelic kontinenturi

wyebebiT iyo warmodgenili, rotligende erqva, xolo zedas, ufro axalgazrdasa da

zRviuri faciesebiT daxasiaTebuls - cexStaini .

permuli periodi daiwyo daaxloebiT 300 milioni wlis win da dasrulda 250

milioni wlis win. Sesabamisad am periodis xangrZlivoba 50 milion wels moicavs.

cocxali buneba. permuli periodi uaRresad saintereso droa sicocxlis

evoluciis TvalsazrisisT. Tundac is faqti rad Rirs, rom am periodis dasasruls

moxda erT-erTi udidesi gadaSeneba organul samyaroSi, ramac safuZveli daudo

paleozouri biosis (pirvel rigSi aq cxovelTa samefo igulisxmeba) mospobas da mis

Canacvlebas ufro axali da ufro ganviTarebuli mezozouri biosiT.

permul periodSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda mcenareTa samefoSi. Tu

periodis pirvel naxevarSi, adrepermul epoqaSi, flora TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeboda

gviankarbonuli florisagan, gvian permulSi gakeTda mniSvnelobani evoluciuri

naxtomi am TvalsazrisiT. Sedegad ki adre da gvianpermulis sazRvarze mezofitis

dasawyisi miviReT. mezofiti gulisxmobs mezozouri erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

floris - SiSvelTesliani mcenareebis batonobas (pirvel rigSi wiwvovanTa,

cikadinebisa da gingkoebis). Tumca aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom „permuli mezofiti“

moicavda mxolod tropikuli klimatis zonas. sxva klimatur zonebSi mezofiti

cota mogvianebiT dadga - magaliTad, cimbirSi - permulsa da triasulis sazRvarze,

xolo gondvanisze kidev ufro gvian - adre da Sua triasulis sazRvarze.

mezofituri floris gaCena gvian permulSi ariduli klimatis gabatonebam

ganapiroba.

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda faunis ganviTarebaSic. es gansakuTrebiT zRvaSi

mcxovreb organizmebs exeba. zRviuri uxerxemlo cxovelebidan permul periodSi

maRal ganviTarebas miaRwies foraminiferebma (fuzulinidebi, Svagerinebi),

braqiopodebma (artikulatebis qvetipidan) da goniatitebma (Tavfexiani

moluskebidan). goniatitebma, romlebic permulis miwuruls gadaSendnen, dasabami

daudes amonitebis momdevno jgufs - ceratitebs (am ukanasknelTa arsebobis xana

triasuli periodia).

davasaxeloT zogi niSvnelovani warmomadgeneli zemoT xsenebuli jgufebidan:

Pseudofusulina, Schwagerina, Pseudoschwagerina, Neoschwagerina (foraminiferebi); Productus, Spirifer,

Richthofenia (braqiopodebi); Medlicottia, Paragastrioceras (goniatitebi).

ganagrZobdnen ganviTarebas da rifebis SenebaSi monawileobas kirqviani

wyalmcenareebi, xavscxovelebi da marjnebi.

ganviTarebis temps moumates orsagdulianma da mucelfexianma moluskebma,

romlebic normulmariliani auzebis garda, rogorc irkveva, ganmarilianebul da

mtknar auzebSic binadrobdnen.

uxerxemloTa yvela sxva im tipTa warmomadgenlebic iyvnen, romlebic zemoT ar

dagvisaxelebia.

xerxemliani cxovelebidan permulis dasawyisSi kvlav Tevzebis mravalferovneba

igrZnoba. Tumca periodis miwurulisaTvis sagrZnoblad mcirdeba zvigenisebrTa,

majafarflianebis, orgvaradmsunTqavi Tevzebis raodenoba. amfibiebidan

stegocefalebma ganviTarebis maqsimums miaRwes. TandaTan viTardebian qvewarmavlebi.

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upirvelesad es exeba balaxismWamel kotilozavrebs. reptiliebis erTi nawili

wyalSi cxovrebas iwyebs.

permuli periodis dasasruls dedamiwaze moxda organuli samyaros

warmomadgenelTa erT-erTi uZlieresi gadaSeneba (amowyveta). aRigaven pirisagan

miwisa fuzulinidebi, tetrakoralebi (oTxqimiani marjnebi), tabulatebi,

goniatitebi (amonitebidan), sworniJariani (amarTulniJariani) nautiloideebi,

trilobitebi; TiTqmis mTlianad gadaSendnen braqiopodebi (mxarfexianebi),

krinoideebi (zRvis SroSnebi), eqinoideebi (zRvis zRarbebi); didi raodenobiT

amowydnen Tevzebi da sxva xerxemlianebi, sporiani mcenareebi.

unda iTqvas, rom am grandiozuli gadaSenebis namdvili mizezi dRemde

faqtobrivad ucnobia.

permulis danawileba

sistema seqcia sarTuli

ruseTi dasavleT evropa

permuli

P

zeda

P2

TaTruli yazanuri ufuri

cexStaini

qveda

P1

kunguruli sakmaruli aseluri

rotligende

permuli sistema or seqciad (qveda-rotligende, zeda-cexStaini) da 7 sarTulad

iyofa. sarTulebidan pirveli oTxeuli (aseluri, sakmaruli, arTinskuli da

kunguruli) qvedapermul seqcias anu rotligendes miekuTvneba, xolo darCenili

sami (ufuri, yazanuri, TaTruli) - zeda permuls anu cexStains.

faciesebi. permuli faciesebis formirebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa hercinulma

orogenezisma, romelmac SeiZleba iTqvas, safuZvlianad Secvala imdroindeli

geoteqtonikuri viTareba da Sesabamisad paleogeografiuli garemo. amitomac aris,

rom permuli asakis faciesebSi zRviuri epikontinenturi da Rrma zRvis naleqebis

gverdiT farTod aris warmodgenili lagunuri da kontinenturi wyebebic.

epikontinenturi (platformuli) permulis tipad saukeTesoa uralis mTaTa

sistemis dasavleT ferdobsa da mis uSualo dasavlur gagrZelebaze, ruseTis

platformis aRmosavleT kideze (nawilSi) ganviTarebuli naleqebi. es gansakuTrebiT

qveda permuls exeba (sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso

stratigrafiul skalaSi uklebliv aris Setanili am regionSi gamoyofili qveda

permulis yvela sarTuli aseluridan kungurulis CaTvliT). vfiqrobT, rom

dasaxelebuli regionis zeda permulic Zalian did yuradRebas imsaxurebs.

gTavazobT permulis stratotipuli regionis zogad Wrils, romelic did

interess iwvevs. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas Wrilis qveda nawili - aselur -

sakmarul-arTinskuli wyebebi imsaxurebs, romlebic sami tipis faciesiTaa

wamodgenili. faciesebi Tanmimdevrulad icvleba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken

(uralis dasavleTi kalTisaken). stratotipuli regionis ukidures dasavleT

nawilSi Txeli zRvis karbonatuli naleqebia ganviTarebuli, romlebic

aRmosavleTiT rifogenuli masivebiT icvleba. kidev ufro aRmosavleTiT, uSualod

uralis qedis dasavleT ferdobsa da mis wina zolSi terigenuli naleqebis mZlavri

130

kompleqsia, Tanac faciesTa kanonzomieri cvliT (dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken)

wminda da wvrilmarcvlovani naleqebidan uxeSmarcvlovan (msxvilkenWian)

naleqebamde. es faqti naTlad miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom am masalis momcemi

wyaro axalamoziduli uralis naoWa sistema iyo, romlis ngrevis Sedegadac masala

ileqeboda mTiswina depresiebSi, masalis simsxos TandaTani SemcirebiT

(uxeSnatexovanidan wmindamarcvlovanamde) uralidan dasavleTi mimarTulebiT. amasve

adasturebs dasavleTi mimarTulebiT wyebaTa simZlavreebis Semcirebac.

radgan simZlavreebi vaxseneT, davsZenT imasac, rom dasavleTidan aRmosavleTi

mimarTulebiT aselur - sakmalur - arTinskuli wyebebis sisqeebi aTeuli metrebidan

aTaseul metrebamde izrdeba! simZlavreebis TvalsazrisiT zustad igive suraTi

gvaqvs kungurul sarTulTan mimarTebaSic, romlis maqsimaluri simZlavreebi

stratotipuli regionis aRmosavleT daboloebaze 1200-1600 metrs Seadgens. isic

unda aRvniSnoT, rom kunguruli asakis mariliani formaciebi dedamiwis bevr

regionSia cnobili.

rac Seexeba zeda permuls, stratotipul regionSi is warmodgenilia

kontinenturi faciesiT, romlis simZlavreebic aseuli metrebiT izomeba. msgavsad

qveda permulisa, simZlavreTa mateba aqac aRmosavleTi mimarTulebiT (uralisken)

xdeba!

permulis jamuri simZlavre uraliswina rofSi 3000-4000 metramde aRwevs!

zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom stratotipuli regionis vertikalur WrilSi

aselur- arTinskuli zRviuri karbonatuli naleqebi icvleba kunguruli asakis

lagunuri mariliani formaciiT, xolo es ukanaskneli - zedapermuli (ufur-yazanur-

TaTruli) kontinenturi feradi wyebiT.

platformuli bunebis permuli ganviTarebulia germaniis qvabulSi, sadac gamoiyo

e.w. germanuli permuli rotligendesa (P1) da cexStainis (P2) formaciebiT. aseTive

bunebisaa permuli sistema cimbiris kratonze, romlis platformul nawilSi

ganviTarebuli permuli warmodgenilia naxSiriani da vulkanogenuri wyebebiT

(ZiriTadad trapuli formaciebiT. „trapi“ - safexuri, kibe - Sved.; trapebi aris did

farTobze gaSlili mZlavri vulkanuri zewrebi, romlebic reliefSi safexurebs

qmnian). platformuli tipisaa CineTis kratonis permulic.

rTuli suraTia gondvanisze, romlis did nawilSi, rogorc Cans, permulis

ganmavlobaSi umTavresad kontinenturi garemo iyo, rac pirvel rigSi zewrul

gamyinvarebaSi gamoixata. formirebas ganagrZobdnen gondvanis (indostanis kratonze)

da karus (afrikis kratonze) myinvaruli formaciebi, romlebic umetesad tilitebis

saxiT SemorCnen dedamiwiseul istorias („tilitebi“ – „ganamarxebuli“ morenuli

naleqebi).

orogenuli permulis erT-erT klasikur regionad aRmosavleTi alpebis samxruli

ganStoeba, e.w. karniuli alpebi iTvleba (samxreTi avstria; Crdilo-aRmosavleT

italiasTan sazRvarze).

vidre karniuli alpebis Wrils gavecnobiT, minda SegaxsenoT, rom

xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyeli hercinuli orogenezisis gavleniT karbonul

periodSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda ardenebisa da bretan-bohemis zolebis danaoWebisa

da maTi Crdiloatlantur kontinentze mizrdis gamo. Sesabamisad moZravi sartyeli

darCa mxolod bretan-bohemis zolis samxreTiT. es aris e.w. samxreTi evropis zoli,

romelsac permulsa da Semdeg periodebSi teTisis saxeliT moixsenieben („teTisi“-

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zRvis qalRmerTi berZnul miTologiaSi; okeanosis coli).gavixsenoT, rom es is

zolia, sadac dRes pireneebi, alpebi, karpatebi, dinaridebi, balkanebi, kavkasioni,

mcire kavkasioni (antikavkasioni), kopetdaRi, himalaebi da sxva naoWa sistemebia

moqceuli.

karniuli alpebis permuli wyebebi intensiurad aris danaoWebuli, sustad

metamorfuli, Seicaven magmur (rogorc intruziul, ise efuziur) sxeulebs.

simZlavreebi sakmaod didia. aSkarad orogenul zolTan gvaqvs saqme.

permulis metad saintereso Wrilia siciliaSi, romelic karniuli alpebis

samxreTiT, 1000km-is daSorebiT aris. permuli siciliaSi sakmaod didi simZlavrisaa,

intensiuradaa danaoWebuli; agebulia kirqvebiT, romelSic blomad aris goniatitebi

da, rac mTavaria, Tbili zRvebis moyvaruli braqiopodebi - Richthofenia da sxv.

tipuri orogenuli bunebisaa julfis (naxiWevanis avt. respublika; iranis

sazRvarTan axlos) midamoebis permuli, romelic intensiurad danaoWebuli, mZlavri

kirqvebiT aris warmodgenili. qanebSi daculia braqiopodebis, goniatitebis,

orsagduliani moluskebis mdidari fauna. permuli kirqvebi am regionSi sruli

TanxmobiT anacvleben qveSmdebare karbonul wyebebsa da TviT aseve Tanxmurad

gadadian triasul naleqebSi.

orogenuli tipis permuli cnobilia agreTve dRevandeli wynarokeanuri naoWa

sartylis aRmosavleTi nawilis Crdilo (kordilierebi - s.l.) da samxrul (andebi)

zolebSi.

hercinuli orogenezisi.

dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi cnobili erT-erTi uZlieresi,

hercinuli orogenezisi mimdinareobda mTeli karbonul-permuli drois

ganmavlobaSi.

hercinuli orogenezisi an sxvagvarad hercinuli orogentuli cikli

(saxelwodeba modis germaniaSi arsebuli harcis mTebis Zveli saxelwodebidan -

hercinia) eqvsi orofazisisagan Sedgeba. maTgan uZvelesi - bretonuli, devonuri da

karbonuli periodebis mijnaze moxda (D/C). misi gavleniT Caiketa inuis orogeni.

uZlieresi iyo sudeturi fazisi, romelic adre da Sua karbonis sazRvarze

ganviTarda (C1/C2). is mTeli siZlieriT gamovlinda xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi

sartylis Crdilo zolSi, apalaCebis orogensa da ural-oxotis moZrav sartyelSi.

maTgan bolo ori geoteqtonikuri erTeulis mTliani, xolo pirvelis nawilobrivi

konsolidacia gamoiwvia. Sua da gviani karbonulis sazRvarze (C2/C3) asturiuli

fazisi ganviTarda (asturiis naoWa sistemis formirebiT). permulis dasawyisSi

uraluri fazisia (C3/P1), xolo adre da gviani permulis sazRvarze (P1/P2) - zaaluri.

rac Seexeba pfalcur orofaziss, permul-triasulis sazRvarze (P/T) ganviTarebiT,

is agvirgvinebs hercinul orogenetul cikls.

hercunulma orogenezisma mniSvnelovnad (SeiZleba iTqvas, mkveTrad) Secvala

dedamiwaze arsebuli paleogeografiuli suraTi. am orogenezisis dasasruls,

permuli da triasuli periodebis mijnaze, daaxloebiT 250 milioni wlis win

Camoyalibda ramdenime didi naoWa struqtura, romlebmac saboloo jamSi manamde

arsebuli oTxi didi kontinenti erT mTlian superkontinentad, pangea 3-ad aqcia.

hercinuli orogenezisis Sedegad mTlianad danaoWda (da Sesabamisad Crdilo

atlantur kontinents miezarda) ardenebisa da bretan-bohemis zolebi, agreTve

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apalaCebi. aseve ural-oxotis moZravi sartylis sruli danaoWebis gamo, romlis

Sedegadac mTlianad „amoivso“ paleoaziuri okeane, moxda cimbirisa da CineTs

kontinentebis mierTeba Crdiloatlantur kontinentTan. Crdiloatlanturi

kontinentis lavrenciul nawils samxreTidan SeuerTda gondvanis dasavleTi

nawili, ramac teTisis dasavleTi zolis daxurva gamoiwvia.

gvian permulSi pangea ganagrZobda azevebas, gansakuTrebiT axalwarmoqmnili

hercinidebis zolSi. amave dros is brunavda saaTis isris mimarTulebiT, ramac

cimbiris kontinentis TiTqmis polarul zonamde gadaadgileba gamoiwvia. amas ki am

kontinentze zewruli gamyinvarebis ganviTareba moyva. amis sapirispirod,

gondvanisma daiwyo samxreTi polusidan Crdilo amerikis kontinentisaken (Crdilo-

dasavleTi mimarTulebiT) gadaadgileba, ramac superkontinentis did nawilSi

zewruli gamyinvarebis „gaqroba“ gamoiwvia.

teTisis Crdilo sazRvari mTian yirimze, kavkasionze, centralur avRaneTze,

pamirze, tibetze gadioda, xolo samxreTi - afrikis, arabeTis, indostanis Crdilo

kideze, avstraliasa da axal gvineaze.

amgvarad, permulis dasasrulisaTvis gaCnda meridionalurad orive polusze

gadaWimuli erTiani kontinenti, romelsac gars uvlida paleopacifika (wynari

okeane). darCenili iyo agreTve okeane teTisis aRmosavleTi nawili (aRmosavleT

teTisi), romelic lavraziis aRmosavleT nawilsa da gondvaniss Soris iyo

moqceuli (maqsimaluri siganiT 4000 km-mde) da romelic aRmosavleTiT

paleopacifikas ukavSirdeboda. (Рис. 14.4 с.281)

klimati. klimaturi zonalobis TvalsazrisiT adre da gvianpermuli epoqebi

erTmaneTisagan TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeboda. orive SemTxvevaSi kargad gamoiyofoda

ekvatoruli da misgan CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT mdebare tropikuli, zomieri da

polaruli sartylebi.

zRviur faunistur kompleqsebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba gamoiyos sami

paleobiografiuli olqi - borealuri, antiborealuri da maT Soris mdebare -

xmelTaSuazRviuri. borealur olqs ekava Crdilo ganedis zomieri da polaruli

sarylebi, xmelTaSuazRviurs - paleoteTisis zoli, xolo antiborealuri olqi

ganTavsebuli iyo samxreT zomier da polarul sartylebSi. paleoteTisis zRvebSi

foraminiferebis, braqiopodebis, marjnebisa da marjnebismagvari orsagdulianebis

(rudistebis) mdidari fauna cxovrobda.

dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis paleozouri istoria.

dabolos, Tvali gadavavloT paleozour eraSi sicocxlis evoluciur ganviTarebas

da amasTanave imasac, Tu rogor icvleboda paleogeografiuli suraTi im dros

mimdinare geologiuri procesebis meSveobiT.

rogorc ukve iTqva, paleozouri eris dasawyisi (kambriuli periodi) xasiaTdeba

imiT, rom ganviTareba daiwyo niJaris matarebelma organizmebma. (aq igulisxmeba

rogorc mcenareebi, ise uxerxemlo da xerxemliani cxovelebi). mcenareebidan

kambriuli, ordoviciuli da siluruli periodebis ganmavlobaSi (540-410 milioni

wlis win) arsebobdnen mxolod umdablesi mcenareebi anu wyalmcenareebi.

praqtikulad siluruli da devonuri periodebis sazRvarze (daaxloebiT 415-410

milioni wlis win) gaCndnen umaRlesi mcenareebis pirveli warmomadgenlebi

sporovani riniofitebis saxiT. riniofitebi arsebobdnen mTeli devonuri periodis

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ganmavlobaSi, romlis miwurulsac gadaSendnen. rogorc cnobilia, riniofitebma

mcenareebidan pirvelma datoves zRviuri garemo da gadainacvles xmeleTis

zRvispira zolSi, riTac safuZveli daudes mcenareTa xmeleTze dasaxlebas.

devonuris dasawyisSi ganviTarebas iwyeben sporovanTa cnobili warmomadgenlebi -

gvimranairebi, xolo karbonul periodSi Cndebian SiSvelTeslianebi. paleozouri

era dasrulda umaRlesi mcenareebis mesame jgufis - farulTeslianebis gareSe,

romlebic sicocxlis evoluciis procesSi Caebmebian ufro gvian (mezozouri eris

TiTqmis dasasruls).

paleozouri uaRresad saintereso eraa uxerxemlo cxovelebis ganviTarebis

TvalsazrisiT. am eris dasawyisSi (kambriuli periodi) ukve gvaqvs yvela

Tanamedrove tipis warmomadgenlebi. ufro metic, maT daemata kidev erTi tipi

Archaeocyatha (arqeociaTebi), romelic gaCnda kambriulis dasawyisSi, evolucias

ganicdida mTeli kambriulis ganmavlobaSi da gadaSenda amave periodis dasasruls.

paleozouri eris ganmavlobaSi aRmavlobas ganicdidnen mxarfexianebi (tipi

Brachiopoda), moluskebi (tipi Mollusca), marjnebi (oTxqimiani marjnebi da

tabulatomorfebi.tipi Coelenterata, klsi Anthozoa), trilobitebi (tipi Arthropoda),

graptoliTebi (tipi Hemichordata) da sxva.

erTob saintereso suraTi gvaqvs xerxemlian cxovelTa evolociaSi. maTi pirveli

warmomadgenlebi e.w. uybo Tevzebi (klasi Agnatha) ordoviciulSi gaCndnen. silurul

periodSi uybo Tevzebidan namdvili Tevzebi (klasi Pisces) warmoiSva, xolo

silurulis momdevno devonur periodSi Tevzebis memkvidre amfibiebi(klasi Amphibia)

moevlina organul samyaros. karbonul periodSi amfibiebidan qvewarmavlebi

ganviTardnen. paleozouri era dasrulda xerxemliani cxovelebis ori

umniSvnelovanesi klasis - frinvelebisa da ZuZumwovrebis gareSe. isini cota

mogvianebiT, mezozour eraSi moevlinebian cxovelTa samefos. amgvarad, saxeze

gvaqvs paleozour eraSi xerxemlian cxovelTa ganviTarebis evoluciuri rigi:

ordoviciulSi - uyboni _ silurulSi - Tevzebi _ devonurSi - amfibiebi _

karbonulSi - qvewarmavlebi (reptiliebi).

dasasrul unda iTqvas, rom sicocxlis evoluciasTan dakavSirebiT paleozouri

SeiZleba CaiTvalos mcenareebTan dakavSirebiT sporianTa erad, uxerxemlo

cxovelebTan mimarTebaSi - Tanmimdevrulad arqeociaTebis, graptoliTebis,

goniatitebis, braqiopodebis erad. rac Seexeba xerxemlian cxovelebs, aq wina

planze Tevzebi da nawilobriv amfibiebi unda wamovwioT.

orogenezisis (mTaTa warmoSoba) TvalsazrisiT paleozouri SeiZleba erTob

Semoqmed erad CaiTvalos. xsenebuli eris ganmavlobaSi, rogorc zeviT ukve iyo

aRniSnuli, or Zalian mniSvnelovan orogeneziss hqonda adgili - kaledonursa da

hercinuls. saerTod orogenezisi calkeuli fazisebisagan Sedgeba. orogenetuli

fazisis dros danaoWeba xdeba, xolo fazisebs Soris periodSi am TvalsazrisiT

simSvidea („ar danaoWeba“). swored am Tvisebis gamo (danaoWeba-ar danaoWeba)

orogeneziss meore saxeliTac moixsenieben xolme - orogenetuli cikli.

kaledonuri orogenezisi (igive „kaledonuri orogenetuli cikli“) mimdinareobda

mTeli siluruli periodis ganmavlobaSi - daiwyo ordoviciulisa da silurulis

sazRvarze (440 milioni wlis win) da dasrulda silurulis miwuruls, anu

silurulisa da devonuris sazRvarze (410 milioni wlis win). kaledonuri

orogenezisi sami orofazisisagan Sedgeba: takoniuri (O/S), ardenuli (S1/S2) da

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iriuli (S/D). kaledonuri orogenezisis Sedegad warmoSobil naoWa sistemebs

kaledonidebs uwodeben.

hercinuli orogenezisi (hercinuli orogenetuli cikli) moicavs paleozouri

eris or damagvirgvinebel periods - karbonulsa da permuls. es orogenezisi daiwyo

devonurisa da karbonulis sazRvarze (360 milioni wlis win) da dasrulda permuli

da triasuli periodebis (anu paleozour da mezozour eraTa) sazRvarze

(daaxloebiT 250 milioni wlis win). Sesabamisad hercinuli orogenezisi

mimdinareobda 110 milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi.

hercinuli orogenezisi 6 orofazisisagan Sedgeba: bretonuli (D/C), sudeturi

(C1/C2), asturiuli (C2/C3), uraluri (C3/P1), zaaluri (P1/P2) da pfalcuri (P/T an rac

igive Sinaarsisaa - paleozour/mezozouri PZ/MZ).

paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.

paleozour eraSi SesaniSnavad ikveTeba paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika,

romelsac zogadad aseTi saxe aqvs: eris dasawyisSi (kambriuli periodi) dedamiwaze

iyo xuTi kontinenti (Crdilo amerika anu lavrencia), aRmosavleT evropa

(fenoskandia), cimbiri, CineTi (igive CineT-korea) da superkontinenti gondvanisi

(gondvana). am kontinentebs erTmaneTisagan gamoyofda sami moZravi sartyeli, maTze

ganTavsebuli okeaneebiTurT. Crdilo amerikis kontinenti (lavrencia) gadaWimuli

iyo ekvatoris orive mxares da mTlianad moicavda Crdilo tropikul sartyels

(subtropikulis CaTvliT) da samxreT tropikulis did nawils. aRmosavleT evropis

kontinenti (fenoskandia) ganTavsebuli iyo samxreT ganedis tropikul

(subtropikulis CaTvliT) da zomier sartylebSi. CineTi (CineT-korea) Tanabrad iyo

ganawilebuli Crdilo tropikulsa da zomier sartylebs Soris. cimbiris

kontinentis udidesi nawili samxreT tropikebSi iyo ganTavsebuli. misi mxolod

mcire nawili moicavda Crdilo tropikul sartyels (praqtikulad Crdilo

ekvatorul zols). superkontinenti gondvanisi (gondvana) TiTqmis meridionalurad

iyo gadaWimuli Crdilo tropikuli sartylidan samxreT tropikuli da zomieri

sartylebis gavliT polarul sartylamde. Tumca jer kidev ar iyo misuli samxreT

polusamde.

xuTive kontinents gars uvlida paleopacifika (wynari okeane). (sur. 9.3. gv. 174.

хкя).

ordoviciul periodSi kvlav xuTi kontinenti gvaqvs, magram kambriul periodTan

SedarebiT mniSvnelovani adgilgadanacvlebiT. aSkaraa, rom am periodSi gondvanisi

moZraobda samxreT - samxreT-dasavleTi mimarTulebiT. marTalia is kvlav

kambriulisdroindel sartylebSi iyo moqceuli (Crdilo tropikuli, samxreT

tropikul - zomier-polaruli), magram ukve samxreT poluszec iyo ganTavsebuli.

gondvanisis dasavleTiT mdebare aRmosavleT evropis kontinentma ordoviciulSi

gadainacvla dasavleTi (sustad - Crdilo-dasavleTi) mimarTulebiT da

praqtikulad daikava cimbiris adgili. am ukanasknelma Tavisi adgilsamyofelidan

„gaaZeva“ CineTis kontinenti, romelmac Crdilo-aRmosavleTi mimarTulebiT

gadainacvla da faqtobrivad Crdilo zomier sartyelSi „dasaxlda“. aSkarad

igrZnoba am oTxi kontinentis wriuli moZraoba saaTis isris moZraobis

mimarTulebiT (gondvanisi - samxreT - samxreT-dasavleTiT, aRmosavleT evropa -

dasavleT - sustad Crdilo-dasavleTiT, cimbiri - CrdiloeTiT, CineTi - Crdilo-

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aRmosavleTiT). zemoT xsenebuli oTxi kontinentis amgvar wriul moZraobas

erTgvarad eTiSeba Crdilo amerikis kontinenti (lavrencia), romelsac kvlav ukavia

Crdilo da samxreTi ganedebis tropikuli sartyeli samxreTisaken gadaadgilebis

tendenciiT. kargad ikveTeba kontinentebsSorisi moZravi sartylebis ganlageba -

lavrenciasa da aRmosavleT evropas Soris ganTavsebulia Crdilo atlanturi

moZravi sartyeli(masze mdebare okeane iafetiT); aRmosavleT evropis, cimbirisa da

CineTis kontinentebs Soris - ural-oxotis moZravi sartyelia (paleoazouri

okeaniT); gondvanisi „upirispirdeba“ oTxive zemoT xsenebul kontinents

xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyliT (am ukanasknelze mdebare okeane teTisiT).

wynari okeane (paleopacifika) kvlav gars ekvroda xuTive kontinents (sur. 105. gv.

197.хкя).

silurulSi ganviTarebulma kaledonurma orogenezisma manamde xuTi

kontinentisagan Semdgari dedamiwa oTxkontinentianad aqcia - Crdilo amerikis

(lavrencia) da aRmosavleT evropis (fenoskandia) kontinentebis SeerTebiT miviReT

evroamerikis kontinenti. am kontinentTa gaerTianeba moxda Crdiloatlantur moZrav

sartyelSi zemoT xsenebuli ori kontinentis urTierTSejaxebis Sedegad. am

Sejaxebam Zlieri danaoWeba gamoiwvia, xolo Sedegad Crdiloatlanturi moZravi

sartylis nacvlad Crdiloatlanturi naoWa sartyeli miviReT (naoWa sartyeli aris

naoWa sistemebis anu mTaTa sistemebis erToblioba. konkretul SemTxvevaSi -

skandinaviisa da Sotlandiis naoWa (mTaTa) sistemebis erTianoba).

rogorc viciT, moZrav sartyelze zevidan yovelTvis okeanea ganTavsebuli. amitom

savsebiT bunebrivad JRers lamazi gamoTqma -„ okeane mTebis akvaniao.“

silurul periodSi arsebul sami kontinentTSorisi moZravi sartylidan

silurulis miwurulisaTvis mxolod ori darCa - ural-oxotis, masze ganTavsebuli

paleoaziuri okeaniT da xmelTaSuazRviuri (Tavze okeane teTisi).

oTxive kontinentze garedan iyo Semortymuli paleopacifika (wynari okeane).

oTxive kontinenti moZraobda wriulad, saaTis isris mimarTulebiT - gondvanisi

(romelic aRmosavleT da samxreT mxareebSi iyo moicavda Crdilo tropikul da

samxreT tropikul, zomier da polarul sartylebs) gadaadgildeboda samxreTi da

samxreT-dasavleTi mimarTulebiT; evroamerika (Crdilo da samxreT tropikul

sartyelSi mdebare) - neli tempiT moZraobda Crdilo mimarTulebiT; Crdilo-zomier

da mcire nawiliT Crdilo polarul sartyelSi ganTavsebuli cimbiri - Crdilo-

aRmosavleTisaken, xolo cimbirisgan aRmosavleTiT, Crdilo zomierSi mdebare

CineTis kontinenti - samxreTisaken. (sur. 11.2. gv. 210, кхя).

devonur periodSi oTxive kontinents silurulis msgavsi poziciebi ekavaT, oRond

im gansxvavebiT, rom gondvanisi praqtikulad mTlianad moqceuli iyo ekvatoris

samxreTiT arsebul samive sartyelSi da moZraobda Crdilo mimarTulebiT.

ekvatoris orive mxaris tropikul sartyelSi arsebuli evroamerika kvlav

CrdiloeTisken miemarTeboda, xolo cimbiri jiutad miiwevda Crdilo polusisaken

(Tumca umTavresad zomier sartyelSi ganTavsebuli, sakmaod mcire nawiliT iyo

gadasuli polarul sartyelSi). rac Seexeba CineTs, is SesamCnevad iyo samxreTiT

gadmonacvlebuli Crdilo-zomieridan Crdilo-tropikul sartyelSi.

friad sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom aSkarad mcirdeboda manZili kontinentebs

Soris. (sur. 12.2. хкя. gv. 226).

136

karbonul periodSi gondvanisi mTlianad samxreT naxevarsferos maRal ganedebSi

(zomieri da polaruli sartylebi, mcire „qimiT“ tropikul sartyelSi) „dasaxlda.“

ekvatoris orive mxares myofma evroamerikam mniSvnelovnad waiwia CrdiloeTisaken

da mcire nawiliT Crdilo-zomier sartyelSic ki SeaRwia. cimbiri „sruli svliT“

miiwevda Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken da uaxlovdeboda Crdilo poluss. CineTi

samxreTisken (mcired samxreT-dasavleTiT) moZraobiT TiTqmis mTlianad ganTavsda

Crdilo tropikul sartyelSi. kontinentebi sul ufro uaxlovdebodnen erTmaneTs.

gondvanisi Tavisi „tropikuli qimiT“ praqtikulad SeuerTda evroamerikas.

gondvanisis amgvarma qmedebam xeli Seuwyo xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartylis

orad gayofas da am ukanasknelis dasavleT nawilSi orogenetuli procesebis

ganviTarebas. yvelafer amas Sedegad moyva paleoteTisis dasavleT nawilSi

ardenebisa da bretan-bohemis zolebis likvidacia da maT adgilze naoWa

struqturebis ganviTareba. zomebSi Semcireba daetyo paleoaziur okeanesac.

samagierod sul ufro farTovdeboda (dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken) aRmosavleTi

paleoteTisi, romelic maqsimalur siganeebs paleopacifikis (wynari okeanis)

siaxloves aRwevda. (sur. 13.7. gv.257).

permuli hercinuli orogenezisis dasrulebis periodia. rogorc viciT,

hercinuli orogenezisi permul periodTan erTad dasrulda erTiani kontinentis -

pangea 3-is formirebiT. swored amaze migvaniSnebs permuli drois

paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.

permulSi oTxis nacvlad mxolod sami kontinenti gvaqvs. maTgan erTi

superkontinent gondvanisisa da evroamerikis SeerTebis Sedegad miviReT. darCenili

ori kontinentidan erTi cimbiria, meore ki - CineTi. gondvanis-evroamerikis

kontinenti samxreTis maRali ganedebidan (polaruli da zomieri sartylebi)

gadaWimuli iyo samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis tropikul da Crdilo ganedis zomier

sartylebSi. cimbirma aisrula Tavisi ocneba da TiTqmis mTlianad ganTavsda

Crdilo polarul sartyelSi. CineTi Crdilo-dasavluri moZraobiT uaxlovdeboda

zemoT dasaxelebul or kontinents.

kontinentebis amgvari moZraobiT kidev ufro Semcirda paleoaziuri okeanis

farTobi. amis sapirispirod sul ufro farTovdeboda aRmosavleT paleoteTisis

aRmosavleTi (wynari okeanis Semxvedri) nawili, romelmac gvianpermulSi 3000-4000

kilometrs miaRwia.

rac Seexeba klimats, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom mTeli paleozouri drois

ganmavlobaSi dominirebda Tbili tropikuli klimati. saSualo-wliuri temperatura

20-30°-is farglebSi meryeobda. zogjer ufro maRalic iyo (magaliTisaTvis -

TiTqmis mTeli devonuri periodis ganmavlobaSi evroamerikis ekvatorul nawilSi

saSualo-wliuri temperatura 28-31°-s Seadgenda).

Tbili tropikuli klimatis indikatorebi organuli samyarodan iyvnen: pirvel

rigSi marjnebi (ufro zustad, marjnebis koloniuri formebi), arqeociaTebi,

foraminiferebi (erTujredianebis warmomadgenlebi), xavscxovelebi, braqiopodebi da

sxva. qanebidan: organogenuli da ooliTuri kirqvebi, biogermuli masivebi,

qvanaxSiri, evaporitebi, TabaSiriani wyebebi, eoluri naleqebi da bevri sxva.

yuradRebas imsaxurebs myinvaruli naleqebi, romlebic gvianordoviciul-

silurul da Sua da gviankarbonulSi iyo. gvianordoviciul-silurulSi, rogorc

Cans, iyo Zlieri gamyinvareba, romelic moicavda samxreT amerikisa (aRmosavleTi

137

brazilia, Crdilo argentina, bolivia) da Crdilo-dasavleTi afrikis (sahara)

teritoriebs. gviankarbonuli gamyinvareba ufro masStaburi iyo da ZiriTadad isev

gondvanisis superkontinentSi Semaval regionebs moicavda (samxreT amerika, samxreTi

afrika, avstralia, indostani). Zveli gamyinvarebis damadasturebeli faqtebi

SemorCenilia myinvaruli naleqebis (tilitebi, fluvioglacialuri qviSebi),

damarxuli myinvaruli xeobebis (trogebis) da sxvaTa saxiT. Zlieri aciebis

saukeTeso indikatoria marjnebis gavrcelebis arealis mkveTri Seviwroeba da am

organizmTa Tavmoyra ekvatoruli sartylis viwro zolSi.

paleozouris wiaRiseuli

paleozouri mdidaria rogorc madneuli, ise aramadneuli wiaRiseuliT.

navTobis sabadoebi ukve kambriulidanvea cnobili (baltiispireTi, ruseTi).

udidesi sabadoebia alJirSi, romelTa asaki kambriul-ordoviciulia.

ordoviciulSi didi sabadoebia cnobili aSS-Si. amave qveynebiSia siluruli asakis

sabadoebic. farTod gavrcelebulia navTobis devonuri (kanada, aSS, ruseTi,

brazilia, alJiri), karbonuli (ruseTi) da permuli (aSS, ruseTi) asakis sabadoebi.

permuli asakis gazis umZlavresi sabadoebia cnobili holandiasa da aSS-Si,

agreTve iranSi, ukrainasa da ruseTSi.

qvanaxSiris pirveli sabadoebi ukve devonurSi gvxvdeba (ruseTi, norvegia).

karbonurlSi „Savi oqros“ saerTo maragebis 30%-ia cnobili - ukraina, poloneTi,

ruseTi, CexeTi, germania, belgia, safrangeTi, inglisi, espaneTi, aSS. permulia

ruseTis, CineTis, indoeTis, avstraliis, samxreT afrikis respublikis sabadoebi.

sawvavi fiqlebi cnobilia, estoneTis ordoviciulsa da ruseTis devonurSi.

fosfatebi kambriul (yazaxeTi, CineTi, vietnami) da ordoviciul (SvedeTi,

inglisi, ruseTi) naleqebs ukavSirdeba.

qvamarili gvxvdeba ruseTisa da pakistanis kambriulSi, aSS-is silurulSi.

gansakuTrebiT mZlavri sabadoa cnobili ukrainaSi (donbasi; devonuri).

kaliumis marilebi - devonuri (belarusi), permuli (germania, aSS, ruseTi).

boqsitebi - kambriuli (ruseTi), devonuri (ruseTi), karbonuli (aSS, CineTi,

ruseTi).

rkina - kambriuli (ruseTi), devonuri (aSS, espaneTi, ruseTi, TurqeTi, yazaxeTi),

karbonuli (ruseTi).

spilenZi - kambriuli (norvegia, yazaxeTi), ordoviciuli (norvegia), devonuri

(ruseTi), permuli (germania).

tyvia-TuTia - kambriul-ordoviciuli (ruseTi), devonuri (yazaxeTi), karbonuli

(aSS, yazaxeTi, ruseTi).

oqro - ordoviciul-siluruli (yazaxeTi), siluruli da karbonuli (ruseTi).

almasi - devonuri (ruseTi).

urani - ordoviciuli (SvedeTi), permuli (germania, safrangeTi, samxreT afrikis

respublika.

volframi - kambriuli (ruseTi).

kobalti - kambriul-ordoviciuli (norvegia).

138

22.1. mezozouri era

mezozouri era (Sua sicocxlis xana) daiwyo 250 mln.wlis win da dasrulda 65 mln.

wlis win. is sami periodisgan Sedgeba: triasuli, iuruli da carculi.

22.2.1 . triasuli periodi T .

triasuli periodiT iwyeba mezozouri era. triasuli sistema gamoyofili iqna

germaniaSi, sadac is warmodgenilia sami komleqsiT - ,,buntzandStaini”,

,,muSelkalki” da ,,keiperi”. saxelwodebac aqedan mieca. aRniSnuli periodi daiwyo

250 mln. wlis win da dasrulda 205 mln. wlis win, e.i. misi xangrZlivoba 45

mln.wels Seadgens.

cocxali buneba. mezozourSi sicocxlis evolucia axal, ufro maRal safexurze

adis. Cndeba bevri axali jgufi. mTeli am eris ganmavlobaSi dominirebdnen

mcenareebidan SiSvelTeslianebi, cxovelebidan _zRvebSi uxerxemloebis

warmomadgenlebi, pirvel rigSi amonitebi, belemnitebi da inoceramebi,xolo

xmeleTze _ qvewarmavlebi.

zRvebSi pirvelad gamoCndnen eqvsqimiani marjnebi (heqsakoralebi), iqTiozavrebi,

pleziozavrebi, xmeleTze ki _ dinozavrebi, niangebi, agreTve ZuZumwovrebi.

triasul zRvebSi batonobdnen ceratitebi (amonitebis warmomadgenlebi),

romlebmac am periodSi ayvaveba ganicades da periodis miwuruls gadaSendnenkidec.

maTTan erTad mravlad iyvnen orsagdulianebi, gastropodebi. mniSvnelovan rols

TamaSobdnen nautiloideebi, belemnitebi, briozoebi, krinoideebi, braqiopodebi,

Tevzebi. mwvane wyalmcenareebi da stromatoporatebi rifis mSeneblebi iyvnen.

xmeleTze mravlad iyvnen amfibiebi da gansakuTrebiT qvewarmavlebi, xolo

mcenareebidan _ SiSvelTeslianebi (wiwvovanebi, gingkoebi, benetitismagvarni,

sagovanebi) da sporovanebi.

UYtriasulSi gadaSendnen ceratitebi (periodis miwuruls), agreTve briozoebis

da braqiopodebis mniSvnelovani nawili uxerxemloebidan da amfibiebisa da

qvewarmavlebisa _ xerxemlianebidan; mcenareebidan ki lepidodendronebi, kordaitebi

da glosofterisebi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom biosis ganviTarebaSi triasuli erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

gardatexis periodia. aq dasrulda biosis ganviTarebis paleozouri cikli da

daiwyo mezozouri cikli, Tanac am ukanasknelis aSkara dominirebiT.

triasulis danawileba

sistema seqcia sarTuli

germania aRmosavleTi

alpebi da azia

triasuli

T

zeda T3

keiperi retuli noriuli karniuli

Sua T2

muSelkalki ladinuri anizuri

qveda T1

buntzandStaini oleniokuri induri

rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, triasuli sistema gamoyofil iqna germaniaSi,

sadac sam seqciad aris dayofili buntzandStaini (T1), muSelkalki (T2) da keiperi

(T3). mogvianebiT, xmelTaSuazRviur naoWa sartyelSi, kerZod aRmosavleT alpebSi

dadginda orogenuli tipis (moZravi sartylis bunebis) triasi. (aRmosavleT alpebad

miCneulia alpuri naoWa sistemis zoli md.rainis saTaveebidan aRmosavleTiT. masSi

139

Sedis Sveicariis alpebis didi nawili, avstriisa da italiis alpebTan erTad).

orogenuli tipis triasuli, rogorc zemoT moyvanil cxrilSic kargad Cans,

sarTulebad aris danawilebuli _ sul gamoyofilia 7 sarTuli, or-ori qveda da

Sua triasulSi da sami _zeda triasulSi. davsZenT imasac, rom triasulis yvela

sarTuli kargad gamoiyofa mdidari faunis Semcvelobis gamo.

triasulis faciesebi. triasulis faciesebis formireba dakavSirebulia

hercinuli orogenezisis Semdgom ganviTarebul geologiur procesebTan. pirvel

rigSi aq riftogenezi igulisxmeba, romlis Sedegadac axladCamoyalibebul naoWa

struqturebSi alag riftuli depresiebi ganviTarda. amgvar depresiebs miekuTvneba,

magaliTad, parizis auzi, londonis auzi, germanuli auzi da sxva.

faciesebi, orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.

triasulSi erTiani kontinentis arsebobam ganapiroba kidec masze kontinenturi

naleqdagroveba, miT ufro, rom es kontinenti faqtobrivad mTeli am drois

ganmavlobaSi azevebas ganicdida. moZravi sartylebidan triasulSi arsebiTad

mxolod ori _ xmelTaSuazRviuri da wynarokeanuri SemorCa. aq, ra Tqma unda,

pangeasgan gansxvavebuli naleqdagroveba mimdinareobda.

rogorc viciT, hercinuli orogenezisis Sedegad xmelTaSuazRviur moZrav

sartyelSi alag mTaTa warmoSoba moxda.triasulSi hercinuli mTaTa sistemis

intensiuri denudacia _ mosworeba mimdinareobda. riftingis ganviTarebiT zog am

struqturaSi depresiebi gaCnda (magaliTad,inglis-parizis, germaniis), sadac

triasul da Semdgom periodebSi naleqdagrovebiT danaleqi safari ganviTarda.

miviReT platformuli struqtura,oRond namdvili, Zveli platformisagan

gansxvavebiT, romlis kristaluri fundamentis asaki, rogorc viciT,arqeul-

proterozoulia, aq qveda struqturuli sarTuli (kristaluri fundamenti)

paleozouria, xolo danaleqi safari triasuli da ufro axalgazrda. aseT

platformebs Cveulebriv axalgazrda platformebs miakuTvneben (gansxvavebiT

kratonebis platformebisgan). sxvagvarad ki maT epihercinuli platformebi qvia

(hercinuli orogenezisis Semdgom warmoSobili). amgvar platformebs miekuTvneba:

dasavleTi evropis platforma (xmelSaSuazRviur naoWa sartyelSi) dasavleT

cimbiris (ural-oxotis naoWa sartyelSi) da sxv. aseTive unda iyos skviTuri

epihercinuli platforma (geologiur literaturaSi mas ,,skviTuri filaqani”

ewodeba, rac Cveni azrit arasworia), romelic xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartylis

kavkasiis segmentSi ganviTarda. dRevandel struqturaSi is moTavsebulia

aRmosavleTi evropis kratonsa da kavkasionis (da yirimis) naoWa sistemas Soris.

amgvar platformebze ganviTarebuli danaleqi safari kratonuli (platformuli)

tipisaa.

rac Seexeba kratonebs, iq mTeli triasulis ganmavlobaSi azeveba iyo, daZirva da

zRvis SemoWra mxolod mcire droiT da Zalian iSviaTad Tu xdeboda. Sesabamisi iyo

naleqdagrovebac. ruseTis platformaze, magaliTad, triasis qveda nawili Wreli

qviSaqvbiTaa warmodgenili, romelSic xmeleTis faunisa da floris namarxi formebi

gvxvdeba (ostrakodebi, amfibiebi, gvimrebi, wiwvovanebi), zeviT mas mosdevs zRviuri

kirqvebis wyeba krinoideebiT, ceratitebiTa da braqiopodebiT. Semdeg modis

TabaSiris, anhidritisa da qvamarilis wyebebi, romelsac Tavze feradi (wiTeli da

mwvane) mergelebis, qviSaqvebis, TabaSirisa da Tixebis morigeobiT daxasiaTebuli

wyeba edeba. wyebaSi napovnia xmeleTis kobonairebi, Tevzebi, amfibiebi, reptiliebi

(Владимирская и др., 1985).

triasulis simZlavre aq 2000m-mdea. aRsaniSnavia, rom wyebebi horizontaluradaa

ganlagebuli. ar aris wyvetiTi dislokaciebi, arc magmuri qanebi. tipur

platformul faciesTan gvaqvs saqme.

140

erTob saintereso suraTia cimbiris kratonze. aqac trasulSi kontinenturi

pirobebi iyo. Tumca ufro saintereso is aris, rom triasuli faqtobrivad mTlianad

trapebiTaa warmodgenili. trapebi aris did farTobze gaSlili mZlavri vulkanuri

zewrebi, romlebic reliefSi safexurebs qmnian (,,trapi” Svedurad safexurs,kibes

niSnavs). trapebi agebulia bazalturi lavebiTa da piroklastebiT. maT kompleqsSi

SreZarRvebic Sedis. trapebs ukavSirdeba spilenZis, nikelis, kobaltis, rkinis,

almasisa da sxva sabadoebi.

gondvaniszec kontinenturi pirobebia. ileqeba kontinenturi terigenuli wyebebi

xmeleTis mcenareebiT, uxerxemlo da xerxemliani cxovelebis namarxi naSTebiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom namarxTa kompleqsebi gondvanisis Semadgenel yvela kontinentze

(samxreTi amerika, afrika, indostani, avstralia, antarqtida) erTnairia, rac im dros

erTiani kontinentis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. is ki ara, reptiliis erTi gvari

Lystrosaurus lavraziaSic aris cnobili. es ki pangeis arsebobis kidev erTi

damadasturebeli faqtia.

triasulSi teTisis zoli namdvil moZrav sartyels warmoadgenda, ufro zustad

ki – lavraziis kontinentis samxreT, aqtiur kides. naleqTa faciesebi aq tipuri

moZravi sartylisaa, magmur-danaleqi kompleqsiT, didi simZlavreebiTa da intensiuri

danaoWebiT. am tipis saintereso Wrilia indoCineTSi. aq triasuli iwyeba qviSian-

Tixiani naleqebiT, romelSic bazaltebisa da misi tufebis ganfenebi gamoereva, zeda

nawilSi kirqvebisa da fiqlebis SuaSreebiT (Sig zRviuri fauniT). wyebaTa am

kompleqss zeviT TanxmobiT agrZelebs ceratitebisa da orsagdulianebis Semcveli

kirqvebi Tixebis SuaSreebiT da bazaltebis ganfenebiT. stratigrafiulad ufro

zeviT Savi feris Tixiani kirqvebia orsagdulianebiT.

mTeli es mZlavri, TiTqmis 6km-iani wyeba intensiuradaa danaoWebuli, xolo mis

Tavze struqturuli uTanxmoebiT TiTqmis horizontulad ganlagebulia terigenuli

naleqebis sqeli wyeba iurul-carculi asakisa (Владимирская и др., 1985).

triasuli naleqebis amgvari xasiaTi imis maCvenebelia, rom xmelTaSuazRviuri

moZravi sartylis am nawilSi triasulis bolos moxda Zlieri danaoWeba, romelic

adrekimeriuli an indosiniuri danaoWebis saxeliTaa cnobili (Tanamedrove gagebiT

es aris kimeriuli orogenezisis adrekimeriuli (indosiniuri) orogenetuli fazisi).

moZravi sartylis triasuli kargadaa ganviTarebuli kavkasionis naoWa sistemaSi

(svaneTSi).

klimati sakmaod cxeli iyo mTeli triasulis ganmavlobaSi. amave dros sulac

ar iyo didi temperaturuli sxvaoba ekvatorsa da polusebs Soris. samagierod

gamoiyofoda ariduli da humiduri zonebi, xolo eqstraaridul zonebSi udabnoebi

iyo ganviTarebuli. udabnos pirobebi iyo Crdilo amerikaSi, evropaSi, Crdilo

afrikaSi, arabeTSi, centralur aziaSi, samxreT amerikasa da avstraliaSi. yvela am

regionSi udabnoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli evaporitebisa da Wreli da wiTeli

terigenuli naleqebis kompleqsebia gavrcelebuli (Ушаков, Ясаманов, 1984; Хаин и др.,

1997).

gviantriasulSi daiwyo kimeriuli orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba), romelic oTxi

orofazisisgan Sedgeboda: Zvelkimeriuli (indosiniuri) T3/ I1, donecuri I1/I2, baTuri

I2/ I3 da axalkimeriuli (nevaduri) I3/ K

triasulSi dedamiwis umetes nawilebSi ZiriTadad azeveba, ,,xmeleTwarmoqmna”

mimdinareobda. amitom am periods geokratuls uwodeben. geokratulis sapirispirod

rogorc viciT, arsebobs Talasokratuli dro, roca azevebis nacvlad qerqis

sayovelTao daZirvasTan da Sesabamisad planetarul transgresiasTan gvaqvs saqme.

cnobil Talasokratul xanas miekuTvnebian iuruli da carculi periodebi.

141

22.2.2. iuruli periodi I.

saxelwodeba iuris mTebidan (Sveicaria-safrangeTi) modis. iuruli periodi daiwyo

205 mln. wlis wlis, dasrulda145 mln.wlis win. misi xangrZlivoba 60 mln.wels

Seadgens.

cocxali buneba. iurul periodSi sicocxlem namdvili mezozouri ieri miiRo,

radganac mis dasawyisSi paleozouri biosis ukanaskneli reliqtebic gadaSenda.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iurul zRvebSi batonobdnen amonitebi (e.w. namdvili amonitebi),

xolo xmeleTze – qvewarmavlebi. zRvebSi amonitebis gverdiT mravlad iyvnen

belemnitebi, orsagdulianebi (inoceramebi, rudistebi da sxv.), eqinoideebi,

foraminiferebi, eqvsqimiani marjnebi, briozoebi, braqiopodebi, krinoideebi,

nautiloideebi, kibonairebi, stromatoporatebi, wyalmcenareebi. es ori ukanaskneli

heqsakoralebsa da briozoebTan erTad rifebs agebdnen. xerxemlianebidan farTod

iyo gavrcelebuli Tevzebi. iyvnen amfibiebic. magram batonobdnen qvewarmavlebi. maTi

warmomadgenlebi ara marto xmeleTze, aramed zRvaSic (iqTiozavrebi,

pleziozavrebi) binadrobdnen. xmeleTis risxvas ki dinozavrebi warmoadgendnen,

romlebmac gigantur zomebs miaRwies (sigrZiT 30-40 m-mde, xolo woniT 40-50 t-ze

metic). gaCndnen pirveli xvlikebic.

iurulSi qvewarmavlebma haeric daipyres, gaCndnen e.w. ,,mfrinavi xvlikebi” –

pterozavrebi. gvianiurulSi ,,mfrinav xvlikebs” namdvili frinvelebic miemata.

primitiul frinvelebs _ arqeopteriqsebs _frinvelTa damaxasiaTebel niSnebTan

erTad qvewarmavlebis niSnebic hqondaT.

iurulSi ganagrZobda ganviTarebas ZuZumwovrebi, Tumca isini evoluciis jer

kidev dabal safexurze iyvnen.

mcenareebidan SiSvelTeslianebi batonobdnen (gingkoebi, wiwvovanebi, benetitis-

nairni, sagovanebi). am periodSi sicocxle dedamiwaze erTob mravalferovani iyo.

iurulis danawileba

iuruli sistema sam seqciad iyofa, romelsac inglisuri sqemis mixedviT aseTi

saxe aqvs: liasi (qveda), dogeri (Sua) da malmi(zeda). germanuli sqemis mixedviT es

iqneba _Savi (I1), mura(I2), da TeTri(I3) iura. seqciebis danawileba sarTulebad da am

ukanasknelTa _zonebad faunis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT didi

RirebulebiT gamoirCevian amonitebi, Tumca maTTan erTad gamoyofilia biozonebi

inoceramebis, belemnitebis da sxvaTa meSveobiT. dRes arsebuli 11 sarTulidan didi

umetesoba cnobili frangi geologis a.dorbinis mier aris dadgenili. sarTulebis

stratotipebis umetesoba london-parizis auzidan aris cnobili.

sistema seqcia sarTuli

iuruli I

zeda(malmi) TeTriI3

titonuri(volguri) kimerijuli oqsforduli

Sua(dogeri) mura I2

kaloviuri baTuri baiosuri aalenuri

qveda (liasi) SaviI1

toarsuli plinsbaxuri sinemiuruli hetanguri

faciesebi, orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.

iurul periodSi naleqdagrovebis umTavres obieqtebad isev moZravi sartylebi da

kratonebi rCeboda. es ukanasknelni periodis dasawyisSi jer kidev erTian

kontinents warmoadgendnen, Tumca misi daSla ukve triasulSi daiwyo zog regionSi

142

riftingis ganviTarebiT. amdenad, erTiani kontinentis fonze mis Semadgenel

kratonebSi ramdenadme gansxvavebuli geologiuri pirobebi iyo. xazi unda gaesvas im

garemoebasac, rom hercinuli orogenezisis Semdgom gaCenil axalgazrda

epihercinul baqnebze, romlebic miuxedavad maTi platformuli bunebisa, moZravi

sartylebis struqturul erTeulad ganixilebian, triasul da gansakuTrebiT

iurul da Semdgom periodebSi tipuri baqnuri (da ara moZravi sartylebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli) naleqdagroveba midioda. zemoTqmulis saukeTeso dadasturebaa

iurulis Wrili germaniis auzSi (dasavleTi evropis epihercinuli baqani). am auzSi

iurulis sruli Wrilia, sadac iurulis samive qvesistemaa warmodgenili: qveda

(liasi, anu Savi iura), Sua (dogeri, anu mura iura) da zeda (malmi, anu TeTri iura).

Wrilis dasawyisSi zeda triasuls TanxmobiT agrZelebs Savi Tixiani fiqlebi

kirqvebis SuaSreebiT, romelSic blomadaa amonitebi da orsagdulianebi.

stratigrafiulad zeviT modis Suaiuruli ruxi rkiniani qviSaqvebi da qviSiani

kirqvebi da Tixebi sxvadasxva fauniT. maT Soris amonitebiT. ufro zeviT ki

zedaiuruli Ria feris kirqvebi, mergelebi da dolomitebia amonitebiT

(zolenhofenSi am doneze wmindamarcvlovani liTografiuli kirqvebia, romlebic

mdidar da mravalferovan faunas Seicavs, maT Soris uZveles frinvelebsac). kidev

ufro zeviT marjnebiTa da RrublebiT agebuli kirqvebia, mTeli iurulis simZlavre

Svidasiode metria (Владимирская и др., 1985).

marto amonitebis, Rrublebisa da marjnebis arsebobac sakmarisia, rom mTeli es

wyeba zRviur warmonaqmnad CavTvaloT. amave dros, es unda yofiliyo araRrma,

Tbili zRva. am Wrilis triasul-iuruli kompleqsi daunaoWebelia, horizontulia

da ar Seicavs magmur qanebs. aSkaraa, rom saqme gvaqvs platformasTan.

TviT kratonebis platformul nawilebSic aris rogorc zRviuri, ise alag

kontinenturi naleqebi. es gansakuTrebiT qveda iuruls exeba. Sua da zeda iuruli

umetes SemTxvevaSi zRviuria, rac am dros arsebul sayovelTao, planetaruli

transgresiis arsebobas adasturebs. zRviuri naleqebi ZiriTadad kirqvebiTaa

warmodgenili, kontinenturi ki _tbiuri, Waobis an delturi terigenuli da

qvanaxSiriani wyebebiT (cimbiris kratonze lenis cnobili qvanaxSiriani auzia,

romelic maragebiT erT-erTi udidesia msoflioSi).

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa zRviuri iurulis (zeda iuruli) arseboba

gondvanisis kontinentis iseT regionebSi, rogoricaa aRmosavleTi afrika,

madagaskari, dasavleTi avstralia, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom dawyebulia am

superkontinentis daSlis procesi. amaze miuTiTebs agreTve indoeTis okeaneSi

zedaiuruli naleqebis aRmoCena.

rac Seexeba moZrav sartylebs, isini am droisaTvis faqtobrivad mxolod

xmelTaSuazRviurisa da wynarokeanuris saxiT SemogvrCa. orive sartyelSi mTeli

iuruli periodis ganmavlobaSi moZravi sartylisTvis damaxasiaTebeli procesebi

mimdinareobda. tipurad SeiZleba xmelTaSuazRviuri sartylis erT-erTi segmenti,

kavkasia miviCnioT.

kavkasiaSi skviTuri axalgazrda platformis samxreTiT, romelic CrdiloeTidan

aRmosavleT evropis kratoniTaa SemosazRvruli, ori naoWa sistema mdebareobs _

kavkasionisa da mcire kavkasionis. isini erTmaneTisagan amierkavkasiis mTaTaSueTiTaa

gamoyofili. iurulSi erTob saintereso naleqdagroveba midioda kavkasionis

zRviur auzSi, gansakuTrebiT mis samxreT zolSi, romlis ZiriTadi nawili

saqarTvelos teritoriazea gavrcelebuli. Wrili iwyeba liasuri aspiduri (Savi

feris) fiqlebis mZlavri wyebiT, romelsac Suaiuruli asakis Tixa-fiqlebis da e.w.

porfirituli seriis aseve mZlavri wyebebi agrZelebs. Wrils ki zedaiuruli

karbonatuli fliSi agvirgvinebs. wyebebis saerTo simZlavre 6000-7000m-ia, isini

143

intensiuradaa dislocirebuli. yvelaferi es ki udavod moZravi sartylis pirobebze

miuTiTebs.

aRmosavleT wynarokeanur zolSi, sadac aseve moZravi sartylis pirobebi iyo,

iurulis miwuruls moxda danaoWeba (e.w. nevaduri fazisi, romelsac evropaSi

axalkimeriuls uwodeben), romlis Sedegadac Camoyalibeba daiwyes Crdilo amerikis

kordilierebma da samxreT amerikis andebma. Tumca maTi saboloo konsolidacia

ufro gvian moxda. mniSvnelovani iyo danaoWeba dasavleT wynaroekeanur sartyelSic,

sadac vrcel teritoriaze verxoianskis qedidan Cukotkis naxevarkunZulamde moispo

moZravi sartylis pirobebi. amave dros danaoWda axali kaledonia, axali zelandia,

iaponiis kunZulebi da sxva, Tumca, aRmosavleT wynarokeanuri sartylis msgavsad

aqac danaoWeba saboloo ar yofila.

kimeriuli orogenezisi

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kimeriuli orogenezisi jer kidev gviantriasulSi (karniul-

noriulis sazRvarze) daiwyo indosiniuri (adrekimeriuli) orogenetuli fazisis

gamovlinebiT, ramac gamoiwvia orogenuli garemos likvidacia faqtobrivad mTel

samxreT –aRmosavleT aziaSi (SW CineTi, indoCineTis naxevarkunZuli, malakis

naxevarkunZuli, indoneziis arqipelagis dasavleTi nawili). amave orofazisis

wyalobiT naoWa dislokaciebi ganviTarda xmelTaSuazRviur da wynarokeanur

(kordilierebi, antarqtika, aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi) moZrav sartylebSi.

kimeriuli orogenezisi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo Crdilo amerikaSi, sadac is

nevaduri orofazisis saxeliTaa cnobili. am orofazisma gamoiwvia moZravi

sartylis pirobebis likvidacia vrcel teritoriaze alaskidan meqsikamde, romelic

Crdilo amerikis kordilierebs miekuTvneba (kldovani mTebisa da wynari okeanis

sanapiro zolis gamoklebiT). amave orofazisTanaa dakavSirebuli moZravi sartylis

reJimis gauqmeba antarqtikasa da axal zelandiaSi.

nevaduri orofazisi, romelic cnobilia agreTve axalkimeriulisa da anduris

saxelwodebiT, iurulisa da carculis sazRvarze ganviTarda. indosiniur da

nevadur orofazisebs Soris aRniSnaven kidev donecur (qveda da Sua iurulis

sazRvarze) da baTur (Sua da zeda iurulis sazRvarze) orofazisebs.

zogierTi avtoris mosazrebiT iurulis bolos axalkimeriuli danaoWebiT

daiketa monRoleT-oxotis zoli da amdenad srulad Camoyalibda ural-oxotis

naoWa sartyeli.

sxvaTa Soris, axalkimeriuli danaoWeba cnobilia xmelTaSuazRviur sartyelSic,

Tumca iq misi gavleniT mTaTa sistemebi ar warmoSobila.

iurul periodSi pangeas teritoriaze riftogenezi mimdinareobda, romelic alag

spredingSi gadaizarda. aman ki pangeas TandaTan daSla ganapiroba. yvelaze naTlad

es procesi gondvanisis destruqciaSi gamoixata, rac zemoT aRvniSneT kidec.

gvianiurulSi erTmaneTs scildebian, erTi mxriv, samxreTi amerika-afrika da meore

mxriv, madagaskari-indostani-avstralia-antarqtida_formirebas iwyebs indoeTis

okeane. amis damadasturebel sxva sabuTTan erTad (zRviuri naleqebis arseboba

afrikis aRmosavleT sanapirosa da madagaskaris dasavleT nawilSi), arsebobs

aranakleb mniSvnelovani meore sabuTic _ zedaiuruli naleqebi TviT indoeTis

okeanis fskerze (sur). faqtobrivad mTeli iuruli periodis ganmavlobaSi

mimdinareobda atlantis okeanis depresiis centraluri nawilis anu centraluri

atlantikis formireba, umTavresad karibis zRvis depresiis CamoyalibebiT( sur. ).

iurul periodSi Tbili da teniani klimati iyo, ramac zRvebSi karbonatuli

naleqdagroveba, xolo zRvisa da xmeleTis gardamaval zonebSi naxSiriani

formaciebis warmoqmna ganapiroba. kargad iyo gamoxatuli klimaturi zonaloba

ekvatorulidan zomier sartlebamde.

144

22.2.3. carculi periodi.

saxelwodeba im dros gavrcelebuli saweri carcidan modis. periodi daiwyo 145

mln. wlis win, mimdinareobda daaxloebiT 80 mln.wlis ganmavlobaSi da dasrulda

65 mln. wlis win.

sicocxlis ganviTareba carculSi. msgaavsad iurulisa, biosis evoluciis done

carculSic Zalian maRali iyo, Tumca iurulisagan gansxvavebiT am perodis meore

naxevarSi _ gviancarcul epoqaSi axali, kainozouro sicocxlis mniSvnelovani

elementebi gaCnda.

zRvebSi erTob momravldnen kokoliToforidebi (oqrosferi wyalmcenareebi) da

diatomeebi, romelTa skeleturi warmonaqmnebiTac agebulia Sesabamisad saweri

carci da diatomiti. uxerxemlo cxovelebidan maRal ganviTarebas miaRwies

amonitebma, belemnitebma, orsagdulianebma (inoceramebi, rudistebi da sxv.),

gastropodebma, eqinoideebma, foraminiferebma, braqiopodebma, Rrublebma,

briozoebma, stromatoporatebma, heqsakoralebma. briozoebi da heqsakoralebi

wyalmcenareebTan erTad rifis mSeneblebic iyvnen. zRvebSi mravlad iyo Tevzebic.

xmeleTze (nawilobriv zRvaSic) kvlav qvewarmavlebi batonobdnen, gansakuTrebiT

dinozavrebi, rogorc balaxis mWamelebi, ise mtaceblebi. zRviur qvewarmavlebs,

iqTiozavrebsa da pleziozavrebs carculSi miematnen mozazavrebi. xmeleTis Zalian

mravalferovan da aqtiur binadarT warmoadgendnen mwerebi. caSi kvlav

pterozavrebi da frinvelebi dominirebdnen. es ukanasknelni TandaTan iZendnen

,,Tanamedrove” iers. mfrinavi xvlikis _ pteranodonis gaSlili frTebis sigrZe 21 m-

s aRwevda.

ZuZumwovrebSi periodis bolos placentianebis maRalorganizebuli jgufi Cndeba.

mcenareebidan gviancarcul epoqaSi farulTeslianebi gaCndnen. Tumca wamyvani

mainc SiSvelTeslianebi iyvnen (benetitismagvarni, gingkoebi da sxv.).

carculi periodis miwuruls moxda biosis ,,didi mezozouri gadaSeneba”.romlis

Sesaxebac me-17 TavSi ukve gvqonda saubari.

carculis danawileba

sistema seqcia sarTuli

carculi

K

zeda K2

maastrixtuli kampanuri santonuri koniakuri turonuli senomanuri

qveda K1

alburi apturi baremuli hotrivuli valanJinuri beriasuli

carculi sistema or seqciad (qveda da zeda) iyofa, TiToeul seqciaSi ki 6-6

sarTulia. sarTulTa didi umetesobis stratotipuli Wrili safrangeTSia. rogorc

metad sasiamovno faqti unda aRiniSnos, rom carculi sistemis yvela sarTuli

mdidari faunisturi kompleqsiT aris daxasiaTebuli _amonitebi, belemnitebi,

inoceramebi, eqinoideebi, ostreebi, rudistebi, braqiopodebi, gastropodebi,

foraminiferebi, ostrakodebi, briozoebi da sxv. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa

amonituri kompleqsebis arseboba yvela sarTulis (garda santonurisa)

stratigrafiul WrilSi. amonitebis gverdiT calkeuli sarTulebis faunistur

145

daxasiaTebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben belemnitebi, inoceramebi, eqinoideebi,

foraminiferebi da sxv., rac Sesabamisi sarTulebis sxva regionebSi gamoyofis

saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens.

faciesebi, orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.

carculi periodi namdvili Talasokratuli xanaa dedamiwis geologiuri

ganviTarebis istoriaSi. es gansakuTrebiT gviancarcul epoqas exeba, rodesac

ganviTarda yvela drois erT-erTi uZlieresi globaluri transgresia. mxolod

periodis miwuruls daiwyo mniSvnelovani regresia, romelic laramulma

orogenetulma fazisma gamoiwvia. amitom savsebiT bunebrivia, rom carculSi farTod

iyo gavrcelebuli zRviuri naleqebi rogorc platformebze, ise moZrav sartylebSi.

platformuli carculis nimuSad SeiZleba aRmosavleTi evropis kratoni

avirCioT, sadac kargadaa ganviTarebuli rogorc qveda, ise zedacarculi wyebebi.

qveda carci aq warmodgenilia zRviuri, ZiriTadad terigenuli an nawilobriv

terigenul-karbonatuli faciesebiT, xolo zeda carci _ karbonatuli da kaJiani

wyebebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom zeda carcSi aq sxva wyebebTan erTad TeTri saweri

carcic gvxvdeba, romelic esoden damaxasiaTebelia evropis da Crdilo amerikis am

asakis naleqebisaTvis da romelic farTo zolis saxiT gadaWimulia mTel evropaSi

inglisidan uralamde.

rogorc qveda, ise zedacarculi naleqebi Zalian mdidaria mravalferovani

namarxi organizmebiT, romlebic gvaZleven saSualebas ara marto ganvsazRvroT maTi

Semcveli qanebis asaki, aramed aRvadginoT imdroindeli paleogeografiuli

suraTic.

zemoT xsenebuli carculi wyebebis horizontuli ganlageba da kidev bevri sxva

niSani aSkarad miuTiTebs maTi platformuli warmoSobis bunebaze. msgavsi suraTi

gvaqvs dasavleTi evropis epihercinul platformaze.

aseve platformuli bunebisaa dasavleT cimbiris epihercinuli baqnis carculi

naleqebi. aqac zRviuria rogorc qveda, ise zeda carculi, oRond im gansxvavebiT,

rom qvedacarculi naleqebi SedarebiT civi klimatis pirobebSia daleqili, xolo

zedasi _Tbili klimatis.

ufro aRmosavleTiT, monRoleTSi ukve kontinentur carcul wyebebTan gvaqvs

saqme, romlebSic mravladaa SemorCenili dinozavris Tu sxva xerxemliani

cxovelebis naSTebi.

Crdilo amerikis kratonis platformul nawilSi zRviuri carculi wyebebis

farTo zolia ganviTarebuli. baqnis Crdilo monakveTze terigenuli faciesebi

dominirebs e.w. borealuri, (,,boreas” – CrdiloeTis civi qaris RvTaeba berZnul

miTologiaSi) SedarebiT grili wylis moyvaruli biosiT, xolo samxreT monakveTze

Tbili wylis moyvaruli formebis Semcveli karbonatul-terigenuli wyebebia

ganviTarebuli. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom carculis sul zeda nawilebi aq

kontinenturi naxSirSemcveli wyebebiT aris warmodgenili, romelSic ganamarxebuli

mcenareebi da dinozavrebis Zvlebi gvxvdeba. kontinenturi wyebebis gaCena udavod

laramuli danaoWebis ,,damsaxurebaa”.

gondvanisze qveda carci TiTqmis yvelgan kontinenturia. zRviuri naleqebi

ganviTarebulia afrikis aRmosavleT nawilSi, madagaskaris dasavleT nawilSi,

arabeTis naxevarkunZulze, indostanis dasavleT da aRmosavleT napirebze,

avstraliis dasavleTSi, anu ZiriTadad im adgilebSi, sadac, rogorc viciT, iurul

periodSi riftogenezi midioda da qerqis gaxleCas hqonda adgili.

rac Seexeba zeda carculs, is mTel gondvanisze (gamonaklisi mxolod

avstraliaa) faqtobrivad mxolod zRviuri karbonatuli an karbonatul-terigenuli

naleqebiTaa daxasiaTebuli. esec gviancarculi globaluri transgresiis aSkara

dasturia.

146

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom carcul periodSi platformebze farTod iyo

gavrcelebuli trapuli vulkanizmi (dekanis plato _ indoeTi, dasavleT afrika,

madagaskari, samxreT amerika, cimbiri).

moZravi sartylebidan aRsaniSnavia xmelTaSuazRviuri sartyeli, sadac carculi

wyebebi ramdenime zols qmnian. umetes maTganSi carculi naleqebi moZravi sartylis

bunebisaa. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba kvlav kavkasia davasaxeloT, kerZod ki

kavkasioni. kavkasionis megantiklinoriumis Crdilo ferdze qveda carci mZlavri

(1100 m), fauniT mdidari terigenul-karbonatuli faciesiTaa warmodgenili, xolo

zeda carci aseve faunisturad mdidari kirqvebiTaa daxasiatebuli. kavkasionis

ssamxreT ferdze carculi asakis mZlavri (5000m) terigenul-karbonatuli fliSia

ganviTarebuli (tipuri moZravi sartylis faciesi).

carculi periodi uaRresad mniSvnelovania didi Tu patara liTosferuli

filebis moZraobis TvalsazrisiT. am moZraobaTa safuZvelze mniSvnelovnad icvleba

dedamiwis garegnuli ieri. pangeas daSlis fonze grZeldeboda indoeTisa da

atlanturi okeaneebis formireba. adrecarculSi farTovdeba centraluri

atlantika. amave epoqaSi yalibdeba samxreTi atlantikac. xolo gvian carculSi am

procesSi Crdilo atlantikac erTveba. sul ufro farTovdeba indoeTis okeane.

adrecarculSi Camoyalibebas iwyebs Crdilo yinulovani okeanis depresiac.

gvian carculSi Zlierdeba gondvanisis destruqcia. calke gadis samxreT amerikis

kontinenti. indostani gamoyofilia afrikis, madagaskaris da avstraliisagan da

CrdiloeTisaken miiwevs. aseve CrdiloeTiT gadaadgildeba afrikac. orive es

gadaadgileba xmelTaSuazRviuri sartylis Seviwroebas iwvwvs. TiTqmis amave

mimarTulebiT moZraobs avstraliac. daSlas iwyebs lavraziac _ evrazia

grelandiiTurT Sordeba Crdilo amerikas (sur.)

adre da gviancarculi epoqebis sazRvarze ganviTarda alpuri orogenezisis

sawyisi fazisi avstriuli orofazisi, romelic gansakuTrebiT Zlierad

xmelTaSuazRviur da aRmosavleT wynarokeanur sartylebSi gamovlinda, Tumca mas

mTaTawarmoSoba ar mohyolia. Zlieri danaoWeba iyo carculi periodis dasasruls

(laramuli fazisi), romelmac aRmosavleT wynarokeanuri sartylis Crdilo nawilSi

(kanada, aSS) kldovani mTebis saxiT axalgazrda naoWa sistema warmoSva. amerikelebi

am faziss ,,laramul revoluciasac” ki uwodebeben.

carcul periodSi klimati dedamiwaze Tbili da teniani iyo. es gansakuTrebiT

gviancarcul epoqaze iTqmis, rodesac Zalian mcire iyo temperaturuli gansxvaveba

ekvatorul sartyelsa da maRal ganedebs Soris. g. louenstamis mixedviT senomanur,

santonur da maastrixtul saukeneebSi zRvis zedapirze wylis temperatura

polarul wresTan iseTive iyo, rogorc subtropikul sartyelSi, xolo imave

santonurSi siRrmeSi wylis temperatura +16-17° –s Seadgenda. sxva monacemebiT

(Фейрбридж, 1970) gviancarcul epoqaSi zRvis wylis temperatura gacilebiT ufro

maRali iyo vidre dRes _ saSualo ganedze 10°-iT meti, ekvatorze 3-5°-iT, polusebze

_8°-iT, xolo fskerze -8-10°-iT.

miuxedavad TiTqmis erTgvarovani pirobebisa, carculSi met-naklebad kargad iyo

gamoxatuli klimaturi sartylebi (ekvatoruli, tropikuli, subtropikuli, zomieri).

dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis mezozouri istoria

es istoria, rogorc wina SemTvevebSi, faunisa da floris evoluciuri ganviTarebiT

unda daviwyoT. zogadad unda iTqvas, rom paleozour erasTan SedarebiT,

mezozourSi gacilebiT maRal ganviTarebas miaRwies rogorc uxerxemlo da

xerxemlianma cxovelebma, ise mcenareebma (gansakuTrebiT umaRlesma mcenareebma).

uxerxemlo cxovelebidan pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT Tavfexianebis klasSi

Semavali amonoideebi anu amonitebi. rogorc viciT, amonitebi devonur periodSi

147

gaCndnen, Tumca ganviTarebis maRal dones mezozourSi, gansakuTrebiT iurul da

carcul periodebSi miaRwies. carculis bolos ki (ufro zustad, carc-paleogenis

sazRvarze; 65 mln.wlis win) isini mTlianad gadaSendnen. amonitebis msgavsad

mezozour zRvebSi ,,batonobdnen” belemnitebi (amonitebis monaTesave organizmebi).

mezozourSi did ganviTarebas miaRwies eqvsqimianma marjnebma (heqsakoralebma),

romelTa pirveli warmomadgenlebi triasulis dasawyisSi gaCndnen (maT

memkvidreobiT Caanacvles paleozouris miwuruls gadaSenebuli oTxqimiani marjnebi

_tetrakoralebi). heqsakoralebi mezozourSi (gansakuTrebiT iurul da carcul

periodebSi) rifis mSeneblebadac gvevlinebodnen. mezozoris wamyvan jgufTa Soris,

amonitebisa da belemnitebis gverdiT unda davasaxeloT orsagduliani moluskebis

cnobili warmomadgenlebi _inoceramebi. iurul-carculSi evoluciis maRal dones

gviCveneben eqinoideebi (gansakuTrebiT e.w. arawesieri eqinoideebi). mTeli mezozouri

eris ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda uxerxemlo cxovelTa yvela zemoT ardasaxelebuli

tipis warmomadgenlebi (foraminiferebi (protozoebidan), rudistebi (moluskebidan),

xavscxovelebi, mxarfexianebi da sxv.).

xerxemliani cxovelebidan mezozouris wamyvani jgufi qvewarmavlebi (reptiliebi)

iyo. maTgan pirvel rigSi dinozavrebi unda davasaxeloT. maT gverdiT unda

movixsenioT zRvaSi mcxovrebi ixtiozavrebi da pleziozavrebi, caSi ,,monavarde”

pterozavrebi (e.w. mfrinavi xvlikebi). mezozourSive (iurulis dasasruls) Cndeba

pirveli frinveli arqeopteriqsis saxiT. mezozourSi kargad grZnobdnen Tavs

xerxemlianTa sxva klasebis (uyboni, Tevzebi, amfibiebi, ZuZumwovrebi)

warmomadgenlebi, gansakuTrebiT _ Tevzebi.

mcenareebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxureben SiSvelTeslianebi

(gingkoebi, wiwvovanebi, benetitisnairni, sagovanebi). rogorc viciT,

SiSvelTeslianebi umaRles mcenareebs miekuTvneba. maTgan gansxvavebiT umdablesi

mcenareebidan mezozour zRvebSi gvxvdebodnen nanoplanqtonis (juja planqtonis)

warmomadgenlebi _ kokoliToforidebi.

amdenad, mezozouri drois zRvebSi batonobdnen amonitebi (uxerxemlo

cxovelebidan) da kokoliToforidebi (umdablesi mcenareebidan), xolo xmeleTze _

qvewarmavlebi (xerxemliani cxovelebidan) da SiSvelTeslianebi (umaRlesi

mcenareebidan).

orogenezisis TvalsazrisiT mezozouri maincdamainc aqtiur erad ar iTvleba.

Tumca am eris triasul da iurul periodebSi ganviTarda kimeriuli orogenezisi,

romlis uZvelesma orofazisma (Zvelkimeriuli, igive indosiniuri) ganapiroba mTaTa

warmoSoba samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, xolo uaxlesma (axalkimeriuli anu

nevaduri) _ Crdilo amerikis kordilierebis zolSi). carculSi iwyebs ganviTarebas

yvelaze axalgazrda _alpuri orogenezisi.

erTob sainteresoa paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika mezozouri eris

ganmavlobaSi. gavixsenoT, rom paleozouris dasasruls dedamiwaze arsebobda

erTiani kontinenti _pangea 3. es kontinenti meridionalurad gadaWimuli iyo

Crdilo polusidan samxreT polusamde. imavdroulad is erTgvarad ,,Sezneqili” iyo

dasavleTi mimarTulebiT okeane teTisis aRmosavleT nawilSi, rac niSnavs imas, rom

dasavleTi teTisi (yofili ardenebisa da bretan-bohemis zolebi) praqtikulad aRar

arsebobda. darCa mxolod aRmosavleT teTisi, romelic aRmosavleTi mimarTulebiT

TandaTan farTovdeboda da maqsimums aRwevda wynar okeanesTan uSualo kontaqtis

zolSi.

mTeli triasuli da adreiuruli drois ganmavlobaSi pangea 3-is iersaxe ar

Secvlila. marTalia, am xnis ganmavlobaSi siRrmuli rRvevebis ganviTarebis bevri

SemTxveva iyo gamovlenili, magram am rRvevebs dedamiwis qerqi (Tu gnebavT

148

liTosfero) ar dauyvia calkeul nawilebad, ramac ganapiroba kidec dedamiwis

erTianoba.

mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia Sua da gansakuTrebiT, gvianiurul periodSi. jer

,,gaixsna” axlandeli atlanturi okeanis centraluri nawili, riTac formireba

daiwyo atlantis okeanem. cota mogvianebiT (gvian iuruli) mas ,,mibaZa” indoeTis

okeanemac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gvianiuruli droisaTvis dedamiwaze iyo oTxi

kontinenti: lavrazia, samxreT amerika da afrika (erTad), antarqtida-avstralia

(erTad) da indostani. okeaneebidan: Crdilo atlantis (mxolod centralur

nawilSi), indoeTis (samxreT amerika+afrikis, antarqtida + avstraliis da

indostanis kontinentebs Soris), teTisis, romelic praqtikulad ganedurad iyo

gadaWimuli wynari okeanis dasavleTi kididan aRmosavleT kidemde da lavrazias

yofda ekvatoris samxreTiT mdebare kontinentebisagan (samxreT amerika+afrikis

kontinenti, indostani, antarqtida+avstraliis kontinenti?).

carculis miwuruls (ufro zustad carcul-paleogenis sazRvarze) samxreT

amirikisa da afrikis kontinentebi sabolood gancalkevdnen maT Soris atlantis

okeanis ganTavsebis gamo. atlantis okeane Crdilo mimarTulebiTac wavida da

nawilobriv (samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken) gakveTa lavrazia. msgavsad atlantis

okeanisa sul ufro farTovdebodnen indoeTisa da teTisis okeaneebi. carc-

paleogenis sazrvarze dedamiwaze iyo xuTi kontinenti: lavrazia, afrika, samxreT

amerika, indostani da antarqtida+avstralia. yvela kontinents gars kvlav wynari

okeane uvlida.

klimati

klimati triasul, iurul da carcul periodebs Soris sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo.

triasulSi cxeli klimati dominirebda. imavdroulad mcire iyo temperaturis

sxvaoba ekvatorsa da polusebs Soris. gamoiyofoda ariduli (mSrali) da humiduri

(teniani) zonebi. eqstraaridul zonebSi udabnoebis formireba mimdinareobda

(udabnos pirobebi iyo Crdilo amerikis, evropis, Crdilo afrikis, arabeTis,

centraluri aziis, samxreT amerikisa da avstraliis teritoriebze.

iurul periodSi triasulisagan gansxvavebuli _ Tbili da teniani klimati iyo,

ramac zRvebSi karbonatuli naleqdagroveba gaaaqtiura; zRvebisa da xmeleTis

gardamaval zonebSi ki aqtiurad mimdinareobda naxSiriani wyebebis formireba.

iuruli periodi klimaturi zonalobis Catarebis saSualebas iZleva. gamoiyofoda

ekvatoruli, tropikuli, subtropikuli da zomieri sartyelebi.

carcul periodSi, msgavsad iurulisa, Tbili da teniani klimati iyo. es

gansakuTrebiT gviancarcul epoqas exeba. mcire iyo temperaturuli sxvaoba

ekvatorulsa da maRal ganedebs Soris (magaliTad senomanur, santonur da

maastrixtul saukuneebSi zRvis zedapirze polaruli sartylis temperatura

subtropikulis identuri iyo.

msgavsad iuruli periodisa, carculSic gamoiyofoda: ekvatoruli, tropikuli,

subtropikuli da zomieri sartylebi.

triasulSi dedamiwis umetes nawilSi qerqis azeveba anu xmeleTwarmoqmna

mimdinareobda, maSin roca iurulsa da carculSi, piriqiT, daZirva sWarbobda

azevebas. swored am mizezis gamo, triasul periods geokratuls uwodeben, xolo

iurul da carcul periodebs _Talasokratuls (berZ. thalassa-zRva).

22.2.4. mezozouris wiaRiseuli.

mezozouris wiaRiseuli sakmaod mravalferovania.

navTobis sabadoebi mTels mezozourSia ,,gafantuli”. triasulia alJiris, kanadis,

ruseTis, avstraliis, alaskis sabadoebi, iuruli _saudis arabeTi, ruseTi,

149

TurqmeneTi da norvegia; carculi _ ruseTi, libia, kuveiti,nigeria, gaboni, kanada,

aSS.

gazi _ iuruli _ruseTi; carculi _libia, kuveiTi, nigeria, gaboni, kanada, ruseTi.

qvanaxSiri _triasuli _ ruseTi, CineTi, avstralia; iuruli _saqarTvelo, CineTi,

avstralia, ruseTi; carculi _aSS, ruseTi.

fosforitebi _carculi _maroko, siria, ruseTi.

boqsitebi _iuruli _ruseTi; carculi _safrangeTi, espaneTi, saberZneTi, TurqeTi,

ukraina, ruseTi, irani

rkina _ triasuli _ ruseTi; iuruli _safrangeTi, inglisi, germania, ruseTi,

poloneTi; carculi _ ruseTi.

spilenZi _triasuli _avstralia, ruseTi; iuruli _somxeTi.

tyvia-TuTia _triasuli _ avstralia; iuruli _indonezia, aSS, ruseTi; caculi

_aSS, ruseTi.

oqro _ triasuli _avstralia; iuruli _ruseTi, indonezia, aSS; carculi _aSS,

ruseTi.

vercxli _triasuli _avstralia; iuruli _ruseTi, indonezia, aSS;

almasi _carculi _samxreTi afrika, indoeTi.

urani _triasuli _aSS.

volframi _iuruli_ruseTi, indonezia, aSS; carculi _CineTi, korea.

kala _triasuli _avstralia; iuruli _ruseTi, indonezia, aSS; carculi _aSS,

malaizia, ruseTi, tailandi, indonezia, CineTi, korea.

nikeli da kobalti _triasuli _ruseTi.

22.3. kainozouri era

kainozouri era (axali sicocxlis xana) daiwyo 65 mln. wlis win da grZeldeba

dResac. is sami periodisagan Sedgeba: paleogeni, neogeni da anTropogeni

(meoTxeuli).

22.3.1. paleogenuri periodi

paleogenuri periodi yvelaze adreulia kainozour eraSi, amave dros yvelaze

xangrZlivi – is grZeldeboda 40 mln. wlis ganmavlobaSi. daiwyo 65 mln. wlis win

da dasrulda 25 mln wlis win. paleogeni moicavs sam epoqas: paleocens (65-55 mln

w.), eocensa (55-35 mln w) da oligocens (35-25 mln w.).

cocxali buneba. paleogeniT iwyeba axali era dedamiwaze. paleogenis sazRvarze,

65 milioni wlis win organul samyaroSi moxda e.w. ,,didi mezozouri gadaSeneba”,

romlis Sedegadac Caesvena mze mezozouri civilizaciisa da dasabami mieca

sicocxlis evoluciis kainozour etaps. yvelaferi es naTlad Cans mcenareTa da

cxovelTa samefoebis ganviTarebaSi. mcenareebidan mezozour eraSi dominanti

SiSvelTeslianebis nacvlad xmeleTs euflebian farulTeslianebi (SiSvelTesliani

mcenareebidan mravalferovneba mxolod wiwvovanebs SemorCaT). didi cvlilebebi

xdeba cxovelTa samefoSic. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs

is garemoeba, rom carc-paleogenis (igive mezozour-kainozouris) sazRvari ver

gadakveTes mezozouri faunis rogorc uxerxemloTa, ise xerxemlianTa iseTma

maRalganviTarebulma jgufebma, rogorebic iyvnen: amonitebi, belemnitebi,

inoceramebi, rudistebi, ixtiozavrebi, pleziozavrebi, mozazavrebi, dinozavrebi,

pterozavrebi (e.w. ,,mfrinavi xvlikebi”) da kidev sxva. paleogenSi maTi Canacvleba

moxda bevri sxva jgufiT, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia orsagduliani da

mucelfexiani moluskebi (uxerxemloebidan) da ZuZumwovrebi (xerxemlianebidan).

mucelfexinma moluskebma (gastropodebma) araTu wyliani garemo (zRvebi da

okeaneebi, lagunebi, mdinareebi, tbebi da Waobebi)daipyres, aramed sakuTriv

150

xmeleTzec ki daides bina. paleogenSi evoluciis iseT maRal dones miaRwies

rogorc planqtonurma, ise benTosurma foraminiferebma uxerxemlo cxovelebidan,

rom mecnierebma am periods ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze warmatebuli

jgufis _ numulitebis epoqa uwodes.

mcenareTa sxva jgufebidan ganviTarebis temps inarCunebdnen erTujrediani

mikroskopuli oqrosferi wyalmcenareebi _kokoliToforidebi, romelTac zRviuri

akvatoriebi ekavaT. xmeleTis floridan ganviTarebas ganagrZobdnen

farulTeslianebi _ tropikulsa da subtropikul tyeebSi wamyvani adgili ekavaT:

palmas, fikuss, magnolias, gigantur sekvoias, kvipaross, SedarebiT zomier klimats

warmoaCendnen: muxa, wifeli, wabli, alvis xe, aryi da sxva.

uxerxemlo cxovelebidan zemoT dasaxelebuli jgufebis garda (orsagduliani da

mucelfexiani moluskebi, foraminiferebi) ganviTarebas ganagrZobdnen Rrublebi,

eqvsqimiani marjnebi, xavscxovelebi, fexsaxsrianebi (ostrakodebi, kiboebi, krevetebi).

braqiopodebi, arawesieri eqinoideebi. yvela am jgufs zRviuri akvatoria ekava

(fexsaxsrianebs _nawilobriv).

xerxemliani cxovelebidan paleogenur zRvebSi gansakuTrebiT kargad grZnobdnen

Tavs Zvliani Tevzebi, naklebad komfortulad _ xrtiliani Tevzebi (magaliTad,

zvigenismagvarni). zRvebSi gamoCndnen veSapebis uZvelesi warmomadgenlebi _

delfinebi, sirenebi.

paleogenur periodSi Zireuli cvlilebebi moxda xmeleTis faunaSi. mTeli

mezozouri eris ganmavlobaSi xmeleTis baton-patroni qvewarmavlebidan mxolod

niangebi, xvlikebi, gvelebi da ku Tu SemorCa. maT gverdiT amfibiebidan iyvnen

giganturi salamandrebi, bayayebi, gombeSoebi. caSi batonobdnen frinvelebi.

sakmaod mravalferovani iyo ZuZumwovarTa fauna _ mRrRnelebi, mtaceblebi,

kentCliqianebi, wyvilCliqianebi, kurdRlismagvarni, mweriWamiebi. oligocenis

epoqaSi gamoCnda im drois yvelaze didtaniani ZuZumwovari, indrikoTeriumi _

uZvelesi martorqebis warmomadgeneli (romelic simaRleSi 5 metrs aRwevda).

oligocenSive gaCndnen Rorebi, aqlemebi, irmebi.

paleogenis dasawyisidan gvxvdebian primatebis yvelaze primitiuli

warmomadgenlebi _ lemurebi, romlebic naxevradmaimunebad iwodebian. namdvili

maimunebi ki anTropoidebis saxiT eocenis miwuruls gaCndnen. amave droisaa pirveli

xorTumianebi (mastodonti, dinoTeriumi) da CanTosnebi. am ukanasknelTagan cnobilia

rogorc mcenareebiT mkvebavi, ise mtacebeli formebi.

paleogenis danawileba

sistema seqcia sarTuli

dasavleT evropa

oligoceni

E

oligoceni

E3

zeda aqvitaniuri

qveda rupeluri

eoceni

E2

zeda priabonuli

Sua luteciuri

qveda ipruli

paleoceni

E1

zeda Taneturi

Sua zelandiuri

(monsuri)

qveda daniuri

151

faciesebi. paleogenuri periodi, msgavsad carculisa, SedarebiT mSvid periodad

moiazreba. amitom sulac ar aris gasakviri, rom erTi-ori orofazisis fonze am

periodSi zogadad daZirviTi tendenciebia moWarbebuli. daZirviTi tendeciebis

dominireba kargad aisaxa naleqdagrovebaSic, ramdenadac saxezea didi siWarbe

zRviuri naleqebisa, romelSic vxvdebiT rogorc epikontinentur-zRviur, ise Rrma

zRvis anu orogenul (igive moZravi sartylis) faciesebs. zogadad ki unda iTqvas,

rom paleogenuri periodi xasiaTdeba ori tipis faciesiT _ platformuliT da

orogenuliT.

platformuli tipis faciesi gavrcelebuli iyo im dros arsebul yvela

kontinentze (Crdilo amerika, evrazia, samxreT amerika, afrika, indostani,

antarqtika, avstralia). am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa evraziis

kontinenti, kerZod am kontinentis evropuli nawili (paleogenuri sistema xom

swored evropaSi iqna gamoyofili).

rogorc wina TavebSi iyo aRniSnuli, hercinuli orogenezisis Sedegad

warmoSobil evraziis kontinentis dasavleT nawilSi (anu evropis kontinentur

platformaze) triasulis miwurulidan an iurulis dasawyisidan ramdenime

platformuli depresia ganviTarda. es depresiebi, rogorc viciT, cnobilia parizis

auzis, londonis auzis, aqvitaniis auzis, ronis auzis, germanuli auzis da sxvaTa

saxelwodebiT. es auzebi iuruli, carculi da paleogenuri periodebis

ganmavlobaSi ekava epikontinentur, araRrma zRvas, sadac platformuli tipis

faciesTa formireba mimdinareobda (am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa

parizis auzi).

orogenuli tipis faciesebis formireba im dros arsebul moZrav sartylebSi

xdeboda. am mxriv saukeTeso magaliTad SeiZleba mcire kavkasionis naoWa sistemaSi

Semavali aWara-TrialeTis zonis amgebi paleogenuri naleqebi gamodges.

orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.paleogenur

periodSi yvela Tanamedrove kontinenti TiTqmis gancalkevebuli iyo. mxolod

Crdilo amerika da evrazia ar iyvnen gaTiSuli bolomde, e.i. srulad ar iyo

Camoyalibebuli atlantis okeane. aseve jer kidev erTmaneTTan iyvnen kavSirSi

samxreT amerika da antarqtida da ramdenadme avstralia da antarqtida. saxeze iyo

oTxive Tanamedrove okeane. ,,CrdiloeTsa” da ,,samxreTs”, rogorc wina periodSi,

erTmaneTisgan yofda okeane teTisi, romlis farglebSic moTavsebuli iyo

xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyeli. meore moZravi sartyeli (wynarokeanuri) gars

uvlida wynarokeanispira kontinentebs – evraziisa da avstraliis aRmosavleT

sanapiroebs (sartylis dasavluri zoli) da Crdilo da samxreTi amerikis dasavleT

sanapiroebs (sartylis aRmosavluri zoli).

faqtobrivad yvela kontinentis udidesi nawili xmeleTs warmoadgenda. Tumca

zogan, umetes SemTxvevaSi kontinentebis periferiul nawilebSi, zRviuri garemo iyo.

azevebuli iyo, magaliTad, evrazia. saintereso suraTia evraziis kontinentis im

nawilSi, romelic aRmosavleT evropis kratonis platformul nawils ukavia.

zRviuri naleqebi aq mxolod samxreTSia gavrcelebuli, xmelTaSuazRviuri

sartylis

siaxloveSi. Tanac rac ufro samxreTiT, teTisisaken miviwevT, paleocenur-

eocenur naleqebSi faciesebi terigenulidan karbonatulisaken icvleba. qanebSi

mravladaa Tbili wylis moyvaruli foraminiferebi da moluskebi. aSkarad igrZnoba

teTisis gavlenaa im varaudiT, rom paleocen-eocenSi zRviuri transgresia

samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken vrceldeboda.

am zolSi paleocen-eocenuri transgresia oligocenurma regresiam Secvala.

Crdilo amerikis kontinentzec mTeli paleogenis ganmavlobaSi kontinenturi

pirobebi iyo. mxolod samxreTSi (florida, meqsikis ube) iyo zRviuri garemo Tbili

152

wylis moyvaruli moluskebiTa da foraminiferebiT. kldovani mTebis mTiswina

rofebSi mZlavri kontinenturi molasebis formireba xdeboda.

yofili gondvanisis kontinentebzec mTeli paleogeni umetesad kontinenturia.

xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyeli paleocen-eocenis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda

erTgvarad gancalkevebuli zRviuri auzebis sistemas, romlebic erTmaneTisagan

mTaTaSua masivebiT iyo gaTiSuli. mZlavrma eocenurma transgresiam es auzebi kidev

ufro gaaRrmava, sadac umetesad orogenuli tipis naleqdagroveba midioda.

pireneuli orofazisis Semdeg, romelic eocenisa da oligocenis sazRvarze

ganviTarda, teTisis dasavleT nawilSi zRvis ori zoli SemorCa mxolod _

xmelTaSuazRviuri (dasavleT nawilSi) da parateTisi (aRmosavleT nawilSi).

parateTisma ganviTareba daiwyo alpebis, karpatebis, dinaridebis da sxva

axalgazrda naoWa mTebis mTiswina da mTaTaSua depresiebSi. is alpebidan

aRmosavleTiT gaidevneboda da moicavda panonur, valaxur da kaspiur auzebs.

paleogenSi grZeldeboda jer kidev carcul periodSi dawyebuli yvelaze

axalgazrda orogenezisi (dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi cnobil

orogenezisTa Soris) _ alpuri orogenezisi. alpuri orogenezisi mimdinareobda ara

marto xmelTaSuazRviur da wynarokeanur (rogorc dasavlur, ise aRmosavlur)

moZrav sartylebSi, aramed paleogenis miwuruls ukve peneplenizirebul

(mosworebul), ,,gaplatformebul” centralur aziaSic. rogorc Cans, indostanis

evraziasTan SejaxebiT gamowveuli danaoWeba ara marto moZrav sartylebs Seexo da

Sedegad himalaebis naoWa struqtura mogvca, aramed is ufro Sors, stabilur

ubanzec gavrcelda da ,,meoradi warmoSobis” TaRur _blokuri struqturebic Seqmna

(hindukuSi, tibeti da sxv.).

klimati. paleocen-eocenSi Tbili klimati iyo. gamoiyofoda ekvatoruli,

tropikuli da subtropikuli sartylebi. gansakuTrebiT Tbili iyo eocenuri epoqa,

ramac tropikul_subtropikuli sartyelis polusebisaken migracia gamoiwvia. aseve

polusebisaken gadaiwies siTbos moyvarulma iseTma organizmebma, rogorebic iyvnen

marjnebi da numulitebi. amave mimarTulebiT moxda agreTve karbonatuli

naleqdagrovebis ,,migraciac”.

oligocenSi, piriqiT, globaluri acivebaa, albaT xmeleTis azevebiT gamowveuli.

aciveba imdenad Sors wavida, rom antarqtidaze gamyinvarebac ki daiwyo.

22.3.2. neogenuri periodi

neogenuri periodi daiwyo 25 mln w. win da dasrulda 1.75 mln w. win. is

moTavsebulia paleogenur da anTropogenul (meoTxeul) periodebs Soris. aqve unda

SevniSnoT, rom dRemde ar arsebobs neogenis erTiani stratigrafiuli danawilebis

(sarTulebad danawilebis) sqema. marto evropaSi amgvari sami sqema ,,muSaobs”. es

savsebiT gasagebi gaxdeba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom mTeli neogeni

alpuri orogenezisis damagvirgvinebel etaps warmoadgens. aman ki ganapiroba

neogenSi naleqdagrovebis erTiani auzebis ar arseboba. neogenur periodSi patar-

patara, erTmaneTisagan praqtikulad ganmxoloebuli auzebi iyo, romlebSic

mcxovrebi faunda (da florac) erTmaneTisagan imdenad gansxvavdeboda, rom

SeuZlebelia maTi meSveobiT calkeul auzTa naleqebis erTmaneTTan SeTanadeba

(paralelizacia).

neogeni or seqciad iyofa: mioceni (N1) da plioceni (N2). miocenSi sami qveseqcia

gamoiyofa – qveda, Sua da zeda, xolo pliocenSi ori – qveda da zeda.

zemoT xsenebuli neogenis sarTulebad danawilebis sami evropuli sqemidan

(xmelTaSuazRviuri, dasavleT parateTisisa da aRmosavleT parateTisis) gTavazobT

aRmosavleT parateTisis sqemas, romelic zustad esadageba CvenTvis ukve cnobil

ponto-kaspiur auzs (anu aRmosavleT parateTiss).

153

neogenis danawileba

sistema seqcia sarTuli

neogeni

N

plioceni N2

zeda aRCagiluri (kuialnikuri)

qveda kimeriuli

mioceni N1

zeda ponturi meoturi

Sua

sarmatuli konkuri karaganuli Cokrakuli

qveda

Tarxnuli kowaxuris sayaraulos kavkasiuri

moyvanili sqemidan kargad Cans, rom qveda miocens miekuTvneba: kavkasiuri,

sayaraulos, kowaxuris da Tarxnuli sarTulebi, Sua mioceni aerTianebs Cokrakul,

karaganul, konkur da sarmatul sarTulebs, xolo zeda mioceni meotur da pontur

sarTulebs. plioceni orad iyofa – qveda da zeda pliocenad. qveda pliocenSi

erTi, kimeriuli sarTuli gvaqvs. aseve erTi sarTulia zeda pliocenSic –

aRCagiluri (kuialnikuri).

cocxali buneba. neogenuri periodis ganmavlobaSi TandaTanobiT xdeba faunisa da

floris ,,gaTanamedroveba”. am periodis wamyvan faunas zRvaSi mcxovrebi

uxerxemloebidan orsagduliani da mucelfexiani moluskebi warmoadgendnen, Tumca

maT msgavsad ayvavebas ganicdidnen protozoebi da ostrakodebi. Sesabamisad,

maRalia yvela xsenebuli jgufis biostratigrafiuli mniSvneloba. maT gverdiT

unda movixsenioT xavscxovelebi, marjnebi, braqiopodebi, Rrublebi, kaneklianebi,

Tevzebi da zRvebSi mcxovrebi ZuZumwovrebi.

erTujredianebidan, marTalia, gadaSendnen numulitebi da sxva mniSvnelovani

jgufebi, magram evoluciis TvalsazrisiT wina planze wamoiwies planqtonurma

foraminiferebma. bivalviebidan da gastropodebidan normulmarilian zRvebSi

,,batonobdnen”: NNucula, Cardita, Venus, Turritella, Cerithium, Conus, xolo iseT daxSul

auzebSi, rogoric parateTisi iyo, mravlad iyo ganmarilianebuli auzisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli _ Mactra, Congeria, Ervilia, Mytilus, Dreissena, Didacna. didi adgili ekavaT

gamtknarebuli auzebisa da xmeleTisaTvis damaxasiaTebel formebs: Unio, Planorbis,

Helix, Viviparus. neogenis miwurulisaTvis moluskuri fauna praqtikulad ar

gansxvavdeboda Tanamedrovesagan. aseTive suraTi gvaqvs radiolariebis, Rrublebis,

kaneklianebis, xavscxovelebis, mxarfexianebis SemTxvevaSic.

sayuradReboa, rom neogenSi daiwyo rifis mSenebeli marjnebis ( da siTbos

moyvaruli sxva organizmebis) arealis Seviwroveba, Sedegad ki rifebis ganviTarebis

sazRvrebma TandaTanobiT ekvatorisaken gadmoinacvles.

zRvaSi mcxovrebi xerxemliani cxovelebidan Zvliani Tevzebi batonobdnen; maT

TiTqmis yvela tipis (normulmariliani, ganmarilianebuli, mtknari) auzi ekavaT.

neogenis dasawyisSi gaCndnen fexfarflianebi, selapebi, lomveSapebi. neogenuri

periodis zRvebi mdidari iyo erTujrediani wyalmcenareebiT _ diatomeebiTa da

kokoliToforidebiT.

xmeleTze batonobdnen ZuZumwovrebi, romlebmac sacxovreblad uRrani tyeebi,

tyestepebi da naxevradudabnoebi aiTvises. neogenSi Cndebian Tanamedrove ojaxebi da

154

gvarebi mtaceblebis, CliqosanTa da xorTumianTa. magaliTad, miocenSi gaCndnen

daTvebi, afTrebi, kvernebi, ZaRlebi, maCvebi, martorqebi, xarebi, cxvrebi, xolo

pliocenSi _ TriTinebi (sindiofala), samuravebi, spiloebi, hipopotamebi, irmebi,

hiparionebi (samTiTa cxenebi) da namdvili cxenebi(Equus).

primatebi gamovidnen tyidan da daiwyes gaSlili midamoebis aTviseba. miocenisa

da pliocenis sazRvarze gaCndnen hominidebi, romelTa Soris uZvelesad

avstralopiTekia miCneuli. hominidebis namarxi fauna aRwerilia aRmosavleT da

samxreT afrikis zedapliocenur naleqebSi. yvela isini avstralopiTekis

saxesxvaobebia (avstralopiTeki, parantropi, zinjantropi). maTi ConCxis nawilebi

gacilebiT ufro axlosaa adamianis ConCxTan, vidre nebismieri Tanamedrove

adamianismsgavsi maimunisa.

SedarebiT naklebad SesamCnevia sxvaoba paleogenur da neogenur xmeleTis

floras Soris, Tumca neogenur floraSi SeimCneva Tanamedroves msgavsi

asociaciebi. acivebis gamo siTbos moyvarulma formebma (palma, dafna) ekvatorisaken

gadmoiwies. zomier ganedebSi maRal ganviTarebas aRweven: alvis xe, aryis xe, tirifi,

nekerCxali, kakali (kaklis xe), naZvi, fiWvi, soWi da sxv.

orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika. neogenuri

periodi namdvili geokratuli xanaa dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTrebis istoriaSi.

SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom mTeli neogenis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwaze danaoWeba da

mTaTa warmoSoba mimdinreobda. es aris alpuri orogenezisi – yvelaze axalgazrda

cnobil orogenezisTa Soris, romelic (rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT) carculSi daiwyo

da mTeli kainozouris ganmvlobaSi grZeldeboda. misma Semadgenelma fazisebma,

gansakuTrebiT pireneulma (eocenisa da oligocenis sazRvarze), savurma

(oligocenis da miocenis sazRvarze), Stiriulma (Sua da zeda miocenis sazRvarze),

atikurma (miocenis da pliocenis sazRvarze), kavkasiurma (aRCagilur-meoTxeuli)

didi roli iTamaSes ara marto moZravi sartylebis ganviTarebaSi, aramed e.w.

epiplatformuli orogenezisis warmarTvaSic. Sedegad ki naoWa zewruli da TaRur-

belturi mTaTa sistemebi miviReT.

xmelTaSuazRviur sartylidan alpidebs miekuTvneba: pireneebi, andaluziis mTebi,

atlasis mTebi, alpebi, apeninebi, karpatebi, dinaridebi, elinidebi, mTiani yirimi,

pontidebi, Tavridebi, kavkasioni, mcire kavkasioni, elbursi, zagrosi, kopetdaRi,

yarayorumi, himalaebi.

dasavleT wynarokeanur sartyelSi alpuri orogenezisis Sedegad warmoiSva

koriakiis mTianeTi, kamCatka, saxalini, kurilis, iaponiis, filipinebis kunZulebi,

aRmosavleTi indonezia, axali zelandia da sxv.

aRmosavleTi wynarokeanuri sartylidan aRsaniSnavia samxreTi alaska,

kaliforniis sanapiro qedi, Crdilo amerikis kordilierebi, centraluri amerikis

mTebi, didi da mcire antiliis kunZulebi, andebi.

ganmeorebiTi orogenezisis (,,epiplatformuli orogenezisi”) Sedegad Camoyalibda

TaRur-belturi mTaTa sistemebi: tibeti, tianSani, altai, saianebi, pamiri, hindikuSi,

kunluni da sxv.

danaoWebam da sayovelTao azevebam kratonebsa da axalgazrda platformebze

kontinenturi reJimi ganapiroba. naleqdagroveba ZiriTadad tbebSi, Waobebsa da

mdinareTa xeobebSi mimdinareobda. mxolod platformaTa periferiebze Tu oyo

Txeli zRvis an lagunuri pirobebi.

aseTi suraTi iyo kerZod, aRmosavleTi evropisa da cimbiris platformebze.

aRmosavleT evropis platformis didi nawili xmeleTs warmoadgenda. marCxi, Txeli

zRvis pirobebi iyo mxolod platformis ukidures samxreT kideze SavizRvispira da

kaspiispira zolebSi, sadac ileqeboda mcire simZlavris terigenul-karbonatuli

wyebebi, SigadaSig kontinenturi wyebebis SuaSreebiT.

155

mTeli neogenis ganmavlobaSi kontinenturi pirobebi iyo Crdilo amerikaSi,

samxreT amerikaSi, afrikaSi, indostansa da avstraliaSi. saintereso suraTia

antarqtidaSi, sadac TandaTan Zlierdeba da vrceldeba gamyinvareba, jer mTis

myinvarebis, xolo miocenis miwurulidan mTeli pliocenis CaTvliT – zewruli

gamyinvarebis saxiT. pliocenis miwuruls yinulis safarma sagrZnoblad imata.

pliocenSive gaCnda Selfuri myinvarebic.

Zlieri mTaTawarmoSobiTi procesebi midis xmelTaSuazRviur sartyelSi.

danaoWebasa da azevebas Tan sdevs mTiswina da mTaTaSua rofebis gaCena, sadac jer

zRviuri, Semdeg ki kontinenturi molasebi ileqeba. saintereso naleqdagrovebaa

parateTisSi, kerZod, mis aRmosavleT nawilSi, e.w. ponto-kaspiur auzSi, romelsac

sxvagvarad aRmosavleT parateTissac uwodeben. am auzSi, romelic mio-pliocenSi

drodadro oradac ki iyo xolme gayofili (Savi zRvisa da kaspiis auzebad), mioceni

zRviuri, xolo plioceni zRviuri da kontinenturi naleqebis morigeobiT aris

warmodgenili. zogadad es molasuri wyebebia. molasuri wyebebi Zalian kargadaa

ganviTarebuli amierkavkasiis mTaTaSueTSi.

aRmosavleT wynarokeanur zolSi moZravi sartylis pirobebia Crdilo amerikis

kontinentis ukidures dasavleT nawilSi – wynarokeanispira zolSi, sadac

pliocenSi danaoWeba da mTaTa warmoSoba xdeba samxreT alaskidan kaliforniamde.

am sartylis samxreTamerikul nawilSi mTeli neogenis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda

andebis mTaTa sistemis formireba.

Zlieri mTaTawarmoSobaa agreTve dasavleT wynarokeanuri sartylis ukidures

aRmosavleT zolSi.

danaoWeba da mTaTa warmoSoba, rogorc cnobilia, liTosferuli filebis

Sejaxebis Sedegia. alpidebis formirebis SemTxvevaSi xmelTaSuazRviuri naoWa

sartylisa da ,,epiplatformuli” mTaTa sistemis warmoqmna moxda, erTi mxriv,

evraziis filisa, xolo, meore mxriv, afrika-arabeTis da indostanis filebis

koliziiT, dasavleT wynarokeanuri sartylisa – wynari okeanisa da evrazia-

avstraliis filebis, xolo aRmosavleT wynarokeanuri sartylisa –wynari okeanisa

da orive amerikis filebis SejaxebiT.

mTeli neogenis ganmavlobaSi kontinentebze riftogenezi mimdinareobda. am

TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa afrikis kontinenti, sadac intensiurad

yalibdeba aRmosavleT afrikis riftuli sistema (6500 km sigrZis). am riftogenezis

wyalobiT arabeTi mowyda afrikas, grabenuli depresiebis didi nawili ki daikava

wiTelma zRvam, mkvdarma zRvam, aRmosavleT afrikis tbebma (viqtoria, tanganika,

niasa da sxv.), adenisa da suecis ubeebma.

klimati. oligocenSi dawyebuli aciveba neogenSi kidev ufro gaZlierda.

Sesabamisad Seviwroeba da ekvatorisken gadmonacvleba daiwyo tropikulma

sartyelma. aseve dabali ganedebisaken gavrceldnen sicivis moyvaruli mcenareebi. es

gansakuTrebiT pliocenis bolos SeimCneoda, roca taigis sazRvarma kaspiis Crdilo

sanapiromde miaRwia. acivebis gamo antarqtidaSi gaCenil yinulovan safars Crdilo

naxevarsferoSi mTis myinvarebis gaCenac daemata. neogenur periodSi acivebis

maqsimumi pliocenis miwurulze modioda.

22.3.3. meoTxeuli (anTropogenuli) periodi.

dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis damagvirgvinebeli meoTxeuli, anu

anTropogenuli periodi daiwyo daaxloebiT 1 milion 750 aTasi wlis win da

grZeldeba dResac. dedamiwis qerqis amgeb qanebSi adre gamoyofdnen pirveleuls,

meoreuls, mesameulsa da meoTxeuls. am saxelTagan dReisaTvis mxolod ukanaskneli

SemorCa. meoTxeuls anTropogenulsac uwodeben, rac adamianis warmoSobis periods

gulisxmobs. rogorc vxedavT, es aris yvelaze xanmokle periodi yvela sxva periods

156

Soris. am niSnis garda es periodi mravali sxva niSniTc gamoirCeva, romelTagn

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Zlieri gamyinvareba faqtobrivad mTeli periodis

ganmavlobaSi da kidev ufro metad _ adamianis damkvidreba dedamiwaze.

meoTxeulis qveda asakobrivi sazRvri dRemde diskusiis sagns warmoadgens.

yvelaze ufro miRebuli TvalsazrisiT es sazRvari 1 750 000 wels Seesabameba.

meoTxeuls orad anawileben _ qvedas ewodeba pleistoceni (1.750 mln w _ 10000w.),

xolo zedas_ holoceni (10000w.- dRemde).

meoTxeulis am da ufro detaluri danawilebis safuZvlad aRebulia ara

biostratigrafiuli (paleontologiuri) meTodi, romelsac anTropogenulis

stratigrafiaSi naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, aramed, pirvel rigSi,

klimatostratigrafiuli meTodi, romelic damyarebulia gamyinvarebaTa da

gamyinvarebaTSorisi (anu glacialur da interglacialuri) naleqebis Seswavlaze.

sxva meTodebidan aseve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba: morfologiur (zRviuri da

mdinareuli terasebis Seswavlis) da palinologiur (sporebisa da mtvrianebis

Seswavlis) meTodebs; aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvT arqeologiur (Sromis iaraRebis

Seswavlis) da radiologiur (radioaqtiuri 14C–is) meTodebs.

sicocxle meoTxeulSi. meoTxeulis organuli samyaro TiTqmis Tanamedrovea, rac

sruliadac ar aris gasakviri. zRvebSi binadrobdnen foraminiferebi, moluskebi

(gansakuTrebiT orsagdulianebi da gastropodebi), ostrakodebi, wyalmcenareebi

(diatomeebi) da sxv. xmeleTze wamyvani ZuZumwovrebia. Tanac gamoirCevian sicivis an,

piriqiT, siTbos moyvaruli formebi. pirvelTagan SeiZleba davasaxeloT

CrdiloeTis iremi, xarverZi, lemingi, mamonti, bewviani martorqa da sxv., xolo

meoreTagan _ spiloebi, irmebi, martorqebi, bizonebi, cxenebi, aqlemebi, xmalkbila

vefxvi, gamoqvabulis lomi, hipopotamebi da sxv.

da mainc, meoTxeulis cocxali bunebis mSvenebas adamiani warmoadgens. marTalia

pirveli hominidi, avstralopiTeki gacilebiT adre, daaxloebiT 5.5 milioni wlis

win gaCnda da TviT pirveli adamianis Homo habilis –is warmoSobac meoTxeulze

gacilebiT adre moxda. magram miuxedavad amisa, meoTxeuli is periodia, roca

adamianma ganvlo srulyofili evoluciis rTuli gza HHomo sapiens–ad anu Semoqmed

adamianad formirebamde.

meoTxeuli periodisaTvis erTob damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri gamyinvareba. am

gamyinvarebas mravlgzisi xasiaTi hqonda, swored amitom gamoiyofa gamyinvarebaTa da

gamyinvarebaTSorisi periodebi Sesatyvisi cocxali bunebiTa da naleqdagrovebis

xasiaTiT. Tu evropaSi meoTxeulis oTx gamyinvarebas gamoyofen, Crdilo amerikaSi

4-dan 6-mdea.

Crdilo naxevarsferos zewruli gamyinvarebis centrebi baltiisa da kanadis

farebze iyo. yinulis safari evropaSi Crdilo ganedis 50°-mde, xolo amerikaSi

Crdilo ganedis 40° –mdec Camodioda. zewruli gamyinvarebis gverdiT Zlieri mTis

myinvarebic iyo (magaliTad, alpebSi).

gamyinvareba iyo samxreT amerikis, afrikisa da avstraliis mTian mxareebSi(andebi,

atlasis mTebi da sxv.), rom aRaraferi vTqvaT antarqtidaze, sadac zewruli

gamyinvareba mZlavrobda. mTis myinvarebi iyo ekvatoruli sartylis maRal mTebSic.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom ukaviaT myinvarul naleqebs

meoTxeul wyebebSi erT-erTi wamyvani adgili. Tumca maT gverdiT unda davasaxeloT

agreTve zRviuri naleqebi (zRviur terasebze ganviTarebuli) da kontinenturi

wyebebi (aluviuri, tbiuri, Waobis, eoluri).

meoTxeulSi SesamCnevi iyo dedamiwis qerqis vertikaluri moZraoba, alag aRmavali

(himalaebi, andebi, kordilierebi da sxv.), alag ki daRmavali (Savi zRva, kaspiis

zRvis samxreTi nawili), egeosis zRva, meqsikis ube da a.S.) moZraobiT.

157

holocenis dasawyisSi (10000 wlis win) materikebis konfiguracia Tanamedrove

saxes iRebs. imavdroulad mTavrdeba bolo gamyinvareba da iwyeba aTbobis periodi

(sur. ).

dasasrul, mokled gavecnoT dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis kainozour

istorias.

kainozouri era uaRresad mniSvnelovania sicocxlis evoluciis, orogenezisis

(mTaTa warmoSobis) Tu paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamikis TvalsazrisiT.

cocxali bunebidan did yuradRebas kvlav cxovelebi da mcenareebi imsaxureben,

xsenebul eraSi maTi maRali evoluciis gamo.

uxerxemlo cxovelebidan pirvel rigSi orsagduliani (bivalviebi) da

mucelfexiani (gastropodebi) moluskebi unda davasaxeloT, romlebmac daipyres

zRva da xmeleTi. zRvaSi mcxovrebi organizmebidan aseve did yuradRebas

imsaxureben (upirvelesad paleogenuri periodisaTvis) erTujrediani cxovelebis

cnobili warmomadgenlebi _numulitidebi. komfortulad grZnobdnen kainozour

zRvebSi Tavs _ eqvsqimiani marjnebi (heqsakoralebi), xavscxovelebi, Rrublebi,

braqiopodebi, eqinoideebi, ostrakodebi da sxv.

zRvaSi mcxovrebi xerxemlianebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas Tevzebi

imsaxureben, romelTac mxars umSvenebdnen ZuZumwovarTa warmomadgenlebi (veSapebi,

delfinebi, sirenebi, lomveSapebi).

mcenareebidan wamyvan rols erTujrediani wyalmcenareebi _ kokoliToforidebi

TamaSobdnen.

xmeleTze batonobdnen ZuZumwovrebi da farulTesliani mcenareebi.

uxerxemlo cxovelebidan, xmeleTis wylian auzebSi gvxvdebodnen orsagdulianebi,

gastropodebi (mucelfexianebi) da sxv.

xerxemliani cxovelebidan, rogorc ukve iTqva, dominirebdnen ZuZumwovrebi:

mtaceblebi, xorTumianebi, Cliqosnebi, mRrRnelebi, mweriWamiebi da sxva.

paleogenur periodSi cxovrobdnen giganturi zomis mqone ZuZumwovrebi _

indrikoTeriumebi. amave periodis dasawyisSi gaCndnen pirveli primatebi _ lemurebi

(romelTac naxevradmaimunebad moixsenieben). cota ufro gvian, eocenuri epoqis

dasasruls, maT miematnen namdvili maimunebi. miocenisa da pliocenis sazRvarze

Cmdebian hominidebi.

mezozourTan SedarebiT kainozour eraSi Zalian gaRaribebulad gamoiyurebian

amfibiebi da reptiliebi (qvewarmavlebi). amfibiebidan ZiriTadad vxvdebiT mxolod

salamandrebs, gombeSoebsa da bayayebs, xolo qvewarmavlebidan _xvlikebs, gvelebs,

niangebsa da kuebs.

Zalian farTod iyvnen gavrcelebuli farulTesliani mcenareebi, romelTac

umTavresad ekvatoruli, tropikuli, subtropikuli da zomieri sartylebi ekavaT.

ekvatorul, tropikul da subtropikul sartylebSi ,,binadrobdnen” palmebi,

fikusebi, magnoliebi da sxva, xolo zomierSi _ muxa, wifeli, wabli, alvis xe da

mravali sxva. SiSvelTeslianebi ZiriTadad warmodgenili iyo wiwvovani mcenareebiT

(naZvi, fiWvi, kedari da sxva).

kainozour eraSi gvxvdeba agreTve umaRlesi mcenareebis erT-erTi jgufis,

sporovanebis warmomadgenlebic.

kainozouri eris cocxali bunebis daxasiaTebisas, Cven yuradReba ar

gagvimaxvilebia am eris damagvirgvinebeli periodis _ meoTxeulis (igive

anTropogenulis) organul samyaroze. mizezi savsebiT martivia _ meoTxeulis

organuli samyaro TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba Tanamedrovesagan. meoTxeulTan

SedarebiT dRes ukve aRar gvxvdeba: mamonti, xmalkbila vefxvi, gamoqvabulis daTvi,

gamoqvabulis lomi da zogi sxva.

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alpuri orogenezisi. rac Seexeba orogeneziss (mTaTawarmoSobas), mTeli

kainozouri eris ganmavlobaSi mimdenareobda dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis

istoriaSi cnobil orogenezisTa Soris yvelaze ufro axalgazrda _ alpuri

orogenezisi, romlis sawyisi fazisebi jer kidev carcul periodSi iyo. am

orogenezisis Sedegad Camoyalibda dasavleT da aRmosavleT wynarokeanuri, agreTve

xmelTaSuazRviuri naoWa sartylebi. xmelTaSuazRviur naoWa sartyels sxvagvarad

alpur-himalaursac uwodeben. am naoWa sartyelSi Sedis: pireneebis, alpebis,

karpatebis, balkanebis, kavkasionis, mcire kavkasionis, himalaebis da sxva naoWa

sistemebi (mTaTa sistemebi).

rogori iyo paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika kainozouri eris ganmavlobaSi.

kainozouris pirvel naxevarSi _ paleogenur periodSi dedamiwaze iyo 6

kontinenti: lavrazia, afrika, indostani, avstralia, samxreT amerika, antarqtida.

maTgan lavrazia ganTavsebuli iyo Crdilo naxevarsferos zomier da polarul

sartylebSi. afrika daaxloebiT Tanabrad iyo gadanawilebuli Crdilo da samxreT

ekvatorul da tropikul sartylebs Soris, mciredi nawiliT samxreT zomier

sartyelSi. aSkarad ar iyo gamokveTili, magram igrZnoboda afrikis kontinentis

moZraoba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken mTeli paleogenuri periodis (paleocenuri,

eocenuri da oligocenuri epoqebi) ganmavlobaSi. samagierod samxreTidan

CrdiloeTisaken gadaadgileba SesaniSnavad aris gamokveTili mikrokontinent

indostanis SemTxvevaSi, romelmac samxreT tropikuli (ekvatorulisa da

subtropikulis CaTvliT) sartylidan (paleocenuri epoqa) TandaTan Crdilo

tropikulSi (eocenuri da oligocenuri epoqebi) gadainacvla da periodis

dasasruls, SeiZleba iTqvas – oligocenuris miwuruls, aziur nawilSi Seejaxa

superkontinent lavrazias. am movlenam safuZveli daudo himalaebis naoWa sistemis

(mTaTa sistemis) ganviTarebas (sur. 18.6.). indostanis Sejaxeba evraziis aziur

nawilTan imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom man daanaoWa agreTve himalaebis CrdiloeTiT

arsebuli, im droisaTvis ukve peneplenizirebuli (,,gaplatformebuli”) tibetis

zegani da misgan ,,meoradi warmoSobis” TaRur-belturi naoWa struqtura Seqmna.

aseve kargad Cans avstraliis gadaadgileba samxreT zomieridan samxreT

tropikulamde. samxreT amerika mTeli paleogenuri periodis ganmavlobaSi samxreT

tropikul da zomier sartylebSi iyo ganTavsebuli, xolo antarqtida _samxreT

polarulSi.

paleogenuri periodis okeaneebidan atlantis okeane meridionalurad iyo

gaWimuli erTi mxriv Crdilo da samxreT amerikis, xolo meore mxriv _ evraziisa da

afrikis kontinentebs Soris. CrdiloeTiT is grelandiis samxreT kides awydeboda (

e.i. bolomde ver yofda lavrazias). indoeTis okeane moicavda samxreTis tropikul,

zomier da polarul sartylebs. is moqceuli iyo afrikis, indostanis, avstraliisa

da gondvanisis kontinentebs Soris.

paleogenuri periodis ganmavlobaSi midioda atlantis da indoeTis okeaneebis

akvatoriis gafarToeba. CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane faqtobrivad formirebis

procesSi iyo (sur).

paleogenis momdevno neogenuri periodis miocenur epoqaSi ukve sagrZnoblad

gafarTovdnen atlantisa da indoeTis okeaneebi.

atlantis okeanem ,,gadakveTa” lavrazia grelandiis aRmosavleTi kidis gaswvriv,

ris Sedegadac erTiani superkontinentidan ori kontinenti miviReT: dasavleT

nawilSi _Crdilo amerika grenlandiiTurT, xolo aRmosavleTSi _ evrazia

(indostanTan erTad). avstraliis kontinenti Tavisi udidesi nawiliT samxreT

tropikul sartyelSi ganTavsda(sur).

pliocenur epoqaSi kvlav Crdilo amerikis (grenlandiiTurT).evraziis, afrikis,

avstraliis, samxreT amerikisa da antarqtikis kontinentebi gvaqvs. maTgan Crdilo

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amerika da evrazia Crdilo naxevarsferoSia, afrika _ Crdilo da samxreT

tropikul sartylebSi, samxreTi amerika _ samxreT tropikul da zomier

sartylebSi, avstralia _ samxreT tropikul sartyelSi, xolo antarqtika _ samxreT

polarul sartyelSi.

am epoqaSi kidev ufro gaafarToves akvatoriebi atlantis da indoeTis okeaneebma

(sur).

dabolos, meoTxeul (anTropogenul) periodSi dedamiwam miiRo Tanamedrove saxe.

22.3.4. kainozouris wiaRiseuli.

kainozouri gansakuTrebiT ganTqmulia gaz-navTobis sabadoebiT, romlebic

paleogenur-neogenur naleqebTanaa kavSirSi.

navTobi _ paleogenuri _ irani, erayi, venesuela, avRaneTi, ruseTi, ukraina;

neogenuri _ irani, erayi, saudis arabeTi, quveiTi, katari, meqsika, venesuela, aSS,

ruseTi, azerbaijani, TurqmeneTi, ukraina

gazi _ paleogenuri _ ruseTi; neogenuri _irani, erayi, saudis arabeTi, quveiTi,

katari, meqsika, venesuela, aSS, ruseTi, azerbaijani, TurqmeneTi, ukraina.

qvanaxSiri _ paleogenuri _ ruseTi, iaponia, CineTi, germania, aSS, saqarTvelo

(mura naxSiri).

fosforitebi _ paleogenuri _avstralia, gvinea, iamaika, surinami, gaiana, ruseTi,

aSS, brazilia, ukraina, yazaxeTi; neogenuri _ centraluri amerika, samxreTi amerika,

indoeTi, avstralia.

rkina _ paleogenuri _ aSS, ruseTi, yazaxeTi; neogenuri _ ruseTi, samxreTi

amerika, centraluri amerika, afrika, indoeTi, avstralia.

spilenZi _ paleogenuri _aSS, Cile, bolivia, peru; neogenuri _ centraluri

amerika;

oqro _ paleogenuri _ ruseTi; neogenuri _centraluri amerika.

urani _ paleogenuri _ aAASS.

nikeli _ neogenuri _ centraluri amerika, samxreTi amerika, afrika, avstralia.

kobalti _ neogenuri _ centraluri da samxreTi amerika, afrika, avstralia.

marganeci _oligocenuri _ saqarTvelo, ruseTi, afrika; neogenuri _ samxreTi

amerika, centraluri amerika, indoeTi, avstralia.

grafiti _ paleogenuri _ meqsika.

vercxliswyali _paleogenuri _ espaneTi, italia, iugoslavia.

TviTnabadi gogirdi _ paleogenuri _ irani, aSS, bolivia, argentina, Cile.

meoTxeulSi sxvadasxva saxis wiaRiseulia qviSrobul naleqebSi (oqro, platina,

almasi, da a.S.) da danaleq warmonaqmnebSi (rkina, fosforitebi da sxv.). aq vxvdebiT

arametalur sabadoebs (ligniti, torfi, qvamarili da sxv.). rac Seexeba miwisqveSa

wylebs, isini xom sasmeli Tu samkurnalo wylebis saukeTeso sabadoebs qmnian.

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aseTia dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis oTxmiliardwliani istoria. ra

mimarTulebiT moxdeba misi Semdgomi ganviTareba? amis prognozireba garkveuli

albaTobiT aris SesaZlebeli da dRes amgvari prognozic arsebobs, ris

saSualebasac amJamad ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli liTosferuli filebis

teqtonikis koncefcia iZleva. am koncefciaze dayrdnobiT dedamiwis momavali

iersaxis saintereso suraTs gvixataven r.dici da j.holdeni (Диц, Холден, 1974) _50

milioni wlis Semdeg sul ufro gafarTovdeba atlantis da indoeTis okeaneebi,

pirvel rigSi, wynari okeanis xarjze; avstralia Sors waiwevs CrdiloeTisaken da

miuaxlovdeba evraziis did filas; afrikas ,,Camoatydeba” misi aRmosavleTi nawili

dRes ukve kargad gamoxatuli riftuli rRvevis zolSi; TviT afrikis kontinentis

CrdiloeTisaken ltolviT da misi SejaxebiT evraziis filasTan faqtobrivad

moispoba xmelTaSua zRvis depresia; zRviuri auzi moispoba agreTve karibis

akvatoriaSic, romlis fskeric xmeleTad gadaiqceva; kaliforniis naxevarkunZuli

mowydeba Crdilo amerikis kontinents da gadaadgildeba Crdilo-dasavleTi

mimarTulebiT. daaxloebiT 60 milioni wlis Semdeg san-franciskos ganedamde

,,asuli” los-anjelesi daiwyebs CaZirvas aleutis RrmulSi.. da im dros Cven ukve

viqnebiT axal, fsiqozour (Segnebis) eraSi, nacvlad dRevandeli kainozourisa.

magram viqnebiT ki? dRes xom sicocxlis evoluciis Soreuli prognozi ar

arsebobs. arada marTlac ra sainteresoa, Tu rogori iqneba sicocxle dedamiwaze

Tundac 50 milioni wlis Semdeg. Zneli dasajerebelia, magram visurvoT, rom

adamiani kidev didxans SemorCes Cvens planetaze sicocxlis ganviTarebis ulamazes

istorias.