guns, germs, and steelsuacenglish.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/2/10622941/gg_s-keynote_lec… ·...

Guns, Germs, and Steel

Chapter 16 “How China Became Chinese”


__________ Determinism （環境決定論/地理的決定論）

Geographic Determinism （環境決定論/地理的決定論）

How did China become “Chinese?”

or

How did China stay Chinese for so long?

How did China become “Chinese?”

China has remained

l__________

China has remained

linguistically

China has remained

linguistically

China has remained

culturally

linguistically

China has remained

culturally

politically

linguistically

China has remained

culturally

politically

similar over the last 2,000 years

Other countries have gone through so many changes

Other countries have gone through so many changes

China is actually unusual

Huge g_________ differences in the country

Huge geographic differences in the country

Long from north to s____


Long from north to south


Northern China’s climate - very dry and cold

Southern China - wet and quite w___

Southern China - wet and quite warm

If e__________ is so important then why is China China?

If environment is so important then why is China China?

If environment is so important then why is China China?

Why is it not 5 or 6 different countries, each with a different culture and language?

La_________ in China

Languages in China

When two regions of China share some of the same languages (or at least words)


=It’s likely the two regions in________ with one another in the past


=It’s likely the two regions interacted with one another in the past

Hundreds of “minor languages” in China

Hundreds of “minor languages” in China

1,000’s or 10,000’s of speakers

“Minor languages” in China


Similar to the “major languages” in …



V______ Laos

M______ Cambodia



Vietnam Laos

M______ Cambodia



Vietnam Laos

Myanmar Cambodia

Reason:

Reason:

People of many Southeast A____ countries

Reason:

People of many Southeast Asian countries

Reason:

People of many Southeast Asian countries

Descended (…の子孫である, 血統である) from people who once lived in parts of China

Chinese History

Chinese History

Northern and Southern Chinese may have developed a_________ independently

Chinese History

Northern and Southern Chinese may have developed agriculture independently

Conditions for agriculture to develop:


Temperate climate (温暖な気候)



availability of crops




large m_______ (哺乳動物) to be domesticated




large mammals (哺乳動物) to be domesticated

Agriculture ——>

Agriculture ——>

development of metallurgy (冶金学/術)

development of metallurgy (冶金学/術) ——>


other complex te___________


other complex technologies

How did the different parts of China interact with one another?

Network of large r______

Network of large rivers

People could travel north and south fairly easily =


People could travel north and south fairly easily =

More easily than in the Americas or Africa


Result:

Many technologies d______ (を広める, 普及させる) throughout China

Result:

Many technologies diffused (を広める, 普及させる) throughout China

Result:


Result:

rice growing


Result:

rice growing w______


Result:

rice growing writing


Result:

rice growing writing ironwork(鉄製)

Diamond’s rule:

a) Diffusion is easier from east to west

b) Diffusion is easier from north to south

Diamond’s rule:

Because, generally similar cl_____, similar day lengths etc.

Diamond’s rule:

Because, generally similar climate, similar day lengths etc.

However… in China

However… in China

Diffusion in all directions …

However… in China


especially from north to south

However… in China


especially from north to south mostly due to r_____

However… in China


especially from north to south mostly due to rivers

Chinese dynasty （秦朝）221 B.C. in Northern China


Powerful weapons


Powerful weapons Advanced ag_________


Powerful weapons Advanced agriculture


United with Chinese in the s____


United with Chinese in the south

Chinese peoples in the north and the south


Similar c______


Similar cultures


Similar cultures History of exchanging crops


Many of the same technologies (agriculture, ironwork, writing…)

Easily na________ (航行可能な) rivers allowed

Chinese in the north and south to unify

Easily navigable (航行可能な) rivers allowed

Chinese in the north and south to unify

Unified ethnic Chinese drove out non-ethnic Chinese people

Unified ethnic Chinese drove out non-ethnic Chinese people

Pushed non-ethnic Chinese people south (Vietnam, Myanmar Laos, Cambodia)

Eliminated non-ethnic Chinese culture


Many early Chinese emperors burned b____ in non-Chinese languages


Many early Chinese emperors burned books in non-Chinese languages

Superior te_________ and organization helped the Chinese expel other cultures and…

Superior technology and organization helped the Chinese expel other cultures and…

Superior technology and organization helped the Chinese expel other cultures and…

make Chinese culture unusually monolithic（完全に統制されて、一枚岩的な）

Chapter 17 “Speedboat to Polynesia”


In contrast to the ethnic and cultural unity in C____…

In contrast to the ethnic and cultural unity in China…

New Guinea has a lot of diversity


Different ethnicities and cultures are hostile to one another


Javans, Highlanders, Lowlanders and Chinese …


Why?

Difficult ge________, not easy to travel

long distance by river, people isolated

Why?

Difficult geography, not easy to travel

long distance by river, people isolated

Austronesian expansion - Starting from about 6,000 years ago


“Austronesia” = Taiwan, The Philippines, In_______,

New Guinea & many of the Pacific Islands


“Austronesia” = Taiwan, The Philippines, Indonesia,

New Guinea & many of the Pacific Islands

Earliest agriculture in Austronesia came from…

Earliest agriculture in Austronesia came from…

A) Taiwan

B) Japan

C) Australia

D) India

What enabled people from T_____ (and later other parts of Southeast Asia) to expand into Austronesia?

What enabled people from Taiwan (and later other parts of Southeast Asia) to expand into Austronesia?

What enabled people from Taiwan (and later other parts of Southeast Asia) to expand into Austronesia?

(Answer to come later)

They brought…

They brought…

a__________ techniques

They brought…

agricultural techniques

They brought…

agricultural techniques domesticated animals

They brought…

agricultural techniques

pottery…

domesticated animals

Probably traveled through Austronesian is______ using small boats and canoes

Probably traveled through Austronesian islands using small boats and canoes

Probably traveled through Austronesian islands using small boats and canoes

Present-day Austronesians are probably descendants of

agriculturalists who spread through Austronesia 6,000 years ago

So, what enabled people from T_____ (and later other parts of Southeast Asia) to expand into Austronesia?

So, what enabled people from Taiwan (and later other parts of Southeast Asia) to expand into Austronesia?


Knowledge of a________


Knowledge of agriculture


Agriculture encouraged people to or______ ——>


Agriculture encouraged people to organize ——>

Agriculture encouraged people to organize

discover new technologies

——>

discover new technologies ——>


_____ ——>


boats ——>


used to colonize Austronesia ——>

boats ——>

Evidence:

Agricultural practices

Evidence:

Agricultural practices Crops

Evidence:

Agricultural practices Crops

Evidence:

Animals

Further Evidence:

L_________

Further Evidence:

Languages

Further Evidence:

Example from another part of the world

- the word for “sheep” in many Indo-European languages …

Further Evidence:

インドヨーロッパ語族

“sheep” in…

(Spanish, Russian, Greek, and Lithuanian) is very similar

(Spanish, Russian, Greek, and Lithuanian) is very similar

“sheep” in…

Ancient peoples of these cultures traded sheep with each other

=

Similarly,…

オーストロネシア語族

Similarities between ancient Polynesian languages and ancient Ta________ languages


Similarities between ancient Polynesian languages and ancient Taiwanese languages


Similarities between ancient Polynesian languages and ancient Taiwanese languages

Farmers spread their crops and technologies through Austronesia starting from Taiwan


Farmers originally from Taiwan spread their …



Agriculture


Agriculture Technology


La________



Languages


About 1500 B.C - People reached New Guinea


However, they did not “c______” New Guinea,

as they did other places


However, they did not “conquer” New Guinea,

as they did other places

Why?

- New Guineans are noticeably physically different from other Austronesians

- New Guineans are noticeably physically different from other Austronesians

New Guineans Maori

- New Guineans speak l________ not closely related to ancient Austronesian languages

- New Guineans speak languages not closely related to ancient Austronesian languages

So, why didn’t Austronesians “conquer” New Guinea?

- New Guineans already had some agriculture



=Te__________



=Technology


Technology ——>

Technology

Political organization

——>

Technology


——>

Also…

Technology


——>

Resistance to t_______ diseases like malaria Also…

Technology


——>

Resistance to tropical diseases like malaria Also…

New Guineans’ advances in agriculture protected them from both…


Ancient Au_________ expansion


Ancient Austronesian expansion


Ancient Austronesian expansion

European colonization in the modern era

Differences in the colonization of different Austronesian islands


Explains the importance of agriculture in a

society’s ability to c________ other places


Explains the importance of agriculture in a

society’s ability to colonize other places

Agriculture

Agriculture = huge advantage

It gives people …


t_________

It gives people …


technology

It gives people …


technology organization

It gives people …


Agriculture =

It gives people …

technology organization germs

huge advantage

Result:

Austronesian islands where colonization largely failed already had their own forms of __________

Result:

Austronesian islands where colonization largely failed already had their own forms of agriculture

Result:

guns, germs, and steelsuacenglish.weebly.com/uploads/1/0/6/2/10622941/gg_s-keynote_lec… ·...

Documents