guillaume lemaître françois rameau 1 medical imaging techniques françois rameau guillaume...
TRANSCRIPT
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
1
Medical Imaging Techniques
François RameauGuillaume Lemaître
17th February 2009
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Outline
Introduction
Radiography
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Medical ultrasonography
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
Conclusion
3
Outline
Introduction
Radiography
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)Medical ultrasonography
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
Conclusion
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
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Introduction
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
Computer vision and imaging theory are used in medical imaging techiques
Important to know basic notions of these technologies
Medical imaging allows to :
Create a reconstruction of human body
Reveal, diagnose and examine diseases
Study of metabolism and morphology
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Outline
Introduction
Radiography
Computed Tomography (CT)Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Medical ultrasonography
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
Conclusion
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
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Radiography – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
First Radiograph in 1895
X-ray : wavelength = 5 picometers
The film provides a measure of the ray attenuation in tissue
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Radiography – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
White represents high densityBlack represents low density
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Radiography – Field of use
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Bones imaging
Dental domain
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Radiography – Advantages/Disadvantages
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Advantages:
Disadvantages::
Excellent for imaging bones
Noninvasive
Good availability
Harmful rays
Bad results for soft tissues
Low cost
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Outline
Introduction
Radiography
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Medical ultrasonography
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
Conclusion
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
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Computed Tomography (CT) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
A recent technology (1970)
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Computed Tomography (CT) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Use X-rays
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Computed Tomography (CT) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Examples of slices with CT :
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Computed Tomography (CT) – Field of use
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Cardiac Imaging
Bones Imaging
Cerebral Imaging
Reconstitution of organs in 3D
Pulmonary Imaging
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Computed Tomography (CT) – Advantages/Disadvantages
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Advantages:
Disadvantages::
Excellent for bones imaging
Provides 3D anatomical information
Good availability
Harmful rays
Bad result for soft tissue
Claustrophobia
Noninvasive
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Outline
Introduction
Radiograph
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Medical ultrasonography
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
Conclusion
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
17
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
First Imaging in 1975
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Structure of MRI :
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
MRI is based on NMR : Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Consequence :
Use spin theory
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Spin theory :
Compass needle
Hydrogenous Atom
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Initial Position :
Position of moment
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Parallel direction:
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Parallel direction:
Parallel directionAntiparallel direction
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Excitation - Relaxation :
Excite moment of spin with Lamor frequency defined by :
NoyauSpin Net
γ(MHz/T)
1H 1/2 42,58
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Excitation - Relaxation :
Align moment of spin on xy scale :
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Excitation - Relaxation :
Calculate relaxation time
Long relaxtion time = high energy emittedShort relaxation time = low energy emitted
Reception of energy with antenna
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Examples of slices with MRI :
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Field of use
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Angio – MRI
Cardiac – MRI
Cholangio – MRI
Cerebral – MRI
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) – Advantages/Disadvantages
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Advantages:
Disadvantages::
Main modality for image guided surgerySuperb ability to discriminate between subtle differences in tissue characteristicsVery safe
Less accurate for bone scanningProblem with metal corps
Problem of avaibilaty
Cost of machine MRI (3 million €)
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Outline
Introduction
Radiography
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Medical ultrasonography
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
Conclusion
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
31
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Injection of radioactive product :Fluorine associated with glucoseThe device emits positrons
Positrons create reaction with tracer (radioactive product) : Gamma ray
Emission of gamma ray is detected by the machine
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
33
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Field of use
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Oncology
Neurology
Cardiology
Psychiatry
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) – Advantages/Disadvantages
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Advantages:
Disadvantages::
Functional imaging
Used in a lot of domains
Amount of radiation is small
Invasive method
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Outline
Introduction
Radiography
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Medical ultrasonography
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
Conclusion
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
36
Medical ultrasonography – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
First Imaging in 1979
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Medical ultrasonography – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Transducter :
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Medical ultrasonography – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Transducter :
Emit ultrasounds
Receive the echo of ultrasounds emitted
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Medical ultrasonography – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Translation of echo :
Compare the emitted frequency and the received frequency
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Medical ultrasonography – Functionning
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Examples of slices and reconstruction with ultrasonography :
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Medical ultrasonography – Field of use
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Cardiology
Endocrinology
Gyneacology
Obstetrics
Ophtalmology
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Medical ultrasonography – Advantages/Disadvantages
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
FunctionningField of useAdvantages/Disadvantages
Advantages:
Disadvantages::
Noninvasive
Clean & safe
In-expensive
NoisyGas filled and bony structures cannot be imaged because they absorb ultrasound waves.
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Outline
Introduction
Radiography
Computed Tomography (CT)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Medical ultrasonography
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
Conclusion
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
44
Conclusion
Guillaume LemaîtreFrançois Rameau
IntroductionRadiographyComputed TomographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingPositron Emission TomographyMedical ultrasonographyConclusion
Constant development in medical imaging
Each method is specific
Thanks for your attention