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Guido Westerwelle

Minister of Foreign Affairs

In office

28 October 2009 – 17 December 2013Chancellor Angela Merk el

Preceded by Frank-Walter Steinmeier

Succeeded by Frank-Walter Steinmeier

Vice Chancellor of Germany

In office

28 October 2009 – 16 May 2011

Chancellor Angela Merk el

Preceded by Frank-Walter Steinmeier

Succeeded by Philipp Rösler

Leader of the Free Democratic Party

In office

4 May 2001 – 13 May 2011

Preceded by Wolfgang Gerhardt

Succeeded by Philipp Rösler

Member of the Bundestag

In office

1996 – 2013

Personal details

Guido WesterwelleFrom Wiki pedia, the free encyclopedia

Guido Westerwelle (German: [ˈɡiːdo ˈvɛstɐˌvɛlә]; 27December 1961 – 18 March 2016) was a German

politician who served as Foreign Minister in the

second cabinet of Chancellor Angela Merkel and asVice Chancellor of Germany from 2009 to 2011. Hewas also the chairman of the Free Democratic Party of Germany (FDP) from May 2001 until he stepped

down in 2011.[1] A lawyer by profession, he was amember of the Bundestag from 1996 to 2013.

Contents

1 Early life and education

2 Career in the FDP

3 Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany

3.1 WikiLeaks controversy andelection defeats

3.2 International crises

3.3 Arab Spring

3.4 Crises in Sudan

3.5 Role in the United Nations

3.6 Nonproliferation

3.7 Relations with Belarus

3.8 Views on WWII and its aftermath

4 Political positions

4.1 On economic policy

4.2 On sexual equality

4.3 On data protection

5 Controversy

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Born 27 December 1961

Bad Honnef, West Germany

(now Germany)

Died 18 March 2016 (aged 54)

Cologne, Germany

Political

party

Free Democratic Party

Domestic

partner

Michael Mronz

Alma mater University of Bonn

University of Hagen

Website Official website (http://guido-

westerwelle.de)

6 Other activities (selection)

7 Recognition (selection)

8 Personal life

8.1 Death

9 References

10 Bibliography

11 External links

Early life and education

Guido Westerwelle was born in Bad Honnef in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Hegraduated from Ernst Moritz Arndt Gymnasium in 1980 after academic struggles resulted in hisdeparture from previous institutions where he was considered an average student at best, but substandard

otherwise.[2] He studied law at the University of Bonn from 1980 to 1987. Following the First andSecond State Law Examinations in 1987 and 1991 respectively, he began practising as an attorney in

Bonn in 1991. In 1994, he earned a doctoral degree in law from FernUniversität Hagen.[3]

Career in the FDP

Westerwelle joined the FDP in 1980. He was a founding member of the Junge Liberale (YoungLiberals), the youth organization of that party, and was its chairman from 1983 to 1988. In a 1988newspaper interview, he singled out the FDP's rejection of an amnesty for tax offenders and its

diminished enthusiasm for nuclear power as fruits of the youth wing's labors.[4]

He was a member of the Executive Board of the FDP from 1988,[5] and in 1994, he was appointed

Secretary General of the party.[4]

In 1996, Westerwelle was first elected a member of the Bundestag, filling in for Heinz Lanfermann, whohad resigned from his seat after entering the Ministry of Justice. In the 1998 national elections, he wasre-elected to parliament. As his parliamentary group's home affairs spokesman, he was instrumental inswinging the FDP behind a 1999 government bill to make German citizenship available to children born

in Germany of non-German parents.[4]

In 2001, Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as party chairman. Gerhardt, however, remainedchairman of the FDP's parliamentary group. Westerwelle, the youngest party chairman at the time,emphasized economics and education, and espoused a strategy initiated by his deputy JürgenMöllemann, who, as chairman of the North Rhine-Westphalia branch of the FDP, had led his party back into the state parliament, gaining 9.8% of the vote. This strategy, transferred to the federal level, was

dubbed Project 18, referring both to the envisioned percentage and the German age of majority. Leadingup to the 2002 elections, he positioned his party equidistantly from the major parties and refused tocommit his party to a coalition with either the Christian Democrats or the Social Democrats. He was also

named the FDP's candidate for the office of chancellor.[6] Since the FDP had never claimed such acandidacy (and hasn't done since) and had no chance of attaining it against the two major parties, this

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Westerwelle speaking at an election

rally in Hamm

move was widely seen as political marketing alongside other ploys, such as driving around in acampaign van dubbed the Guidomobile, wearing the figure 18 on the soles of his shoes or appearing in

the Big Brother TV show.[7] Eventually, the federal elections yielded a slight increase of the FDP's vote

from 6.2% to 7.4%. Despite this setback, he was reelected as party chairman in 2003.[8]

In the federal elections of 2005, Westerwelle was his party'sfront-runner. When neither Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's Social

Democrats and Greens nor a coalition of Christian and FreeDemocrats, favored by Angela Merkel and Westerwelle,managed to gain a majority of seats, Westerwelle rejectedovertures by Chancellor Schröder to save his chancellorship byentering his coalition, preferring to become one of the leaders of the disparate opposition of the subsequently formed "GrandCoalition" of Christian and Social Democrats, with Merkel asChancellor. Westerwelle became a vocal critic of the newgovernment. In 2006, according to an internal agreement,Westerwelle succeeded Wolfgang Gerhardt as chairman of the

parliamentary group.[9][10]

Over the following years, in an effort to broaden the party’s appeal, Westerwelle embraced its left wingunder former Justice Minister Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger and focused his campaign messages

on tax cuts, education and civil rights.[11]

Foreign Minister and Vice Chancellor of Germany

In the federal elections of 2009, Westerwelle committed his party to a coalition with Merkel's

CDU/CSU, ruling out a coalition with Social Democrats and Greens, and led his party to unprecedented14.6% share of the vote.[12] In accordance with earlier announcements, he formed a coalition

government with CDU/CSU.[13]

On 28 October, Westerwelle was sworn in as Foreign Minister and Vice-Chancellor, becoming the head

of the Foreign Office.[14][15][16] His deputies at the Foreign Office were his close political ally CorneliaPieper and foreign policy expert Werner Hoyer as Ministers of State. Hoyer had previously held thesame office in the Cabinet Kohl V. In a much-discussed move, Westerwelle travelled to Poland, the

Netherlands and Belgium before visiting France.[17]

On 19 November 2009, Westerwelle joined around 800 dignitaries from around the world – includingUS Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, French Foreign Minister Bernard Kouchner and British ForeignSecretary David Miliband – to witness Afghan president Hamid Karzai’s swearing in for a second term

in office.[18][19]

WikiLeaks controversy and election defeats

In late November 2010, leaked U.S. diplomatic cables revealed that American diplomats consideredWesterwelle an obstacle to deeper transatlantic relations and were sceptical of his abilities, with one

cable comparing him unfavorably to former German foreign minister Hans-Dietrich Genscher.[20] On 3December 2010, Westerwelle dismissed his personal assistant Helmut Metzner following a Wikileaks

diplomatic cables release which led to Metzner admitting that he regularly spied for the Americans.[21]

By May 2011, opinion polls ranked Westerwelle as one of the most unpopular and ineffective foreign

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ministers since the late 1940s.[22] At the time, his party had collapsed in several states, includingRhineland-Palatinate and Bremen where they failed to secure the 5% threshold necessary for a seat in

parliament.[23] Analysts said one of the main reasons Westerwelle had become so unpopular was that hehad been unable to fulfill the expectations of his voters, the majority of whom were middle-class

professionals or entrepreneurs.[24] Westerwelle subsequently stepped down as party leader. By July the

party was only receiving 3% support in opinion polls, a record low,[25] reflecting what political insidershad called his "last stand" in January, comparing Westerwelle and his party to Captain Ahab and the

Pequod .[26]

International crises

Amid efforts by the United States and European nations to isolate Iran’s then-president, MahmoudAhmadinejad, Westerwelle traveled to Tehran in February 2011 to bring home two journalists for theweekly newspaper Bild am Sonntag who were released after being arrested in October 2010. After weeks of negotiations, the Iranians reached out to discuss the release of the pair, the reporter MarcusHellwig and the photographer Jens Koch. The two reporters had been arrested while interviewing the

son of Sakineh Mohammadi Ashtiani, a woman sentenced to death for adultery.[27] A condition of their release was that Westerwelle meet with Ahmadinejad, causing Iranian exile groups in Europe tocondemn the visit and to argue that Germany was bowing to the Tehran government at a time when

security forces were cracking down on pro-democracy demonstrators.[28]

When Iran briefly refused to allow a plane carrying German Chancellor Angela Merkel to India to crossits air space in May 2013, Westerwelle summoned Iran's ambassador to Germany, Alireza Sheikhattar,

complaining about "a disrespect for Germany that we will not accept."[29] He later temporarily recalledGermany’s ambassador to Iran for consultation after an attack on the British Embassy in Tehran in

November 2013.[30]

In November 2010, Westerwelle became the first German minister to visit Gaza since the territory was

sealed off by the Israeli army at the end of 2007. [31][32]

In April 2011, Westerwelle summoned China's ambassador to Germany, Wu Hongbo, for a meetingabout detained Chinese artist-activist Ai Weiwei, calling for his release and denouncing China's growing

use of extrajudicial detentions against dissidents.[33]

In September 2012, Westerwelle joined his Jordanian counterpart Nasser Judeh in visiting the Zaatari

refugee camp to learn more about the plight of Syrians fleeing the violence in the ongoing Syrian civilwar that erupted in 2011.[34]

After the offices of both the Konrad Adenauer Foundation in St Petersburg and the Friedrich EbertFoundation in Moscow were investigated by prosecutors and tax inspectors in March 2013, Westerwellesummoned the envoy at the Russian embassy in Berlin to relay his "concern over the concerted

action".[35]

On 4 December 2013, Westerwelle walked with opposition leaders through an encampment on Kiev'sMaidan Nezalezhnosti, the focus of protests over the Yanukovych government's U-turn away from theEuropean Union and toward Russia; Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev subsequently called any

participation by foreign officials in the political events unfolding in Ukraine "interference in internal

affairs."[36]

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Arab Spring

When the insurgency against Libya's dictator Muammar Gaddafi broke out in early 2011, Westerwelle promptly stated his support for the repressed opposition. Earlier, he had initially been cautious beforemaking any pronouncements about Tunisia and Egypt, but in the case of Libya, he quickly called out

Gaddafi as a dictator, and argued in favour of EU-level sanctions against the regime in Tripoli.[37][38]

Strongly motivated by a widespread aversion in Germany to the use of military force, he shared with

Chancellor Merkel a deep scepticism about a no-fly zone as it was suggested by France and the UnitedKingdom.[39] At a UN Security Council meeting in March 2011, Westerwelle abstained in the vote onUnited Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 to establish a no-fly zone, along with veto powers

Russia and China as well as Brazil and India.[13] Shortly after, he expelled five Libyan diplomats for

intimidating Libyan citizens living in Germany.[40] During a visit to Benghazi in June 2011, Westerwelleannounced that Germany would recognize the rebel National Transitional Council as the legitimate

representative of Libyans.[41]

Amid the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, Westerwelle visited the country six times between February

2011 and November 2012.[42] In December 2011, he summoned Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy, the Egyptianambassador in Berlin, to protest over what he called an "unacceptable" raid on the Cairo office of theKonrad Adenauer Foundation among those searched during a crackdown on pro-democracy and humanrights organizations. In February 2012, he harshly criticized Egypt for trying 44 people, including

German citizens, over the alleged illegal funding of aid groups.[43] When the Konrad Adenauer Foundation was ordered to close in Abu Dhabi later that year, Westerwelle personally pressed his UAE

counterpart Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan to rethink the decision.[44]

Crises in Sudan

In June 2011, Westerwelle became the first German foreign minister to travel to Darfur, where he visitedthe United Nations/African Union operation UNAMID towards which Germany had contributedmilitary, police and civilian personnel. He was also the first to visit South Sudan shortly before itsindependence, where he met the country’s founding President Salva Kiir Mayardit; as the rotating chair of the UN Security Council at the time, Germany was responsible for accepting the newly independent

country into the United Nations.[45] During his trip, however, he made no appointment to meet SudanesePresident Omar al-Bashir who is wanted by the International Criminal Court on charges of war crimes,

crimes against humanity and genocide allegedly committed in Darfur.[46]

In September 2012, Westerwelle summoned the Sudanese ambassador in Berlin after violent attacks onGermany’s embassy in Khartoum, and called on the Sudanese government to guarantee the security of the embassy; thousands of protesters had previously vandalized the embassies of Germany and Britain,outraged by Innocence of Muslims, a film which has been perceived as denigrating to the Islamic

prophet, Muhammad.[47]

Role in the United Nations

During July 2011, Westerwelle was the President of the United Nations Security Council as he headed

the German delegation to the United Nations.[48] In an attempt to continue to play an important rolewithin the United Nations, he led the German government’s successful campaign for a three-year seat on

the United Nations Human Rights Council in late 2012.[49][50]

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In October 2013, Israeli daily Haaretz published the text of a letter sent by Westerwelle to PrimeMinister Benjamin Netanyahu, saying that failure to appear at a periodical hearing regarding humanrights at the United Nations Human Rights Council would cause severe diplomatic damage to Israel, andthat its allies around the world would be hard-pressed to help it. Shortly after, Israel renewed its

cooperation with the Human Rights Council after a year and a half of boycott.[51]

Nonproliferation

During his time in office, Westerwelle campaigned for the removal of B61 nuclear bombs at US air bases in Europe, arguing that a planned missile shield protecting Europe against ballistic rocket attack also meant that the tactical nuclear bombs are not needed. Against resistance from France, Westerwelleand German defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg demanded greater NATO commitment tonuclear disarmament at a meeting of the organization’s foreign and defence ministers in October

2010.[13] After the U.S. midterm elections in 2010, Westerwelle called on newly empoweredRepublicans in the U.S. Congress to stand by President Barack Obama’s goals of nonproliferation and

the eventual elimination of nuclear weapons.[52]

In coordination with his foundation and The ATOM Project, Westerwelle continued to advocate for the

elimination of nuclear weapons testing.[53]

Relations with Belarus

In the belief that the European Union had to engage Belarus to prevent it from moving closer to Russia,Westerwelle – accompanied by his Polish counterpart Radek Sikorski – visited Minsk in November

2010, the first such visit in 15 years.[54] Shortly after, Westerwelle publicly condemned the judgementsagainst President Alexander Lukashenko's main political opponent Andrei Sannikov and other

opposition supporters.[55] As a consequence, Poland, France and Germany pressed their EU partners into impose tougher sanctions against the Belarusian leadership following the crackdown and trials of opposition leaders in the country who held peaceful protests against the fraudulent presidential

elections.[56]

In March 2012, Lukashenko criticized EU politicians who threatened him with further sanctions over human rights abuses and in an apparent riposte to Westerwelle branding him "Europe's last dictator,"

said: "Better to be a dictator than gay."[57] Westerwelle subsequently responded: "This statementcondemns itself. I won't budge one millimeter from my commitment to human rights and democracy in

Belarus after these comments."[58]

Views on WWII and its aftermath

Upon taking office, Westerwelle opposed the appointment of Erika Steinbach, a German politician andmember of Chancellor Merkel's party, to a board overseeing the creation of the Centre Against

Expulsions, a place documenting the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II.[59]

In November 2010, together with his Russian counterpart Sergey Lavrov, he opened the Nuremberg

Trials Memorial permanent exhibition in the Palace of Justice building in Nuremberg.[60]

Under Westerwelle’s leadership, the Foreign Office released a report in 2011 called "The Ministry andthe Past", which alleged the ministry's collusion with the Nazis. Westerwelle said the report "shamed"

the institution.[61] In February 2012, he signed an agreement granting 10 million euros (13 million

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dollars) to Israel's Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Center over the following 10 years.[62]

Following the controversial 2012 Munich artworks discovery, he called for greater transparency indealing with the find, which he warned could have lasting damage to Germany’s international

friendships.[63]

Political positions

On economic policy

Westerwelle was a staunch supporter of the free market and proposed reforms to curtail the Germanwelfare state and deregulate German labour law. In an interview in February 2003, Westerwelledescribed labor unions as a "plague on our country" and said union officials were "the pall bearers of the

welfare state and of the prosperity in our country".[64] He called for substantial tax cuts and smaller government, in line with the general direction of his party.

On sexual equality

Westerwelle was a staunch campaigner for sexual equality.[65] He long criticized that German law does

not give complete adoption rights to gay couples.[66] In 2012, he and finance minister WolfgangSchäuble were at loggerheads after a high-court ruling demanded the government provide equal taxtreatment to gay civil servants and armed forces members. In the German daily Bild , Westerwelleclaimed that "[if] registered partnerships have the same responsibilities as married couples then theyshould have the same rights. It is not weakening marriage but ending discrimination. We do not live in

the 1950s."[65]

On data protection

In 2001, Westerwelle was one of the first politicians to push for a biometric passport.[67] He opposedGoogle Street View's automated photography of streetscapes, and stated "I will do all I can to prevent

it."[68] In 2013, he announced plans to launch an initiative at the United Nations General Assembly toagree an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights that would give

greater data protection to internet users.[69]

Controversy

Westerwelle’s party chairmanship saw considerable controversy. Critics inside and outside the FDPaccused him of focusing on public relations, as opposed to developing and promoting sound public

policy, especially in the election campaign of 2002. Westerwelle himself, who was made party chairman particularly because his predecessor Wolfgang Gerhardt had been viewed by many as dull and stiff,

labelled his approach as Spaßpolitik (fun politics).[70]

In 2006, former Chancellor Gerhard Schröder won a court order against Westerwelle who had criticized

Schröder for accepting a lucrative job at Gazprom, the Russian state-owned gas company, soon after losing the parliamentary election to Angela Merkel. Despite losing, Westerwelle said he would stick tohis original assessment that Schröder's appointment as chairman of the North European Gas Pipeline

Company was "problematic."[71]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Streamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazpromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6derhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Gerhardthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_federal_election,_2002https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relationshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rightshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assemblyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_Viewhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometric_passporthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4ublehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_cutshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_labour_lawhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deregulatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_statehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-market_economyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Munich_artworks_discoveryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yad_Vashem


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Westerwelle (right) and his partner

Michael Mronz (2009)

On 27 September 2009, at a press conference after the election, Westerwelle refused to answer a

question in English from a BBC reporter, stating that "it is normal to speak German in Germany".[72][73]

Critics have noted that this was in part due to Westerwelle's poor command of English. He earned theepithet "Westerwave" (a literal translation of his surname into English) as a consequence of theseremarks.

Westerwelle made public statements in 2010 about the "welfare state",[74] claiming that promising the

people effortless prosperity may lead to "late Roman decadence", in reference to a verdict in the FederalConstitutional Court of Germany regarding Hartz IV.

In 2010 Westerwelle announced he would not be taking his civil partner Michael Mronz to anti-gay

countries.[75][76] Other official trips as foreign minister included Mronz, an event manager, and Ralf

Marohn, a partner in his brother's company,[77] also causing controversy. Westerwelle rebuffed that itwas normal for foreign ministers to take industry representatives on their trips, calling himself a victim

of "a left-wing zeitgeist that considers making business questionable".[78]

Other activities (selection)

ARAG Group, Member of the Supervisory Board (2005-2009)Deutsche Vermögensberatung, Member of the Advisory Board (2005-2009)ZDF, Ex-officio Member of the Television Board (1998-2006)

Recognition (selection)

2006 – Honorary doctorate of the Hanyang University, Seoul

2013 – Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland (Komtur mit Stern)[79]

2013 – Orden del Mérito Civil of Spain

Personal life

On 20 July 2004, Westerwelle attended Angela Merkel's 50th birthday party accompanied by his partner, Michael Mronz. Itwas the first time he had attended an official event with his

partner [80] and this was considered his public coming-out.[81] The

couple registered their partnership on 17 September 2010 in a private ceremony in Bonn.[82][83]

Death

On 20 June 2014, it was reported that Westerwelle was suffering

from acute leukemia.[84] He last appeared in public in November

2015, presenting a book on his battle with blood cancer called "Between Two Lives".[85] Westerwelle

died of the disease on 18 March 2016, at the age of 54.[86]

References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_outhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mronzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Civil_Merithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Republic_of_Polandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanyang_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZDFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Verm%C3%B6gensberatunghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARAG_Grouphttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_unionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartz_IVhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germanyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Mronzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guido_Westerwelle_%26_Michael_Mronz.jpg


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2. [Vgl. Setzen, Sechs! – Schulgeschichten aus Deutschland (3/3). Experiment Schule. Dokumentarfilm vonSusanne Bausch im Auftrag des SWR. Deutsche Erstausstrahlung am 22. Dezember 2005.

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29. Andreas Rinke (31 May 2011), Merkel lands in India after Iran blocks plane(http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/05/31/uk-india-merkel-iran-idUKTRE74U4FJ20110531) Reuters.

30. Maria Sheahan and Sylvia Westall (30 November 2011), Germany recalls ambassador from Iran: Germanmedia (http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/30/us-germany-iran-ambassador-idUSTRE7AT1OT20111130)

Reuters.31. German FM Calls on Israel to Lift Gaza Siege (http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/german-fm-calls-on-

israel-to-lift-gaza-siege-1.323605) Haaretz , 8 November 2010.32. The World From Berlin: 'Westerwelle Was Right to Urge Israel to Lift Gaza Blockade'

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(http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/04/06/uk-china-dissident-artist-germany-idUKTRE7354EP20110406) Reuters.

34. Bundesaußenminister Westerwelle besucht Jordanien und sagt weitere 2 Mio. Euro Unterstützung zu(http://www.amman.diplo.de/Vertretung/amman/de/00-start/hochr_20besucher/archiv_20bis_202013/bm_20sept_202012.html) press release of 8 September 2012,German Embassy to Jordan, Amman.

35. Fears for NGOs in Russia as tax raids multiply (http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-21952416) BBC News, 27 March 2013.

36. Steve Gutterman (6 December 2013), Russia rebukes German minister for visit to Kiev protest camp(http://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/12/06/uk-ukraine-russia-medvedev-idUKBRE9B507G20131206) Reuters.37. Brian Rohan (6 March 2011), Germany wants tougher sanctions on Libya's Gaddafi

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(http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/18/libya-germany-un-security-council) The Guardian.39. Henry Chu (1 April 2011), Some in Germany critical of decision to sit out Libya operation

(http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/01/world/la-fg-germany-libya-20110402) Los Angeles Times.40. Sabine Siebold (13 April 2011), Germany expels five Libyan diplomats

(http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/13/us-germany-libya-idUSTRE73C22420110413) Reuters.41. Maria Golovnina (13 June 2011), Germany recognizes Libya's rebel leadership

(http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/06/13/us-libya-idUKTRE7270JP20110613) Reuters.42. Germany and Egypt: Bilateral Relations(http://www.kairo.diplo.de/Vertretung/kairo/de/14/Bilaterale_20Beziehungen.html) German Embassy in Kairo.

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44. Concerns as UAE shuts down rights groups(http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/04/2012415259223454.html) Al Jazeera, 1 April 2012.

45. Germany's foreign minister calls for lasting cooperation in divided Sudan (http://www.dw.de/germanys-foreign-minister-calls-for-lasting-cooperation-in-divided-sudan/a-15184919) Deutsche Welle, 23 June 2011.

46. Chelsom-Pill, Charlotte (23 June 2011). "Germany's foreign minister calls for lasting cooperation in divided

Sudan". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 18 March 2016.47. Muhammad Video Protests: Protesters Set Fire to German Embassy in Sudan

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(http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.554711) Haaretz .52. Patrich Donahue (3 November 2010), Westerwelle Urges Republicans to Back Obama's Nuclear Disarmament

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54. Judy Dempsey (22 December 2010), European Engagement With Belarus Takes a Blow(http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/23/world/europe/23iht-letter23.html) International Herald Tribune.

55. Lukashenko opponent jailed for five years(http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2011/05/2011514191719445811.html) Al Jazeera, 14 May 2011.

56. Judy Dempsey (20 May 2011), France Joins Poland and Germany on Wider Unity(http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/21/world/europe/21iht-poland21.html) International Herald Tribune.

57. Lidia Kelly (4 March 2012), Belarus's Lukashenko: "Better a dictator than gay"(http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/04/us-belarus-dicator-idUSTRE8230T320120304) Reuters.

58. "Better To Be a Dictator than Gay": Germany Slams Lukashenko Over Slur (http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/better-to-be-a-dictator-than-gay-germany-slams-lukashenko-over-slur-a-819458.html) Der Spiegel , 5 March 2012.

59. Patrick McGroarty (17 December 2009), German Donation Launches Fund for Auschwitz Memorial(http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126100402980394555) Wall Street Journal .

60. "Nuremberg trials explored in museum exhibit". CBC. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 19 March 2016.61. "German FM 'shamed' by ministry's collaboration with Hitler" (http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/german-

fm-shamed-by-ministry-s-collaboration-with-hitler-1.321627), Haaretz. 28 May 2010. Accessed 13 June2011.

62. Germany donates $13 million to Israel's Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial (http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/germany-donates-13-million-to-israel-s-yad-vashem-holocaust-memorial-1.410453) Haaretz , 1

February 2012.63. Josie Le Blond and Damien McElroy (12 November 2013), German task force to probe lost Nazi art find(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/10442987/German-task-force-to-probe-lost-

Nazi-art-find.html) Daily Telegraph.64. Brinkmann, Hans (22 February 2003). "WESTERWELLE-Interview für die "Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung""

[Interview with Westerwelle for the "Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung"] (in German). Archived from the original on13 December 2009.

65. Matthew Day (16 August 2012), German foreign and finance ministers in gay couple tax row(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/9480292/German-foreign-and-finance-ministers-in-gay-couple-tax-row.html) The Daily Telegraph.

66. Allan Hall (30 September 2009), German politician forced to apologise after anti-gay slur against man tipped

to be next foreign minister (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1216953/German-politician-forced-apologise-anti-gay-slur-man-tipped-foreign-minister.html) Daily Mail .67. Zeh, Juli (21 August 2009). "Angriff auf die Freiheit" [Book Introduction] (in German).68. German Foreign Minister joins criticism of Google's mapping program (http://www.dw-

world.de/dw/article/0,,5910738,00.html)69. James Fontanella-Khan and Quentin Peel (15 July 2013), EU justice commissioner Viviane Reding backs

strict data privacy (http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ffc5550a-ed6d-11e2-8d7c-00144feabdc0.html) Financial Times.

70. "Guido Westerwelle, Germany's Mittelman". TIME. 7 September 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2010.71. Judy Dempsey (3 April 2006), Gag order on Schröder foe is upheld

(http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/03/world/europe/03iht-germany.html) International Herald Tribune.

72. "Future foreign minister Westerwelle refuses to answer English question". thelocal.de. Retrieved 25 April2010.

73. Off to the Auswärtiges Amt (http://www.economist.com/node/14558508) The Economist 1 October 2009.74. "Dekadenz-Sprüche: Westerwelles explosives Oppositions-Recycling – SPIEGEL ONLINE – Nachrichten –

Politik". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 25 April 2010.75. "Westerwelle won't take partner to anti-gay lands" (http://www.thelocal.de/politics/20100811-29089.html),

The Local. 11 August 2010. Accessed 13 June 2011.76. Daniel Schwammenthal (19 August 2010), Mr. Westerwelle and Saudi Homophobia

(http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704554104575434993592317992) Wall StreetJournal.

77. "Liberaler Klüngel: FDP-Reiseaffäre". Spiegel.de. Retrieved 25 April 2010.

78. "Affäre um Auslandsreisen: Westerwelle fühlt sich als Opfer des "linken Zeitgeists" ". Spiegel Online. 13March 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2016.

79. Order Zasługi RP dla szefa MSZ Niemiec (http://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/ordery-i-odznaczenia/art,1274,order-zaslugi-rp-dla-szefa-msz-niemiec.html) – prezydent.pl, 26 November 2013.

80. "Out is in Among German Politicians". Deutsche Welle. 23 July 2004. Retrieved 27 June 2007.

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