guidelines on energy_audit_2007

Guidelines on Energy Audit


Guidelines onEnergy Audit

Electrical & Mechanical Services Department

The Government of theHong Kong Special Administrative Region

2007


FOREWORDGuidelines on Energy Audit set out the requirements on energy audit for commercial buildings. The Guidelines should be read in conjunction with a set of comprehensive Building Energy Codes that addresses energy efficiency requirements on building services installations. The Guidelines also supersede the “Guidelines on Energy Audit” issued by the Energy Efficiency Advisory Committee (now the Energy Advisory Committee) in 1993. Other than giving an overview of “What is Energy Audit and what are its Benefits to Energy Conservation”, the Guidelines provide end-users/building owners/building management/ operation and maintenance personnel comprehensive information on how to conduct energy audits, propose energy management opportunities and write up audit reports as well as cover a wide range of issues including the audit procedures, the report format and the required audit skills.

COPYRIGHTThe Guidelines are copyrighted and all rights (including subsequent amendment) are reserved.


TABLE OF CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION 11.1 Background 1

1.2 Intended Users 1

1.3 Objectives 1

2. ENERGY MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITY 2

3. HOW TO CONDUCT ENERGY AUDIT 33.1 General 3

3.2 Defining Scope of Energy Audit 3

3.3 Forming an Energy Audit Team 3

3.4 Estimating Time Frame and Budget 3

3.5 Collecting Building Information 3

3.6 Conducting Site Survey And Measurement 6

3.7 Analysing Data Collected 6

4. SOPHISTICATION OF AUDIT 94.1 Walk-Through Audit 9

4.2 Detailed Audit 9

5. ENERGY AUDIT REPORT 105.1 Executive Summary 10

5.2 Format of Energy Audit Report 10

6. EMO IMPLEMENTATION 126.1 Management Support 12

6.2 Planning 12

6.3 Monitoring of Implementation 12

6.4 Performance Contracting 12

7. PUBLICITY AND TRAINING 13

8. ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME 14


LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: Instrumentation for Energy Audit

APPENDIX B: Equipment/System Operating Log Sheets

APPENDIX C: Questionnaire on Occupancy, Office Equipment

and Thermal Comfort

APPENDIX D: Energy Audit Forms

APPENDIX E: Some Common Energy Audit Findings,

Corresponding EMOs and Energy Savings

APPENDIX F: Costing Calculation

APPENDIX G: Data Normalisation

APPENDIX H: Sample Graphs in Energy Audit Report

APPENDIX I: Energy Utilisation Index/Building Energy

Performance of Some Government Office Buildings

APPENDIX J: Common Measures for Adoption EMOs in Building

Services Installations


ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THESE GUIDELINES

Abbreviations

ASHRAE - American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc.

A/C - Air-Conditioning

AHU - Air Handling Unit

BEP - Building Energy Performance

BS - Building Services

CAV - Constant Air Volume

CCMS - Central Control and Monitoring System

CIBSE - The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers

COP - Code of Practice

DDC - Direct Digital Control

EMO - Energy Management Opportunity

EMP - Energy Management Programme

EPD - Environmental Protection Department

EUI - Energy Utilisation Index

FCU - Fan Coil Unit

GFA - Gross Floor Area

HVAC - Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning

LTHW - Low Temperature Hot Water

M&V - Measurement and Verification

O&M - Operation and Maintenance

T&C - Testing and Commissioning

THD - Total Harmonics Distortion

VAV - Variable Air Volume

VRV - Variable Refrigerant Volume

VSD - Variable Speed Drive

VVVF - Variable Voltage Variable Frequency

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1 INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

1.2 Intended Users

These Guidelines are written primarily for end-users, buildingowners who have installed their own equipment/systems andbuilding managers. The building owners who have legal controlof building facilities retain primary responsibility for energy audit.The duties of the building owner may, however, be modified bycontractual agreements such as lease agreements made withend-users. The building manager is usually the legal representa-tive of the building owner.

1.3 Objectives

Energy Audit is an effective energy management tool. By identify-ing and implementing the means to achieve energy efficiency andconservation, not only can energy savings be achieved, but alsoequipment/system services life can be extended. All these meansavings in money.

Based on the principle of “The less energy is consumed, the lessfossil fuels will be burnt”, the power supply companies will gener-ate relatively less pollutants and by-products. Therefore, all partiesconcerned contribute to conserve the environment and to enhancesustainable development.

1.1 Background

An Energy Audit is an examination of an energy consuming equip-ment/system to ensure that energy is being used efficiently. Inmany ways, this is similar to financial accounting. Buildingmanager examines the energy account of an energy consumingequipment/system, checks the way energy is used in its variouscomponents, checks for areas of inefficiency or that less energycan be used and identifies the means for improvement.

Energy audit is a top-down initiative. Its effectiveness relies largelyon the resources that should be allocated to energy audit by thebuilding management:-a) Commitment on energy conservation and environmental

protection;b) Anticipation on the energy savings achievable; andc) Aspiration of the improvement to corporate image by promoting

energy efficiency and conservation.

It is important that the building management should be providedwith the right perception of the benefits of the energy audit.

These Guidelines are targeted at commercial buildings, theenergy consuming equipment/systems in particular. For other typeof buildings, these Guidelines can be used as a reference forend-users/building owners/building managers/operation andmaintenance personnel, as the concepts and approaches toenergy audit are similar in nature.

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ENERGY MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITY

ENERGY MANAGEMENT OPPORTUNITY

Capital Cost

Involves practically no cost investment and without any disruption to building operation, normallyinvolving general house keeping measures e.g. turning off A/C or lights when not in use, revising A/Ctemperature set-points, etc.

Involves low cost investment with some minor disruption to building operation, e.g. installing timers toturn off equipment, replacing T8 fluorescent tubes with T5 fluorescent tubes, etc.

Involves relatively high capital cost investment with much disruption to building operation, e.g. addingvariable speed drives, installing power factor correction equipment, replacing chillers, etc.

Categoryof EMO

Cat I

Cat II

Cat III

In Energy Audit, the means to achieve energy efficiency andconservation is technically more appropriate to be called EnergyManagement Opportunity (EMO), which will be used in theremainder of these Guidelines. According to the cost and thecomplexity for implementation, EMOs are classified as follows:-

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HOW TO CONDUCT ENERGY AUDIT


3.1 General

The Energy Audit should be carried out by a competent personhaving adequate technical knowledge on Building Services (BS)installations, particularly Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning(HVAC) Installation, Lighting Installation and any other BSInstallations. This competent person is referred to as the “auditor”and a team of auditors forms the “audit team”. The number ofauditors and time required for an audit depends on the audit scopeand objectives. During the audit process, the auditor needsassistance and cooperation from the auditees, such as end-users,operation and maintenance (O&M) personnel, etc.

To gain a better knowledge of the building and its energyconsuming equipment/systems, the audit team must collectinformation on the building operation characteristics and thetechnical characteristics of its various energy consumingequipment/systems. Its performances have to be identified throughchecking O&M records, conducting site surveys and readingmetering records. The audit team will then identify areas that canbe improved and write up an energy audit report on the findingsfor record purposes and for subsequent EMO implementation andfollow-up actions. The flow chart on conducting energy audit isshown in Figure 1 for reference.

3.2 Defining Scope of Energy Audit

The scopes of works and the available resources for conductingthe energy audit should be determined. The available resourcesmean staff, time and budget. Recognising the extent of supportfrom the building management, the audit team should then de-termine the scope of the energy audit such as the areas to beaudited, the level of sophistication of the audit, the savingsanticipated, any EMOs to be implemented, the audit result to beused as reference for improvement on O&M, the need for anyfollow up training or promotion of results achievable, etc. Theplan for conducting the energy audit should then proceed.

3.3 Forming an Energy Audit Team

An audit team should be formed by:-a) Determining the members of the audit team and their duties.b) Involving the O&M personnel to provide input.c) Facilitating meetings for sharing of information and familiarising

among different parties.

Should in-house expertise or resources be regarded as notadequate, energy audit consultants should be employed. Many ofthe local BS consultants and tertiary academic institutions havethe expertise on energy audit.

3.4 Estimating Time Frame & Budget

Based on the available resources, the time frame and the budgetcan be fixed. The budget is mainly built-up on cost of auditor-hours from collection of information to completion of the auditreport. The audit team should check whether they have adequatetesting instruments as shown in Appendix A. In addition, thecost for employing BS consultants and/or tertiary academicinstitutions may be included, if so required.

3.5 Collecting Building Information

The audit team should then proceed to collect information on thebuilding. The information should include:-a) General building characteristics such as floor areas, numbers

of end-users, construction details, building orientation,building facade, etc.;

b) Technical characteristics of energy consuming equipment/systems, design conditions and parameters;

c) Building services design report with system schematic diagramsand layout drawings showing system characteristics;

d) Equipment/system operation records, including data logs ofmetered parameters on temperature, pressure, current,operational hours, etc.;

e) Record of EMOs already implemented or to be implemented;f) Record of maximum demand readings;g) O&M manuals and testing and commissioning (T&C) reports;

andh) Energy consumption bills in previous three years.

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In general, it should be assumed that the building manager wouldhave information on general building characteristics and the O&Mpersonnel would keep the equipment/system technical andoperation records. Appendix B shows some samples of log sheets.The audit team should determine the appropriate parties to beapproached for information collection, the need to discuss withthese parties for familiarisation of the building, the equipment/


Figure 1: Flow Chart on Conducting Energy Audit

Defining Scope of Energy Audit

Forming Energy Audit Team

Estimating Time Frame and Budget

Collecting Building Information

Conducting Site Inspection and Measurement• Strategic measuring points• Instrumentation

Analysing Data Collected• Identification of energy management opportunities• Costing• Normalisation of data• Maintain thermal and lighting comfort• Already scheduled maintenance and refurbishment works

➔➔

➔➔

➔

systems to be investigated and data verification and the need todiscuss with selected end-users.

The audit team should consider issuing questionnaires to end-usersto collect information on thermal comfort, lighting comfort,operational hours of individual floors/offices, electrical equipmentand appliances, etc. A sample questionnaire is given in Appendix C.

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After having collected all or the majority of the above information,the audit team will have better understanding of the buildingcontext and its energy consuming equipment/systems. With thisinformation, the audit team can better plan subsequent auditactivities and detect any missing important datum and arrange toobtain them.

At this stage of the audit, the auditor should be able to tell thecharacteristics of the energy consuming equipment/systems suchas:-

1 http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/eng/pee/eersb_pub_cp.shtml2 http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/eng/pee/eersb_pub_gng.shtml3 http://www.emsd.gov.hk/emsd/e_download/pee/esab.pdf


The audit team should compare the operational characteristicsagainst design or corresponding general engineering practices. Thecomparison can reveal if the energy consuming equipment/systems are operating per design or general engineering practiceand identify the areas of inefficiencies. The parameters for com-parison include the following:-

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a) Type of chillers, their capacities and operational character-istics (refrigeration pressure/temperature, water flow rate/temperature/pressure, etc.);

b) Type of HVAC systems, their components (fans, pumps,pipework, ductwork, etc.) and operating characteristics (flowrate, temperature, pressure, etc.);

c) Occupancies or usage for various equipment/systems;

d) Control mechanisms for various equipment/systems(controller, actuator, sensor, control logic, etc.);

e) Type of luminaires, their characteristics and controlmechanisms;

f) Power distribution system characteristics;

g) Operational characteristics of lift and escalator installation(zoning, type of motor drive, control mechanism, etc.);

h) Operational characteristics of other energy consumingequipment/systems; and

i) Characteristics of the building.

a) Chiller efficiency (Coefficient of Performance)

b) Motor efficiency (%)

c) Fan system power (kW per L/s of supply air quantity)

d) Fan efficiency (%)

e) Piping system frictional loss (Pa/m)

f) Pump efficiency (%)

g) Lighting power density (W/m2)

h) Lamp luminous efficacy (Lm/W)

i) Lamp control gear loss (W)

j) Efficiencies of various equipment e.g. boiler, heat pump,etc (%)

The Codes of Practice for Energy Efficiency of Lighting Installation,Air Conditioning Installation, Electrical Installation and Lift &Escalator Installations1 and the Guidelines to Performance-basedBuilding Energy Code2 and the Executive Summary for study onPrivate Offices and Commercial Outlets3 provide good referencefigures for comparison purpose.

For HVAC Installation, areas of inefficiencies could be identifiedfrom data logs of flow rates and corresponding changes intemperatures and pressures. For Electrical Installation, areas ofinefficiencies could be identified from data logs of electricalcurrents and voltages. If relevant data logs are not available,measurements should be taken to obtain the data of possibleinefficient equipment/systems. The numbers of measuring pointswould depend on the resources available.

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3.6 Conducting Site Survey andMeasurement

More activities should include the following actions:-a) Proceed to plan the site survey for the areas and the

equipment/systems to be investigated.b) Allocate the work among the audit team members.c) Assess if separate groups are needed for the areas and the

equipment/systems. For example, the first sub-group for lowfloors, the second sub-group for mid floors, the third sub-groupfor high floors, so on and so forth. The grouping should alsobe based on the quantity of measuring instruments available.

d) Develop energy audit forms in Appendix D to record thefindings.

e) Plan ahead on the site measurement to supplement or verifythe information collected. The measurements should focus onequipment/systems that inadequate information is availableto determine their efficiency and equipment/systems thatappear to be less efficient.

Forms in Appendix D could be used in recording themeasurements. Some data may have to be logged over a period.

3.6.1 Strategic Measuring PointsDuring the measurement, the sensors should be located atpoints that can best reflect the need or function of thecontrolled parameters. For example, for the office environment,a lux meter should be placed at about 0.8m above floor level(or at level of the working plane) and a thermometer at about1.1m (seating thermal comfort) above floor level and pressureand flow sensors in ductwork at points according to generalengineering practice.

For measurement requiring interfacing with the stream of flow,the system may already have test holes/plugs or gauge cocks.However, many systems may not have such provisions and theaudit team may need to install the test holes/plugs or to usethe ultrasonic type meter. In fact, it is impractical in most casesto install additional flow meter or gauge cocks in waterpipework. Under such circumstances, the audit team may haveto make use of the existing ones available, e.g. gauge cocksbefore and after pump, coil, etc. to measure the pressure ofthe flow and to calculate the flow rate by referring topressure/flow curves of pump, valve, pipe section, etc. If theoriginal O&M manuals showing the pressure/flow curves arenot available, make reference to those of similar size/rating.


3.6.2 InstrumentationWhilst much data and characteristics on equipment/systemscan be obtained from the O&M personnel, the informationmay not be adequate to provide a full picture of their operation.To obtain accurate operating conditions and operatingperformance of equipment/systems, the auditor should havethe necessary measuring instruments to take readings ofcorresponding parameters such as temperature, pressure, flow,lighting lux level, running current, etc. A list of the commonlyused instruments is given in Appendix A.

3.7 Analysing Data Collected

At this stage of the audit, the audit team has collected a lot ofinformation on:-a) Equipment/system characteristics obtained from site surveys;b) Equipment/system performance data obtained from O&M log

sheets;c) Equipment/system performance data obtained from site

measurements; andd) Equipment/system operating conditions of equipment/systems

based on design and/or general engineering practices.

Based on the above, the audit team should screen and spot theparameters with values and trends that deviate from what wouldbe anticipated or required respectively. These are the potentialEMOs. However, they should take into account the analysis of theirregularities caused by changes in occupancy or other activities.

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33.7.1 IdentificationofEMOsTo identify the improvement works for the potential EMOs, calculations should be performed to substantiate the improvement works by quantifying energy savings. Some of the typical findings in an audit, the corresponding EMOs and energy savings have been shown in Appendix E.

3.7.2 CostingIn evaluating the effectiveness of an EMO, the auditor has to calculate the payback period, net present worth or rate of return. Most calculations can be done using simple payback approach by dividing the EMO’s capital cost by the cost of anticipated annual energy saving to obtain the payback period in years.

However, if there are appreciable deviations between the trends of energy cost and the interest rate or if the capital costs of EMOs are to be injected at different stages with different energy savings achievable at different times, the audit team may have to perform a life cycle cost assessment that can better reflect the cost effectiveness of EMOs. Some common calculations are shown in Appendix F.

3.7.3 NormalisationofDataIn the energy consumption bills, the measurement dates may not fall on the same day of each month. For more accurate comparison, particularly when different fuel types metered on different dates are involved, these data should be preferably normalised as figures on the common dates. Appendix G shows how this can be done.

4 ASHRAE Standard 55-2004: Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy5 CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting6 ASHRAE Standard 62-2001: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality

3.7.4 MaintainingThermaland LightingComfortEnergy audits aim to improve efficiency but not to save energy by purely sacrificing the standard of service. An EMO should normally not downgrade the quality of service to that below common design standards. Examples of substandard level of comfort include room cooling temperature and air movement rate respectively higher and lower than the recommendations in ASHRAE Standard 55-20044, lighting level below the recommendations in CIBSE Code for Interior Lighting5 , excessive noise from equipment/systems causing nuisance, etc.

In the past, energy can be saved by limiting the fresh air supply to an A/C space. With renewed concerns on good indoor air quality, consideration to provide “adequate fresh air supply” in accordance with the requirements of the Environmental Protection Department (EPD) or ASHRAE Standard 62-20016 should be a foremost thought when degrading to reduce fresh air supply.

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Different proportion of energy consumption of a building


3.7.5 Already Scheduled Maintenanceand Refurbishment Works

When determining EMO, it is necessary to take into accountthe already scheduled major maintenance and refurbishmentworks. Therefore, when planning EMO implementationprogramme, the already scheduled major maintenance andrefurbishment works may consider including some of the EMOs.

3.7.6 Annual Monthly EnergyConsumption Profile

Based on the energy consumption bills over past years(preferably 3 or more), the auditor should estimate the annualenergy use of the building. Graphs of energy consumptionagainst different months of the year can be plotted, from whicha pattern or general trend over a number of years can be seen.These graphs can show normal seasonal fluctuations inenergy consumption. More importantly, any deviations fromthe trend are indication that some equipment/systems had notbeen operating efficiently as usual, which warrant moredetailed studies to identify if further EMO has existed.

3.7.7 Energy Utilisation Index/Building Energy Performance

The Energy Utilisation Index (EUI), obtained by dividing theannual energy consumption by the Gross Floor Area (GFA),takes into account the difference in energy consumption dueto difference in building floor areas and is used for comparisonof energy consumption among buildings of similar nature. Anordinary office building usually has an annual EUI of 700 to 1,100 MJ/m2 (200 to 300kWh/m2). The EUI should be alsoregarded as the Building Energy Performance (BEP).

As the key form of energy used in commercial buildings is theelectricity and other forms of energy such as town gas, LPG,diesel, etc. are relatively minor in quantity, some BEP

computed for buildings have not included these forms ofenergy. Usually, EUI or BEP, if not identified as an index for aparticular month, refers to the index for an entire year.

Appendix Hshows the sample graphs in Energy Audit Report.Appendix Ishows the EUI/BEP of some Government office buildings.

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SOPHISTICATION OF AUDIT

SOPHISTICATION OF AUDIT

The sophistication of an audit refers to the scope and the extentto which investigations should be conducted and which findingsshould be analysed. Based on available resources, the size andtype of building, and the energy audit objective, the auditor shouldadopt the energy audit of different levels of sophistication.

Under such terms, there are two types of audits:-a.) Walk-through Auditb.) Detailed Audit

In summary, the Walk-through Audit involves a simple study ofsome major equipment/systems and the Detailed Audit involves athorough study of practically all equipment/systems.

4.1 Walk-through Audit

A u d i t s m a y d e p l o yminimum resource tosimply check for EMOs thatare readily identifiableand to implement themt o a c h i e v e s a v i n g simmediately. Under suchcircumstances, the auditteam should carry out aWalk-through Audit. It isthe simplest type of energyaudit and is the most basicrequirement of the energyaudit.

The aud i t shou ld beconducted by walkingthrough the building and

concentrating on the major energy consuming equipment/systemssuch as chillers, large air handling units (AHUs), or common itemsusually with EMOs easily identifiable such as over-cooled spacesand T8 fluorescent tubes being used. Reference to record ofequipment ratings, technical catalogue, O&M manuals that arereadily available will be very helpful to quickly determine whereequipment/systems are operating efficiently. Calculations, usuallysimple in nature, should be done to quantify the savingachievable from implementation of the identified EMOs.

The audit should be carried out in one day by either one auditor orone audit team, depending on the size and the complexity of thebuilding and the scope of the audit. If the audit team wants tocheck more areas, more auditor-hours are required. Usually, simpleinstruments such as thermometer tube, multi-meters and lux meterwill serve the purpose.

A Walk-through Audit should, other than fulfilling the originalobjectives, give an overview of other areas with potential EMOs.

4.2 Detailed Audit

Alternatively, if the building management is highly committed toenergy conservation and have allowed for adequate staffing andfunding, a Detailed Audit should be adopted. The audit team shouldcheck practically the majority or all equipment/systems, identify asmany EMOs as possible, classify them into different EMO categories,further study if more complex items are involved, formulate a planfor implementation and finally present it to the buildingmanagement. This audit goes much beyond the Walk-throughAudit. The auditor has to exercise more detailed planning. Theauditor-hours could be about 5 to 10 times more, depending onthe complexity of the equipment/systems involved and size of thebuilding.

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ENERGY AUDIT REPORT

ENERGY AUDIT REPORT

The report should outline the objectives and scope of audit,description of characteristics and operational conditions ofequipment/systems audited, findings in the audit, EMOs identified,corresponding savings and implementing costs, recommendationson EMO implementation and programme and any otherfollow-up actions.

This Section presents the suggested format for the report of aDetailed Audit. As the report is to suit for the need of the auditor,the auditor may choose to adopt the suggested format in wholeor in part or adopt a totally different format. For Walk-throughAudit, the auditor may trim down the report by deleting items notinvolved.

5.1 Executive Summary

The energy aud i t repor tp r o v i d e s t h e b u i l d i n g

management a quick overviewof the scope of audit, EMOs

i d e n t i f i e d , r e c o m m e n d e dact ions just i f ied by sav ings

ach ievab le and br ie f ing onimplementation plan. If there are

EMOs of s imi lar nature (e .g.replacement with electronic ballasts

for lightings in different floors), theyshould be grouped under a common

heading with cumulative savings shown.To draw the building owners’ attention to the

importance of implementing the EMOs, the cost ofthe estimated energy savings should be clearly identified.

5.2 Format of Energy Audit Report

5.2.1 IntroductionThis part aims to describe the following topics:-a) The building audited - numbers of floors, floor areas, usage,

occupancy, hours of operation, year built, etc., layouts andschematics to be attached as appendix;

b) Objectives, such as studying the building energy consumptionwith a view to identifying EMOs for implementation,setting target savings, considering long term energymanagement programme, etc.;

c) Scope of audit, covering the installations to be studied suchas HVAC Installation, Electrical Installation, Lift & Escalatorsystems, Plumbing & Drainage Systems or any particularequipment/systems, the depth of the study, the partiesinvolved (end-user, building management, O&M personnel,etc.); and

d) Members of the audit team, and audit consultantemployed, if any.

5.2.2 Description of Equipment/Systems Audited

This part aims to focus on the following issues:-a) Describe equipment/systems audited, their corresponding

capacities and ratings, design conditions, etc., equipmentschedules, schematics and layout drawings to be includedas appendix.

b) Make use of information provided by the buildingmanagement, O&M personnel and end-users and sitesurveys.

c) State the design conditions if known, and if not knownthe conditions adopted as base reference and calculationsin the audit.

It should include the following contents:-

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a) Zoning of systems according to building height or usage;

b) HVAC Installation for different areas –type of system e.g. VAV, CAV, FCU, etc.; types of controls;type and numbers of chillers, pumps, heat rejectionmethods, etc. and their locations;

c) Lighting Installation –type of lighting for different areas and type of controland zoning;

d) Electrical Installation –numbers of transformers and low voltage main switch-boards and their locations and size or ratings of maindistribution cables/busducts;

e) Lift Installation and Escalator Installation –capacity, zoning, quantity, floors/areas served and typesof control, types of drive;

f) Plumbing and Drainage System;

g) Hot Water System –type of system; and

h) Other notable energy consuming equipment/systems.

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5.2.3 FindingsThis part aims to focus on description of the results of the sitesurveys and should include:-a) Findings in a systematic format such as in order of systems

(e.g. first on HVAC Installation, then on Lighting Installation,etc.) or in order of floors (e.g. from lowest level to topfloor), or in order of usage (e.g. general office, private office,common corridor, lift lobby, etc.);

b) Descriptions of floors/areas with special requirements (e.g.24-hour operation, low space temperature for computerroom, etc.);

c) Calculation on cooling load, heating load, lighting load,electrical load and annual energy consumption (detailedcalculations should be included as appendix);

d) Findings on O&M procedures and practices; ande) Preliminary identification of possible EMOs against corre-

sponding findings.

The descriptions should focus on issues related to possible EMOsand provide systematic numbering to findings for purpose ofeasy cross-reference. Appendix J serves as references.

5.2.4 Analysis and Identification ofEnergy Management Opportunities

This part focuses on the detailed analysis and identification ofEMOs and should include:-a) Comparison on actual performances of equipment/systems

against original design (if information available) and/oractual site measurements for any discrepancies and iden-tify the causes thereof;

b) Possible EMOs and corresponding substantiations(calculations on achievable energy savings and detaileddescriptions as appendix);

c) Implementation costs for EMOs (making reference tocorresponding reference numbers assigned to the findings,detailed calculations, schematics and drawings includedas appendix);

ENERGY AUDIT REPORT

d) Comparison on the different solutions to the same EMOs,as appropriate;

e) Classification of the EMOs into categories (Cat. I, Cat. II orCat. III);

f) Listing of EMOs in a systematic format such as in order ofsystem (e.g. first on HVAC Installation, then on LightingInstallation, etc.) or in order of floors (e.g. from lowest levelto top floor) or in order of usage (e.g. general office,private office, common corridor, lift lobby, etc.);

g) Programme for implementation of the EMOs;h) Identification of areas for further study, if any;i) Indication of parties concerned in the implementation of

EMOs and the difficulties that may encounter and generalmethodologies to overcome them; and

j) Initial investment and payback of each EMO in thesummary.

5.2.5 RecommendationsThis part aims to focus on:-a) The initial investment and payback period of each EMO.b) The summary of recommendations in a systematic order.c) Grouping items of similar nature/location/usage together

or group according to their categories (Cat. I, Cat. II andCat. III).

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6.1 Management Support

The auditor/audit team will implement the EMOs identified toachieve the objectives of energy savings. Whilst the auditor/auditteam may have the authority to implement some of them,particularly Cat. I EMOs, the energy audit report should beendorsed by the building management for Cat. II EMOs and Cat.III EMOs, so as to have more cooperation from end-users involvedin the implementation of these EMOs.

6.2 Planning

After receiving adequate support from the building management,the audit team should proceed to plan how to implement theEMOs based on the energy audit report. The audit team should-a) Check if the solutions to the EMOs in detail and if not

complete the corresponding design;b) Check if adequate staff resources would be available and if

not employ an audit consultant to do the detailed designand specification for the works required;

c) Identify the roles and responsibilities of the O&M personnel,the building management, end-users and relevant partiesconcerned;

d) Discuss with all parties involved and inform them the auditobjectives and the audit scope, providing them copies ofrelevant sections of the audit report as appropriate;

e) Organise meetings for the monitoring of EMO implementation(Setting up of an ad-hoc committee for overall coordinationand better understanding);

f) Consider ideas and comments from parties involved on theproposed EMOs, as there may be areas that the audit teamhas not properly considered during the audit or there may besome areas, EMOs or constraints that the audit team hasoverlooked in the audit;

g) Take into account that a lot of work may have to be carriedout outside office hours, in order to minimise disruptions toroutine building operation; and

h) Take into account that a lot of lobbying may be worthwhile,in order to obtain end-users’ support and cooperation.

EMO IMPLEMENTATION

The audit team would then proceed to:-a) Consolidate all these “After Audit” findings, reassess the

proposed EMOs, make adjustments or even delete if necessaryand amend relevant capital cost involved;

b) Work out a revised list of EMOs with energy savings, capitalcost and remarks on parties involved and specific attentionsfor implementation;

c) Prepare a revised programme of EMO implementation, whichshould address the time required to procure the services/products, the constraints not yet resolved such as theagreement by end-users to carry out the works in theirworking areas;

d) Prepare a rough estimate of the time expected in resolvingthe constraints;

e) Refer the EMOs with unresolved administration constraintsto the building management for comment and decision;

f) Obtain final endorsement from the building management ofthe proposed programme if necessary; and

g) Obtain endorsement of the revised programme from thebuilding management.

Experience has indicated that communication with end-usersinvolved, O&M personnel and the building owner is veryimportant to the success of EMO implementation. Whilst theaudit team may take much effort and time to convince theseparties that the proposed programme will contribute to energysavings, which means less expenditure to the building, the auditteam should carry out their work more efficiently by having aharmonious relationship with them. The management concept of“partnership” among all parties concerned will smoothen theimplementation process.

6.3 Monitoring of Implementation

To ensure that the EMOs are implemented properly, the audit teamhas to monitor the works and participation of parties concerned.The audit team needs to exercise control and adjust proceduresfrom time to time, such as further negotiation with end-users onpermitted working hours, settling site work conflicts with O&Mpersonnel, processing payments to contractors, etc.

6.4 Performance Contracting

As an alternative to implementation of EMOs, the buildingmanagement can employ a Performance Contracting serviceprovider to do the work. The concept of Performance Contractingis that the service provider will design and implement the EMOs ata cost of a certain percentage of the total savings resulted fromimplementation of these EMOs. This contract approach shouldextend to the entire energy audit.

EMO IMPLEMENTATION 6

13


PUBLICITY AND TRAINING

7 PUBLICITY AND TRAINING

Other than EMOs, the audit team may spot some issues ofconcern that need to be addressed for the sake of continualenergy savings and sustainable development.

Continuing improvement on O&M is important, as equipment/systems under good operating condition would usually use lessenergy. Raising the technical know-how and the awareness onimportance of good operation and preventive maintenance of O&Mpersonnel would contribute positively to energy savings. In thisconnection, proper training is required.

The building management may have noticed end-users at largeare not well aware of energy savings. Raise their awareness throughmore publicity, organising talks or campaigns on energy efficiencyand conservation. In fact, much energy can be saved simply througha good housekeeping such as turning off unused equipment/systems.

14


ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME

An energy audit and subsequent implementation of EMOs shouldprovide certain energy savings. However, in order to maintain thesesavings over time, the building management needs a long-termEnergy Management Programme (EMP).

Firstly, the building management develops an Energy Policy andthen makes a corporate commitment to energy efficiency andconservation as well as appoints a senior member as energymanager to take charge of the Building Energy Performance (BEP)and to develop energy efficiency strategy. To meet the policy, thebuilding management defines the objectives and energy efficiencytargets in terms of energy savings, sets time frames for achievementand allocates adequate staff and financial resources. The buildingmanagement should develop in-house energy experts and shouldengage energy manager/energy consultant to look after energyissues. These experts and energy manager/energy consultant shouldplan for further or periodic energy audits, formulate an actionplan for implementation of EMOs and consider the need for staffawareness training to be provided as appropriate. A budget forEMP should be established and based on all these activities.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME 8These activities should be regularly reviewed and the policy shouldbe reassessed and redefined as appropriate. A not-cost-effective-enough EMO may be implemented, when there are majorretrofits associated with this EMO. An example is the availabilityof fresh water for heat rejection method. This kind of “long-term”EMO can be implemented as an activity of the EMP.

During energy audit, the building management might haveinstalled some meters to monitor energy consumption for certainequipment/systems. Whilst some of them will be removed afterthe audit, some could be remained as part of the equipment/systems. There may be also areas that meters could not be installed,due to site constraints or operational constraints. As an activity ofthe EMP, the building management should install meters(permanent type) or make provisions for ready connection of metersfor each main system, its sub-systems and its associatedcomponents. Based on these metering facilities, the buildingmanagement should better assess the energy consumption in thelong run.

To verify the amount of energy savings through the implementationof EMOs, especially Cat II and Cat III EMOs, Measurement andVerification (M&V) are essential. The building management shouldrecord the required operational data for energy saving assessmentwhenever any retrofits associated with these EMOs areimplemented. For example, in terms of housekeeping, thebuilding management should record the effectiveness inexecution of housekeeping procedures being laid down for aparticular venue, before and after retrofit. Sample checks atregular intervals are expected.

Guidelines on Energy AuditGuidelines on Energy Audit

15

Instrumentation for Energy Audit

APPENDIX A - Instrumentation for Energy Audit

Instruments Measured parameter / Remarks

Electrical

Voltmeter Voltage

Ammeter Current

Ohmmeter Resistance

Multi-meter Voltage, current, resistance

Wattmeter Active power (kW)

Power factor meter Power Factor / Apparent power (kVA) calculation

Light meter (lux meter) Lighting level in lux (illuminance / illumination level)

Power quality analyser Harmonic contents / Other electrical parameters

Thermographic scanner/camera Conductor temperature in ˚C / Temperature images of overheatingconductors (particularly at connection points)

Temperature

Thermometer Dry bulb temperature in ˚C

Sling psychrometer (thermometer)Both dry and wet bulb temperature in ˚C

Portable electronic thermometer

Infrared remote temperature sensing gun Useful to sense energy losses due to improper insulation or leakage

Digital thermometer with temperature probe Temperature inside a stream of normally hot air/steam (platinum probe fortemperature from 0 to 100˚C, and thermocouple probe for hightemperatures as much as 1200˚C)

Humidity

Hair hygrometer Humidity/wet bulb temperature

Digital thermometer Humidity/wet bulb temperature

Pressure and Velocity

Pitotstatic tube manometer Air flow pressure and velocity

Digital type anemometer with probe Air flow velocity and pressure

Vane type anemometer Air velocity through a coil, air intake, or discharge, for flows thatare not dynamically unstable, typical flow velocity 0.25m/s to 15 m/s.

Hood type anemometer Flow rate of air grille

Pressure gauge Liquid pressure

Ultrasonic flow meter with pipe clamps Liquid flow/velocity

Miscellaneous

Exhaust gas analyser with probe Boiler exhaust temperature, O2, CO, CO2 and NOx contents

Refrigerant gas leakage tester Detect refrigerant leakage

Ultrasonic leak detector Detect compressed air leakage

Steam leak detector Steam leakage, usually for steam trap

Tachometer Rotating speed

Recording device with chart Record parameter monitored over a time period on a chart/graph (paper)

Data logging device Couple with measuring instruments for measurement over a timeperiod (electronic memory). Some of the above measuringdevices already have built-in data logging functions.

AAPPENDIX

16 APPENDIX B - Equipment/System Operation Log Sheets

BAPPENDIX


Equipment / System Operation Log Sheets

The attached are sample log sheets for equipment/systemsof an A/C Installation, to record operating conditions atdifferent periods daily. (Depending on staff resourceavailable, readings may be taken few times daily, at selectedhours every few days, or whenever required.)

Areas requiring investigation can be spotted easily by:-a.) Comparing the different readings of similar equipment

at the same hour;b.) Comparing the different readings of the same equip-

ment over time (on different log sheets); andc.) Checking if controlling parameters (flow rate,

temperature, operating pressure) are within desiredworking ranges.

BAPPENDIX

BAPPENDIX

17APPENDIX B - Equipment/System Operation Log Sheets



BAPPENDIX


32 APPENDIX C - Questionnaire on Occupancy, Office Equipment and Thermal Comfort

CAPPENDIX


With the information on building general characteristics, theaudit team can have an idea of the distribution of different divi-sions or different organisations at different floors. Questionnairecan be prepared for completion by each end-user of each division

Dear occupant of …………… ,

Energy Audit for ………………………………….. Building

An energy audit is being conducted for this building. The purpose of the audit is to identify areas of inefficient operation ofenergy consuming equipment/systems (e.g. air conditioning, lighting, electrical, etc). Examples are areas that are too cold even insummer, air conditioning or lighting turned on unnecessarily. The audit is by no means to lower the standard of services provided.With improvement in the way that we operate the building, we can save energy cost and at the same time provide you betterservice.

The attached questionnaire is to collect information from your goodself, the end-users of this building. Your provision ofinformation is important to the audit result. Without your valuable input, the audit result may not be accurate, or cannot addressto the needs of your floor/division. Please participate in the energy audit by completing this questionnaire and return to themanagement office by …………………….

For any queries on the questionnaire, please contact …………….. at Tel: …………….

A team of auditors will visit your office shortly. We would keep you informed of the dates and time.

We look forward to your kind cooperation.

Yours faithfully,

(Building Manager)for Building Management

Questionnaire on Occupancy,Office Equipment and Thermal Comfort

or each department or each organisation. Corresponding floor plan(simplified), in A3 or A4 size, can be attached to the questionnairefor marking of areas with problems. The building manager mayhave to write a note to the end-user. A sample note is as follows:

Sample note to end-user

33

CAPPENDIX

APPENDIX C - Questionnaire on Occupancy, Office Equipment and Thermal Comfort


I. OccupancyFloor: Division / Organization:

Name of person-in-charge: Tel:

Average daily nos. of occupants:(give figures for different periods of the day, if the differences among such periods are large; give figures for differentperiods of the year, if the differences among such periods are large)

Building:

Date:

II List of Office Equipment

Rating (W) Quantity (Nos.)

Photocopying machine

Fax machine

Personal computer

Printer

Water dispenser

Tea urn

Refrigerator

Vending machine

Others (to be listed)

34 APPENDIX C - Questionnaire on Occupancy, Office Equipment and Thermal Comfort

CAPPENDIX


III Change in occupancy over past 12 months? (If yes, please describe)

Yes, proceed to No, Stop herefollowing questions

Indicate and number the area(s) with discomfort on office plan attached, and answer the following questions.

Area _______

Slightly cold in summer Quite cold in summer Too warm in winter

Usually Usually Usually

On rainy days On rainy days On cloudy days

when there is no direct when there is no direct when there is no directsunshine to the area sunshine to the area sunshine to the areaconcerned concerned concerned

in a.m. in a.m. in a.m.

in p.m. in p.m. in p.m.

Others (please state) Others (please state) Others (please state)

Others (please describe)

Area _______

Slightly cold in summer Quite cold in summer Too warm in winter

Usually Usually Usually

On rainy days On rainy days On cloudy days

when there is no direct when there is no direct when there is no directsunshine to the area sunshine to the area sunshine to the areaconcerned concerned concerned

in a.m. in a.m. in a.m.

in p.m. in p.m. in p.m.

Others (please state) Others (please state) Others (please state)

Others (please describe)

(Make copies for completion if there are more areas with thermal discomfort)

IV Thermal discomfort in your office?

35

DAPPENDIX

APPENDIX D – Energy Audit Forms


The following audit forms are to assist the audit team to presentdata reflecting the operational conditions of various equipment/systems. The data may be copied from records provided by theO&M personnel and the building management (provided thataccuracy is checked) or obtained from actual site measurementsand surveys. For data provided, the audit team should takere-measurement if the accuracy is in doubt. The auditor shouldcompare the data in these audit forms(a) Against design records and commissioning & testing records if

available;(b) With equipment of similar ratings; and(c) With a view to identify any deviations and the corresponding

causes.

These audit forms by no means cater for all the energy consumingequipment/systems. To cover the necessary equipment under thescope of the audit, the auditor should(a) Make photocopies of relevant forms or reproduce relevant

sections in a form for additional equipment of similar nature;

Energy Audit Forms

(b) Amend forms to suit if necessary; and(c) Compose new forms of similar format for equipment not

covered in these forms.

These forms are audit-oriented and thus have provisions for manydetails. The auditor team may simplify these forms to suit theirless comprehensive scope of audit.

The following questions on the equipment/systems should becontinuously raised during the audit:-(a) Is the equipment/system required for operation?(b) Is the equipment/system over designed?(c) Is the equipment/system energy efficient?(d) Is the equipment/system operating efficiently to suit for usage

and occupancy?

For solution and improvement, identify the most cost effectiveavailable technology (to suit for the budget).

36 APPENDIX D – Energy Audit Forms

DAPPENDIX


37

DAPPENDIX




DAPPENDIX


Energy Audit Form 3 – Checklist for HVAC

Part 1 : Detail of Project

Building:

Date:

Part 2 : Data

Items tested / checked Remarksby Auditor

General

1. Operating hours _______ hr(s)

2. Measured room temperature ________ ˚C

3. Measured room relative humidity ________ %

4. Measured ventilation rate _______ L/s

5. Pattern of occupancy level ___ persons

6. Usage pattern __________

Conditions

7. Are areas too cold, too warm or over ventilated? __________

8. Are doors/windows opened unnecessarily? *Yes/No/N.A.

9. Are venetian blinds/curtains not installed/used? *Yes/No/N.A.

Cleanliness

10. Are filters dirty? *Yes/No/N.A.

11. Are cooling/heating coils dirty? *Yes/No/N.A.

12. Are interior of Air Handling Units (AHUs) dirty? *Yes/No/N.A.

13. Are fans inside AHUs dirty? *Yes/No/N.A.

14. Are ductworks dirty? *Yes/No/N.A.

15. Are water strainers dirty? *Yes/No/N.A.

16. Is chilled water system dirty and not properly conditioned *Yes/No/N.A.(water sampling may be required)?

17. Is condensing water system dirty and not properly conditioned *Yes/No/N.A.(water sampling may be required)?

18. Is low temperature hot water (LTHW) system dirty and not *Yes/No/N.A.properly conditioned (water sampling may be required)?

Leakage

19. Is there any refrigerant leakage? *Yes/No/N.A.

20. Is there any compressor oil leakage? *Yes/No/N.A.

21. Is there any steam (from steam trap) leakage? *Yes/No/N.A.

22. Is there any excessive water leaving pump gland? *Yes/No/N.A.

Readings on indicators (flow meter, thermometer, gauge, electricalmeter, sight glass) within operating ranges and levels

23. Equipment in/out temperatures ___ ˚C /___ ˚C

Checked by Signature(Name of Auditor)

39

DAPPENDIX



24. Type of refrigerant __________

25. Type of compressor oil __________

26. In/out pressure on gauges/meters ___ ˚C /___ ˚C

27. Flow rate on gauges/meters ___ L/s /___ L/s

28. Electrical current on meters ________ A

29. Electrical voltage on meters ________ V

General abnormalities readily identifiable

30. Is there any excessive noise or vibration from fan, *Yes/No/N.A. If yes, please specifypump, motor or bearings? __________________

31. Are there any moving parts (e.g. bearings) not properly lubricated? *Yes/No/N.A.

32. Is there any insulation worn out or hanging loose? *Yes/No/N.A.

33. Is the fan belt too loose or tight? *Yes/No/N.A.

34. Is there any condensate on insulation or surface of equipment for *Yes/No/N.A.C.H.W. and refrigerant?

35. Is it too hot an insulated surface of steam or hot water equipment/pipe? *Yes/No/N.A.

36. Are there any worn-out components/parts? *Yes/No/N.A.

37. Are compressor unloading device not working properly? *Yes/No/N.A.

Controls

38. Is thermostat/humidistat/actuator not located at suitable set point? *Yes/No/N.A.

39. Is sensor/thermostat/humidistat/actuator malfunctioned? *Yes/No/N.A.

40. Is sensor/thermostat/humidistat not located at proper location? *Yes/No/N.A.

41. Is an algorithm not meeting operational requirement? *Yes/No/N.A.

42. Is sensor/controller not functioning as desired? *Yes/No/N.A.

43. Is DDC/CCMS not functioning as desired? *Yes/No/N.A.

Efficiency

44. Is efficiency (measured) of major equipment (e.g. COP of chiller) *Yes/No/N.A.below desired level?

Possibility

45. Are there any possibilities to use natural or mechanical ventilation? *Yes/No/N.A.

46. Are there any possibilities of introducing energy efficient equipment/retrofit *Yes/No/N.A.

Instrument Model No. Manufacturer Serial No. Calibration Date Expired Date

1. Thermometers

2. Anemometer

3. Clamp-on Ammeter

4. Voltmeter



DAPPENDIX


Energy Audit Form 4 – Checklist for Lighting

Part 1 : Detail of Project

Building:

Date:

Part 2 : Data


Items tested / checked Remarksby Auditor

General

1. Operating hours _______ hr(s)

2. Measured lighting level _______ Lux

3. Lighting type ___________

Cleanliness

4. Are luminaires dirty? *Yes/No/N.A.

Conditions

5. Is circulation area, lobby, car park, loading area with *Yes/No/N.A.similar lighting level to general office?

6. Is there any presence of unacceptable glare? *Yes/No/N.A.

7. Are there any lamps near end of life? *Yes/No/N.A.

8. Are there any worn-out lighting components? *Yes/No/N.A.

9. Are any sensors and controllers not working as desired? *Yes/No/N.A.

10. Are emergency lights left on unnecessarily? *Yes/No/N.A.

Possibility

11. Are there any possibilities of introducing energy efficient lightings, *Yes/No/N.A.electronic ballasts and lighting controls?

Others

12. *Yes/No/N.A.

13. *Yes/No/N.A.

14. *Yes/No/N.A.

15. *Yes/No/N.A.

16. *Yes/No/N.A.

17. *Yes/No/N.A.

18. *Yes/No/N.A.

Instrument Model No. Manufacturer Serial No. Calibration Date Expired Date

1. Clamp-on Ammeter

2. Voltmeter

3. Lux meter

41

EAPPENDIX E – Some Common Energy Audit Findings, Corresponding EMOs and Energy Savings


APPENDIX

Some Common Energy Audit Findings,Corresponding EMOs and Energy Savings

1 The figures are for reference only. Actual energy savings will depend on different conditions and applications.

Audit Finding Corresponding EMOs Approximate Energy Savings1

HVAC Installation – EMO Cat. I

1. A/C remaining “ON” The last man out or install a timer to Unnecessary consumption during outside office hours turn off A/C off hours

2. Too cold in summer, e.g. measured Set thermostat to desired room temperature 10 to 30% room temperature 21°C of 25.5°C; or repair/replace the thermostat if it is not functional

3. Door or window left open when Close door or window 5 to 20% AC is “ON”

4. Excessive air pressure drop Clean air filte 5 to 20% fan power across air filter of AHU

5. Chiller set to provide 6°C chilled Re-set operating temperature to 8°C 3 to 6% chiller power water outside summer

HVAC Installation – EMO Cat. II

6. No blinds or blinds not closed for Install or close blinds 5 to 30% cooling energy to offset window with strong sunshine solar heat gain through window

7. Access door for cooling AHU or Identify and rectify the leaking gasket/sealant 3% fan power ductwork has air leakage (say 3%) of the access door/ductwork

8. Excessive water leaving chilled Check & improve shaft seal A flow of 1 L/min. excessive flow water pump glands means 1000kWh per year

9. Overcooled spots due to improper Balance the air supply system, add dampers 15 to 25% air balancing as appropriate

10. Overcooled spots due to improper Balance the water supply system, add valves 15 to 25% water balancing if practicable

HVAC Installation – EMO Cat. III

11. Window exposed to strong sunlight Apply “anti-ultraviolet film” >20%

12. Boiler with 25% excess air Adjust excess air to 10% 1.5% (combustion)

13. Air flow of VAV AHU controlled by Add VVVF inverter type variable speed drive 10 to 30% fan power inlet guide vanes

14. Secondary chilled water pump Add VVVF inverter type variable speed drive 10 to 30% pump power driven by constant speed motor (with controlling sensor at strategic point downstream and at setting such that adequate pressure at low load condition can be provided to far away cooling coils)

42 APPENDIX E – Some Common Energy Audit Findings, Corresponding EMOs and Energy Savings

EAPPENDIX


turning off corresponding perimeterlightings;

or if both interior lightings andperimeter lightings share the samecontrol switch re-wire to facilitate 2independent control switches foreach of the 2 zones;

or replace the ballasts of lightings(only if lighting can suit) at perimeterwith dimmable electronic type andcontrol by photo sensor.

2 The figures are for reference only. Actual energy savings will depend on different conditions and applications.

Audit Finding Corresponding EMOs Approximate Energy Savings2

Lighting Installation – EMO Cat. I

15. Lighting level in corridor area at Disconnect power supply to some lightings 15 to 30% for corridor lightings500 lux, which is on high side, and lower illumination to suitable level,however capital cost not available say 100 lux.for retrofit

16. Lightings along window areas Maintain the lighting level at 500 lux by: 20 to 30% for lightings atturned “ON” at day time, providing perimetera lux level well over 700 lux

Lighting Installation – EMO Cat. II

17. T12/T10 fluorescent tube used Replace with T8 fluorescent tube 10%in lightings (e.g. exit sign) (not feasible for quick start type)

18. T8 fluorescent lighting Replace with T5 fluorescent lighting 30-40%(fixture & tube) used

19. Manual control for lighting ON/OFF Add occupancy sensor control >20%

20. Electromagnetic ballast used in Replace with electronic ballast 20 to 40%lightings with T8 fluorescent tube

21. Incandescent lamp being used Change to compact fluorescent lamps or 80%, plus if space is AC the coolingretrofit with fluorescent tube lighting energy to offset the higher heat

dissipation from incandescent lamp

Electrical Installation – EMO Cat. III

22. Over sizing of motor by 30% Replace with smaller motor of proper rating 5%

Add VVVF variable speed drive 50%

23. Overall power factor of 0.8 Improve to min. 0.85 Minimise I2R losses throughdistribution network

24. 30% total harmonics distortion (THDI) Add harmonics filter to reduce to the extent Minimise I2R losses throughof THDI subject to the circuit current, I at distribution networkrated load condition

43

FAPPENDIX

APPENDIX F – Costing Calculation


EMO requiring capital expenditure shall be evaluated to see if it iseconomically justifiable. The evaluation can be done using thefollowing methods.

Simple Payback Period

The payback period is the number of years required to recover thecapital invested.

This method is simple in calculation, which normally excludes theconsideration of timing of cash flows, inflation rate, interest rateof capital cost, depreciation, opportunity cost, etc. Its accuracyhowever will usually be within reasonable range.

Payback Period = initial capital cost / (yearly benefit – yearly cost)

For better accuracy, the net maintenance cost, interest on capitalcost, net depreciation, opportunity cost, etc. can be added to theyearly cost. Likewise, the net productivity increase resulted fromthe investment, if any, can be added to the yearly benefit.

Example:

The following example shows the payback period for replacing400 nos. of electromagnetic ballasts with electronic ballasts, eachserving a single T8 36W (1200mm) fluorescent tube. Each elec-tronic ballast costs $120 to purchase and install. The operatinghours are 10 per day, 6 days per week and electricity cost is $0.9per kWh.

Net Present Value (NPV)

The NPV takes into account more systematically the time of cashflows, cost of money including interest on the capital costinvestment, life time of equipment/installation, etc., which canbetter reflect the effectiveness of the investment. This methodgives a present value to future earnings, which are expected to bederived from an investment.

where NCF = net cash flow at year end t(positive for savings and negative for expenditure)

i = interest raten = years of economic life of equipment/installation

The NPV concept recognises that the longer the time the money isgained the less attractive the investment becomes, as returns foreach year are progressively discounted with time.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

The IRR is a measure of the return in percentage to be expectedon a capital investment. This takes into account the similaraspects as for NPV, with

The higher the IRR the more cost effective is the investment.

Many financial calculators and spreadsheet computer programmescan calculate both NPV and IRR quite readily.

Initial capital cost = $120 x 400 = $48,000

Yearly benefit or cost savings = 14,976 kWh x $0.9/kWh = $13,478

Yearly cost = 0(assuming no additional maintenance cost and depreciation costand no cost of interest on the initial capital cost)

Payback Period = ($48,000) / ($13,478 - 0) = 3.6 years

n

∑ NCFt x 1/(1 + i)t

t=0

NPV =

n

∑ NCFt x 1/(1 + IRR)t = 0t=0

NPV =

Costing Calculation

Rating of fluorescent tube at 50 Hz operation 36W

Lighting system power with electromagnetic ballast 48W

Lighting system power with HF electronic ballast 36W

Lighting power saved = 48W – 36W 12W

Energy saving per year per lighting= 10 hr/day x 6 days/week x 52 weeks x 0.012kW 37.44kWh

Energy saving per year for 400 lightings 14,976kWh= 37.44kWh x 400

44 APPENDIX G – Data Normalisation

GAPPENDIX


Normalisation is done by adopting a “common record taking day”for each month.

Example:

If most readings of bills are taken on 8th of each month, a monthto reflect energy consumptions shall start on the 9th and end onthe 8th.

Assume town gas consumption has been read and computed as1000 units from April 5th to May 5th (31 days) and 1100 units fromMay 6th to June 6th (32 days).

The normalised consumption from April 9th to May 8th (30 days) is :

= 1000 / 31 x 27 (April 9th to May 5th ) + 1100 / 32 x 3 (May 6th

to May 8th )= 974 units

Data Normalisation

H


APPENDIX

45APPENDIX H – Sample Graphs in Energy Audit Report

Sample Graphs in Energy Audit Report

500000

1000000

0

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

2002

kWh

2003 2004 2005 2006

5

10

0

15

20

25

30

35

18

36

0

54

72

90

108

126

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2006

2004

2005

Annual Energy Consumption of Sample Building in 2002 to 2006 (in kWh)

Monthly Energy Utilisation index & Buildiing Energy Performance in Year2004, 2005, 2006

The graph of ”Annual Energy Consumption of Sample Building in 2002 to 2006”shows the trend of the annual energy consumption in the past 5 years.

(preferably 3 or more years)

The graph of ”Monthly Energy Utilisation Index & Building Energy Performancein Year 2004, 2005 & 2006” shows the monthly energy consumption in past 3years, in terms of Energy Utilisation Index and Building Energy Performance.

BEP

(kW

h/m

2)

EUI (

MJ/

m2)

46 APPENDIX H – Sample Graphs in Energy Audit Report

HAPPENDIX


Lifts & Escalators5%

Air Conditioning44%

Lighting24%

Power & Misc27%

5

10

0

15

20

25

30

35

Breakdown of Energy Use in 2006

The graph of ”Breakdown of Energy Use” shows the percentage of energy consumptionamongst various building services installations.

The graph of ”Hong Kong typical Monthly Outdoor Temperature Distribution” showsthe profiles of monthly outdoor temperature distribution.

Max Mean Mean Hour

Month

Tem

per

atu

re(°

C)

Max Dew

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

H


APPENDIX

47APPENDIX H – Sample Graphs in Energy Audit Report

17

19

15

21

23

25

27

29

2003-2004

2005-2006

2004-2005

MonthApr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

The graph of ”Monthly Mean Temperature in Year 2003 to 2006” shows the profiles ofmonthly mean temperatures in 2003 to 2006. (example only)

Monthly Mean Temperature in Year 2003 to 2006

Deg

ree

Cel

cius

48 APPENDIX I – Energy Utilisation Index / Building Energy Performance of Some Government Office Buildings

IAPPENDIX


Energy Utilisation Index / Building EnergyPerformance of Some Government Office Buildings

Office Building GFA (m2) EUI (MJ/m2) BEP (kWh/m2)

A 109,000 1,150 320

B 109,000 940 260

C 62,000 970 270

D 55,000 1,080 300

E 24,000 1,010 280

F 16,000 1,120 310

G 15,000 650 180

H 11,000 860 240

I 7,000 790 220

J 4,000 680 190

K 3,000 970 270

* For electricity only (other forms of energy use are minimal)


49

JAPPENDIX

APPENDIX J – Common Measures for Adoption EMOs in Building Services Installations

Common Measures for Adoption EMOsin Building Services Installations

HVAC Installation

The common measures to be considered for adoption as EMOs are:-

1. General housekeeping

1.1. Turn on equipment/system based on operational hoursof building;

1.2. Adopt natural or mechanical ventilation for areas notrequire A/C;

1.3. Set HVAC for corresponding over-cooled/heated/ventilated areas to the usage specific temperature,humidity and ventilation levels;

1.4. Keep unnecessarily opened door/window closed;1.5. Turn on HVAC only when required; and1.6. Lower venetian blinds under strong sunshine.

2. Improved maintenance/repair

2.1. Cleanliness and leakage2.1.1. Improve air flow by cleaning filter, coil, interior of

AHU, fan, ductwork, damper, etc.;2.1.2. Improve heat transfer of coil by surface cleaning

and flushing of coil interior;2.1.3. Reduce water flow resistance by pipe flushing;2.1.4. Install as appropriate water conditioning

equipment for water side system, particularly foropen system;

2.1.5. Check that water conditioning system is functioningproperly with suitable flow and dosage;

2.1.6. Repair leaking parts;2.1.7. Adjust/replace pump gland to reduce excessive

flow;2.1.8. Top up refrigerant, compressor oil; and2.1.9. Clean/adjust/repair steam trap.

2.2. Other general abnormalities2.2.1. Adjust alignment of shaft of fan, pump, motor,

etc.;2.2.2. Repair, replace vibration isolation of fan, pump,

motor, etc.;2.2.3. Replace loose/worn out insulation;2.2.4. Repair worn-out components/parts;2.2.5. Add proper lubricant to moving parts (e.g.

bearings);2.2.6. Repair or replace bearings;2.2.7. Adjust tension of fan belt, replace belt;2.2.8. Adjust control of compressor sequencing/pressure;

and2.2.9. Add adequate/replace insulation to equipment/

duct/pipe surface with condensate (for cooling)and surface with a higher than usual temperature(for heating).

3. Identify causes for improper ranges of readings/levels on thermometer, pressure gauge, flowmeter, electrical meter, sight glass and adjust/repair to suit

3.1. Repair, re-calibrate, replace defective measuring device;3.2. Re-adjust control set points/ranges not suiting for

operation;3.3. Clean equipment e.g. excessive water/air temperature/

pressure drop; properly adjust valve/damper; re-balancewater/air distribution (if testing point, valve/damper, areavailable or can be made available at a reasonable cost);

3.4. Replace equipment e.g. over-sized motor/pump/fan;reduce speed by replacing pulley (fan), replacing withsmaller impeller (pump), add variable speed drive (e.g.VVVF frequency type VSD);

3.5. Properly adjust valve/damper; re-balance air/waterdistribution, if improper pressure drop;

3.6. Check and adjust refrigerant circuit control;3.7. Clean dirty filter dryer;3.8. Adjust/repair head pressure control;3.9. Adjust/repair oil circulation system;3.10. Adjust/repair expansion valve (may need assistance from

chiller supplier), if improper temperature/pressure/refrigerant or oil levels for refrigerant circuit;

3.11. Identify and rectify mechanical abnormalities;3.12. Repair/replace motor; and3.13. Improve power quality if excessively high/low electrical

current of motor.

4. Controls

4.1. Relocate sensor, thermostat and control to suitablelocation that can properly reflect the condition ofparameter under control;

4.2. Adjust control algorithm/program to meet actualoperational needs;

4.3. Repair/replace malfunction thermostat, sensor, actuator,controller, etc.;

4.4. Check DDC, CCMS, repair /replace defect ivecomponents, fine-tune program (may need assistancefrom control vendor); and

4.5. Add timer, occupancy sensor, CO2 sensor (for fresh airprovision), etc.

5. Optimise operating parameters of majorequipment, particularly at part load, to bringefficiency to desired level

5.1. Raise evaporating temperature for chiller outside peakseason/peak hours

5.2. Avoid excessive air in stack and check water conditioningsystem regularly for boiler; and

5.3. Maintain proper operation & maintenance, particularlycleanliness of heat transfer surface

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6. Introduce energy efficient equipment or retrofitfor more efficient operation wherever applicable

6.1. Install VVVF type variable speed drive;6.2. Use of computerised energy efficient program c/w

sensors and actuators to operate system componentsor equipment;

6.3. Install Heat recovery equipment (thermal wheel, heatpipe);

6.4. Replace with energy efficient equipment/control whenequipment is near end of operational life;

6.5. Retrofit to provide spot cooling or ventilating (on top ofthe general cooling that is at a slightly higher temperatureor lower ventilation rate);

6.6. Add air curtain and venetian blinds;6.7. Apply “anti-ultraviolet film” to window glazing exposed

to strong sunlight;6.8. Install automatic tube cleaning system for chiller;6.9. Use heat pump in lieu of boiler for LTHW;6.10. Adopt fresh water cooling for districts within the Pilot

Scheme on the Wider Use of Fresh Water for Water-cooled Air Conditioning in Non-domestic Building;

6.11. Adopt fresh air pre-conditioner;6.12. Adopt evaporative cooling of air-cooled chiller;6.13. Use condensate from AHU to pre-cool primary fresh air;

and6.14. Use of CCMS.

Lighting Installation

The common measures to be considered for adoption as EMOs are:-1. Improve operation e.g. By turning on only when required;2. Improve maintenance/repair e.g. cleaning;3. Replace malfunction switch/sensor;4. Remove lamp and disconnect circuitry for over-lit area or area

not requiring lighting;5. Lower lighting level of circulation area (usually requiring lower

illumination than office working areas);6. Replace with energy efficient lamp that provide the same

adequate illumination yet consuming less energy, e.g.Incandescent lamp with compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), T12/T10 fluorescent tube with T5 tube, etc.;

7. Replace conventional electro-magnetic ballast with electronicballast;

8. Add task lighting;9. Add timer control;10. Add dimmer control;11. Add photo sensor control;12. Add occupancy sensor control;13. Modify switching arrangement such that lighting groups can

be better controlled according to end-user need;

14. Modify circuit of non-maintained type emergency lights suchthat they are energised only (in accordance with therequirement of fire service department) at any time whennormal power fails;

15. Combined use of electronic ballast with automatic controlsuch as dimming facility, photo sensor, occupancy sensor andtimer, such that the lighting under control will change itsoutput according to the amount of natural light to provide alighting level as required, or when there is no occupant turnoff or lower its output to designated level at off hours;

16. Retrofit with energy efficient lighting (e.g. low bay dischargelighting with energy efficient lighting having T5 fluorescenttube, electronic ballast and parabolic reflector);

17. Add programmable lighting control to suit end-user need;18. Use self-luminous “Tritium” EXIT sign to replace conventional

signs with lighting; and19. Replace with energy efficient lighting/lamp/control when

lighting/lamp is near end of operational life.

Electrical Installation

The common measures to be considered for adoption as EMOs are:-1. Check if use of maximum demand/bulk tariff structure (kVA

cost plus a lower kWh cost) is beneficial;2. Reasonably balance the single phase loads, especially those

with non-linear characteristics, among the three phases;3. Install power factor improvement device (preferably at the

load side);4. Install harmonics filter (at the source of distortion) to limit

THD; and5. Adopt solid-state energy optimiser to reduce part load

motor losses.

Unlike HVAC or lighting, the savings from the above EMOs mayhave a longer payback period, which may not be attractive to thebuilding owners in the first instance. However, a system with cleanpower quality would have better operational performance anddemand less maintenance, which means a longer operating life.

Electrical Equipment and Appliances

The common measures to be considered for adoption as EMOs are:-1. Use energy efficient equipment and appliances. Examples are

computer and photocopying machine with “sleeping” orenergy saving mode, and appliances with Energy Label;

2. Add timer controls to turn off photocopying machine or otherunused office equipment and appliances during off hours;and

3. Unplug adaptor with transformer from socket duringperiods of non-use.


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Lift Installation andEscalator Installation

The common measures to be considered for adoption as EMOs are:-1. Isolate few lifts & escalators from normal operation during

off or non-peak hours;2. During off hours turn on the lamp and fan in the lift car only

when it is called;3. Optimise (or add if not already in place) lift bank programming

to minimise nos. of lifts in operation, particularly during offhours;

4. Replace DC or AC 2-speed motor drive of lift with VVVF drive;5. Adopt lift traffic management system, where passengers are

to indicate their destination floor by pressing a key padoutside lift car in the lift lobby;

6. Install motion sensors to turn off or slow down escalator whenthere are no passengers;

7. Adopt solid-state energy optimiser to reduce part loadmotor losses for escalator;

8. Reduce decorative weight as far as possible of lifts; and9. Revise and eliminate homing control as appropriate.

Plumbing and Drainage System

The common measures to be considered for adoption as EMOs are:-1. Check if pressure and flow are within range;2. Check for any leakage. A common EMO is to repair leakage

to save pumping energy;3. Consider replacing water tap with motion sensor control type

during major retrofit;4. Add sensors for auto urinal flushing;5. Use of low volume of water closet; and6. Refer to measures for electrical power distribution.

Domestic Hot Water System

The common measures to be considered for adoption as EMOs are:-1. Check if pressure and flow are within range;2. Check for any leakage. A common EMO is to repair leakage

to save pumping energy;3. Consider replacing water tap with motion sensor control type

during major retrofit;4. Check if the insulation thickness is sufficient;5. Check whether the storage tanks are of appropriate sizes;6. Review whether there is possibility to make use of higher

efficiency equipment such as heat pumps; and7. Review whether the storage and operating temperature of

the hot water system can be lowered.

52 APPENDIX J – Common Measures for Adoption EMOs in Building Services Installations

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guidelines on energy_audit_2007

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