guidelines for synopsis and thesis preparation

Quality Enhancement Cell Hazara University

Guidelines for Synopsis and

Thesis

Preparation

Quality Enhancement Cell

Hazara University Mansehra, Pakistan

2013


Foreword:

The research work at universities helps and guides the students for the preparation of

uniform thesis for the award of respective degree. The intention of these guidelines is to

provide a technical framework for the preparation of thesis. If the thesis is not presented

in the required format, it will not be accepted, nor will the degree be conferred until all

the required specifications have been met. Further, the thesis will not be microfilmed,

limiting the availability of the research to other scholars within the academic community

and beyond.

For information on policy and procedures governing the defense of the thesis, both at the

master's and doctoral level, please consult the Quality Enhancement Cell (QEC) or the

departmental supervisor.

In writing a thesis students must conform to accepted standards in organizing and

presenting their data clearly and logically, and in applying accepted practices of

manuscript form consistently. Strict adherence to the standards which follow ensures:

Reader accessibility,

The ability to reproduce the thesis on request, and

The durability of the archived copy of the thesis.

Reader accessibility requires that the thesis be carefully prepared. Only good

quality thesis will be reproduced and microfilmed. Durability depends on quality

paper and correct binding of the thesis.

Close attention by the student to these criteria will expedite the processing and

availability of thesis.


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter no Title Page

1. THESIS WRITING OVERVIEW 5-9

2. WRITING SYNOPSIS FOR AN M.Phil / Ph.D. 10-14

RESEARCH PROJECT

3. MSc / M.Phil / Ph.D. THESIS PATTERN 15-20

4. RESEARCH MATERIAL & PLAGIARISM POLICY 21

5. FLOW DIAGRAM MSc THESIS 22

6. FLOW DIAGRAM M.Phil THESIS 23

7. FLOW DIAGRAM Ph.D THESIS 24

THESIS WRITING OVERVIEW


CHAPTER 1


1. Definition of a Thesis

Thesis in this guidebook refers to a documented report of the process followed by and the

results of original research conducted by the students to fulfill the requirements for a

Post-Graduate degree. The thesis should be presented in a manner that will reflect credit

on the student, the faculty, and the University. It is recommended that students must

study at least 15-20 original research papers before starting writing of synopsis and must

have copies of such papers with them.

When the thesis is at semi-final stage, students defend it in an open seminar at

departmental level. After incorporation of discussed and agreed suggestions in the

seminar, the thesis is signed by the students, supervisory committee and other statutory

bodies, like Chairman/Head of department, then it is presented in the office of the

Director Quality Enhancement Cell for the anti-plagiarism certificate.

2. Organization of the Thesis

A thesis is made up of three main parts namely preliminary pages, text and references.

3. Title page

Title should be comprehensive to reflect the main contents and subject of the research

plan to be undertaken by the students. Logo of the Hazara University, student‟s name,

department name, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan and the year in which thesis

will be completed

Name of ALLAH (optional)

4. Dedication Page (optional)

The dedication must be brief, not more than one paragraph, and must not contain any

number, chart or photograph.


5. Declaration: Supervisor‟s and Student‟s Declaration

A thesis is to be submitted for the purpose of examination. It must obtain prior

declaration by the supervisor‟s and the student‟s on the standard and quality of the thesis.

The declaration should be signed.

6. Certificate Page

This page should contain certification by the internal and external examiners and head of

the department on originality of the thesis. The certificate should be signed after

evaluation.

7. Table of Contents Page

The Table of Contents page must start on a new page. It should list all sections, chapters

and sub-headings. The titles must be written using the same words as those written in the

text.

8. Acknowledgements

The student may acknowledge the assistance of various individuals or organizations in

successfully producing the thesis. This should be written in one page.

9. List of Symbols/Abbreviations/Notations/Terminology

All symbols or abbreviations or notations or terminology found in the text should be

listed on this page. They are listed in the following order:

Roman letters - alphabetical order

Greek letters - alphabetical order

Superscripts - alphabetical order

Subscripts - alphabetical order

10. List of Figures

Diagrams, photographs, drawings, graphs, charts and maps are included as figures. The

Figure numbers should be arranged according to the chapters.


11. List of Tables

This page should list all the tables found in the thesis. The page number of the table must

also be included. The list should be written similar as the List of Figures

12. List of Appendices

All appendices should be listed on this page.

13. Abstracts

The abstract should be brief, written in one paragraph and not exceed 500 words. An

abstract is different from synopsis or summary of a thesis. It should state the field of

study, problem definition, methodology adopted, research process, results obtained and

conclusion of the research. The abstract can be written using one and a half spacing.

14. Introduction

Set the scene and problem statement. Introduce structure of thesis.

15. Background

Demonstrate wider appreciation (context). Provide motivation.

16. Related Work

Survey and critical assessment. Relation to own work

17-18. Analysis, design, implementation and interpretation of results

19. Critical assessment of own work

State hypothesis, and demonstrate precision, thoroughness, contribution, and comparison

with closest rival.

20. Text

A thesis must be divided into chapters. A title must be given and it should reflect its

content. A new chapter must begin on a new page. A chapter must be divided into

sections. These sections must be given appropriate titles and numbered. Texts must be


written in paragraphs. Long paragraphs should be avoided. Each paragraph must describe

an issue or subject. There must be continuity between paragraphs. The text should

contain:

I. An introduction and background on the study or research;

II. A detailed description of the study or research which include theories, models, and

materials and methods used;

III. The data collection and analysis techniques.

IV. The main results and discussions; and

V. The conclusions and significance of the findings.

21. Citation in the Text

Citation is a mean of formally recognizing within the text, the resources from which the

information or idea were obtained. The purpose is to acknowledge the work of others, to

demonstrate the body of knowledge in which the work is based on and to lead others.

22. Quotations in the Text

A quotation must be written in a separate paragraph. If the quotation is in a different

language, it must be written in italic.

23. Tables in the Text

All tables must be numbered using Arabic numeric. A caption should be positioned at the

top of the table. If the caption is written in a single line, it should be centered. If the

caption is written more than one line, it should be align to the left. Tables must be

numbered with respect to the chapter.

24. Figures in the Text

Illustrations such as maps, charts, graphs, drawings, diagrams, and photographs are

referred as figures. All figures must be clear and of high quality. Figures must be

numbered using Arabic numeric. A caption should be located at the bottom of the figure.

If the caption is written in a single line, it should be centered. If the caption is written in

more than one line, it should be align to the left. Figures are numbered with respect to the


chapter. A figure should be positioned after it has been cited for the first time in the text.

All figures in the chapter can also be grouped together and positioned at an appropriate

location. All figures must be listed in the List of Figures page. Illustrations in the form of

CD‟s, slides, and others should be placed in specially made pockets glued to the inner

side of the back cover. Oversized illustrations in the form of plans, maps, charts, graphs,

and others should be reduced to fit a single page unless the oversized materials are

absolutely necessary for clarity and understanding. For illustrations other than above,

please refer to the following guidelines;

(i) Photographs

Photographs should be digitally embedded in the text unless absolutely impossible.

(ii) Newspaper Cuttings or Similar Materials

Copies of newspaper cuttings or similar materials should be of high quality.

25. References within the Text

References are detailed description of items from which information were obtained in

preparing the thesis. All references must be listed at the end of the text.

26. Further Work

27. Summary & Conclusion

28. Bibliography

The bibliography should contain entries of all references used in the preparation of the

paper including all references cited in footnotes and every work relevant to the author‟s

formulation and solution of problem

29. Appendix

Appendices are supplementary materials to the text. These include tables, charts,

computer program listings, and others.


WRITING SYNOPSIS FOR A

M.PHIL OR Ph.D. RESEARCH

PROJECT

CHAPTER 2


WRITING SYNOPSIS FOR A M.Phil or Ph.D. RESEARCH PROJECT

In order to encourage and expand M.Phil or Ph.D. research, there is need to make it an

active part of the academic life of the Hazara University. As a prestigious University of

Pakistan, we have to ensure that a reasonable standard of research is maintained at HU.

The University regulates through its bodies like the Advanced Studies and Research

Board that the M.Phil and Ph.D. research programs are properly planned and executed to

maintain the standards.

A research proposal for MSc/M.Phil/ Ph.D. registration purely for social sciences should

include certain basic components, in which a number of questions need to be addressed.

Why research on the proposed topic should be undertaken and what gains are likely to be

achieved? What has been done previously in this or related areas? What are the objectives

of this study and how these will be achieved? Are the facilities required for doing the

proposed research available? An extensive initial exercise should help in designing a

sound research project, which is likely to make a significant contribution in successful

completion of MSc/M.Phil/Ph.D. research.

Components of a Synopsis

The following components should be provided in a synopsis of M.Phil and Ph.D. research

project. The details may, however, vary according to the field of study.


1. Title Page

RESEARCH PROPOSAL Time New Roman 18 Bold

TOPIC OF RESEARCH

Time New Roman 14 Normal

Capital Letter

1.5”

1.25”

SUBMITTED BY A.B.C

M.Phil / Ph.D SCHOLAR

RESEARCH SUPERVISOR X.Y.Z

Designation___________

CO-SUPERVISOR (if any) X.Y.Z

(with work address and affiliation) Designation___________

ADVANCED STUDY & RESEARCH BOARD

____________________________________

(Convener)

___________________ __________________

(Member) (Member) (Member) (Member)

__________________ __________________

(Member) (Member) (Member) (Member)

Higher Education Commission

Sector H-9 Islamabad

www.hec.gov.pk


2. Topic

The topic for research should be selected carefully. It should be specific and about the

general issues at national or international level.

3. Introduction

It should provide a brief description to explain the area of the proposed research work by

the researcher.

4. Review of Literature

A review of the relevant literature is another very important part of the synopsis, showing

the work done previously in the area of proposed research is essential to plan further

research effectively and in a proper way. The information given in the review should be

supported by references.

5. Justification and Likely Benefits

It is important to provide justification for undertaking the proposed research, perhaps in

the light of previous work done. It should be possible in most cases to predict the specific

and general benefits likely to be achieved as a result of completion of the proposed

research.

6. Main Objectives of the Study

Broad objectives to be achieved should be clearly mentioned and these should be

itemized. These objectives will indicate the major aspects of the study to be undertaken.

7. Hypothesis of Study

Hypothesis is statement which is to be tested for possible acceptance or rejection.

Hypothesis are of two types i.e. Null (Ho) and Alternative (H1). Null hypothesis is tested

for possible rejection, where as alternative hypothesis is tested for possible acceptance.


8. Significance of Study

It emphasized on the significance/ importance of the research work/study i.e. why we

selected the topic under discussion.

9. Statement of Problem

The researcher has to clearly identify the problem/issue selected for thesis.

10. Plan of Work and Methodology

A plan of work describing the various aspects of the study in a logical sequence along

with the methodologies to be employed, are the most important crucks of any research

plan. It helps to demonstrate that the researcher has a fairly good idea about the nature of

work likely to be involved. In the case of social sciences what resource materials will be

used; whether the required information will be obtained from primary or secondary

sources, etc. A time schedule for the various aspects of the proposed research may be

provided wherever possible. Methodology includes the following:-

Sources of data (Primary or Secondary)

Survey, questionnaires, Interviews, focus group interviews, observation, case-

studies, diaries, critical incidents, portfolios, books, journals, periodicals,

abstracts, indexes, directories, research reports, conference papers, market reports,

annual reports, internal records of organizations, newspapers & magazines, CD-

ROMs, on-line databases, Internet, videos & broadcasts.

Sample size:

Sample size should be normal neither too small nor too large.

Data Collection Techniques (Registration, Questionnaires, interviews,

Direct Observations)

Analysis of Data

Data is to be analyzed according to the requirement of topic. After collecting the

data, it is to be tabulated. The total variables used are to be included in the study

and then the relationship between variable will be analyzed.


11. Place of Work and Facilities Available

In order to complete the proposed research some specialized facilities may be required.

For example in case of experimental sciences different equipments may be involved or in

the case of, may be, a study on a scholar, the relevant literature may be available in a

foreign country. Therefore it is important to identify the place where the research work

will be undertaken and whether the resources and facilities required for doing the

research are available like easy access to the external academic markets via internet.

12. References and Bibliography

Synopsis should contain at the end a list of references, and a bibliography if required.

These should be written on a standard pattern.

13. Length of a synopsis

It will be difficult to define an overall length for a synopsis for MSc/M.Phil/Ph.D.

research in such varied fields of study. Whereas it should be concise as far as possible

and avoid repetitions, it should also provide sufficient details on the various aspects

mentioned above to show that the research involved has been well understood and

planned, and it is of an acceptable academic merit. The total length of a synopsis may run

from 1,500 to a few thousand words.


MSc/M.Phil/Ph.D. THESIS PATTERN


CHAPTER 3

MSc / M.Phil/Ph.D. THESIS PATTERN

All theses presented in typescript for the degree of MSc/M.Phil/Ph.D should comply with

the following specifications unless permission to do otherwise is obtained from the

relevant authority / body

1. SIZE OF PAPER

A4 size be used.

2. PAPER SPECIFICATION

Six copies on good quality paper (minimum 80 gsm) be submitted.

3. METHOD OF PRODUCTION

The text must be typewritten in acceptable type face (readable) and the original typescript

(or copy of equal quality) must normally be submitted to Exam branch.

4. LAYOUT OF SCRIPT

Typescript should appear on one side only, lines; at least one-and-a-half spaced.

Footnotes, quotations, references and photographic captions may be single spaced. Where

appropriate, these should contain lists giving the locations of figures and illustrations.

5. FONT SIZE

Title Page 18-22

Headings / subheadings 14-16

Text 10-12

Footnotes 8-10

Footnotes be given on the same page where reference is quoted


6. TYPE STYLE

Times New Roman

7. MARGINS.

1.5 inches on the left-hand side, 1 inch at the top, bottom and right side of the page. The

best position for the page number is at bottom-centre or bottom-right ½ inch above the

edge. Pages containing figures and illustration should be suitable paginated.


1. Title Page

RESEARCH PROPOSAL Time New Roman 18 Bold

TOPIC OF RESEARCH

Time New Roman 14 Normal

Capital Letter

1.5”

1.25”

SUBMITTED BY

A.B.C

M.Phil / Ph.D SCHOLAR

Higher Education Commission

Sector H-9 Islamabad

www.hec.gov.pk


Name of ALLAH (optional)

2. Dedication Page (optional)

3. Declaration: Supervisor‟s and Student‟s Declaration

4. Certificate Page

5. Table of Contents Page

6. Acknowledgements

7. List of Symbols/Abbreviations/Notations/Terminology

8. List of Figures

9. List of Tables

10. List of Appendices

11. Abstracts

12. Introduction (including literature review) or

a. Introduction

It should provide a brief description to introduce the area of the proposed research work.

b. Review of Literature

A review of the relevant literature showing the work done previously in the area of

proposed research is essential to plan further research effectively. The information given

in the review should be supported by references. As separate chapters as per requisite of

the subject.


13. Main Objectives

14. Hypothesis of Study

15. Significance of Study

16. Statement of Problem

17. Material and Methods

18. Results

May comprised of one chapter or a number of chapters depending upon the subject

matter/ requirements.

19. Discussion (including Conclusion/s, Recommendation/s where applicable)

20. References / Bibliography / Literature Cited

21. Appendices (where applicable)

22. Any other information specific to the respective discipline

LENGTH OF THESIS

Whilst the regulations do not contain a clause relating to the maximum length of

theses, it is expected that work presented for the degree of MSc/M.Phil/PhD should

normally between 40,000 - 120,000 words of text. Candidates wishing to greatly

exceed these sizes should discuss the matter with their supervisors.

PUBLISH WORK

Published work from the thesis be included as appendix (Reprints / proof / preprint).


BINDING

All final theses and published work presented for higher degrees must be bound in a

permanent form or in a temporary (hard binding will be provided after defense of the

thesis) form approved by the Advanced Studies and Research Board; where printed

pamphlets or off-prints are submitted in support of a thesis, they must be bound in

with the thesis, or bound in such manner as Binderies may advise. Front cover should

give title of the thesis, name of the candidate and the name of the Institute/

Department / Centre / College through which submitted, in the same order from top to

bottom. The lettering may be in boldface and properly spaced. Their sizes should be:

title 24 pt., name of the candidate 18 pt. and the name of the department/ institute/

centre/ college 18 pt. The color of binding for different degrees in the Science

subjects and Social Sciences is as follows:

Binding and writing Color

Ph.D. Sky Blue, Writing Color Silver

M.Phil Dark Green Writing Color Golden

MSc Black Writing Color Golden

Spine of the thesis should show "Ph.D thesis" on top across the width of spine, name of

the candidate in the middle and the year of submission across the width at the bottom.


CHAPTER 4

RESEARCH MATERIAL & PLAGIARISM POLICY

1. Library. The reference material has been provided at University library. It subscribes

to a variety of magazines and journals of international repute and standing, which can

serve as a useful tool for your research.

2. MERLN Database. Military Education Research Library Network (MERLN) data

base has also been provided at the Library. The system has vast database and considered

by many a useful resource for pursuing quality research work. DD Library may be

approached for necessary guidance to consult the site.

3. HEC – National Digital Library. HU library has acquired access to HEC National

Digital Library. It provides access to international scholarly literature based on electronic

delivery. The resources are high quality peer reviewed journals, databases, articles and e-

books across a wide range of disciplines.

4. Internet. The University has provided quality internet connections at the following

places:-

a. All residences at the campus.

b. Main library.

5. Archives. Research papers produced by the participants of the previous courses can

also be consulted for guidance with the prior permission of Thesis Supervisor.

Plagiarism Policy

Note: The Plagiarism Policy in detail is available at QEC


CHAPTER 5

FLOW DIAGRAM

MSc Thesis - steps to be taken

Allocation of Supervisor

on prescribed form Selection of Topic in consultation

with Supervisor allocated

Submission of Thesis to HOD

through Supervisor in spiral

binding

Evaluation of Thesis by

External Examiners

If Approved

Revision of Thesis

within one month

(only one chance)

If Rejected

Submission of Six hard bounded copies to

the dept. for onward distribution to Exam

Section for the Declaration of Result

Conduct of

Viva Voce

If Approved

After Declaration of Result distribution of

hard copies as follows:

HOD

Exam Section

HU main Library

Supervisor

QEC Office

Student concerned


CHAPTER 6

FLOW DIAGRAM - M.PHIL THESIS

Appointment of

Supervisors by ASRB

Selection of Topic for dissertation

recommended by Supervisor & HOD

(2nd week of 3rd Semester)

Approval of topic by ASRB within 30

days from the commencement of 3rd

Semester

In addition to satisfactory report

a student should maintain GPA

of 2.5 on the basis of course

work

If both reports unsatisfactory,

he/ she ceases to be student of

the university

work

Submission of 2 progress reports by

supervisor during the 6th week of 3rd

semester to Controller of

Examinations work

In case a student fails to complete

M.Phil/MS requirement within

normal period of 4 semester,

ASRB allow him/her an extension

for maximum period of 02

semester on the recommendation

of supervisor duly endorsed by

HOD – BOS - ASRB

No further extension - if failed to

submit his/ her dissertation by the

end of 6 semester shall cease to be

a student of the university

Submission of dissertation

approved by the supervisor to

QEC for Plagiarism before final

exams

(2nd week of 4th Semester)

Appointment of External Examiner

by President HU from the approved

panel of examiner by ASRB

Intimation about date of Viva

Voce Exams by supervisor to

Controller of Examination

through HOD

(6th week of 4th semester )

Submission of application on

prescribed form to Controller of

Examinations for admission to

final exams for M.Phil/MS

(2nd week of 4th Semester)

Evaluation of thesis within

time indicated by

Controller of

Examinations

(8th week of 4th Semester)

Submission of detailed

report with regard to

evaluation of dissertation

by external examiner

(9th week of 4th Semester)

Viva Voce exam

conducted at university

campus on scheduled

date notified by

Controller of

Examinations

Viva Voce in defence of dissertation be

conducted by a committee consisting of HoD,

Supervisor & External Examiner

Award of Degree to

Successful students


CHAPTER 7

FLOW DIAGRAM - PhD THESIS

Approval of Standing list of foreign External Examiners

by ASRB in respect of technologically advanced countries

for each Department consisting of persons of eminence in

the respective field of research

Critical Examination of thesis by

the External Examiners for the

award of Ph.D. degree.

Approval of standing list of Local Examiners by

the ASRB to conduct viva-voce examination of

thesis for each department consisting of eminent

persons engaged in research in the respective area

Submission of six unbound copies of

completed thesis along with an application on

prescribed form for the evaluation of thesis,

duly forwarded by supervisor and the HOD

Appointment of External Examiners for

Evaluation of Thesis

Appointment of three out of six External Examiners

by the Vice Chancellor HU from suggested panel

(approved list) to evaluate the thesis

The reports of the examiners / supervisor shall be

placed before the ASRB for consideration

Submission of detailed evaluation report

of the thesis by supervisor

If the thesis is adjudged as adequate by two of the

three external examiners, ASRB shall allow the

candidate to appear in the viva-voce (Thesis

Defense) examination

If two of the external examiners find that

the thesis is wholly inadequate it may be

rejected by ASRB

In case of major modification/revision of the

thesis, the candidate shall be required to

resubmit a revised version, duly certified by

the supervisor, within a period as specified

by ASRB

The revised version of the thesis shall be

approved by the same external examiners

who suggested modification / revision of the

thesis

If any of the examiners finds the thesis adequate

but suggests minor modifications / revision, this

may be incorporated without referring again to the

examiner(s)

Viva-Voce Examination- PhD

Viva-voce exam is to be conducted by the two examiners

appointed by the VC. HU. from the approved panel of

local examiners, the Supervisor and HOD.

Viva-voce exam may be open to the public but the

evaluation be done only by the panel of examiners

If the candidate fails to satisfy the examiners

in the viva-voce examination he/she may be

given a chance to defend the thesis for the

second and final time within a suitable period

but not exceeding six months

Publication of at least one research paper in

an HEC’s approved journal is essential for the

award of Ph.D. degree

A candidate who successfully completes all the

requirements shall be awarded, with the approval

of the ASRB and the Senate, the degree of Ph.D

The Vice Chancellor HU may approve the recommendations of the Advanced Studies & Research Board on behalf

of the Senate regarding the award of Ph.D. degree to the candidate

Note:- A copy of thesis is to be submitted to the HEC for record as per requirement


Hazara University Manual of Style Guide for

Bibliographies and Notes (Electronic sources) The examples herein are based on the Hazara University Manual of Style. For additional

examples consult the manual available at the Reference Desk or the University Manual of

Style notebook for thesis write up.

. Type of

Resource

Bibliography Note Form

Article from a

Library database

with page

numbers

Jones, Julia C., M. R. Myerscough, S. Graham, and B. P.

Oldroyd (2004). "Honey Bee Nest Thermoregulation:

Diversity Promotes Stability." Science 305, no. 5682:

402-404. http://web.ebscohost.com/ (accessed July 24,

2007).

24. Julia C. Jones, M. R. Myerscough, S. Graham, and B.

P. Oldroyd (2004), "Honey Bee Nest Thermoregulation:

Diversity Promotes Stability."Science 305, no. 5682, 402-

404, http://web.ebscohost.com/ (accessed July 24, 2007)

Article from an

online journal

without page

numbers

Moore, Roland S., G. M. Ames, and C. B. Cunradi

(2007)."Physical and Social Availability of Alcohol for

Young Enlisted Naval Personnel in and Around Home

Port." Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and

Policy 2 no. 17,

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?arti

d=1934352 (accessed July 30, 2007).

30. Ronald S. Moore, G. M. Ames, and C. B. Cunradi

(2007), "Physical and Social Availability of Alcohol for

Young Enlisted Naval Personnel in and Around Home

Port," Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy

2 no. 17,

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid

=1934352 (accessed July 30, 2007).

Dissertations &

theses

Shimpalee, Pattama (2004). "The Contribution of

Economic and Institutional Factors to Currency Crises:

Additional Evidence from Asia, Europe and the Western

Hemisphere". Ph.D. diss., University of South Carolina.

In ProQuest Digital Dissertations [database on-line];

available from http://www.proquest.com/ (publication

number AAT 3142857; accessed August 8, 2007).

1. Pattama Shimpalee (2004), "The Contribution of

Economic and Institutional Factors to Currency Crises:

Additional Evidence from Asia, Europe and the Western

Hemisphere,” (Ph.D. diss., University of South Carolina),

31-33 In ProQuest Digital Dissertations [database on-line];

available from http://www.proquest.com/ (publication

number AAT 3142857; accessed August 8, 2007).

Electronic book Hüfner, Stefan (2007). (Ed.). Very high resolution

photoelectron spectroscopy. New York: Springer,50-51.

http://www.springerlink.com/ (accessed May 12, 2008).

4. Stefan Hüfner (2007), Very high resolution

photoelectron spectroscopy. New York: Springer, 50-51,

http://www.springerlink.com/ (accessed May 12, 2008).

Newspaper online

and library

database

Basken, Paul (2007). "Nonprofit Lenders, While Helping

Students, Help Themselves." The Chronicle, August 8,

2007. http://chronicle.com/weekly/v53/i49/49a01401.htm

(accessed August 10, 2007). {online}

Hoge, Warren (1997). "Diana, Princess of Wales, 36,

Dies in a Crash in Paris: The end of a storybook life that

veered from glamor to scandal and, finally, to divorce.."

New York Times, August 31, 1997,

http://www.proquest.com/ (accessed August 8,

2007).{library database}

9. Paul Basken (2007), “Nonprofit Lenders, While Helping

Students, Help Themselves," The Chronicle, August 8,

2007, http://chronicle.com/weekly/v53/i49/49a01401.htm

(accessed August 10, 2007).

3. Warren Hoge (1997), “Diana, Princess of Wales, 36,

Dies in a Crash in Paris: The end of a storybook life that

veered from glamor to scandal and, finally, to divorce.."

New York Times, August 31, 1997,

http://www.proquest.com/ (accessed August 8, 2007).

Webpage American Memory, Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives

from the Federal Writers Project 1936-1938. “Voices and

Faces from the Collection „Sarah Gudger, Age 121‟."

Library of Congress,

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snvoices03.html

(accessed May 12, 2008).

12. American Memory, Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives

from the Federal Writers Project 1936-1938. “Voices and

Faces from the Collection „Sarah Gudger, Age 121‟."

Library of Congress,

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/snhtml/snvoices03.html

(accessed May 12, 2008).

Article from a

journal

Mcmillen, Sally G. (1994). “Antebellum Southern

Fathers and the Health Care of Children.” Journal

of Southern History 60, no. 3: 513-32.

24. Sally G. McMillen (1994). “Antebellum

Southern Fathers and the Health Care of Children.”

Journal of Southern History 60, no. 3: 513-32.

Article from a

newspaper

Morgenson, Gretchen (2000). “Applying a Discount

to Good Earnings News,” Market Watch, New York

Times, sec. 3, April 23, 2000.

30. Gretchen Morgenson (2000), “Applying a

Discount to Good Earnings News,” New York Times,

sec.3, April 23, 2000.

Book - single

author

Rushdie, Salman (1999). The Ground beneath Her

Feet. New York: Henry Holt, 24.

1. Salman Rushdie (1999), The Ground beneath Her

Feet (New York: Henry Holt), 24.

Book - two

authors

Harnack, Andrew, and Eugene Kleppinger (2000).

Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet

4. Andrew Harnack and Eugene Kleppinger (2000),

Online! A Reference Guide to Using Internet Sources


Sources. 3rd ed. New York: St. Martin‟s Press. (New York: St. Martin‟s Press).

Book - edited

no author

Soltes, Ori Z., ed (1999). Georgia: Art and

Civilization through the Ages. London: Philip

Wilson, 280.

9. Ori Z. Soltes, ed. (1999), Georgia: Art and

Civilization through the Ages (London: Phillip

Wilson), 280.

Book –

organization,

association, or

corporation as

author

University of Chicago Press (2003). The Chicago

Manual of Style, 15th ed. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press, 100-101.

12. University of Chicago Press (2003), The Chicago

Manual of Style, 15th ed (Chicago: University of

Chicago Press), 100-101.

Chapter or other

titled parts of a

book

Asbrook, James B., and Carol Rausch Albright

(1997). “The Frontal Lobes, Intending, and

Purposeful God.” Chap. 7 In The Humanizing

Brain. Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press, 20-23.

17. James B. Asbrook and Carol Rausch Albright

(1997), “The Frontal Lobes, Intending, and

Purposeful God,” in The Humanizing Brain

(Cleveland, OH: Pilgrim Press), 20-30.

Dissertations &

theses

Remedios, Richard E. (2007). "Defining my

Process: My Journey Through the MFA Acting

Program at the University of South Carolina."

Master's thesis, University of South Carolina, 35.

3. Richard e. Remedios (2007), "Defining my

Process: My Journey Through the MFA Acting

Program at the University of South Carolina."

(master‟s thesis, University of South Carolina), 35.

3) Defence

Defence serves as an interaction platform between the student, the supervisor and the

readers where the student has a chance to present his/her research, explain his/her

methods, account for his/her choices and if need be defend his/her standpoints and the

supervisor and the readers have a chance to ask questions and/or clarifications with

regard to the choice of literature, research method, standpoints or particular passages, and

give feedback.

Defence takes 30-40 min. and it is organized as follows:

Preliminary discussion of the jury members (the student is not present)

Student‟s presentation of his/her research

15-20 minutes for feedback and questions,

5 minutes for discussion/deliberation of the jury members (the student is not

present)

The supervisor opens the discussion and he/she also acts as a moderator.

The student is allowed to bring a copy of his/her thesis –with possible notes - to the

defense, keeping in mind though that he/she will not have time to look for or read

through individual passages unless explicitly asked for.

Language used at the defense is English.


Title of the Thesis

By

Name of Student

Department of Quality Enhancement Cell

Hazara University

Mansehra

2013


Title of the Thesis

A thesis submitted to the

Department of -------------------------

Hazara University Mansehra,

In

Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY

IN

Only Department name

By

STUDENT NAME

Faculty of Name

Department Name

Hazara University Mansehra

2013

This copy of the thesis has been supplied on the condition that anyone consulting it is

understood to recognize that the copyright rests with the author and that neither

quotations from the thesis, nor any information derived therefrom may be published

without the author‟s prior written consent.


IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE

COMPASSIONATE, THE

MERCIFUL

AND HIS LAST PROPHET

MUHAMMAD

(PEACE BE UPON HIM)


DEDICATION

Dedicated to my loving Parents


Declaration

The work presented in this thesis was carried out by myself under the supervision of -

-------Supervisor name--------, -------Designation------, ------Name of faculty eg

Faculty of Health Sciences-----, -----Department of-------------, Hazara University,

Mansehra, and -----co-supervisor if any--------, -------Designation------, -----city eg

Islamabad------. The conclusions are my own research after numerous discussions

with my supervisor and co supervisor.

I have not presented any part of this work for any other degree.

Student name

We certify that to the best of our knowledge above statement is correct.

Supervisor name

Any Co-supervisor


Certificate

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “---------------------Bold-------------------------

------------------------------------------” submitted by Mr. -----------------------------------------

for the award of Master of philosophy in (Department name), is based on the results of

studies carried out by him in the Hazara University, Mansehra and at the (if any other

collaborative Institute name, city name, under our guidance and supervision during the

research. The dissertation or any part of it has not been previously submitted for any

other degree.

Internal Examiner/ __________________________

Supervisor:

Internal Examiner/ __________________________

Co-Supervisor:

External Examiner: __________________________

Dean/Chairman: __________________________

Dated:…………./…………./2013


TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ii

LIST OF FIGURES /iii

LIST OF TABLES iv

LIST OF APPENDICES v

ABSTRACT vi

INTRODUCTION 1

MATERIALS AND METHODS 19

RESULTS 22

DISCUSSION 42

REFERENCES 48

APPENDICES 60

guidelines for synopsis and thesis preparation

Documents