guidelines for first response to a cbrn · pdf fileguidelines for first response to a cbrn...

NATO Civil Emergency PlanningCivil Protection Committee

Project onMinimum Standards and Non-Binding Guidelines

for First Responders Regarding Planning, Training, Procedure and Equipment

for Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) Incidents

GUIDELINES FOR FIRST RESPONSE TO A CBRN INCIDENT

Civil Emergency Planning

Plans civilsd’urgence

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Civil Emergency Planning

Plans civilsd’urgence

ForewordTheconsequencesofChemical,Biological,RadiologicalandNuclear(CBRN)emergenciesmaystretchnationalcapabilitiestotheirmaximumextent.Responsibilityforfirstresponseremainswithindividualnations.Itisessentialthatnationsbuildontheirresourcestorespondandmitigatetheconsequencesofanemergencysituationtolives,propertyandtheenvironment.DuetothenatureofCBRNincidents,particularlytheirtrans-nationaleffects,co-operationbetweenEuro-AtlanticPartnershipCouncil(EAPC)nationsisnecessary.ThedevelopmentandadoptionofNon-BindingGuidelinesandMinimumStandardsfacilitatesandimprovesnationalresponsesandmutualassistance.

TheinitiativetodevelopNon-BindingGuidelinesandMinimumStandardsforFirstRespondersregardingplanning,training,proceduresandequipmentforCBRNincidents,stemsfromtheEAPCSeminaronresponsestoterrorismwhichwasheldinWarsawinFebruary2002.ItwassubsequentlyincludedintheCivilEmergencyPlanningrelatedsectionoftheWeaponsofMassDestruction(WMD)InitiativeStocktakingReportadoptedattheReykjavikMinisterialinMay2002.

ThepurposeoftheinitiativeistoprovidegeneralguidelinesthatEAPCnationsmaydrawupononavoluntarybasisinordertoenhancetheirpreparednesstoprotecttheircivilianpopulationsagainstChemical,

Biological,andRadiologicalandNuclear(CBRN)risks.Suchguidelinesseektoimproveunderstandingandinteroperabilitybetweennations,therebycontributingtogreaterefficiencyintheuseanddeliveryofnationalandinternationalassistance,ultimatelyenhancinginteroperability.

Theprojectfillsavoidatnationalandinternationallevelforconsequencemanagement(CM)planning,training,proceduresandfunctionalequipmentforfirstresponders.Nationallegalresponsibilitiesmaybedividedinsubstantiallydifferentways;therecanbenouniversalsolutionforCBRN-relatedcivilemergencyplanning.Likewise,themandatesoffirstrespondersinvolvedinemergencyresponsemaybeformulatedinsubstantiallydifferentwaysfromonenationtoanother.Theseguidelinesarethereforegenericinnature.Theyservetoestablishalowestcommondenominatorthroughbestpracticeandsharedlessonslearned.

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Introduction Theaimoftheresponseguidelinesistoestablishproceduralguidelinesformid-levelstrategic/tacticalplannersresponsibleforCBRNpreparednessandresponse.Theresponseguidelinesprovidegenericadviceandguidanceonprocedures,capabilitiesandequipmentrequiredtoimplementaneffectiveresponse.Theyaredesignedtoimprovemulti-agencyinteroperatbilityinfirstresponsetoaCBRNincidentandprovideguidanceonwhenregional,nationalorinternationalassistancemayberequired.TheguidelineshavebeenpreparedtohelpplannersinEAPCnationsdeterminetheirownlevelofcapabilitythroughself-assessment.Theyserveasachecklist.Implementationoftheguidelinesisentirelyoptional.

Ratherthanaimingforstandardisation,theresponseguidelinesfocusondevelopingacommonunderstandingoftheactions

requiredduringtheinitialresponsephase(20mins).

Inorderforaresponsetobefullyintegrateditisvitallyimportantthatdeliberateandeffectivepre-planningtakesplacebetweenmembersofallrespondingagenciesatlocal,regional,nationaland,whereappropriate,internationallevel.

Thedevelopmentofregulartrainingdesignedtotestagreedroles,responsibilities,capabilitiesandprotocolsisalsoanessentialcomponentofthepre-planningprocessandwillprovideopportunitiesforallagenciestodevelopfurthertheircombinedresponsetoaCBRNemergency.

Theresponseguidelinesarepresentedasamatrixdividedintofoursections.Theyaregenericinnatureandrelatetoprocedures,capabilitiesandequipment1requiredtoimplementaneffectiveresponse.

1Equipmentinthisprojectreferstoitsfunctionalaspectsasopposedtorecommendingspecificitems.

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1. Information gathering, assessment and dissemination

RecognisingthataCBRNhas,ormayoccuriscritical.Informationmaybereceivedanddisseminatedviaanumberofroutes,includingintelligenceagencies,thepublic,emergencyservicecontrolrooms,pre-determinedriskinformationcontainedinoperationalresponseplans,labellingofhazardoussubstancesandtransportationcontainers,firstresponderobservationsofsignsandsymptoms(victims,animals,plants,thesurroundingenvironment).

2. Scene management Thesceneshouldbeisolatedto

mitigateconsequences.Effectivescenemanagement(“Hot-zone”management)isrequiredtocontrolaccesstoandfromtheincidentscene,controlmovementofcontaminatedvictims,providesafeworkingmethodsforrespondersandcontainthereleaseofanysubstances.

3. Saving and protecting lives Savinglivesisthetoppriorityofall

respondingagencies.Contaminationofvictims/casualtiesmustbeconsideredaspartoftheinitialassessmentandeffectivemethodsforrescue,decontaminationandmedicaltreatmentmustbeprovided.Theprovisionoftimelywarningsand/orevacuationofthepublicwhereappropriate,mayalsocontributetosavinglivesbyreducingtheriskofexposure.

4. Additional/specialist support. Followingtheimmediateoperational

response,specialistadviceshouldbesoughttoassistwithconsequencemanagement.Thismayincludehazardidentificationorconfirmationandestablishinglevelsofcontamination,medicalsupport,transportandtreatmentofcasualtiesandsupplementingemergencyserviceresources.Wherenecessary,regional,nationalandinternationalresourcescanalsobeusedtomaintainorprovideasufficientlevelofemergencyprovisionandresponse.Specialistadviceandresourcesmayalsoberequiredaspartoftherecoverymanagementphase,includingtheprovisionoflongtermhealthmonitoring,psychologicalsupport,buildingandenvironmentaldecontamination,re-establishingpublicconfidenceandsupportingareturntonormality.

Forclarity,theterm“FirstResponders”referstoindividualsandteamsthatareinvolvedinactivitieswhichaddresstheimmediateandshort-termeffectsofaCBRNemergency.Thisincludeson-scenepersonnelfromthepolice,firebrigadesandhealthservicesactingtominimisetheconsequencesofaCBRN-emergency.Italsoincludespersonnelinhospitals,crisismanagementinstitutionsandthoseinvolvedindetection,verificationandwarning.

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Call centres and mobilising centres

•ecognisethataCBRNincidenthasormayoccur

•Gather,assessanddisseminateallavailableinformationtofirstresponders

•Establishanoverviewoftheaffectedarea

•Provideandobtainregularupdatestoandfromfirstresponders

•CBRNawarenesstrainingforcalltakers

•Methodofgatheringinformation(public,intelligenceetc)

•Methodofsharinginformationbetweenrespondingagencies

•Pre-determinedlevelofresponseto(suspected/confirmed)CBRNincidents

•Questionnaire

•Informationtechnology

•Directtelephonelines

•Radios

•Geographicalinformation(maps)

•Responseplansforspecificrisks

1. INFORMATION GATHERING: Gather, assess and disseminate all available information

Procedure Capability Equipment

First Responders Approach and arrival at scene

•Approachscenewithcautionandupwind

•Carryoutsceneassessment

•EstablishIncidentCommand(eachrespondingagency)

•RecognisesignsandindicatorsofCBRNincidents

•DeterminewhetherCBRNorhazardousmaterialincident

•Estimatenumberofcasualties/victims

•Estimateresourcerequirements

•Considerspecialistadvice/resourcerequirements

•CBRNawarenesstrainingforresponders

•Weatherinformation

•Knowledgeandunderstandingofriskassessment

•Knowledgeandunderstandingofresponsetoimprovisedexplosivedevices

•Knowledgeandunderstandingofroles,responsibilitiesandcapabilitiesofeachrespondingagency

•Effectiveinter-agencycoordinationon-site

•Commoncommandsystemandstructure

•PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)

•Chemical,BiologicalandRadiologicalDetection,IdentificationandMonitoringEquipment(forpersonnel,boundarymonitoringandanalysis)

•Pocketand/oremergencyresponseguides

•Inter-operablecommunicationsequipment(eg.handheldradios)

•Mainschemeradios


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•Providesituationreporttoemergencycontrolroomsetcandrequestassistanceifnecessary

•Carryoutriskassessment

•Undertakehazardidentification

•Donotapproachortouchsuspectobjects/packages–donotoperateradios,mobilephonesorotherelectronicdeviceswithinvicinity(safedistance+/-400m)

•Considersecondarydevices/targets

•Establishandagreemulti-agencyresponseplan

•Identifysafeareasforadditionalfirstrespondervehicles

•Searchforsecondarydevices

•Criticalinfrastructureconsiderations

•Multi-agencycommunicationchannels

•Knowledgeofgeographicalarea

•Searchcapability

•Analysiscapability

•Knowledgeoffacilitiesandcriticalinfrastructure

•Protectionofunaffectedcriticalinfrastructureandkeysites(local,regional,nationaltargets)



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Initial:

•Considerwinddirection

•Establishmulti-agencycommandpointinsafearea(coldzone)

•Establishinnerandoutercordon(hot/warm/coldzone)


•Knowledgeandunderstandingofhot/warm/coldzone

•Pocketand/oremergencyresponseguide

•Detection,IdentificationandMonitoringEquipment(forpersonnel,boundarymonitoringandanalysis)

•PersonalProtectiveEquipment(respiratoryprotection,chemicalprotectionsuits)

•Cordontapeandsignage

2. SCENE MANAGEMENT:Isolate scene to mitigate consequences


Containment:

•Containcontaminantmaterial/liquid

•Establishquarantine(holding)areaforcontaminatedvictims/casualties(wherenecessary)

•Establishdecontaminationandtriageareas

•Cordonoffcontaminatedareas

•Knowledgeandunderstandingofsigns,symptomsandeffectsofsubstances(chemical,biologicialandradiological)

•KnowledgeandunderstandingofHazmatmanagement

•Knowledgeandunderstandingofdecontamination(emergency,mass,clinical)

•Knowledgeandunderstandingofmedicaltriage

•Pocketand/oremergencyresponseguide

•Cordontape,signage,barriers



•Decontaminationequipment(emergency,mass,clinical)

•Shelterforvictims/casualtiesformadverseweather

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Additional considerations:

•Identifyandestablishmulti-agencymarshallingareaforadditionalresources

•Establishtrafficcordon

•Preservesceneandmaintainevidencetotheextentpossible(criminalinvestigation)

•Carryoutco-ordinatedevidencecollection

•Identifysites/locationstoaccommodatelargenumbersofmulti-agencyvehiclesandresources

•Usepre-determinedsites/locationswherepossible.

•Useavailable/suitablespacewithsolidfoundation

•Knowledgeandunderstandingofscenepreservationforcriminalinvestigation(evidence,forensics)

•Effectiveexhibithandling

•Cordontape,signageandbarriers

•Recordingequipment(Video/stillcameras)

•Evidencebags



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•Determineimmediateactionsandpriorities

•Evacuateinnercordon(toquarantinearea)

•Restrictinnercordonaccess(protectedfirstrespondersonly)

•Providesafeworkingmethodsforrescuers

•Carryoutnecessaryrescues

•Implementdecontaminationasappropriate(emergency,mass,clinical)

•Considerdecontaminationofpersonalproperty

•Implementmedicaltriageandtreatment

•Implementresponder/rescuerdecontamination

•Considerrequirementsandprovidetransportforvictims/casualties

•Providetimelywarningsandadvicetothepublic(immediatevicinityandbeyondasnecessary)

•Considerevacuation(immediatevicinityandbeyondasnecessary)

•Considerutilityshutdown

•Considerpublicorder

•Considerhospitaldefence(selfpresenters)

•Weatherinformation

•Knowledgeandunderstandingofdecontamination(emergency,mass,clinical)

•Knowledgeandunderstandingofmedicaltriage

•Sufficientnumbersoftrainedpersonneltoproviderescue,decontamination,medicalsupportandoperationalscenemanagement

•Safeworkingmethodsforhotzonepersonnel(recordingentryanddurationofexposure)

•Transportationofcontaminatedvictims/casualties

•Methodsforcommunicatingtimelyadvice/warningstothepublic

•Emergencyevacuationplans

•Effectivelinkswithutilitycompanies

•Managementofpotentialpublicorderproblems

•Provisionofsurvivorreceptioncentre


•Recordingsystemforhotzonepersonnel

•Decontaminationequipment(emergency,mass,clinical)

•Personalpropertybags(forbelongingsofdecontaminatedvictims)

•Postdecontaminationclothingforvictims


•Medicaltreatment(trauma,prophylacticsetc)

•Transport(ambulance,busetc)

•Cordontape,signageandbarriers

•Prepareddocumentation

•Website

•SMS-messages

•Useofmedia(television,radio)

3. SAVING AND PROTECTING LIVES:Saving lives, giving warnings or managing evacuation


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Notification:

•Notifyappropriateauthoritiesatlocal,regionalandnationallevel(governmentalandresponderagencies)

•Notifyspecialists(chemical,biological,radiological/nuclear,medical)

•Considerinternationalsupportandconventions(IAEA,WHO,OPCW)

•Providesituationreportstoallnotifications

•Pre-agreedresponsibilitiesfornotification

•Scientificsupport(chemical,biological,radiological/nuclear,medical)

•Local,regional,nationalresponseplans

•Methodstorequestregional,nationalandinternationalsupport

•Bilateralagreements(crossborderassistance)

•Methodstotransportspecialiststorequiredlocation

•Listofnotifications(specialistsetc)formobilisingcentres


•Directtelephonelines



•Transportofspecialists


4. ADDITIONAL/SPECIALIST SUPPORT: Alert specialists, notify appropriate authorities, integrate specialist advice and resources

Assessment:

•Prepareimpactassessment(en-route/onsite)

•Establisheffectonpopulation

•Establisheffectoncriticalinfrastructure

•Establisheffectonenvironment

•Carryoutincidentspecificandenvironmentalsampling

•Hazardprediction

•Dispersionmodelling

•Radiationmonitoring

•Consideremergencyprovisionrequirementsforimmediate

•Prediction(dispersionmodelling)

•Planforshort,mediumandlongtermactionsandeffects

•Analysesamples

•Knowledgeofcriticalinfrastructurelocations

•Pre-establishedagreementtoaugmentresources(privateindustry,publicservice,internationalaid/support)




•Criticalinfrastructuresitelocations

•HazardPredictiontools

•Meteorologicalequipment

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andwiderarea

•Assessresourcerequirements(short,mediumandlongterm)


Integration of support:

•Specialistadviceand/oradditionalresourcestobeincorporatedintoincidentplan


•Welfareandaccommodationforresponders

•Provisionoffoodanddrink,administrationfacilities,sleepingaccommodationforrespondersandsupportingresources

Substance identification:

•Substanceconfirmation •Additionalanalysiscapability •Designatedlaboratories

Victim/casualty support:

•Provideinformationtohospitals

•Provideclinicalcountermeasures

•ProvideinformationtoGeneralPractitioners

•Providehealthsurveillance(short-mediumterm)

•Provideemergencyaccommodation

•Establishcasualtybureau

•Firstaidandtreatmentcentres

•Postincidentclinicalcountermeasures

•Postincidentmedicalcare

•Sufficientnumbersoftrainedpersonneltoprovide(short–mediumterm)medicalsupport,casualtybureaustaff

•Pre-identifypotentialaccommodation

•Prophylacticsetc


•Dedicatedtelephonenumbers/lines

•Provisionoffoodanddrink,sleepingaccommodationandadministrationfacilitiesforvictims

Information to public:

•Implementcommunicationplan

•Providetimelywarningsoradvicetopublic

•Provideregularupdates

•Providehealthadvicetopublic

•Pre-agreedcommunicationplan

•Pre-agreedcommunicationchannels/method

•Pre-agreedadvice(whattodo,wheretogo,whattoexpectetc)

•Preparedliterature

•Website

•SMS-message

•Useofmedia(television,radio)

4. ADDITIONAL/SPECIALIST SUPPORT: (continued) Alert specialists, notify appropriate authorities, integrate specialist advice and resources

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Site decontamination/ restoration and remediation:

•Decontaminaterespondervehicles/equipment

•Decontaminatehospitals

•Recoveranddecontaminatecontaminatedbodies

•Decontaminate/restoreaffectedbuildings

•Decontaminateandremediateimpactonenvironment

•Disposeofmedicalwaste

•Disposeofsitewaste/rubble

•Environmentalimpactassessment

•Declaredenvironmental/infrastructuredecontaminationcapability

•Legalpowersofenforcementregardingbuildingandenvironmentaldecontamination

•Effectivestagedimplementationplan

•Massfatalityplan

•Bodyidentification

•Waste/rubbleremoval

•Detection,IdentificationandMonitoringEquipment

•Specialistequipmentandpersonneltodecontaminatelargesites

•Mortuariesforcontaminatedbodies

•Personnelandequipmenttoremovecontaminatedwaste/rubble


Post incident and long term considerations:

•Providemulti-agencydebriefingsforallresponders

•Providepsychologicalcounsellingforvictimsandresponders

•Providelongtermhealthmonitoring(victimsandresponders)

•Criticalincidentdebriefing

•Psychologicalcounselling(responders,victims,affectedpopulation)

•Largescalehealthmonitoring

•Liaisonwithfamily

•Longtermaccommodation

•Financialassistanceforvictims

•Networkofcounsellors

•Healthmonitoringfacilities

•Temporary/permanentaccommodation

•Fundraisingfacilities

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Notes

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1196-07 NATO GRAPHICS & PRINTING

Civil Emergency Planning, Operations Division - NATO International StaffTel : + 32 2 707 5117 • Fax : +32 2 707 7900 • E–mail : [email protected]

EADRCC, Operations Division - NATO International StaffTel : + 32 2 707 2670 • GSM : +32 475 82 90 71 • E–mail : [email protected]

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