NDIA Presentation

Page: 1NDIA.ppt

Guided Projectiles Theory of OperationChris Geswender - Raytheon

spock@raytheon.com

Report Documentation Page

Report Date 09Apr2001

Report Type N/A

Dates Covered (from... to) -

Title and Subtitle Guided Projectiles Theory of Operation

Contract Number

Grant Number

Program Element Number

Author(s) Geswender, Chris

Project Number

Task Number

Work Unit Number

Performing Organization Name(s) and Address(es) Raytheon

Performing Organization Report Number

Sponsoring/Monitoring Agency Name(s) and Address(es) NDIA (National Defense Industrial Association) 211Wilson Blvd, STE. 400 Arlington, VA 22201-3061

Sponsor/Monitor’s Acronym(s)

Sponsor/Monitor’s Report Number(s)

Distribution/Availability Statement Approved for public release, distribution unlimited

Supplementary Notes Proceedings from the 36th Annual Gun & Ammunition Symposium & Exhibition 9-12 April 2001Sponsored by NDIA

Abstract

Subject Terms

Report Classification unclassified

Classification of this page unclassified

Classification of Abstract unclassified

Limitation of Abstract UU

Number of Pages 16

NDIA Presentation

Page: 2NDIA.ppt

Warfighting Capabilities Enhanced by Guided Projectiles

Alti

tude

(k ft

)

40

30

20

10

0 0 8.5 37 50Kilometers

Crusader

Paladin

Improved Terminal Effects

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

50

40

30

20

10

0

Kilometers

Kilo

met

ers

X Maximum Target

Baseline XM982 can hitany target in this areafrom one tube position!

CrusaderLocation

Wide Attack Footprint

Kilometers: 0 10 20 30 40 50

Enhanced Range - Artillery Range Overmatch

XM982 Crusader

Current US Capability

XM982 Paladin & LWH

International Capability

11,340 lbsM864FAPP

M864

Rounds (Weight) Transported

No. of DPICMRounds Required

4,392 lbsXM982U-PAC

25km Rangeat 10%EFD

XM982

35km Range, Normalized,at 10%EFD

Improved Effectiveness / Lethality

Data from Public Released presentation

NDIA Presentation

Page: 3NDIA.ppt

Potential Solutions for Projectile Guidance

Unguided

1-DOF Correction

2-DOF Correction

7-DOF Correction

~ 300 M

~ 10

0 M

Controls time, X, Y, Z, pitch, yaw, roll

Controls X, Y

Controls X

Configuration Range Accuracy

Data expanded from NDIA Web site

NDIA Presentation

Page: 4NDIA.ppt

Various Guidance Options

Comms Link to Ground Forces

Spotter

Target

Comms Link to Ground Forces

Spotter

Target

Mid-Phase Guidance

TerminalPhase

Guidance

Beacon

BallisticLaunchPhase

GPS

Comms Link to Ground Forces

Spotter

Target

CHICKCHICK

CHICK

CHICK

CH

ICK

MotherHen

Comms Link to Ground Forces

Spotter

Target

Mid-Phase Guidance

TerminalGuidance

BallisticLaunchPhase

Air Asset

Trackin

g Uplin

k

Tracking Uplink

CaptureVolume

Data Link

Tracking

Comms Link to Ground Forces

Spotter

Target

Mid-Phase Guidance

CaptureVolume

BallisticLaunchPhase

Air Asset

Data Link

LaserTracking/

IlluminationCoded

LaserIllumination

Coded

Ballistic

SelfGuided

FollowMe

CommandGuided

LaserGuided

PROPULSIONNone

RocketRam Jet

STABILIZATIONSpinFin

Spin/Despin/Fin

CONTROLAerodynamic

ThrusterNone

GUIDANCEIMUGPS

BeaconNone

DATA LINKRadioNone

SEEKERIR

mmWTV

None

CALIBERFull CalibreSub-Calibre

PAYLOADLethal

Non-Lethal

Data from NATO document

NDIA Presentation

Page: 5NDIA.ppt

Tightly Integrated GPS/INS Guidance

Kalman

Filter

InertialNAV

GPS

H(x*)

+-

xPseudorange

Deltarangemeasured

Pseudorange

Deltarangepredicted

x* +

+

residual

xs',s'V θ∆∆

[ ]Corrections',s'V θ∆∆

[ ]Corrections',s'V θ∆∆

GPS provides very accurate Earthbased position and velocity data

IMU provides very accurate body based rate and acceleration data

GPS / IMS provides

very accurateprojectile

inertial data

Data from GPS web site

NDIA Presentation

Page: 6NDIA.ppt

Example - Rocket Assisted Design

Projectile In Bore Acceleration vs Time

CHALLENGE - Build a projectile with all the functionalityof a missile but robust enough to gun fired

~ 18 msec

~ 12

KG

’s

Data from Surface Warfare Web site

NDIA Presentation

Page: 7NDIA.ppt

*Canards Deploy Battery On

Fins Deploy

DCI

GPSAcquisition

Window Motor Burn

MidcourseGuidanceInertial

Guidance

PayloadDispense

General Concept of OperationsBaseline Capabilities

On and off axis target attack (large downrange/ cross-range envelope)Trajectory optimized for aerodynamic efficiencyWind estimator to offset dispense for target area windsModerate GPS jamming immunity / moderate effectiveness after jamoutAdjustable dispense diameter, altitude and angle

Data redrawn from Surface Warfare Web site

NDIA Presentation

Page: 8NDIA.ppt

Pre-Fire Timeline

~ 10 minutes

PowerPrimary

Primary

Secondary

Power

Shield

Data / Timing

~ 3 seconds

Projectile Initializationrequires very aggressive

timelines to meetfiring rates comparableto “dumb” projectiles

Data from Web sited NSFS presentation

NDIA Presentation

Page: 9NDIA.ppt

Down Range

Alti

tude

FIRE!

Battery Start, Software Elaboration, Round Despin

Roll Finder Algorithm Starts

Initial Roll Finder Results Available

Maximum GPS Acquisition TimeAccurate Maneuvering Possible

Terminal Jamming Provisioned

GPS Refinement of Attitude and IMU Error Calibration Continue

Dispenseor

Impact

Navigation/Midcourse Timeline

NDIA Presentation

Page: 10NDIA.ppt

Terminal Time Line

SubmunitionDispense

Td=T0 - (2 to 4)

SubmunitionImpact

T0

Te= Td - .05Submunition Eject

Tc= Te - .02Command Sequence

Select Pattern Arm Payload, Zeroize

Ta= Tc - 1.0

Tt= Ta - 3.0 Declare Terminal

T= Ttof

Monitor Estimated Range to Target

NDIA Presentation

Page: 11NDIA.ppt

Multiple Rounds Simultaneous Impact

Closed form TOA solutions from Fire Control do not work

To supply MRSI, each projectile must both:• accurate estimate time to target• control it continuously

Trajectory flown

Trajectory flown

Possible trajectories to target

Possible trajectories to target

Biases error sources (errors which dominate the time of flight)

Propellant performanceFiring time errorsNon standard AtmosphereDominant wind directionAerodynamic variations

Colored noise sources (errors which confuse active time of arrival control)

Wind shearsGPS error shifts

White noise sources (errors which just “stimulate” any control)

Wind gusts

Tn

Tn+x

NDIA Presentation

Page: 12NDIA.ppt

HOJ Operational Timeline

No Target Acquisition* Inertial Guide to Pre-Brief* Will not return to GPS

Loss of Track* Will not return to GPS* Guide to Last Est. Target Location

Dispense Command* Range Estimation for Timing - Algorithm based on Intensity* Angle Limited by Antenna FOV

Establish Target Acquisition* Switch antennas to HOJ* Develop AOA estimate* Within DF limits of Pre-Brief Target - Jammer close to target

NDIA Presentation

Page: 13NDIA.ppt

Off Axis Attack Capability provided

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 10

20

30

40

50

60

Downrange (KM)

Cro

ss r

ang

e (K

M)

Potential Attack Footprint ofa Guided Projectile

The ability to “fly” (example assumes 7-DOF guidance solution) means a gun can execute manyfirings missions from a single surveyed site without repositioning barrel

Conventional UnguidedProjectile Footprint

Potential Footprint of a“constrained” Guided Projectile

NDIA Presentation

Page: 14NDIA.ppt

New requirement - Casualty function

• Most guided weapons were not designed to be fired over friendly forces (soprovisions for operation as a failed weapons was not really considered in the design)

• BLUE trajectories represents the fact most guided weapons have been designed to beemployed at or in advance of the battle front (called Forward Line Of Engagement orFLOE).

• Red trajectory represents the fact guided projectiles will operationally be employedsuch that they will be behind FLOE and will overfly all forces up to FLOE.

Guided Projectiles

AAMs

AGMs

ATMs

For the first time, overhead safety for EXTENDED ranges must be considered

NDIA Presentation

Page: 15NDIA.ppt

Example - Safety Features Over a Mission

u Dispense based upon GPS/INS solutionu Submunitions equipped with Self-Destruct Featureu Reduced Hazardous Dud Rate

S&A Provides SafeSeparation Distance

No Rocket Motor Noise or Plume

S&A is not fully armeduntil projectile enters“terminal” phase of

guidance

Push-over (apogee) must be achieved to enablesecond arming environment

Shoot & Scoot!

Integrity checks confirmgood guidance and MissionComputer operability

Firing initiatesbattery andrepresentsfirst armingenvironment

Guided trajectorythwarts counter-

battery fire

ReverseSlope

ExtendedRange

Off Boresight

Data from Public Released Presentation

NDIA Presentation

Page: 16NDIA.ppt

Summary - Guided Projectiles provides

Alti

tude

(k ft

)

40

30

20

10

0 0 8.5 37 50Kilometers

Crusader

Paladin

Improved Terminal Effects

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

50

40

30

20

10

0

Kilometers

Kilo

met

ers

X Maximum Target

Baseline XM982 can hitany target in this areafrom one tube position!

CrusaderLocation

Wide Attack Footprint

Kilometers: 0 10 20 30 40 50

Enhanced Range - Artillery Range Overmatch

XM982 Crusader

Current US Capability

XM982 Paladin & LWH

International Capability

11,340 lbsM864FAPP

M864

Rounds (Weight) Transported

No. of DPICMRounds Required

4,392 lbsXM982U-PAC

25km Rangeat 10%EFD

XM982

35km Range, Normalized,at 10%EFD

Improved Effectiveness / Lethality

Data from Public Released Presentation