“Phase Changing Materials(PCMs) used as

Building Material”

By,

Rojan P.V

4sf10cv034

8th Semester Civil

GuideAsst. Prof Ashraf

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1.Introduction

2.Principle

3.Working

4.PCM incorporation

5.Building application

6.Bio PCM

7.GlassX

8.Thermal core

9.Selection criteria

10.Case study

11.conclusion

contents

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• Modern architecture is Attractive, flexible and light weight

• Leads to less thermal storage capacity and more solar

heat gains

• PCM - Interior finishing alternatives

• Stores much larger amount of thermal energy per unit

mass than conventional building materials

• Requires less amount of energy for production

• This presentation involves microencapsulated PCM use,

its applications, etc.

Introduction

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• When heat is applied to any substance, heat transfers in

two ways

Sensible heat

Latent heat

• PCMs works on the principle of latent heat

• Latent heat enables PCMs to control room temperature

PRINCIPLE

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• PCMs used in construction change from solid to liquid at

23ºC - 26ºC

• They melt, absorb heat from room and room temperature is

kept constant until the change of state is complete

• PCM then returned to solid state by night time ventilation /

mechanical means

• The phase change cycle repeats

WORKING

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• There are many types of PCM but not all are suitable for use in buildings

• The two main types of PCM used in construction are inorganic salt hydrates and organic paraffin or fatty acids

• both materials have a set of advantages and disadvantages that must be taken into consideration.

Types of PCM

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Inorganic salt hydrates

• Salt hydrates are a low-cost, readily available PCM.

• They have a high latent heat storage capacity and high thermal conductivity

• They are also non-flammable.

continued

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• Paraffin’s and fatty acids do not expand as they melt, and freeze without much super cooling,

• They are chemically stable, compatible with conventional construction materials and recyclable.

• Paraffin’s are hydrophobic, which means they are water-repellant.

Organics: paraffin’s and fatty acids

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• Paraffin’s are hydrophobic, which means they are water-repellant.

• As a result, their phase-change points are reliable.

• Pure paraffin’s are also highly durable, and do not degrade in contact with oxygen.

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• Impregnated into building materials by 2 ways :

Either directly or as pellets(Paraffin wax – most promising material used)

Microencapsulation

• Microencapsulation most preferred always.

• Night cooling considered as the main difficulty

• Mechanical ventilation provided

PCM Incorporation :

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Direct usage

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MICRO-ENCAPSULATION• A process by which individual particles of solid/ liquid material are coated with a continuous film of polymeric material to produce capsules called microcapsules.

• Microcapsules – small sphere with uniform wall round it

• Micrometer to millimeter range

• Appearance of beads, powder

• Polymer sphere shaped

Structure of a microcapsule :

• Material inside is called core.

• Wall is called shell or coating.

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Morphology :

• Depends on core material and the deposition process of the shell

• Basically 3 types :

Mononuclear

Poly nuclear

Matrix encapsulation

• Also mononuclear with multiple shells, or clusters of microcapsules.

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Morphology

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• Used as ceiling material

Building Applications:

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PCM as Ceiling Material

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PCM as Plasterboard

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•BioPCM:

A rolled mat that contains PCM

Integrated into new construction or retrofitted into existing

Mat is installed between insulation and drywall layers and

located in walls and ceiling.

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Bio PCM

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How it works???

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GlassX• An insulated glazing unit that can be used as full glass walls

and windows.

• It has an outer pane of glass that reflects high-angle sun

and allows low-angle sunlight to pass.

• Sunlight transmitted through this outer pane of glass passes

through inner polycarbonate channels that are embedded

with salt-hydrate PCMs.

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• These PCMs store the heat from the sunlight, release the

heat to the interior of the building as the temperature cools.

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How it works???

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ThermalCORE • Made by National Gypsum/BASF Corporation.

• A drywall panel embedded with paraffin PCM.

• The microscopic paraffin capsules absorb and distribute heat

as the wax melts and solidifies with temperature fluctuations.

• ThermalCORE is not currently commercially available for

purchase and is still undergoing testing.

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• A melting temperature range in construction is 23°C or

26°C.

• A high latent heat of fusion per unit volume minimizes the

area of PCM tiles that are needed.

• High thermal conductivity.

Selection criteria

• Minimal changes in volume

• Congruent melting

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• A completely reversible freezing/melting cycle.

• Durability over a large number of cycles.

• Non-corrosiveness to construction materials.

• Non-flammability.

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Case studyFloating ball of rotterdam,Netherland

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• Three semi transparent domes of 18.5,20,24m diameter

• Building has been built in one of the city harbor of Rotterdam

• Climate is managed in different way in different room

• Exhibition hall temperature is kept about 15 ˚C

• Conference hall temp is maintained about 21˚C

• Temperature is varied with the help of PCM

continued

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CONCLUSION• Improves thermal comfort levels and obviate or reduce the need for air-conditioning.

• Reduction in peak temperatures is possible.

• Used in Residential buildings too.

• Significant advantages for both commercial and residential buildings.

• Night ventilation- an integral part.

• Likely to become a valuable tool for improving thermal comfort in domestic buildings.

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REFFERENCES

• http://www.basf.com sighted on 10/2/2014

• http://www.apartmenttherapy.com sighted on 10/2/2014

• Zubillaga (2007), “Use of microencapsulated PCM inconcrete

walls for energy savings. Energy and Buildings “, Vol. 39 pp.113-

119.

• I.O. Salyer, A.K. Sircar, R.P. Chartoff, D.E. Miller.

1995.Advanced phase-change materials for passive solar storage

applications. In: Proceedings of the 20th Intersociety Energy

Conversion Engineering Conference. Warrendale, Pennsylvania,

USA: 699-709.

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THANK YOU