guidance to predict and mitigate dynamic hydroplaning on

Center for Sustainable

Transportation Infrastructure

Vehicle Terrain Performance Laboratory (VTPL)

Computational Research for Energy Systems & Transport (CREST) Laboratory

Center for Tire Research (CenTire)

Center for Sustainable Transp. Infrastructure (CSTI)

Guidance to Predict and Mitigate Dynamic Hydroplaning on

Roadways - Project UpdateGerardo W. Flintsch

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/accidents-hazardous-conditions/hydroplaning.htm

29th RPUG Conference Marriott Denver West, Golden, CO

November 14 to 17, 2017


Transportation Infrastructure Contents

Background

Water Film Thickness Model

Vehicle Handing Model

Expected Outcomes

Concluding RemarksCenter for

Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure



Research Team Acknowledgement



NCHRP 15-55 Program OfficerNCHRP 15-55 Program Officer

Gerardo Flintsch (VTTI) - PIRoad/Vehicle Interaction &

Surface Properties

Gerardo Flintsch (VTTI) - PIRoad/Vehicle Interaction &

Surface Properties

Saied Taheri (ME)Tire Dynamics &

Tire/Pavement Interaction

Saied Taheri (ME)Tire Dynamics &

Tire/Pavement Interaction

Edgar de Leon (VTTI)Surface Characterization & Mitigation Strategies

Edgar de Leon (VTTI)Surface Characterization & Mitigation Strategies

Samer Katicha (VTTI)Data Analysis & Modeling

Samer Katicha (VTTI)Data Analysis & Modeling

Francine Battaglia (ME)Computational Fluid

Dynamics (CFD) Modeling

Francine Battaglia (ME)Computational Fluid

Dynamics (CFD) Modeling

Alejandra Medina (VTTI)Driver Behavior & Safety

Analysis

Alejandra Medina (VTTI)Driver Behavior & Safety

Analysis

Kevin McGhee (VCTIR)Surface Properties &

Guidance Development

Kevin McGhee (VCTIR)Surface Properties &

Guidance Development

John Ferris (ME) Vehicle Dynamics &

Surface Characterization

John Ferris (ME) Vehicle Dynamics &

Surface Characterization

Tony Parry (NTEC)Road/Vehicle Interaction & Guidance Development

Tony Parry (NTEC)Road/Vehicle Interaction & Guidance Development

David Hargreaves (NTEC)Hydraulics & CFD

David Hargreaves (NTEC)Hydraulics & CFD

David Kibler (VT/Consultant)

Hydraulics & Hydrology

David Kibler (VT/Consultant)

Hydraulics & Hydrology

Lu Chen (ME/CREST)Lu Chen (ME/CREST)

Kenneth Velez (CEE/VTTI)Kenneth Velez (CEE/VTTI)

Yong Suk Kang (ME/VTPL)Yong Suk Kang (ME/VTPL)

Lijie Tang (CEE/VTTI)Lijie Tang (CEE/VTTI)

Ashkan Nazari (ME/CenTire)Ashkan Nazari (ME/CenTire)







Background

Advancing Transportation

Through Innovation4


Transportation Infrastructure Dynamic Hydroplaning



https://www.faasafety.gov/gslac/ALC/course_content.aspx?cID=34&sID=171&preview=true



Hydroplaning Models -Hydroplaning Speed Prediction

NASA:

TXDOT:

PAVDRN:

USF:

pFARvp 72.015.1780.51

1)(95.7 FARpvp

ATDpSDvp06.03.004.0 1

14.0

06.006.0 817.7952.28,409.10507.3max TWFTWFT

A

259.004.26 WFTvp

49.082.0

06.05.02.0

WFTpWLvp

vp = vehicle speed (km/h);p = tire pressure (kPa);FAR = tire footprint aspect ratio;WL = wheel load (N);WFT = water film thickness (mm).


Transportation Infrastructure NCHRP 15-55 Objective

To develop a comprehensive hydroplaning risk assessment tool that can be used by transportation agencies to help reduce the potential of hydroplaning.

–Treating hydroplaning as a multidisciplinary and multi-scale problem

–Solutions for areas with a high potential of hydroplaning based on a fundamental and meaningful understanding of the problem.




Transportation Infrastructure NCHRP 15-55 Objective (Cont.)

Final Product: Guidance and tools to predict and mitigate hydroplaning on roadways

–Applicable to all types of roadways

–Site-specific factors such as geometric design, etc.

–Appropriate for new construction, reconstruction, and maintenance/ retrofit projects.




Transportation Infrastructure NCHRP 15-55 Objective (Cont.)

Two Supporting products:

–A Hydroplaning Risk Assessment Tool • To provide highway engineers with practical and

simple means for assessing the impact of roadway geometric features on the accumulation of water on the pavement and determining the hydroplaning potential for existing or new roads.

–An Integrated Hydroplaning Model• Intermediate product, generated mainly for the

development of the simpler, more practical assessment tool.



Research Approach Overview

Hydroplaning Potential

Enforcement & Traffic Control

Advice & Education

Pavement & Highway

Engineering

Mitigation Strategies

Previous Experimental Studies

Simulations

Naturalistic Driving

Crash Databases & Road Measurements

Mitigation Measures

Water Accumulation

Vehicle Response

Tire Model

Tire‐water‐pavement

Interaction (CFD)

Vehicle Dynamics

Water Film Thickness

Driver Response Speed

Road Model 3D Road

surfacemodel

Integrated Hydroplaning Model

Speed Limits

Maneuver

Tire Characteristics- Type- Condition

Weather Conditions- Rainfall

Road Characteristics- Geometry- Smoothness

Texture- Drainability

Vehicle Characteristics- Type of vehicle- Safety Features

Inputs Verification & Validation

Hydroplaning RiskAssessment Tool

Simple relationships between road characteristics, vehicle speed and water film thickness and hydroplaning potential

HydroplaningRisk

Current Ongoing Efforts







Water Film Model


Through Innovation11



Wat

er F

low

Mod

els




Transportation Infrastructure Water Film Thickness Modeling

13


Through Innovation

Straight Alignment

Curves

Transitions


Transportation Infrastructure Mesh Definition and Initial Verification Work

Proctor (1986) measured WFT on a 30-ft. by 15-ft.

14


Through Innovation


Transportation Infrastructure Water Film Thickness Sensitivity Analysis

Modeled Transitions

15


Through Innovation


Transportation Infrastructure Longitudinal Slope

16


Through Innovation

(preliminary results)


Transportation Infrastructure Example of Preliminary Results

17


Through Innovation







Vehicle Handling Model





Vehicle Response

Fluid‐Solid Interaction (FSI)

Vehicle Model

Tire Characteristics

Water Accumulation

Vehicle Characteristics


Driver

3D Road Surface Model

Water Film Thickness

Tire Model(Abaqus)

Tire‐water‐pavement Interaction(Star‐CCM+)

Coupling (Star‐CCM+)

Pressure, Critical Velocity

Deformed tire structure

RoughnessTexture

Effective frictionRoll ,pitch , yaw, stability factor

Texture

Speed

Type of vehicle

Type of tireCondition (tread depth)

Vehicle Dynamics (CarSim)

Spindle position, lateral and longitudinal forces from tire, vertical hydrodynamic force


Transportation Infrastructure FSI Model Domain

20


Through Innovation


Transportation Infrastructure Tire Model

21


Through Innovation


Transportation Infrastructure FSI Model Setup

2

Models setup in Star-CCM+– Implicit Unsteady (∆t= 5×10-4 s)– Eulerian Multiphase (air, water)– SST K-Omega turbulence model– VOF waves (water film)

Initial Boundary conditions: Inflow (water and air): Velocity inlet, Vz=-40 kph; VOF wave Outflow (water and air): Atmospheric pressure Pavement: Non-slip wall, Vz=-40 kph Side and top surfaces: Free-slip wall Tire: Non-slip wall, Local rotation rate, ωY=61.19 rad/s

x

YZ

Inflow

Outflow

Pavement Level

Y

VZ

Water Level

X – toward pavement;Y – cross stream direction;Z – car travel direction.


Transportation Infrastructure Effects of water film (preliminary results)

6

Water 5 mmWater 0 mm

Water 8 mm Water 30 mm


Transportation Infrastructure Water splash WFT= 8 mm

WFT= 30 mm


Transportation Infrastructure Velocity Vectors

8

WFT= 8 mm



FSI model with slip angle 2º

10

xY

Z

Inflow

Outflow

Pavement Level

Y

Road

Water Level

Operating conditions: Water film velocity: [0.0, ‐0.6239262, ‐17.867] m/s Inflow velocity [0.0, ‐0.6239262, ‐17.867] m/s Pavement: [0.0, ‐0.6239262, ‐17.867] m/s Side and top surfaces: Free‐slip wall Tire: Local rotation rate, ωY=61.19 rad/s



Pressure: effects of slip angle

12

Slip angle 2º Water film: 5 mm

Slip angle 0º Water film: 5 mm


Transportation Infrastructure Effect on contact patch and water splashing

Front

Side



Hydroplaning Vehicle Simulator

Hydroplaning Vehicle Simulator allows the user to do a batch simulation by changingthe CarSim simulation factors (vehicle type, road characteristic, maneuver, and tiremodels) automatically by writing CarSim own code file (.par file)

ExportImport

Hydroplaning Vehicle Simulator

Batch of Simulation Cases

1. G Matrix2. Text File with

the simulation information

MATLABWriting .Par files

CARSIMSimulation

SIMULINKData Processing

Vehicle Dynamic Simulation (preliminary)



Vehicle Cornering Simulation

Vehicle Braking Simulation

Hydroplaning Vehicle Simulator & G Value


Transportation Infrastructure Proposed Approach

31


Through Innovation

Performance Margin


Hydroplaning Risk







Expected Products





Water Film ThicknessSimplified Water Film Thickness Prediction

Tire Characteristics- Bald- Minimum tread depth

Location- Weather databases

Type of Road Segment- Tangent- Curve- Transition

Vehicle Characteristics- Hatchback- Sedan- SUV

Inputs

Road Characteristics- Grade- Cross-slope- Curvature- Lengths- Smoothness- Macrotexture- Drainability

Performance Margin Estimation(Simple IO Model)

Hydroplaning risk/ Potential Estimation

Hydroplaning Risk

Effective Friction

Processes Outputs

Speed

VehicleResponse

Design Rainfall

Proposed Hydroplaning Risk Assessment Tool Format



Guide for Predicting and Mitigating Hydroplaning on Roadways (Preliminary Outline)

Executive Summary

Introduction

Background

Objectives

Scope and Organization

Understanding Hydroplaning

Definitions

Accumulation of Water on the Pavement– Basic hydraulic and hydrologic principles– Road surface properties– Predicting rainfall

Vehicle Response to Driver Behavior and Road Conditions – Driver behavior– Vehicle and tire dynamics– Fluid dynamics at the tire-pavement

interface

Integrated Hydroplaning Model

34

Advancing Transportation Through Innovation



Guide for Predicting and Mitigating Hydroplaning on Roadways (Preliminary Outline) (cont.)

Assessment of Hydroplaning Risk Hydroplaning Risk Assessment Tool

– Tool development– Applications

Evaluation of Pavement Surface Properties– Assessment technologies– Examples

Precipitation Estimations– Using available climatic data– Examples

Prediction of Hydroplaning Risk

Hydroplaning Mitigation Strategies New Roadways

– Virtual audits

Existing Roadways– Road Surface Improvements– Operational Strategies– Outreach and Education

Case Studies

Implementation Recommendations

AppendicesAdvancing Transportation

Through Innovation







Concluding Remarks




Transportation Infrastructure Concluding Remarks

Ongoing work– All results may change

Some significant advances– Water film thickness

prediction– Hydroplaning definition

& assessment approach

Main product: – Guide to predict and

mitigate hydroplaning on roadways

Secondary products– Hydroplaning Assessment tool

(practitioners)– “Integrated” Hydroplaning

Model (researchers)

37

Advancing Transportation Through Innovation







Guidance to Predict and Mitigate Dynamic Hydroplaning on

Roadways - Project UpdateGerardo W. Flintsch

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/accidents-hazardous-conditions/hydroplaning.htm

29th RPUG Conference Marriott Denver West, Golden, CO

November 14 to 17, 2017

guidance to predict and mitigate dynamic hydroplaning on

Documents