gsm-to-umts training series 04_wcdma site survey_v1.0
TRANSCRIPT
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.co
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HUAWEI Confidential
Internal
WCDMA Site Survey
GSM-to-UMTS Training Series_V1.0
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Date RevisionVersion
Description Author
2008-10-31 1.0 Draft completed. Zang Liang
2008-12-31 1.1 Descriptions in page 13 updatedDescriptions in page 35 updated
Liu
Nanchuan
2009-01-14 1.2 Required information about the
coverage area in page 13 added
Dong
Qihuan
Change History
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Site survey provides a detailed construction scheme for the implementation of the WCDMA network deployment. Technically, site survey serves as the guidelines for stock and delivery, site construction, equipment installation, and site commissioning.
The result of site survey may determine the implementation difficulty or even the quality of the entire project.
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After this course, you are able to:
Be familiar with the procedure of site survey
Know the principles of site selection
Understand the antenna system design
Remember the output documents of site survey
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Chapter 1Chapter 1 Roles in Site SurveyRoles in Site Survey
Chapter 2 Site Survey Procedure
Chapter 3 Site Survey Report
Chapter 4 Responsibility Interface
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Roles in Site Survey
Roles
− Radio network planning manager: General organizer of the
network planning, responsible for the overall network planning.
− Network planning personnel: Responsible for the noise test and
site survey according to instructions of the manager. Complete the
Site Survey Report and Noise Test Report.
− Engineering survey personnel: Perform the site survey with the
cooperation of the network planning personnel.
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Chapter 1 Roles in Site Survey
Chapter 2Chapter 2 Site SurveySite Survey ProcedureProcedure
Chapter 3 Site Survey Report
Chapter 4 Responsibility Interface
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Site requirements satisfied?
Site requirements satisfied?
Site Survey Procedure
Ideal sites listIdeal sites list
GSM+UMTS co-site?GSM+UMTS co-site? NoNo
Output search Rings
Output search Rings
Obtain candidate
sites
Obtain candidate
sites
Perform site survey
Perform site survey
Complete the site survey
report
Complete the site survey
report
EndEnd
YesYes
NoNo
YesYes
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Coordination Meeting for Site Survey
Before the site survey starts, all the personnel involved in site survey Before the site survey starts, all the personnel involved in site survey should have a coordination meeting. The main topics of the meeting are should have a coordination meeting. The main topics of the meeting are as follows:as follows:
Learn about the local electromagnetic environment. Perform the noise test if necessary.
Specify the site survey personnel and cooperators
Arrange for vehicles and related devices
Map out the site survey plan and survey routes. If the survey area is large, divide the site survey personnel into several groups to perform the site survey at the same time.
Set down the initial solution to the transmission and power supply.
From the telecom operator, obtain the existing frequency band, azimuth, and downtilt of the antenna system at the GSM+UMTS site.
After the effective communication with the telecom operator, acknowledge that the important zones are in coverage of the site. Before the site survey, all the site survey personnel should identify the important zones.
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Preparations for Site Survey
Learn about the project profile. Collect the
documents related to the project, which can be:
Engineering documents
Background documents
Existing network situations
Local map marked with ideal sites
Configuration list in the contract
Latest site survey form for site survey
WCDMA Site Survey Form
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Preparations for Site Survey Contact the marketing personnel or engineering
personnel. Record the phone number of the local
Huawei office and the telecom operator. Record the
way to the site.
Arrange for the tools. Ensure that the tools are
functional before the site survey starts. The required
tools are:
Digital camera
GPS
Compass
Tape/laser rangefinder
Laptop
Telescope
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Preparations for Site SurveyTool Purpose Remarks
Digital camera Records the ambient environment,
roof information, and co-site
situations.
Charge the battery before use. You
are advised to carry the battery
charger of the camera.
GPS Locates the longitude and latitude of
the site.
The GPS should be in an open space
without obstacles and can be used
only when three or more satellites are
found. Set the projection mode to
WGS84. Set the longitude and latitude
format to XX.XXXX.
Compass Measures the antenna azimuth. Keep the compass away from iron
materials, such as the antenna
support or pole, to ensure
measurement precision.
Laptop Records and stores data.
Tape Measures the length.
Telescope Observes the ambient environment.
Laser rangefinder (optional)
Measures the height of a building.
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Precautions of Site Selection The network planners have a basic knowledge about the coverage area, and
locate the ideal sites.
The survey personnel select the site and perform the site survey according to the
initial network planning. In the case that all the sites cannot meet the requirements,
the network planners are required to locate the search ring for candidate sites.
For the complicated coverage area, the network planners should perform the
practical propagation model test to verify whether the candidate site meets the
coverage requirements.
After the ideal sites are located, discuss with the landlord or land owner to ensure
that the land for ideal sites is available for purchase or rent.
If all the candidate sites cannot meet the requirements, reselect sites or modify the
coverage requirements. Be sure to map out a site selection plan meeting the actual
coverage requirements.
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Principles of Site Selection
The principles of site selection are as follows:
a. Always try to plan the site at the ideal position of
the regular mesh. Plan the candidate site within one
fourth of the radius of the search ring.
Ideal site position
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Principles of Site Selection
b. Always try to use the existing equipment without affecting the site deployment.
This is to minimize the construction cost and period.
c. Generally, do not plan the site at the peak (100 m altitude difference or higher than the downtown) located in the suburb or edge of the downtown. This is to facilitate the coverage area control, site construction, and subsequent maintenance.
d. The new site should be located in an area where the traffic is convenient, the
mains supply is available, the environment conditions are reliable, and less plow
land is occupied.
e. The new site should be far from high-power radio transmitters, radar stations, or
other interference sources.
f. The new site should be far from forests to avoid fast fading.
g. Take into consideration the signal reflection and delay, especially in mountain
areas, areas with steep cliffs or dense lakes, highlands, or high metal buildings.
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Principles of Site Selection
h. In the case of site selection in the downtown with dense buildings, you can
divide the network hierarchy by skillfully using the height of different buildings.
i. At the initial stage of network deployment, the number of sites is small. In this
case, you should plan the sites to ensure a good coverage for importance areas.
j. Do not plan the edge of the cell in the densely populated areas. Good coverage
means one and only one main signal coverage.
k. The First Fresnel zone of the antenna should be in an open space without
obstacles.
l. Consider the long-term plan.
m. If the site selection is on the basis of capacity expansion, pay attention to the
cooperation between the new site and the existing network.
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Typical Problems in Site Selection
Improper site layout has a
considerable impact on network
performance, especially on the
WCDMA network:
1. Poor coverage areas and blind
areas: This problem is caused by
excessive distance between sites,
block with obstacles, or weak indoor
coverage.
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Typical Problems in Site Selection
2. Excessive overlapping coverage:
If the distance between sites is too small, or
if the forward power allocation is improper,
the overlapping coverage is excessive, or
the soft handover occurs frequently. The
strong pilot signals may cause pilot
pollution and a deteriorated BLER. Thus,
call drops may occur.
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Typical Problems in Site Selection
3. Cross coverage: If the site is located at
the peak or a skyscraper in the downtown or
suburb, cross coverage may occur. When
you determine the site location and direction
of the main lobe of the antenna, cross
coverage may also occur if the main lobe
direction is consistent with the route of
terrestrial objects having the waveguide
effect, such as streets and rivers.
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Detailed Site Survey
Taking photos of the site profile One to two photos of site entrance, entire building, or iron tower
structure. Collecting the latitude and longitude information of the site Before using the GPS at the top of the building, set the GPS
coordinates format to WGS-84, and set the latitude and longitude format to XX.XXXX˚. The settings are subject to the requirements of the telecom operator.
Based on the measured data by the GPS, fill in the XXX Project XXX Site Survey Form.
Taking photos of the site profile One to two photos of site entrance, entire building, or iron tower
structure. Collecting the latitude and longitude information of the site Before using the GPS at the top of the building, set the GPS
coordinates format to WGS-84, and set the latitude and longitude format to XX.XXXX˚. The settings are subject to the requirements of the telecom operator.
Based on the measured data by the GPS, fill in the XXX Project XXX Site Survey Form.
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Detailed Site Survey
Recording the radio propagation environment of the site
Within 500 m around the site, record the height of buildings or natural obstacles higher than the antenna (or with roughly the equal height) and their distance to the site on each direction of the site. Start from the North.
On the antenna platform, take photos of the surrounding radio propagation environment. By using the compass, take photos on the 12 directions clockwise, starting from 0˚ (the North) with the step size of 30˚. On the roof sketch, the shooting position and direction should be marked for each photo.
If the antenna systems of other telecom operators exist near the site, record them.
Other information
On site, fill in the XXX Project XXX Site Survey Form.
Recording the radio propagation environment of the site
Within 500 m around the site, record the height of buildings or natural obstacles higher than the antenna (or with roughly the equal height) and their distance to the site on each direction of the site. Start from the North.
On the antenna platform, take photos of the surrounding radio propagation environment. By using the compass, take photos on the 12 directions clockwise, starting from 0˚ (the North) with the step size of 30˚. On the roof sketch, the shooting position and direction should be marked for each photo.
If the antenna systems of other telecom operators exist near the site, record them.
Other information
On site, fill in the XXX Project XXX Site Survey Form.
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Detailed Site Survey
Taking photos and sketching the site geographical location
When taking photos, record the angle information of photos for future archiving.
Taking photos and sketching the site geographical location
When taking photos, record the angle information of photos for future archiving.
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Detailed Site Survey
Taking photos and sketching the site geographical location
Save the photos in the format that has a minimized size under the condition that they can be displayed clearly.
Taking photos and sketching the site geographical location
Save the photos in the format that has a minimized size under the condition that they can be displayed clearly.
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Detailed Site Survey
Roof information
Sites to be deployed: On the roof sketch, mark the installation position of the antenna and the direction of the cable rack.
Sites already deployed: Many factors affect the installation position of the antenna. The space information of the antenna platform and the antenna parameters of the other system in the GU site affect the antenna installation position to a great extent.
Roof information
Sites to be deployed: On the roof sketch, mark the installation position of the antenna and the direction of the cable rack.
Sites already deployed: Many factors affect the installation position of the antenna. The space information of the antenna platform and the antenna parameters of the other system in the GU site affect the antenna installation position to a great extent.
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Antenna System Survey and Design
The antenna system is an important
subsystem of the base station system.
Generally, it refers to the channel
between the antenna and the cabinet
top, which involves the antenna,
feeder, jumper, TMA, surge protector,
grounding clip, feeder clip, and feeder
window.
Antenna system
Grounding clip
Jumper
Feeder fixing clip
Grounding clip
Indoor jumper
Tower NodeB
Feeder
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Antenna System Survey and Design
The Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA) is installed on the tower. It is close to the
antenna. Generally, the TMA is connected to the antenna through a 1/2 inch
jumper with the length 2–3 m. The received signals of the antenna enter the
TMA for amplification. With the TMA, the system sensitivity is effectively
improved and the uplink coverage is enlarged. Meanwhile, the TX power of the
mobile can be lowered. Thus, the system interference is reduced and the QoS
of speech services is improved.
TMA
TX filter
Bypass
LNA
Antenna
RX filter
Bias Tee
RX filter
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Antenna System Survey and Design—Antenna Category
In terms of radiation direction:
Directional antenna and omni-directional antenna
In terms of appearance:
Board antenna, cap antenna, whip antenna, and plane antenna
In terms of polarization mode:
Single polarization antenna and dual polarization antenna
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Antenna System Survey and Design—Antenna Selection
Antenna selection in the downtown
Usually select the directional antenna with the horizontal half power
angel 60˚–65˚.
Generally select the antenna with the medium power gain around 15
dBi.
Preferably select the antenna with the electrical downtilt 2˚–6˚.
Preferably select the dual polarization antenna.
Antenna selection in the suburbs
Select the directional antenna with the horizontal half power angel 65˚ or
90˚, according to actual requirements.
Generally select the antenna with the medium or high power gain 15–18
dBi.
Determine whether to use the preset downtilt according to actual
requirements.
The dual polarization antenna or vertical polarization antenna is
applicable.
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Antenna System Survey and Design—Antenna Selection Antenna selection in the countryside
Select the 90˚ or 120˚ directional antenna or omni-directional
antenna, according to actual requirements.
Select the directional antenna with the high power gain 16–18 dBi.
Generally do not select the antenna with the preset downtilt. The
antenna with null filling is preferred for the site at a high position.
Preferably select the vertical polarization antenna.
Antenna selection along the highway
Generally select the directional antenna with narrow beam and high
power gain. Also, you can select 8-shaped antenna or omni-
directional antenna according to actual requirements.
Generally do not select the antenna with the preset downtilt, because of
the coverage requirements of the highway.
Preferably select the vertical polarization antenna.
The signal strength ratio of front main lobe to back main lobe of the
directional antenna should not be excessive.
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Antenna System Survey and Design—Antenna Selection
Antenna selection in the tunnel
Tunnel shorter than 2 km
— Preferably select the 10–12 dBi Yagi antenna /log periodic
antenna/plane antenna at the inner side of the tunnel entrance for
coverage of the road tunnel shorter than 2 km.
Tunnel longer than 2 km
— Preferably select the distributed repeater system of leaky feeders,
coaxial cables, or fibers.
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Antenna System Survey and Design—Antenna Selection
Indoor antenna selection
Omni-directional antenna
— Vertical polarization antenna with power gain 2 dBi. Cap or
teacup in appearance and small size. Easy installation and
elegant appearance.
Directional antenna
— Vertical polarization. Horizontal half power angel 90˚ and
power gain 7 dBi.
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Antenna System Survey and Design—Antenna Installation
The antenna installation environment involves the environment around
the antenna and the environment around the site. In the environment
around the antenna, you need to consider the antenna isolation,
influence of the tower and building on the antenna. In the environment
around the site, you need to consider the influence of high buildings
within 500 m away to the site on the radio propagation.
Antenna
Antenna
Reserved space around the antenna
Requirements of antenna installation against the wall
Antenna direction
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Antenna System Survey and Design—Antenna Installation
Minimize the shadow area caused by the antenna in its coverage area.
Avoid the obstacles during the antenna installation. For example, install
the antenna at the edge on the top of the building, to prevent the building
top from obstructing the radio signals.
Distance (m) from the antenna to the edge of the building
Height (m) from the bottom of the antenna to the building top
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Antenna System Survey and Design—Antenna Installation
The interference between the GSM site and the NodeB can be analyzed in
the following respects:
Blocking effects on the NodeB by the GSM site
Spurious effects on the NodeB RX band by the GSM site
Blocking effects on the GSM site by the NodeB
Spurious effects on the GSM RX band by the NodeB
In the case of GSM+UMTS co-site, the antenna isolation should be greater
than 30 dB in general, to meet the isolation requirements on blocking and
spurious effects.
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Antenna System Survey and Design—Antenna Installation Interval In the case of space diversity, the interval between two RX antennas should be 12–18
λ. 1 λ = 0.15 m (2 GHz).
A high antenna indicates that the large horizontal interval between two diversity
antennas. Generally, the horizontal interval between two diversity antennas is 0.11
times as long as the valid height of the antenna (from the ground to the middle point of
the antenna).
To achieve the same diversity effect, the interval between two vertical diversity
antennas must be five to six times as long as the interval between two horizontal
diversity antennas.
The horizontal interval between two diversity antennas should always be greater than
3 m, irrespective of the antenna valid height, to reduce the interaction between the two
antennas.
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Chapter 1 Roles in Site Survey
Chapter 2 Site Survey Procedure
Chapter 3Chapter 3 Site Survey ReportSite Survey Report
Chapter 4 Responsibility Interface
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Output Documents
WCDMA Site Survey Report
Mainly involves network construction background, initial
planning scheme, site engineering parameters list, and site
layout.
WCDMA Site Survey Form
Involves antenna installation position, engineering parameters
of each sector, and ambient environment of the antenna.
Site Survey Memo
WCDMA Engineering Parameters List
WCDMA Site Survey Form
Site Survey MemoWCDMA
Engineering Parameters ListWCDMA Site Survey Report
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Chapter 1 Roles in Site Survey
Chapter 2 Site Survey Procedure
Chapter 3 Site Survey Report
Chapter 4Chapter 4 Responsibility InterfaceResponsibility Interface
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Responsibility Interface (Indoor Part)
Responsibility Owner
Network planners Engineering personnel
Indoor part
Environmental survey in the equipment room. The survey items include wall, ceiling, floor fitments and bearing capacity, space, cleanness, temperature, humidity, and security.
Auxiliary equipment survey: power supply, transmission, and grounding status.
Equipment installation survey in the equipment room. The survey items include installation positions of NodeB cabinet, power cabinet, transmission box, batteries, air conditioner, infrared device, indoor feeders, jumpers, feeder window, and feeder cabling rack. Prepare the survey report (indoor part) and the indoor engineering design drawing, which are used for delivery reference (excluding delivery without the survey report).
Indoor survey: Check the special antenna system design. For example, check the combiner model, loss, and special external filters in the case of the shared antenna system by UMTS and GSM.
In site survey, the responsibilities of network planners and engineering
personnel are different, which are specified as follows:
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Responsibility Interface (Outdoor Roof Part)
Responsibility Owner
Network planners Engineering personnel
Outdoor roof part
Check the antenna installation mode (rooftop, tower, or peak) and installation position. Check the feeder length and category. The related records should be confirmed together with the customer and engineering personnel.
Check the antenna installation mode and installation position. The related records should be confirmed together with the customer and network planners. Check the outdoor feeders and jumpers. Prepare the survey report (outdoor part) and the engineering design drawing, which are used for delivery reference (excluding delivery without the survey report).
Properly set the antenna parameters. In detail, record the antenna model, antenna height (building or tower height inclusive), azimuth, and downtilt.
Check the other system at the GU co-site. Perform the electromagnetic environment test. Based on antenna-related parameters, position and height, ensure the effect of system isolation and space diversity.
Record site-related information. Prepare the survey report (outdoor roof part), which involves the site latitude and longitude, profile (or photo) of the building or tower where the antenna is installed, roof sketch (antenna installation inclusive), and co-site information (mode, frequency band, or antenna).
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Responsibility Interface (Outdoor Environment Part and Output Documents)
Responsibility Owner
Network planners Engineering personnel
Outdoor environment part
Check the ambient radio environment. Check for major obstacles, large-area reflection or absorption zones (like lakes, hills, or forests). Ensure a good network coverage. Locate and test the obvious radio interference source (like inter-system interference) around the site.
Properly set the antenna parameters (like azimuth and downtilt), based on the ambient radio environment and traffic volume.
Record the information about the ambient environment. Prepare the survey report (ambient environment part). Take the environmental photos (total 12 photos with interval 30˚) that illustrate the ambient environment.
Output documents
WCDMA Site Survey Report, WCDMA Site Survey Form, Site Survey Memo, WCDMA Engineering Parameters List, and related attachments (like photos).
Engineering Survey Report, Site Survey Memo, indoor and outdoor installation drawings, and related attachments.