gsm-to-umts training series 02_wcdma radio network coverage planning_v1.0

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Planning of the WCDMA Radio Network

GSM-to-UMTS Training Series_V1.0


Date RevisionVersion

Description Author

2008-10-31 1.0 Draft completed. Zang Liang

2008-12-31 1.1 1.The structure of chapter 2 is modified.2.Comments are added is page 28, 30, 33, and 38.3.The summery about the difference and similarity of the GU coverage planning is added.

Hou Chong

2009-01-19 1.2 The comments about the capacity, coverage, and quality of the UMTS are added in page 8.

Dong Qihuan


In this course, you will learn:

The content and procedure of the network planning

Meanings of the UL budget and the links in it

Meanings of the DL budget and the links in it

Coverage boost technology


Chapter 1 Procedure of the WCDMA

Network Planning

Chapter 2 Coverage Planning

Chapter 3 Coverage Boost Technology

(Optional)

Chapter 4 Example of the Link Budget

Chapter 5 Coverage Prediction Simulation


Chapter 1 Procedure of the WCDMA Network

Planning

1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning

1.2 Procedure of the Network Planning


Focus of the Course: Radio

Network Planning

Definition and Category of Network Planning

Definition of Network Planning:

According to the network construction target, network evolution

requirements, and cost requirements, proper NE equipments are

selected for network planning. The network planning outputs the

required number of NEs and NE configurations. This planning also

determines the connection mode between NEs which aims to provide

reference for further project implementation.

Category of Network Planning:

Core Network Planning

Radio Network Planning

Transmission Network Planning


Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G Network Construction

Importance:

In the mobile communications network construction, network

equipment investment makes up the great part of the cost

Among the three 3G network, radio access network,

transmission network, and core network, the investment of the

radio access network takes up more than 70% of the mobile

communications network investment.

The scale of the radio access network investment depends on

network site number and site type, which are determined by

radio network planning.


Difference Between the WCDMA Network Planning and GSM Network Planning The GSM system ensures that the intra-

frequency interference and adjacent-

channel interference meet the

communication requirements through the

cellular network structure and frequency

planning.

In the condition that the interference

conditions are met, the users supported

by the GSM network can be calculated

from the carrier number and timeslot

number.

The coverage capability of the GSM

system is determined by the TX power of

the transceiver and demodulation

performance of the receiver.

The GSM system provides the single

voice service and determines the GoS

specifications. The design target of the

GSM network is comparatively simple.

The WCDMA system adopts the frequency

spreading technology and implements the 1 x 1

frequency reuse without the frequency planning.

The capacity per carrier in the WCDMA system

which features the soft function is related to the

current environment and neighboring cell

interference.

The coverage capability of the WCDMA system is

related to the system load. The increase of the

system load will lead to the decrease of the

WCDMA system.

The WCDMA system supports various services

of different rate and QoS, including the voice

service.


Capability–Coverage–Quality

Relationship between the capacity, coverage, and quality of the WCDMA

system

The WCDMA system is a self-interference system, and its capacity, coverage, and quality

are closely related to each other.

Capacity–coverage

− If the load increases, the capacity and interference will also increase, and the

coverage will shrink.

Capacity–quality

− You can improve the system capacity by lowering the quality of some connections.

Coverage–quality

− You can also improve the coverage capacity by lowering the quality of some

connections.

The capacity, coverage, and quality of the GSM system are independent of

each other.

容量

质量覆盖


Chapter 1 Procedure of the WCDMA Network Planning

1.1 Overview of the Radio Network Planning

1.2 Procedure of the Network Planning


Radio Network Planning Process Overview

Radio network dimensioning (RND) At the early stage of the project planning, initial plan of the future network is

scheduled. The configuration and the number of RAN NEs are outputted for preliminary project negotiation and for cost estimation in contract signing.

Radio network pre-planning At the mid stage of project planning, based on the dimensioning output, the

future network is planned in detail, and the accurate network scale and theoretical site location are determined. A pre-planning report is outputted for mid-stage project negotiation and for cost estimation in contract signing.

The basic process is the same as that of the GSM network planning.


Overview of the Process of Radio Network Planning

Cell planning of radio network

At the later stage of project planning, based on the pre-

planning outputs, each selected site is surveyed, and the

related cell parameters are determined.

Normally, the cell parameters and planning effects

should be checked through simulation. The output report

will be the final radio network planning scheme that can

guide the project implementation.

The basic process is the same as that of the

GSM network planning.


Overview of the Process of Radio Network Planning

Relationship between the three phases


Question

What does the process of the radio network

planning include?


Summary

This chapter describes

Definition and category of network

planning

Procedure of the Network Planning



Network Planning



(Optional)

Chapter 4 Example of the Link

Budget

Chapter 5 Coverage Prediction

Simulation



2.1 Definitions of the

Coverage Planning

2.2 Uplink Budget

2.3 Downlink Budget


Create link budgetCreate link budget

Obtain the maximum cell radius

Obtain the maximum cell radius

Calculate the coverage area of a single site

Calculate the coverage area of a single site

Required site quantityRequired site quantity

Maximum path lossMaximum path loss

Analyze the customer’s

requirements

Analyze the customer’s

requirements

Process of Coverage Planning

Required site quantity = Planned area / Coverage area of a single site

Environmental features of the

planned areas Indoor coverage Coverage probability Cell load

System parameters Equipment performance

parameters Propagation model

Omnidirectional site Three-sector site Six-sector site

The basic process is the same as that of the GSM network

planning.


Basic Principles of Link Budget Link budget:

To obtain the allowed maximum

propagation loss of a link while keeping

the communication quality, by analyzing

the influencing factors in the propagation

channels of forward and reverse signals

and thus estimating the coverage

capacity of the system

The same as the principles of GSM

network

TX

Combinerduplexer Feeder

RX

Pout_BS

Lc_BSLf_BS

Ga_BSNodeB

TX

RX

Pout_UE

Ga_UEUE

Combinerduplexer

PL_D

LPL_U

LMargin of slow

fading (Mf)

Penetrationloss of a

building (Lp)

Body loss(Lb)




Coverage Planning

2.2 Uplink Budget

2.3 Downlink Budget


Uplink Budget

CableLoss

AntennaGain

NodeBSensitivity

PenetrationLoss

UE Transmit Power

UE Antenna Gain

NodeB Antenna Gain

SHO Gain againstfast fading

SHO Gain againstSlow fading

MDC GainSlow fading margin

Fast fading margin

Interference margin

Body Loss

Cable Loss

Penetration Loss

Maximumallowable path

loss

UPLINK BUDGET

NodeB reception sensitvity

Antenna Gain

SHO Gain

Margin

Loss

Slow fading margin


Algorithm Introduction

Uplink (reverse)

PL_UL=Pout_UE +Ga_BS+Ga_UE – Lf_BS + Ga_SHO

– Mpc– Mf – MI – M_BN– Lp – Lb – S_BS

− PL_UL: maximum propagation loss of an uplink− Pout_UE: maximum transmit power of a UE− Ga_BS: antenna gain of a BS; Ga_UE: antenna gain of a UE− Lf_BS: feeder loss− Ga_SHO: gain of soft handover− Mpc: margin for fast power control (fast fading margin)− Mf: margin for slow fading (related to the propagation environment and coverage

requirements)− MI: interference margin (related to the designed system capacity) − M_BN: margin for background noise (related to the electromagnetic environment)− Lp: penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required) − Lb: body loss− S_BS: sensitivity of BS receiver (related to factors such as services and multi-path

conditions)


Factors of the WCDMA Uplink Budget WCDMA

1. Max Power of TCH

2. Body Loss

3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna

4. EIRP

5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna

6. Cable Loss

7. Penetration Loss

8. Noise Figure (BS)

9. EbvsNo Required (BS)

10. Sensitivity of BS Receiver

11. UL Cell Loading

12. Interference Margin

13. Background Noise Level

14. Margin for Background Noise

15. Fast Fading Margin

16. Std. dev. of Slow Fading

17. Edge coverage Probability

18. Slow Fading Margin

19. SHO Gain over Fast Fading

20. SHO Gain over Slow Fading

Items 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 19, and 20 are different items between the GSM and

the WCDMA


Prompts for Focuses:

Sensitivity: Different from the GSM network, the sensitivity varies with

service types in the WCDMA link budget.

Interference Margin: The interference margin in the GSM network is

almost fixed at a certain multiplexing ratio while the interference margin

in the WCDMA network increases as the service load increases. (The

interference margin under typical loads will be specially enumerated later

on.)

SHO gain over slow and fast fading: The WCDMA uses soft handover.

This technology can resist and reduce fading, and thus the WCDMA

obtains relevant gains.

The parameters not specially pointed out in this chapter are for

browsing.


Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

1. Max Power of TCH (dBm) — Equipment parameter

– For a UE, the maximum power of each traffic channel is usually the

nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a

commercial network, so this parameter must be reasonably set in the

link budget according to the specifications of a mainstream commercial

mobile phone and the requirements of the operator. Generally, it is set

to the value of class 4.

Class of UE Power (TS 25.101 V3.7.0 (2001-06) 6.2.1)

Power Class Nominal Maximum Output Power Tolerance

1 +33 dBm +1/-3 dB

2 +27 dBm +1/-3 dB

3 +24 dBm +1/-3 dB

4 +21 dBm +2/-2 dB



2. Body Loss (dB) — System parameter

For the speech service, the body loss is 3 dB.

The VP and the data service mainly involve reading and watching. The UE is

relatively not so close to the human body, therefore, the body loss is 0 dB.

3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi) — Equipment parameter

Generally, the receiver and transmitter gain of the UE antenna are assumed to be

both 0 dBi.

4. EIRP (dBm)UE EIRP (dBm) = UE Tx Power (dBm) + Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi) - (Body Loss (dB))



5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi) — Equipment parameter

Kathrein 741794

Frequency range1710~2170MHz (dual band

for DCS and UMTS)

Polarization +45O, -45O

Gain 16.5dBd

HPBW

(1920~2170MHz)

Horizontal: 63O

Vertical:6.5O

Electrical tilt Fixed, 2O

Kathrein 741790

Frequency range 1920~2170MHz

Polarization Vertical

Gain 11dBi

HPBW Vertical: 7O

Electrical tilt Fixed, 0O


Bracket Tilt adjuster

Antenna

Upper feeder

Bracket

Feeder

Lightning arresterFeeder fixing clip

Feeder window

Feeder grounding clip

Lower feeder

Feeder installation


6. Cable Loss (dB) — Equipment parameter

Including the loss of all the feeders and connectors from the

top of the equipment to the antenna terminal Lower

jumpers, connectors, feeders, and upper jumpers

Except the losses of feeders, other loss is relatively fixed,

which can be assumed to be 0.8 dB @ 2 GHz.

The losses of common feeders (dB/100 m) are as follows:

　Frequency (Hz)

Feeder

Model2 G 900 M 450 M

1/2-inch 17.7 11.2 7.6

7/8-inch 6.5 4.03 2.7

5/4-inch 4.7 2.98 1.9


Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget7. Noise Figure (dB) — Equipment parameter

The Noise Figure (NF) is used to measure the noise performance of an amplifier. It

refers to the ratio of the input SNR to the output SNR of the amplifier.

The NF formula of a cascaded network:

Noise floor of a receiver (per Hertz):

PN = K×T×BW×NF

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)

= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB)

G1¡ ¢NF1 G2¡ ¢NF2 Gn¡ ¢NFn NF = SNRi / SNRo

= (Si / Ni) / (So / No)

NF×Ü NF1

NF2 1

G1

...NFn 1

G1 G2 ... Gn 1


Different from the

GSM system, the

sensitivity varies

with services


8. Eb/No Required (dB) — Specific parameter of CDMA/WCDMA

Obtained through link simulation, it is related to the following factors:

− Configuration of receiver diversity

− Multipath condition

− Bearer type

9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)

Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)

= Noise Floor of a BS receiver + Eb/No Required – Processing Gain

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg(3.84MHz/1Hz) + Eb/No Required (dB) -

10lg[3.84MHz/Rb(kHz)]

= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kHz)] + Eb/No (dB)



10. Uplink Cell Loading — Designed target system load

N

jjj

N

jUL

vRW

EbvsNo

iLi11 11

1

111

The Uplink Cell Loading is used to measure the uplink load of a cell.

The higher the Uplink Cell Loading, the larger the uplink interference.

If the uplink load is close to 100%, the uplink interference becomes infinite, and the corresponding capacity is the maximum.



11. Uplink Interference Margin (dB) — Specific parameter of CDMA/WCDMA

ULN

jN

TOT

LP

INoiseRise

1

1

1

1

1

50% load — 3 dB60% load — 4 dB75% load — 6 dB

Focus



12. Background Noise Level (dBm) — Parameter relevant to the

environment

External electromagnetic interference sources:

− Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar, television station, and so on)

− Automobile ignition

− Lightning …

It is indicated in relevant reports that in the 2 GHz frequency band, the mean value of

the electromagnetic interference is -104 dBm and the standard deviation is 2.9 dB.

For the planning for a specific area, it is recommended to estimate the local

interference through noise test.



13. Margin for Background Noise (dB) — Parameter relevant to the

environment

Suppose the noise floor of a NodeB or a UE is X dBm, the background

interference level is Y dBm. The margin for the background noise should be:

Margin for Background Noise =

10log (10X/10 + 10Y/10) dBm - X dBm

Because there are external electromagnetic interferences, relevant margins

must be reserved in the link budget. Generally, when there is no external

interference, the value is set to 0 dB.



14. Fast Fading Margin (dB) — Specific parameter of CDMA/WCDMA

In some reference books, the Fast Fading Margin is also called "Power Control Margin".

In the link budget, the demodulation performance of the receiver in use is the simulation result based on the assumed ideal power control. In an actual system, because of the limited transmit power of the transmitter, non-ideal factors are introduced in the closed loop power control.

Effect of the power control margin on the uplink demodulation performance:

The simulation shows the following: When the the power control margin is large, the target value of Eb/No set in the outer loop power control approaches the simulation result under the ideal power control condition. As the power margin decreases, the Eb/No gradually increases. Finally, every time the power margin decreases by 1 dB, the required Eb/No increases by about 1 dB. If the control performance is almost not available, the BER/BLER cannot be ensured.



15. Penetration Loss (dB) — Parameter relevant to the environment

Indoor penetration loss refers to the difference between the average signal intensity

near the wall outside the building and the one inside the building.

The penetration loss is related to the concrete building type and the entry angle of

radio wave. In the link budget, the penetration loss is assumed to be subject to the

log-normal distribution.

It is uneconomical to provide good indoor coverage through an outdoor BS. To meet

such a requirement, use a special indoor coverage solution.

In the actual construction of a commercial network, the penetration loss margin is

usually specified by the operator so that planning results of different manufacturers

can be comparable.



16. Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB) — Parameter relevant to the environment

Calculating the standard deviation of Std. dev. of Slow Fading:

Suppose the standard deviation of outdoor path loss is X dB and the estimated

standard deviation of the Penetration Loss is Y dB. The estimated standard

deviation of indoor path loss can be obtained by sqrt( X2 + Y2 ).

Similar to the GSM system, look up tables according to

the propagation environment and coverage requirements.



17. Edge Coverage Probability — Coverage requirement

If the transmit power of a UE reaches the maximum threshold, but still cannot

overcome the path loss to guarantee the lowest reception level of a receiver,

the radio link will drop or the UE will fail to access the network.

If the designed signal level of a UE at the edge of a cell is equivalent to the

minimum reception level of a receiver after the transmit power reaches the

receiver of a BS, the actual measurement result will comply with the normal

distribution, centering on this minimum reception level.

− This means that there is 50% probability that the UE cannot access the

network.

XX



18. Slow Fading Margin (dB) — Environment-related parameter calculated

according to coverage requirements

Slow Fading Margin (dB) = NORMSINV (required Edge Coverage Probability) x

Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)

Edge Reliability:50%

Edge Reliability:75%

The NORMSINV (x) is the inverse function of the cumulative

function of standard normal distribution in the Excel.



19. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)

The SHO Gain over Fast Fading consists of two parts: — Specific parameter of

CDMA/WCDMA

− Multi-cell gain—Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches lower the required

slow fading margin, which results in multi-cell gain

− Gain for the link demodulation of soft handover —Including the macro

diversity combining gain and the decrease of the required fast fading

margin

The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refers to the macro diversity combining gain.

The value is obtained through simulation. The typical value is 1.5 dB.



20. SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)

As mentioned previously, the SHO gain consists of two parts: —

Specific parameter of CDMA/WCDMA

− Multi-cell gain—Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches

lower the required slow fading margin, which results in

multi-cell gain

− Gain for the link demodulation of soft handover —Macro

diversity combining gain

The SHO Gain over Slow Fading refers to the multi-cell gain.

Generally, this value is obtained through table look-up of the

edge coverage (area coverage).


Factors of the WCDMA Downlink Budget The mapping between the antagonizing SHO shadow

attenuation gain and the boundary coverage rate.

When the area coverage rate is provided by the users, the boundary

coverage rate corresponding to the area coverage rate can be calculated

by tools when the soft handover is not performed. The result can be

obtained by looking up the table.


Summary: Path Loss at the Edge of a Cell

Based on the maximum path loss allowed by a link, the path

loss at the edge can be calculated if the slow fading margin

and soft handover gain for providing the required edge/area

coverage probability and the penetration loss of indoor

coverage are met.

Path Loss (dB) = [ EiRP (dBm) - Minimum Signal Strength

Required (dBm) ]- Penetration Loss (dB) - Slow Fading

Margin (dB) + SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)


Summary of the Uplink Budget

Transmit Power of a UE - Body Loss + Gain of UE Tx Antenna

f (Edge Coverage Probability) × Std. dev. of Slow Fading

EIRP

＋ SHO Gain over Fast Fading and SHO Gain over Slow Fading

－ Slow Fading Margin

－ Sensitivity of BS Receiver

Sensitivity of BS Receiver ＝ Noise Floor of a BS receiver + Eb/No Required - Processing GainNoise Floor (NF) of a BS receiver = 10lg ( K*T*B*Nf ) = -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB) —— Herein, the NF is the total NF of the receiving system at the antenna interface Processing Gain = 10lg[3.84Mcps/Rb(Kbit/s)] (Take the WCDMA system as an example. The chip rate is 3.84 Mcps)Combine the previous three formulas and obtain the formula for calculating the Sensitivity of BS Receiver: -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[Rb (bit/s)] + Eb/No (dB)

Margin for Background Noise = 10log (10X /10 +10Y/10) dBm - X dBmHerein, "X" is the noise floor of a receiver and "Y" is the external background noise level.

Suppose the standard deviation of outdoor path loss is X dB and the estimated standard deviation of the Penetration Loss is Y dB. The estimated standard deviation of indoor path loss can be obtained by Sqrt(X2 + Y2).

Path Loss

－ Penetration Loss

Value of Body Loss: Speech service: 3 dB Data service: 0 dB

－ Feeder Loss

－ Fast Fading Margin

＋ Gain of BS Rx Antenna

－ Interference Margin

－ Margin for Background Noise

Generally, the Sensitivity of BS Receiver is set to the value of antenna interface. In the uplink budget, the Feeder Loss is set to "0". In the downlink budget, the Feeder Loss must be set according to design requirements.




Coverage Planning

2.2 Uplink Budget

2.3 Downlink Budget


Downlink Budget Principle

CableLoss

AntennaGain

NodeBSensitivity

PenetrationLoss

NodeB Transmit Power

UE Antenna Gain

NodeB Antenna Gain

SHO Gain againstfast fading

SHO Gain againstSlow fading

MDC GainSlow fading margin

Fast fading margin

Interference margin

Body Loss

Cable Loss

Penetration Loss

Maximumallowable path

loss

DOWNLINK BUDGET

UE reception sensitivity

Antenna Gain

SHO Gain

Margin

Loss

Slow fading margin


Algorithm Introduction

Downlink (forward)

PL_DL=Pout_BS – Lf_BS+Ga_BS+Ga_UE +Ga_SHO

–Mpc– Mf – MI – Lp – Lb – S_UE

― PL_UL: maximum propagation loss of a downlink― Pout_BS: maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BS― LF_BS: feeder loss― Ga_BS: antenna gain of a BS; Ga_UE: antenna gain of a UE― Ga_SHO: gain of soft handover― Mpc: margin for fast power control ― Mf: margin for slow fading (related to the propagation environment)― MI: interference margin (related to the designed system capacity) ― Lp: penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)― Lb: body loss― S_UE: sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as services and

multi-path conditions)


Factors of the WCDMA Downlink Budget

1. Max Power of TCH

2. Cable Loss

3. Gain of BS Tx Antenna

4. EIRP

5. Gain of UE Rx Antenna

6. Body Loss

7. Noise Figure (UE)

8. EbvsNo Required (UE)

9. Sensitivity of UE Receiver

10. DL Cell Loading

11. Interference Margin

12. Background Noise Level

13. Margin for Background Noise

14. SHO Gain over Fast Fading

15. Fast Fading Margin

16. Penetration Loss

17. Std. dev. of Slow Fading

18. Edge coverage Probability

19. Slow Fading Margin

20. SHO Gain over Slow Fading


Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget

10. Downlink Cell LoadingThe Downlink Cell Loading is defined in two ways: Downlink Cell Loading at the receiver:

This definition is similar to that of the Uplink Cell Loading: − The higher the Downlink Cell Loading, the larger the cell transmit power, and

the larger the receiver interference. − When the Downlink Cell Loading reaches 100%, the corresponding capacity is

the maximum of the downlink. Downlink Cell Loading at the receiver: ratio of the current cell transmit power to the

maximum BS transmit power − Characteristics: − The higher the Downlink Cell Loading, the larger the cell transmit power. The

Downlink Cell Loading is related to the service type, UE receiver performance,

cell size, and BS capability.

N

jj

jjjDL vW

REbvsNoi

1

1

The current link budget tool uses this definition


11. Downlink Interference Margin (dB)

When the downlink interference of the UE receiver increases:

If the definition of the Downlink Cell Loading at the transmitter is used, the formula can be simplified as follows:

In the link budget tool, use the following typical values for the parameters in the formula:

− a(j)—Orthogonal Factor at the cell edge: obtained through simulation, relevant to the environment type and cell radius

− f(j)—Neighbor Cell Interference Factor: 1.78 (2.5dB)

Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget

),0()]()([1)( max

jCLN

PjfjjNoiseRise

oDL

NoiseRisejITOTjNo

No [ j fj] PTX0/CL0, jNo

1 [ j fj]

1 DL PCCHCL0, jNo

n1

N

CIR_TxnCL0,nCL0, j



Network Planning



(Optional)




OTSR

The capacity of the OTSR is almost as large as that of an omnidirectional cell.

Therefore, the OTSR is applicable to the areas requiring not large capacity but

wide coverage in the early stage, except urban areas.

The cell radius of the OTSR is 1.5 times as large as that of an omnidirectional

site. The site quantity can be decreased by 40% to 50%.

Tx

BB

Rx Rx Rx


Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)

The use of TMA (low noise amplifer) can improve the uplink sensitivity of

BS receiver and enlarge the uplink coverage.

The introduction of TMA, however, increases downlink insertion loss and

affects the downlink capacity and coverage, especially in urban areas.

Antenna

Bracket

Jumper from theantenna to the TMA

TMA

Feeder

Jumper from theTMA to the feeder

Lightning arrester

Jumper from the lightningarrester to the equipment top


Four-Antenna Receive Diversity

Compared with the dual-antenna receive diversity, the four-antenna

receive diversity can meet the requirement of a lower Eb/No.

Gain effects of the four-antenna receive diversity, compared with the

dual-antenna receive diversity:

Area Channel Eb/N0Capacity

GainCoverage Gain

Densely-

populated urban

area

TU3 2.4 1.73 1.37

Ordinary urban

areaTU3 2.4 1.73 1.37

Suburb RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39

Rural area RA120 2.5 1.77 1.39


Questions

What are the main technologies of the coverage

enhancement?

What are the main technologies of the capacity

enhancement?

How many times does the diameter of the OTSR longer

than the diameter of the omnidirectional cell?



Network Planning



(Optional)




Settings of common parametersSettings of common parameters

Example of Link Budget


Parameters of the Receiver and Transceiver Parameters of the Receiver and Transceiver

Example of the Link Budget


Global parameters and Specified Parameters



Settings of the Propagation Model




Settings of the Sector Parameters Settings of the Sector Parameters


Result of the Link Budget Result of the Link Budget Example of the Link Budget


Coverage Estimate—Example

Suppose the planned target area is

80 km^2.

Suppose the maximum path loss is

151 dB when the cell load is 50% (3

dB).

Considering that the penetration loss

and the slow fading margin are totally

20 dB, reduce the path loss to 131

dB.

Suppose the path loss model is: L =

137 + 35logR dB.

You will obtain R = 0.674 km.

The calculating method is the same as that in

the GSM system


Coverage Estimate—Example

The coverage area of a three-sector

site is:

S = 1.95 R^2 = 0.88 km^2

The required site quantity is:

N = 80 / 0.88 = 90

That is, 90 BTs (270 sectors) are

required.

The calculating method is the same as that in

the GSM system


Questions

What are the main factors of the uplink

and downlink budget?

What is procedure of the coverage

calculation?



Network Planning



(Optional)




Import a map Import engineeringparameters

Correct apropagation model

Predict thenetwork coverage

Adjust the cellstructure

Set up atraffic model

Macroscopicview

Output simulationresults

Adjust the networkstructure and configuration Microscopic

view

System Simulation Process—Preparations

Common parts, completely the same as those in the GSM system


System Simulation Process—Network Coverage Prediction

Import a mapImport engineering

parameters



Adjust thecell structure


Adjust the networkstructure and configuration

Outputsimulation results

Macroscopicview

Microscopicview


Network Coverage Prediction Network coverage prediction is to preliminarily determine the cellular

structure of an area based on the customer's requirements and the

input of standard model.

The phase of coverage prediction is also a cyclic process of

adjusting the cellular structure, simulating the coverage, and

verifying the scheme.

The final outputs of coverage prediction must meet the cellular

structure scheme for the required coverage, including the BS

quantity and BS/sector distribution data.

Coverage prediction mainly involves the following: pilot coverage,

overlapping zones, and best server.

Note that the performance and services are mutually independent

(the same as that in the GSM).


Network Coverage Prediction

Independent on TrafficIndependent on Traffic

Dependent on TrafficDependent on Traffic


Pilot Coverage


Overlapping zones


Best Server


System Simulation Process

Import a mapImport engineering

parameters



Adjust thecell structure


Adjust the networkstructure and configuration

Outputsimulation results

Macroscopicview

Microscopicview


System Simulation Output

Basic outputs of the system simulation:

Drawing of the pilot coverage within the target planned area: Ec and Ec/Io

Distribution map of optimal cell

Geographical distribution map of Eb/Nt of services

Geographical distribution map of uplink and downlink loads of cells

Geographical distribution map of pilot pollution

Geographical distribution map of the handover probabilities of services


Pilot Coverage


Ec/Io


Best Server


Downlink Eb/Nt


Uplink_load


Pilot Pollution


Handoff status


Questions

What are the mainly concerned specifications during the

coverage prediction and system simulation?

Consider the meaning of the main specifications with you

understanding to the GSM.


Summery

Learn to know the mainly concerned specifications

during the coverage prediction and system

simulation.

Learn to know the impact of the factors on the

calculation of the cell diameter.

Learn to know the evidence of the value calculation.

Learn to know the calculation method of the number

of the cells covered.

Learn to know the output content of the coverage

prediction and simulation.


Conclusion

The WCDMA system is an interference-limited system. Its coverage

depends upon both the maximum transmit power and the system load.

The noise floor rises along with the system load, but the system

coverage decreases accordingly, or vice versa.

If the frequency is well planned and there is no external interference,

the coverage of the GSM system is only related to the maximum

transmit power, however, its capacity is only related to the number of

available channels.

When planning the WCDMA coverage, you must fully consider the

relationship between the coverage and the capacity to ensure the

required system performance.


Thank you!www.huawei.com

gsm-to-umts training series 02_wcdma radio network coverage planning_v1.0

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