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GSM & Microcontroller Based Three Phase Fault Analysis System

Md. Tanjil Sarker1, Md. Anisur Rahman1, Md.Timur Rahman1 Md. Arafat Sarker2,Vidyut Kumar Sarker3 Prf. Dr. Zahid Hasan Mahmud4

1Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Bangladesh University, Dhaka, Bangladesh2Department of EEE, University of Information Technology & Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh

3Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Independent University Bangladesh4Professor, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT: The three phase fault detector and analysis system is designed for based on GSM & Microcontroller.Using these types of device we could find automatically after a short-lived interruption in a provisional fault fromthe tripped situation in case of eternal fault. All sorts of electrical substation that supply the electricity to theirclients such as: for residential, industrial and official using. This power supply may have failures due to some faultsthat might be temporary or eternal fault. Due to arising these types of faults some accident might be occurred andthe power system equipment would be damaged. In developing countries as like Bangladesh it can be closelyobserved that the power supply system is interrupted due to faults and transmission or distribution line is seriouslyaffected for the fault. There are two types of faults, that is denoted “Line to Ground and Line to Line fault. Thedescribed system is constructed only for overcoming the stated difficulties that can senses those faults automaticallyand will take an immediate action against the created faults. The system can be used three single phase transformersthose are wired in star input and star output also three transformers are connected in delta connections whichhaving 220 volts input and 12 volts output. A 555 timers is used for detecting a short distance or long distance faultalso a set of switches is used to create Line to Line (L-L) and Line to Ground (L-G) or Double Line to Ground (L-L-G) faults in the side of low voltage.

KEYWORDS: Three Phase Faults, GSM, Microcontroller, GSM Module Interface, Interfacing withMicrocontroller Chip, Printed Circuit Board, Line to Line fault, Line to ground fault.

I. INTRODUCTION

The research work promote us how to find a faulteither that will be Line to Line or Line to Ground.When normally a fault is being detected that wouldbe generally unseen that means we could not findwhere fault actually occurred. As a result we couldnot take an action for fixing the problem. InBangladesh we have many hill tracks area such asSylhet, Bandarban, Khagrachory, Chitagong etc.and a large amount of jungle is having there. Thisis very difficult to maintain and find out theproblem where exactly occurred those types ofarea. On account of the project and research work ablessing word is introduced to us that is if a fault isdetected we can find easily find the suspect’sregion where fault is occurred. At this moment wehave no any alternative solution. Our project isbeing firstly introduced to our nation for preventingthe problem through an accurate and acceptablesolution. By implementing the proposed researchwork we can detect the fault easily by getting a

SMS from cell phone on blessing of using GSMmodule. The authentic goal is that the sense of faultin exact time and protecting the transformer at theshortest possible time. It is important to note thattransformers are very costly the reason is that a11KV transformer on an average costs 3500 US$.If the respective person does not take an action inan exact time the transformer will be damagedwithin any notice within a second. But if thissystem will use the transformer might be safewithout any doubt. So this research and authors aredeveloping a cost effective and fast responsesystem aiding in improving safety.

II. THREE-PHASE POWER SYSTEMThree-phase electric power system is a commonmethod of alternating-current electric powergeneration, transmission and distribution .It is atype of poly phase system and is the most commonmethod used by electrical grids worldwide to

International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 6, Issue 1, January-2017 ISSN 2278-7763 1

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transfer power. It is also used to power largemotors and other heavy loads. A three-phasesystem is usually more economical than anequivalent single-phase or two-phase system at thesame line to ground voltage because it uses lessconductor material to transmit electrical power.The three-phase system was independentlyinvented by Galileo Ferraris, Mikhail Dolivo–Dobrovolsky , Jonas Windstorm and Nikola Teslain the late 1880s.

2.1 MethodologyNormalized wave of the instantaneous voltages in athree phase system in one cycle with timeincreasing to the right. The phase order is 123. Thiscycle repeats with the frequency of the powersystem.

Figure 1: Three-phase electric power transmissionlines

In a symmetric three-phase power supply system,three conductors each carry an a.c of the samefrequency and voltage amplitude relative to acommon reference but with a phase difference ofone third the period. The common reference isusually connected to ground and often to a current-carrying conductor called the neutral. Due to thephase difference, the voltage on any conductorreaches its peak at one third of a cycle after one ofthe other conductors and one third of a cycle beforethe remaining conductor. This phase delay givesconstant power transfer to a balanced linear load. Italso makes it possible to produce a rotatingmagnetic field in a electric motor and generateother phase arrangements using transformers (Forinstance, a two phase system using a Scott-Ttransformer. The symmetric three-phase systemsdescribed here are simply referred to as three-phase

systems because, although it is possible to designand implement asymmetric three-phase powersystems (i.e., with unequal voltages or phaseshifts), they are not used in practice because theylack the most important advantages of symmetricsystems. In a three-phase system feeding abalanced and linear load, the sum of theinstantaneous currents of the three conductors iszero. In other words, the current in each conductoris equal in magnitude to, but with the opposite signof, the sum of the currents in the other two. Thereturn path for the current in any phase conductor isthe other two phase conductors. Compared to asingle-phase AC power supply that uses twoconductors .a three-phase supply with no neutral,the same phase-to-ground voltage and currentcapacity per phase can transmit three times asmuch power using just 1.5 times as many wires(i.e., three instead of two). Thus, the ratio ofcapacity to conductor material is doubled. Thesame (but not the other properties of three-phasepower) can also be attained with a center-groundedsingle-phase system. Three-phase systems may alsoutilize a fourth wire, particularly in low-voltagedistribution. This is the neutral wire. The neutralallows three separate single-phase supplies to beprovided at a constant voltage and is commonlyused for supplying groups of domestic propertieswhich are each single phase loads. The connectionsare arranged so that, as far as possible in eachgroup, equal power is drawn from each phase.Further up the distribution system, the currents areusually well balanced. Transformers may be wiredin a way that they have a four-wire secondary but athree-wire primary while allowing unbalancedloads and the associated secondary-side neutralcurrents. Three-phase supplies have properties thatmake them very desirable in electric powerdistribution systems:

• The phase currents tend to cancel out oneanother, summing to zero in the case of a linearbalanced load. This makes it possible to reducethe size of the neutral conductor because itcarries little or no current. With a balancedload, all the phase conductors carry the samecurrent and so can be the same size.• Power transfer into a linear balanced load isconstant, which helps to reduce generator andmotor vibrations.



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• Three-phase systems can produce a rotatingmagnetic field with a specified direction andconstant magnitude, which simplifies thedesign of electric motors.

Most household loads are single-phase. In NorthAmerican residences, three-phase power mightfeed a multiple-unit apartment block, but thehousehold loads are connected only as singlephase. In lower-density areas, only a single phasemight be used for distribution. Some largeEuropean appliances may be powered by three-phase power, such as electric stoves and clothesdryers. Wiring for the three phases is typicallyidentified by color codes which vary by country.Connection of the phases in the right order isrequired to ensure the intended direction of rotationof three-phase motors. For example, pumps andfans may not work in reverse. Maintaining theidentity of phases is required if there is anypossibility two sources can be connected at thesame time; a direct interconnection between twodifferent phases is a short circuit.2.2 Three Phase FaultsSix numbers of steps down transformers are usedfor forming star and delta secondary’s at lowvoltage output. Fault condition is created with a setof switches to input LL, LG, 3L fault to the circuit.This triggers a 555 timer in monostable to resetafter fault clearance in a short duration temporaryfault or permanently trip the output in case ofprolonged fault. We know that if the fault accursethen it creates many problems to the load. Manytimes load is damaged. So it is very important toprotect the system again the faults. Different typeof fault in 3 phase are L-L fault (line to linefault),L-G fault (line to ground fault) & 2L-G fault(double line to ground fault) .Mostly L-G fault (lineto ground) fault is occurs in industries, substationand any other places where three phase supply isused, other fault is occur in bed condition compareto L-G fault. This type fault is damage the load sowe prepared the protection circuit which ispresenting below:

Three Phase Fault in a three phase fault, all threephases (L1, L2 and L3) are shorted together.To find the fault current at any point in thenetwork, a sum is made of the impedances in thenetwork between the source of supply (includingthe source impedance) and the point at which thefault is occurs.To find the fault current Ik, the nominal appliedvoltage, U0 is divided by the summed impedanceZ.

III. GSM Module for Faults Detection

Traditional modems are attached to a system toallow dial-up connections to other systems. A GSMmodem operates in a similar fashion, except that itsends and receives data through radio waves ratherthan a telephone line. This type of modem may bean external device connected via a Universal SerialBus (USB) cable or a serial cable or fixedconnection with microprocessor ormicrocontrollers by back to back optocouplerMAX 232. However, it is a small device that usesmobile network and contacts with another. A GSMmodem is a generic communication device just likeits wired ancestors, but sincethe service issubscription-based, it must have a SIM cardinstalled. This card connects the modem to theproper provider and identifies the user of the deviceto the carrier network. In this way, the GSMmodem operates just like a cellular phone; in fact,most of the cellular phones use SIM cards for thesame purpose. Since the SIM card actually containsall the subscription, membership, and user data,these cards are usually interchangeable betweenGSM modems and GSM cell phones. GSMmodems can also convert digital data to ShortMessage Service (SMS) messages for sending andreceiving messages over the wireless network.SMS messages are small bursts of data which aresent and received like the data packets. In thisproject the microcontroller device is going to beinterfaced with GSM module to read the incomingmessage only. If the incoming message matcheswith its program written in it then it will executesome commands.



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3.1Block Diagram of GSM ModuleInterface

Figure 2: Block Diagram of GSM ModuleInterfacing with Microcontroller

When interfacing a GSM module how theconnections must be made is an important fact.When interfacing a GSM module the GSM modulewill receive some data from the microcontroller, atthe same time give some data to themicrocontroller. To make this system work thesepins that will be used for data in and data out mustbe configured properly. As the data send by theGSM module is transmitted is ansmitted throughrelays so it have to make sure that themicrocontroller pins that will be connected withthese relays is able to support them properly. Howthese connections must be given is described theblock diagram below. Although it is not for themodel of microcontroller that we used but theprocess is identical. This system is built using threesingle phase transformers which are wired in starinput and star output, and 3 transformers areconnected in delta connections, having input 220volt and output at 12 volt. This concept low voltagetesting of fault conditions is followed as it is notadvisable to create on mains line. 555 timers areused for handling short duration and long durationfault conditions. A set of switches are used tocreate the LL, LG and 3L fault in low voltage side,for activating the tripping mechanism. Shortduration fault returns the supply to the loadimmediately called as temporary trip while longduration shall result in permanent trip.The conceptin the future can be extended to developing amechanism to send message to the authorities viaSMS by interfacing a GSM modem.

IV. MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uCor MCU) is a small computer on a single integratedcircuit containing a processor core, memory, andprogrammable input/output peripherals. Neitherprogram memory in the form of NOR flash or OTPROM is also often included on chip, as well as atypically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollersare designed for embedded applications, in contrastto the microprocessors used in personal computersor other general purpose applications.

4.1 Diagram of Printed Circuit Board

(PCB)

Figure 3: PCB Diagram of Three Phase FaultAnalysis System

4.2 Blue Print of The Proposed System

Figure 4: Blue print of Three Phase Fault Analysis

System



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4.3 Description of Circuit

To run controller Circuit need power supply. Themains power supply is 220v ac. In preventioncircuit six numbers of steps down transformers areused for forming star and delta secondary’s at lowvoltage output. Fault condition is created with a setof switches to input LL, LG, 3L fault to circuit.This triggers a 555 timer in monostable to resetafter fault clearance in a short duration temporaryfault clearance in short duration temporary fault orpermanently trip the output in case of prolongedfault .The electrical substation which supply thepower to the consumers i.e. industries or domesticcan have failures due to some faults which can betemporary or permanent. These faults lead tosubstantial damage to the power system equipment.In India it is common to observe the failures insupply system due to the faults that occur duringthe transmission or distribution. The faults mightbe LG (Line to Ground), LL (Line to Line), 3L(Three lines) in the supply systems and these faultsin three phase supply system can affect the powersystem. To overcome this problem a system isbuilt, which can sense these faults andautomatically disconnects the supply to avoid largescale damage to the control gears in the grid sub-stations. This system is built using three singlephase transformers which are wired in star inputand star output, and 3 transformers are connected indelta connections, having input 220 volt and outputat 12 volt. This concept low voltage testing of faultconditions is followed as it is not advisable tocreate on mains line. 555 timers are used forhandling short duration and long duration faultconditions. A set of switches are used to create theLL, LG and 3L fault in low voltage side, foractivating the tripping mechanism. Short durationfault returns the supply to the load immediatelycalled as temporary trip while long duration shallresult in permanent trip. In an electric powersystem, a fault is any abnormal electric current. Forexample, a short circuit is a fault in which currentbypasses the normal load. An open-circuit faultoccurs if a circuit is interrupted by some failure. Inthree-phase systems, a fault may involve one ormore phases and ground, or may occur onlybetween phases. In a "ground fault" or "earth fault",charge flows into the earth. The prospective shortcircuit current of a fault can be calculated for

power systems. In power systems, protectivedevices detect fault conditions and operate circuitbreakers and other devices to limit the loss ofservice due to a failure. In a poly-phase system, afault may affect all phases equally which is a"symmetrical fault". If only some phases areaffected, the resulting "asymmetrical fault"becomes more complicated to analyze due to thesimplifying assumption of equal current magnitudein all phases being no longer applicable. Theanalysis of this type of fault is often simplified byusing methods such as symmetrical components.Design of systems to detect and interrupt powersystem faults is the main objective of power systemprotection.

V. OPERATION EXPLANATION

In the whole circuit process required for thisexperiment was represented. Although for theshortage of space it was not possible to representall the simulations for all kind of changes but itseems the things that are represented here isenough to make a clear concept about the wholeprojects architectural structure

5.1Working Principles:

The project uses 6numbers step-down transformersfor handling the entire circuit under low voltageconditions of 12v only to test the 3 phase faultanalysis. The primary of 3 transformers isconnected to a 3 phase supply in star configuration,while the secondary of the same is also connectedin star configuration. The other set of 3transformers with its primary connected in star to 3phase have their secondary’s connected in deltaconfiguration. The outputs of all the 6 transformersare rectified and filtered individually and are givento 6 relay coils. 6 push buttons, one each connectedacross the relay coil is meant to create a faultcondition either at star i.e. LL Fault or 3L Fault.The NC contacts of all the relays are made parallelwhile all the common points are grounded. Theparallel connected point of NC are given to pin2through a resistor R5to a 555 timer i.e. wired inmonostable mode. The output of the same timer isconnected to the reset pin 4 of another 555 timerwired in astable mode. LED‟S are connected attheir output to indicate their status. The output of



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the U3 555 timer from pin3 is given to an Op-ampLM358 through wire 11 and d12 to the noninverting input pin3, while the inverting input iskept at a fixed voltage by a potential divider RV2.The voltage at pin2 coming from the potentialdivider is so held that it is higher than the pin3 ofthe Op-amp used as a comparator so that pin1develops zero logic that fails to operate the relaythrough the driver transistor Q1. This relay Q1 is„3CO‟ relay i.e. is meant for disconnecting theload to indicate fault conditions.

5.2 Operating Procedure:

While the board is powered from a 3phase supplyall the 6 relay coils get DC voltage and theircommon point disconnects from the NC and moveson to the NO points there by providing logic highat pin2 of 555 timer U1 i.e. that is kept onmonostable mode. While any push button acrossthe relay is pressed it disconnects that relay and inthe process in common contacts moves to the NCposition to provide a logic low at trigger pin of 555timer to develop an output that brings the U3 555timer which is used in astable mode for its reset pinto high such that the astable operation takes placeat its output which is also indicated by flashingD11 LED. If the fault is off temporary in nature i.e.if the push button pressed is released immediatelythe U1 monostable disables U3 the output of whichgoes to zero in the event of any push button keptpressed for a longer duration the monostable outputprovides a longer duration active situation for U3the astable timer the output of which chargescapacitor C13 through R11 such that the output ofthe comparator goes high that drives the relay toswitch off three phase load. The output of Op-ampremains high indefinitely through a positivefeedback provided for its pin1 to pin3 through aforward biased diode and a resistor in series. Theseresults in the relay permanently switched on todisconnect the load connected at its NC contactspermanently off. In order to maintain the flow ofDC supply the star connected secondary set DC‟Sare paralleled through D8,D9& D10 foruninterrupted supply to the circuit voltage of 12vDC and 5v DC derived out of voltage regulator IC7805.

VI. HARDWARE COMPONENTS ANDIMPLEMENTATION

In this chapter all the components which were usedfor this project will be discussed elaborately. Alsothere will be a step by step discussion if how all theequipments were implemented and how they areworking. There will be full picture of fullyimplemented hardware and a brief discussion onhow they are working. The components that will bediscussed are Quartz Crystal Oscillator,PIC16F73B Microcontroller chip, LCD (16x2),Resistors, Capacitors, LED, Ultrasonic sensordevices.

6.1 Hardware Components

Transformer, Voltage Regulator, 555 Timer, Diode, Relay,Resistor, Capacitor, Electric Bulb, switch, Plastic wiringBoard, Chanel, Electric Cables, etc.

6.2Interfacing with MicrocontrollerChip

Figure 5: Interfacing Display with PIC 16F877A

6.3 Hardware Implementation

The complete hardware implementation is shownin the picture below. All the hardware componentsare tried to be visible. Firstly all the hardwarecomponents are described step by step andthere implementation is shown by picture and at



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last the whole hardware is shown at that time it isfully functional and turned on.

6.4 GSM Module

Figure 6: GSM Modules and SIM CardImplementation

Above figure shows the image of connected GSMmodule with SIM card along with the power onswitch. Once turned on it will search for thenetwork for few seconds and when it is connectedfully the LED connected with the module will startblinking in a regular time interval. This condition isshowed in the next picture. In this case the moduleis connected with the network successfully andready for operation.

6.5 Full Circuit Board Picture

Figure 7: Full Circuit Board When Circuit isTurned On

Above figure shows that the full picture of thecircuit board. The power supply, display,

microcontroller, GSM module, SIM tray and allother circuit components.

Figure 8: Line to ground fault circuit Board Picture

& Line to Line fault circuit Board Picture

VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very thankful to Allah for encouraging theauthors to complete the research and projectsuccessfully. Here, we wish to express our sincereadmiration to our supervisor for inspiring us toimplement this research perfectly. In particular, wewould like to be grateful all staffs and technicians,for their collaboration, subsidiary or straightsupport to complete the entire studies.

VIII. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

8.1 Discussion

In this project two timers are used one is mono-stable mode and other is stable mode. When anypush button is pressed for a short time the load isdisconnected only for that period which indicating



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a temporary fault. If the push button is pressed forlonger time then the stable timer s activated and itcauses a permanent fault and disconnects the loadpermanently. It has more advantages, equipmentswill safe from damage, Time to Time task completionreport, more efficiency, reduce losses and it is morereliable. It could be applicable for substation,Transformer, Drives or relay and transmissionlines. This system is easily handled three phasecontrol system because of using powerful functionsand hardware interfaces. GSM technology can helpus to control the faults by sending SMS via mobilephone from any three phase faults.

8.2. Conclusion

The project is planned to develop an automatictripping mechanism for the three phase supplysystem. Output of the project is resetsautomatically after a brief interruption in the eventtemporary fault while it remains in trippedcondition in case of permanent fault .The conceptcan be make longer to developing a mechanism forsending message to the authorities via SMS byinterfacing a GSM modem.

REFERENCE

[1]. Dipak S.Bankar, “Power system protection”.[2]. Tech max publication, “Analog and digitalcommunication”.[3]. B.L.Thereja, “Electrical machines”.[4]. S.S Rrao, “Switch gear and protection”.[5]. Divid A. Bell, “Power system knowledge”.[6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power.[7]. Satish Bakanagari et al Int. Journal of EngineeringResearch and Application, “Three phase analysis withauto reset for temporary fault or permanent tripotherwise” ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec2013, pp.1082-1086.[8]. Shima Hasan Sayed “ Fault detection classificationand location in underground cables” publish year-2014,page no.- 20-27.[9]. Michael J. Pont, “Embedded C”Addesen-Weselypublication- 2002, page no- 1-15.[10]. Rashmi Ranjan Raut, Durga Prasad Tripathy“Development of an AC to DC Converter usingmicrocontroller” National institute of technology,Rourkela. Pg no. 11-18.

[11]. S. Potivejkul, P. Kerdonfag, S. Jamnian, and V.Kinnares, “Design of lowvoltage cable fault detector,”in Proc. IEEE Power Engineer. Society.Winter Meeting,Jan. 2000, vol. 1, pp. 724–729.[12]. C. M. Wiggins, D. E. Thomas, T. M. Salas, F. S.Nickel, and H.-W. Ng,“A novel concept forunderground cable fault location,” IEEE Transaction.Power Delivery, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 591–597.[13]. Miroslav D. Markovic, “Fault Analysis in PowerSystems by Using the Fortescue Method”, TESLAInstitute, 2009.[14]. Jun Zhu. “Analysis of Transmission System Faultsthe Phase Domain”, Texas A&M University. MasterThesis, 2004.[15]. D. C. Yu, D. Chen, S. Ramasamy and D. G. Flinn,“A Windows Based Graphical Package for SymmetricalComponents Analysis”, IEEE Transactions on Power.

BIOGRAPHY OF AUTHOR

Mr. Md Tanjil Sarker is the corresponding author

of this paper. He successfully completed Bachelor

Degree from Bangladesh University in the

department of EEE and Studying post graduate

degreein the Department of CSE, Jagannath

University Dhaka Bangladesh. He conducted many

research works in the relevant field such as Design,

Inspection and Implementation of Solar PV Driven

Smart & Automated Irrigation Systems, Electricity

Load Calculative Method of an Inaccessible area of

Bangladesh, Analysis & Implementation of

Frequency Modulation in Order to make Frequency

Transmitter Etc. Now he is working as a Project

Engineer in Bangladesh Research and education

network (BdREN).

Md. Anisur Rahman born in 1989 in Bangladesh.He accomplished his Bachelor degree in the area ofElectrical & Electronic Engineering fromBangladesh University. He conducted manyresearch works in the relevant field. Mr. A Rahmansuccessfully invents a Robotic Arm named ASR K-250. Now he is studying at Jagannath University inPost Graduate program at Computer Science &Engineering.

Md Arafat Sarker had completed BSc in Electrical& Electronic Engineering from University ofInformation Technology & Sciences, Dhaka. Nowhe is working as an Engineer in a renawedCompany of Bangladesh.



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gsm & microcontroller based three phase fault · pdf filegsm & microcontroller based...

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