gs 1 – introduction to global studies professor: dr. jean-paul rodrigue hofstra university,...
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GS 1 – Introduction to Global StudiesProfessor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography
Topic 6 – Global Cities
A – An Urban WorldB – What are Global Cities?C – Technopoles and Slums
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
A – AN URBAN WORLD
UrbanizationWhat is the nature and the causes or urbanization?
The Urban ExplosionWhat is the scale of contemporary urbanization?
Rural to Urban MigrationsWhy people are moving to urban areas?
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Urbanization
Demographic Process• Growth of the proportion of the population living in
cities.• Urban population growth (natural increase or migration).
Infrastructure Process• Expansion of urban infrastructures and land use.
Socioeconomic Process• Creation of secondary, tertiary and quaternary sectors.• Creates a society where values and lifestyles are urban.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Urbanization
■ Causes of urbanization• Historical:
• “Civis”.• Defense.• Trade routes.
• Social:• Increased social interactions.• Institutions representing a society (government, religion & education).
• Economic:• Linked with agricultural surpluses.• Increased economic opportunities (the most successful cities tended to be
the most open to entrepreneurship).• Access to labor.• Specialization.• Economies of scale and of agglomeration.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Cities through the Ages
Era
Antiquity (Rome) Cities as the nexus of civilizations (monuments).Development of urban infrastructure (pavement, aqueducts).
Middle Ages (Avignon)
High density fortified cities.Mostly city-states.Little specialization.Church (cathedral) as the core.
Industrial Revolution (Manchester)
Cities within nation-states.Industrialization.Migration from rural areas.Regional specialization.Transport terminal (rail, port) often the core.
Post-Modern (Hong Kong)
The global city.Functional specialization.The financial district often the core.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
The Urban Explosion
■ Causes of contemporary urban population growth• Natural population increase:
• Births minus deaths.• Demographic transition provided momentum.
• Migration from rural areas:• Notably in countries with large rural populations.
• Immigration (international):• Notably in Europe and North America.• Concerns gateway cities.
• Reclassification of urban boundaries:• Encompass other cities and towns.• Encompass formerly rural areas.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
The Urban Explosion: Stages of Urbanization
Time
Urb
an
Pop
ula
tion
0
20
40
60
80
100
Developed countries
Terminal StageTransition StageInitial Stage
Developingcountries
Least developedcountries
Rural to urban migration
Demographic transition
RuralSociety
UrbanSociety
Urbanization
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
The Urban Explosion
■ First Wave (1750-1950):• Began in Europe and North America in the early 18th century.• First demographic transition:
• Importance of natural population increase both in cities and rural areas.• First industrialization:
• Incited the first significant rural to urban migrations.• International migration:
• Important for gateway cities in North America.• Produced the new urban industrial societies.• Gradual process that involved a few hundred million people:
• Europe, North America, Australia and Japan; 75% to 80% urban.• By the end of the first wave, the beginning of a new process;
suburbanization.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
First Wave Urbanization: World’s Largest Cities, 1900
LondonNew York
ParisBerlin
ChicagoViennaTokyo
St. PetersburgManchesterPhiladelphiaBirmingham
MoscowCalcutta (Kolkata)
BostonGlasgow
XianLiverpool
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Millions
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
The Urban Explosion
1800 1900 1950 20070
10
20
30
40
50
60
Share of Global Population Urbanized ■ Second Wave (1950-2050):• Concern less developed
regions of the world.• Rapid growth.• Demographic impacts much
greater.• Will account for 93% of the
2 billion increase in the global urban population between 2000 and 2030.
• Limited recourse to migration.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
World Urban Population, 1950-2005 with Projections to 2020 (in billions)
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 20200
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
World Developed countries Developing countries
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Rural to Urban Migrations
■ An enduring momentum• Current velocity:
• 50 million new urbanites each year.• 1 million new urbanites each week.• About 155,000 new urbanites each day.• About 75,000 rural poor migrate to cities each day.
• Migration:• Makes a significant contribution to the growth of urban areas.• Accounts for between 40% and 60% of annual urban population growth in
the developing world.• Huge rural-to-urban migration potential in areas having a large rural
population.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Rural to Urban Migrations
■ Push-Pull considerations• Both are affecting rural-urban migrations.• “Pull” of the cities may determine the destination.• Migrants are pulled toward cities:
• Prospect of jobs and higher incomes.• Most early urbanization was the result of pull considerations.
• Pushed out of rural areas:• “Push” factors predominate as the motivation to move.• Poverty, lack of land, declining agricultural work, war, and famine.• Play more importance today than push considerations.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Push - Pull Factors for Urbanization in the Third World
Rural PUSH UrbanPULL
InstabilityRural structuresLow employmentDemographic pressure
Employment marketBetter servicesLow barriersModernity
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Rural to Urban Migrations
Factor Condition Issues
Instability / Disasters / Wars / Famines
Push Creation of refugees.Cities as safe heavens.
Expectation of jobs Pull Higher wages but higher living costs.Large labor markets.Economic survival Informal sector dominant.
Rural changes Push Demographic growth.Land tenure (landless peasants).Mechanization (surplus labor).
Transportation Intervening opportunities
Increased mobility and lower costs.Construction of roads and rails.Access to rural markets.
More and better services
Pull Better schools and health services.Access to water and electricity.Overcrowding and pollution.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
B – WHAT ARE GLOBAL CITIES?
Megacities and Urban RegionsWhat forms large-scale urbanization takes?
Global CitiesWhat defines a global city?
Cultural InfluenceHow global cities express their cultural influence?
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Megacities and Urban Regions
■ Concentration• An increasing share of the global population lives in megacities:
• Cities of over one million.• Uncommon in the past to have megacities.• Difficult to sustain internally and to supply (food, water, energy and
wastes).• First modern megacity, Beijing 1770.
• From metropolitan areas to urban regions:• Contiguity.• Connectiveness.• Interaction.
■ Technology and urban form• Important historical role of technology (particularly transportation)
shaping the shape and the dynamics of cities.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
One Hour Commuting According to Different Urban Transportation Modes
Streetcar lineFreeway
Walking
Streetcar
CyclingAutomobile
Automobile with freeways
10 km
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Cities and Connectivity
Function Main Mode Nexus
Trade city Water transport (maritime and fluvial).
Waterfront. Heavy industries. Intermodal terminals.
Industrial city Railway Central stations. Rail terminals and railyards.
Mobile city Highways Shopping districts. Distribution clusters.
Network city Telecommunications Financial districts. High technology clusters.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Metropolitan Areas of More than 10 Million Inhabitants, 2010
TokyoDelhi
São PauloMumbai (Bombay)
Mexico CityNew YorkShanghai
Kolkata (Calcutta)Dhaka
KarachiBuenos AiresLos Angeles
BeijingRio de Janeiro
ManilaOsaka-Kobe
Al-Qahirah (Cairo)Lagos
Moskva (Moscow)Istanbul
Paris
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4036.67
22.1620.26
20.0419.4619.43
16.5815.55
14.6513.1213.07
12.7612.39
11.9511.63
11.3411.00
10.5810.5510.5210.49
195019752010
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
World’s Largest Urban Regions
Tokaido Tokyo to Osaka corridor. 85 million.
BostWash Northeast corridor between Boston and Washington. 55 million.
ChiPitts Midwest corridor. 54 million.
Sao Paulo Region 29 million. Brazil.
Mexico City Region 21 million.
Beijing – Tianjin Corridor 23 million.
Jakarta – Bandung Corridor 28 million. Island of Java.
Bangkok Region 20 million.
Taipei – Kaohsiung Corridor 18 million. West Coast of the island of Taiwan.
Rhine – Ruhr Region 10 million (including Cologne, Düsseldorf, Dortmund).
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
World at Night
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
World’s Largest Cities
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Criteria to be a World City; Many Wannabees
Business activityThe economic weight of the city; headquarters of major multinational corporations, locations of top business services firms, the value of capital (stock) markets, the number of international conferences, and the flow of goods through ports and airports.
Human capitalCapacity to attract and train talent; size of foreign-born population, quality of universities, number of international schools, international student population, and number of residents with university degrees.
Information exchangeThe effectiveness of information flows; accessibility to major TV news channels, internet presence, number of international news bureaus, level of censorship and broadband subscriber rate.
Cultural influenceThe cultural weight of the city; number of major sporting events, number of museums, performing-arts venues, culinary establishments, number of international travelers and number of sister-city relationships.
Political engagementThe level of influence on global politics; number of embassies and consulates, major think tanks, international organizations and local institutions with international reach, and the number of political conferences.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
World Cities, 2012
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Cities and Cultural Influence
■ Cultural Nexus• Foci of human and material resources of civilizations.• Cities are where culture is created, filtered and diffused:
• Source of capital accumulation.• Change in scale:
• Cultures used to be bound to regions or nations.• Global communication networks propelled cultural centers.• Exchange of ideas.
• Pool of talents:• Artists, architects, philosophers, scientists and writers.• Attractiveness of some cities.• Patrons, community of artists, universities, clients, and a skilled workforce.
• Shifts in centers of culture:• Linked with the economic and political fate of the nation.• E.g. Moscow.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Phallic Fallacy? Unnecessary Heights and the Search of a Landmark
Burj Dubai (818m)
Al Burj (1,200 m)
Taipei 101 (450 m)
Empire State (381 m)
Eiffel Tower (324 m)
The Gherkin (180 m)
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
C – TECHNOPOLES AND SLUMS
TechnopolesHow the high technology sector is shaping cities?
The Other City: ShantytownsAre shantytowns an economic or demographic failure?
Global Cities in the 21st CenturyWhat will shape world city development in the coming years?
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Technopoles
■ Global cities are innovation nexuses• Wealth and capital accumulation linked with innovation
capabilities; favors urban growth.• Innovations come in waves.• Changes in economic fundamentals:
• Linked with innovations (e.g. labor, resources).• The fate of several global cities changed.
• Some cities are growing without much capital accumulation:• Favors the creation of shantytowns.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Technopoles
■ Valuation and debasement• The technopole model (valuation):
• High technology service and manufacturing cluster.• R&D facilities to carry out research.• Vicinity to university institutions. • Pool of corporations, entrepreneurs and capital.• Available land.• Ex: “Silicon Valley”.
• The off-shoring model (debasement):• Technology also debase some process.• Some activities have been relocated to low costs areas.• Back-office operations (payroll).• Call centers.• Data processing.• Ex: Omaha, NE (taxes advantages) and Bangalore, India.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Shantytowns
■ Context• Urban poverty.• Difficulty to access housing:
• Economic costs.• Availability.• 100 million people are homeless.• 928 million live in precarious housing conditions (slums).
• Shantytowns; informal habitat or squatter housing:• Favelas (Brazil).• Pueblos jovenes (Young towns).• Asentamiento irregulares (Irregular settlements).• Villas miserias (Miserable villages, Argentina).• Jughi Jopri (India).
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Shantytowns
■ Definition• Dwellings are built by the current or original occupant:
• Rudimentary construction materials.• Did not receive a construction permit.• Do not follow norms in terms of housing and sanitation.• Located in marginal (sometimes unsafe) sites.
• Inhabitants have no legal title to the land:• Most are located in areas being declared inhabitable.• Own by the municipality.• Abandoned private land.• Exploiting a legal vacuum of land ownership.
• Lack of urban services:• Generally not well serviced by public utilities. • Water supply, sanitation, roads, drainage, solid waste management, street
lighting, public transportation and sewage.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Shantytowns
■ Habitat• Informal settlements:
• Perhaps the most visible sign of widespread poverty.• About 25% of the surface of cities in developing countries is covered by
shantytowns.• 30-60% of the urban population.
• Emerged in all Third World cities:• Following the demographic explosion.• Now the norm more than the exception.
• Incapacity of the private and public sector:• Provide low price housing for the majority of the population.• The private sector seeks to maximize revenue.• The State more concerned about providing housing for its public servants
and its middle class.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Shantytowns as Share of the Total Population
New Delhi, India
Rio de Janeiro, Bazil
Jakarta, Indonesia
Tunis, Tunisia
Manilla, Philippines
Karachi, Pakistan
Mexico City
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Caracas, Venezuela
Bogota, Colombia
Ankara, Turkey
Cairo, Egypt
Calcutta, India
Casablanca, Morocco
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Global Cities in the 21st Century
■ The “learning city”• Local identities (landmarks).• Regional resources (labor).• Global reach (transport and telecommunications).• Suitable urban environment, employment, food, housing and
transportation:• Welfare of the future urban population.• Welfare of its surrounding areas.
• Mitigation:• Limited environmental impacts.• Conservation of resources such as water, land and energy and the
capability of handling change.• Should provide a place of opportunity and not be an agent of segregation.
© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue© Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue
Towards Sustainable Cities?
Water, materials and waste
Energy and air quality
Transportation and telecommunications
Livability
Land, green spaces and biodiversity