GROWTH

• Definition: the addition process in size, volume, or number of cell, that is irreversible.Growth phenomenon can be quantitatively measured.

• Example:body heightleaf widthstem diameter

DEVELOPMENT

• Definition:

the changing process in function that goes to complexity (maturation)

Development phenomenon is qualitative and can’t be measured with measuring tools.

• Example:

body work ability

fruit ripening

presence of leaf, root, stem, flower, fruit

PATTERN OF GROWTH

• The growth of organism has certain pattern, that is Sigmoid pattern (S model)

• Sigmoid pattern of growth occurs in three phases:– Exponential/logarithmic phase– Linear phase– Senescene phase

Factors that influence growth and development

• Internal factor– gene– hormone

• External factor– food (nutrition)– water– temperature– humidity– oxygen– sunlight

Growth & Development In Flowering Plant

1. Germination

2. Primary growth

3. Secondary growth

4. Growth hormone (fitohormon)

GERMINATION

• Definition: growth and development of embryo in the seed of plantIt consists of cotyledone, plumulae and radicle

• Types of germination:– HYPOGEAL– EPIGEAL

PRIMARY GROWTH

Primordial leaf

SECONDARY GROWTH

• Primary growth is growth which is caused by apical meristem activities in the tip of stem and root.

• Secondary growth is growth which is caused by lateral meristem (vascular cambium) activities in the dicotyledone stem

FITOHORMONE

• AUXINE

• GIBERELIN

• CYTOKININ

• ETYLEN

• ABSISAT ACID

• TRAUMATIN ACID

• KALIN

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMAL

• Animal development’s stage

ZYGOTE – CELL CLEAVAGE – MORULA – BLASTULA – GASTRULA – ORGANOGENESIS

• Metamorphosis– COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS– INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS

• Metagenesis (alternation of generation)

Organism development’s stage

• Complete metamorphosis

EGG – LARVA – PUPA (COCOON) – ADULT ORGANISM (IMAGO)

examples: butterfly, bee, mosquito, fly,ant.

• Incomplete metamorphosis

EGG – NYMPH – ADULT ORGANISM

examples: grasshopper, dragonfly, termite

• Metamorphosis in frog

EGG – TADPOLE – ADULT FROG

metamorphosis in insect

metamorphosis in frog

METAGENESIS

• Definition:

alternation of generation in the organism life cycle between two phase of reproduction, sexual and asexual reproduction.

Examples: • Metagenesis in plant (Bryophyte/moss,

Pteridophyte/fern, Spermatophyte/seedplant)• Metagenesis in animal (Aurelia sp./jellyfish,

Obelia sp.)

Metagenesis in Moss (Bryophyte)

Protonema (n)

Tumbuhan lumut (n)

Sel induk spora (2n)

Sporogonium (2n)

Zigot (2n)

Embrio (2n)

Ovum (n)Sperma(n)

Arkegonium (n)Anteridium (n)

Spora (n)

meiosis

fertilisasi

Gametofit

Sporofit

Metagenesis in fern (Pteridophyte)

Sporogonium (2n)

Tumbuhan paku (2n)

Spora (n)

meiosis

Sel induk spora (2n)

Protalium (n)

Zigot (2n)

Ovum (n)Sperma(n)

Arkegonium (n)Anteridium (n)

fertilisasi

Gametofit

Sporofit

Metagenesis in the seed plant (Spermatophyte)

Zigot(2n)→biji

Embrio (2n)

meiosis

fertilisasi

Mikrosporosit(2n)Megasporosit (2n)

Mikrospora(n)Megaspora (n)

Serbuk sari (n)

Megagametofit(n) Buluh serbuk (n)

Sel telur/ovum (n) Sel sperma (n)

Tumbuhan dewasa (2n)

Benang sari(2n)Putik(2n)

polinasi

Gametofit

Sporofit

Metagenesis in animal

Life cycle of Jelly fish (Aurelia sp.)

Medusa ♂ → sperma

Medusa ♀ → ovumfertilisasi → zigot

embrioplanula(larva bersilia)polip

polip gonangium/tunas medusa

polip hydrant

→

→ →

EXPERIMENT

• Tools and materials– 10 Phaseolus vulgaris seed– 10 Zea mays seed– Cotton – Plastic glasses– Water– Ruler– Paper and pencil

Prosedure 1. Put @10 seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays in

the water for an hour.2. Prepare 4 plastic glasses and give identity A, B, C, and

D. 3. Put some cotton at the base of the glass and make the

cotton wet by water them.4. Put @ 5 seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris in glass A and B.

Then put @ 5 seeds of Zea mays in glass C and D. 5. Put glass A and C under direct sunlight place and

glass B and D in the dark place.6. Keep the cotton wet every day by water them.7. Observe them every day. Measure the length of sprout

every day until 7 days.8. Observe and compare between germination under

direct sunlight and in the dark place.9. Record the data in the table below!

The sprout length for 7 days

SproutDay

Note1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1

2

3

4

5

Mean

Organize the data into the graph!

Discussion

1. How long is the increasing of sprout length every day?

2. What other phenomena can you observe of the germination?

3. What are the differences between germination in Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays?

4. What are the differences between germination in the dark place and under direct sunlight?

5. What are the conclusion that you can make based on this experiment?

Sistematic of Report

A. TitleB. ObjectiveC. Tools and MaterialsD. ProcedureE. DataF. DiscussionG. ConclusionH. Reference