Growth and Development

Immunizations

• Hep B – vomiting., jaundice, cirrhosis, liver cancer, death• Diphtheria – sore throat, fever, swollen neck, • Tetanus – muscle locking• Pertussis – whooping cough, last for 6 weeks, occasional

death• Haemophilus influenza B – bacteremia, meningitis,

cellulitis, opportunistic pathogens• Polio – 1% CNS muscle weakness paralysis, summer time

epidemics, paralysis, sparked race for vaccine• Pneumococcal – pneumonia, meningitis, enteritis, sepsis,

cellulitis, pericarditis

Immunizations

• Rotavirus – severe diarrhea in infants and children• Measles – respiratory, 90% infectivity, 9 – 12 day incubation,

general flu-like symptoms• Mumps – painful swelling of salivary glands and testicles, can

lead to infertility in older males• Rubella – German measles, dangerous to pregnant women,

babies born with major birth defects• Varicella – chicken pox, shingles• Human Papillomavirus – causes cervical cancer in females• Meningitis – inflammation of the meninges of the brain, neck

stiffness, light and sound intolerance

ImmunizationsBirth• Hep B: Hepatitis B vaccine (HBV); recommended to give the first dose at birth,

but may be given at any age for those not previously immunized.

1-2 months• Hep B: Second dose should be administered 1 to 2 months after the first dose. 2 months• DTaP: Diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis vaccine• Hib: Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine• IPV: Inactivated poliovirus vaccine• PCV: Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine• Rota: Rotavirus vaccine

Immunizations

4 months• DTaP, Hib, IPV, PCV, Rota

6 months• DTaP, Hib, PCV, Rota

Immunizations

6 months and annually• Seasonal influenza. The vaccine is recommended every year for

children older than 6 months. Kids under 9 who get a flu vaccine for the first time will receive it in two separate doses a month apart. Although children 6 months to 5 years old are still considered the group of kids who need the flu vaccine the most, updated guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) now recommend that all older kids and teens get it, too. It's especially important for high-risk kids to be vaccinated. High-risk groups include, but aren't limited to, kids with asthma, heart problems, sickle cell anemia, diabetes, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It can take up to 2 weeks after the shot is given for the body to build up immunity against the flu.

Immunizations6-18 months• Hep B, IPV

12-15 months• Hib, MMR: Measles, mumps, and rubella (German measles) vaccine, PCV, Varicella

(chickenpox) vaccine

12-23 months• Hep A: Hepatitis A vaccine; given as two shots at least 6 months apart

15-18 months• DTaP 4-6 years• DTaP, MMR, IPV, Varicella

Immunizations11-12 years• HPV: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, given as 3 shots over 6

months. It's recommended for girls to prevent genital warts and cervical cancers. The vaccine also may be given to boys to prevent genital warts.

• Tdap: Tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis booster• MCV: Meningitis vaccine; with a booster dose at age 16

College entrants• MCV: Meningitis vaccine; recommended for previously unvaccinated

college entrants who will live in dormitories. One dose will suffice for healthy college students whose only risk factor is dormitory living.

•

• Herd Immunity– When a critical portion of a community is immunized against a

contagious disease, most members of the community are protected against that disease because there is little opportunity for an outbreak. Even those who are not eligible for certain vaccines—such as infants, pregnant women, or immunocompromised individuals—get some protection because the spread of contagious disease is contained. This is known as "community immunity."

• Many children’s immune systems are still developing. When they begin to be exposed to daycare and school they often get exposed to different diseases.

http://www.vaccines.gov/basics/protection/

Infant Growth

Infant Growth

Milestones9 – 12 years:• Physical growth rate increases, sex characteristics begin to appear, menstruation, breast

development, male voice deepens, hair growth, begin to place higher importance on peer groups

• Begin to exhibit insecurity and shyness• Need to be listened to, allowed to express themselves, positive responses, start of social

acceptance, need to learn acceptable behavior, need LOTS of positive reinforcement or will shut down

13 – 18 years:• Teenagers, between childhood and adulthood, strive for independence, experience puberty,

increased hormone production, emotionality, • Adolescents, need to have people listen and reflect back to them, allows teens to hear what

they are thinking, gain understanding of themselves, respect privacy, • Question personal behavior and choices, always ask how it relates to their personal health and

well being, impulsivity, often reckless, 18 – 20 years:• Become independent, adults, seek place in society

Aging

• Aging begins at birth; people vary greatly in how they age, choices, exposure

AgingNervous System:• Reduction in nerve cells and blood flow• Memory loss and loss of problem solving ability• Vision – harder to see distance and small, 20% more light needed, eyes

take longer to adjust to changes in light, cataracts are clouding of the transparent lens, glaucoma is intraocular pressure that can cause damage to the optic disc and hardening of the eyeball

• Hearing – changes become noticeable in the 60’s, high frequency detection is poor, mumbling and soft speaking common

• Smell – less likely to smell gas, spoiled food, body odor• Taste – may require more salt or sugar, taste buds decline by 50%• Touch – temperature sensitivity, response to stimulus depressed, often

cold due to subcutaneous fat loss

Aging

Musculoskeletal System:• Osteoarthritis is an inflammation of joints• Osteoporosis is brittle bones cause by Calcium

loss, most common in Caucasian women after menopause; proper diet and exercise can forestall symptoms,

• Reduced stamina, reduced muscle tone

Aging

Respiratory and Circulatory Systems:• Lungs become less elastic, oxygen exchange more difficult• Heart less efficient, vessels build up clogs, high blood pressure• Congestive heart failure – inability of heart to supply body

with oxygen, smoking, obesity, age• Cardiac arrhythmias – any irregular heartbeat, pacemaker,

death, cardiac arrest• Ischemic heart disease – lack of blood to heart muscle, most

common cause of death in West• Hypertensive heart disease – high blood pressure, heart

works harder to push blood

Aging

Gastrointestinal System:• Constipation is common; peristalsis is

weakened in the intestines• May not take in enough water or fiber• Loss of teeth may interfere with chewing• Liver loses up to 20% of its weight• Liver becomes less effective at metabolizing

drugs

Aging

Urinary System:• Bladder holds less• May cause urgent and frequent need to urinate• Bladder infection caused by retention – inability to completely

empty bladder• Prostate gland swelling pinches off male urethra• Incontinence may occur as external urinary sphincter control is

lost Integumentary System:• Dry skin, thinning hair, less adipose padding and thermal

insulation