growing up without finance - fdic: federal deposit ... · growing up without finance . rawley z....

Growing Up Without Finance

Rawley Z Heimer (Cleveland Fed) wj James R Brown (Iowa State) amp J Anthony Cookson (Colorado)

FDIC Consumer Research Symposium Fall 2016

These are not necessarily the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland or the Board of Governors

~QG-

Brown Cookson Heimer 1 I 39

Motivation

e Household finances affect entrepreneurship (Hurst and Lusardi 2004)

asset prices (Favara and lmbs 2015) consumer welfare (Melzer 2011)

employment (Bernstein 2016) employment credit screening corporate financial policies (Heimer 20)

- ~QG------riliiiii~[iilmfi~~-~~------- 2 1 39Brown Cookson Heimer

Motivation




e Why is poor financial health pervasive even in good times

~ eg 2006Q4 45 unemployment Yet 31 subprime -J15 no credit history

- ~lt0---~--~~mm~~~~~---------------- 239Brown Cookson Heimer

Motivation






e Literature beh a vi ora I biases fi nancia I education and genetics

~ But effects cannot explain wide variation in financial health


Motivation








e Our Paper

~ The role of local financial development amp exposure to financial markets ~ Credible variation in local financial development on Native American

reservations


Exposure to financial markets

e Example 13-year old Rawley Mows neighborhood lawns deposits

monthly check builds relationship with local bank Burke and

Herbert in Alexandria VA

- ~QG------riiij~(ii~~ftilsect~-~-------- 3 I 39Brown Cookson Heimer





e Counterfactual what if brick-and-mortar bank was not there

e Empirical challenge local financial development is not random

- ~QG------riiij~(ii~~ftilsect~-----r-------- 3 I 39Brown Cookson Heimer

Paper in a nutshell

Consumer credit on Native American reservations

e Long-run Congress-imposed differences in courts across resvns

e Stronger courts = t supply of resvn-area financial development

e t fin dev = t consumer finance through early-life exposure

- ~lt0-----~--~~~~~~~-r~------------- 439Brown Cookson Heimer

Setting and empirical strategy A series of historical accidents amp a 1953 law led to sharp differences in local finance

a Large long-run differences in local financial development on Native

American reservations

1953 1953-1980s 1999-20151980s-1990s PL280 was passed long-run differences in Borrowers in our sample Sample Period Assigned some financia l development Borrowers enter credit are born growing up reservat ions to state emerge ma rket s and managewith a nd without courts by a rtifact credit hist ories as young financial development

adults

~QG-





a Why In 1953 externally-imposed differences in courts across resvns (state courts vs triba I courts)

- debt contract enforcement uncertainty ---+ 20 diff in bank branching 60 diff in Pr(extend small business loan)

Cross-sectional pattern a historical accident (disclaimers in state constitutions see Brown Cookson Heimer 2016)

1953 1953-1980s 1999-2015 1980s-1990s PL280 was passed long-ru n differences in Borrowers in our sample Sample Period Assigned some financia l development Borrowers enter credit are born growing up reservat ions to state emerge markets and managewith and without courts by artifact credit hist ories as youngfinancial development

adults

~QG-


Setting and empirical strategy Use long-run differences in local financial devel to study effects on household finances

1953

1950s-1980s

1999-20 ]5

US Congress

State Cou rts

More Local Finance

Young Borrowers (lt 25 years)

Persistent Externally-imposed Cross-sectional variation

Tribal Courts

Less Local Finance


State versus tribal affected banking development but not consumer finance directly

~QG-


What we find using 5 sample of U S credit reports from Equifax

0 Less local financial development (tribal versus state courts) leads to

~ Less financial inclusion (10 pp more individuals w o credit reports)

~QG-


What we find using 5 sample of US credit reports from Equifax



~ Delayed entry into formal credit markets (10-20 lower hazard)

Role for local finance Less after growth of local finance after bank deregulation (IBBEA)

~QG-







8 These effects are

~ Persistent (consumer credit riskscores take 10+ years to converge) ~ Exp~ lained by delayed entry (controlling for age at first credit)







8 These effects are


~ Not explained by differences in economic opportunity but







8 These effects are


~ Not explained by differences in economic opportunity but ~ explained by local banking development


Contributions

0 Financial inclusion (eg stock mkt participation formal accounts)

~ Celerier and Matray (2015) Kozak and Sosyura (2015) Allen et al (2012) and others

Does local finance still matter

~ Guiso Sapienza and Zingales (2004) Cortes and Strahan (2016) Butler Cornaggia Gurun (2015) and others

Institutions and financial develpoment

~ Much of this is cross-national (eg Levine Djankov Shleifer and many others)

~ Reservation (within-country) setting permits stronger inferences

- ~lt0-----~~~~~~~~----~-------------- 839Brown Cookson Heimer

Reservation areas PL280 was passed at the state-level but has within-region variation

Leg end

bull State J urisdiction bull Tribal Courts

~QG-


PL280 What we know

e Similar resvn econjfinancial conditions prior to PL280 _ pre-PL280

~QG-


PL280 What we know


e Law intended to improve perceived ~~lawlessness but

~ similar incarceration rates pre-PL280 no effect on criminal outcomes (Dimitrova-Grajzl et al 2015)

~ civil jurisdiction added as an afterthought (Goldberg-Ambrose)

- ~lt0-----~--~~mm~~~~~--------------- l039Brown Cookson Heimer

PL280 What we know





e PL280 ~ more local finance by affecting secured lending (Brown Cookson Heimer 2016)

~ but does not apply to most consumer credit contracts


PL280 What we know





e PL280 ~ more local finance by affecting secured lending (Brown

Cookson Heimer 2016)


e PL280 ~ higher incomes in finance-dependent industries (Brown


~ Main alternative economic opportunity affects consumer finance

Show explicit financial mechanism Controls for economic conditions

~QG-


Data

Data FRBNY- Consumer Credit Panel

e 5 random sample quarterly credit reports- Equifax (1999 - ongoing)

e Sample on last 2 digits of SSN panel refresh includes new entrants and indicate deaths

e Limitations limited demographic coverage no household assets

e Link census tracts to rsvn areas using Tiger Line GIS shape files

All of the consumers we observe are on reservation lands for first Equifax

record

- ~QG------rijjiiiii(i~~~~---r-------- 11 1 39Brown Cookson Heimer

Consumer credit

PL280 and financial inclusion

~QG-

Brown Cookson Heimer 12 1 39

Fraction of individuals with a credit history Low-finance regions have lower rates of financial inclusion

Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09

Fraction of residents with a credit record (q uarterly Census tract observations)

~QG-


Delayed entry into credit markets

Consumer age when receive first credit report Consumer age when receive first line of credit

20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Age at first report Age at first tradeline

--- Tribal courts ---- bull State jurisdiction --- Tribal courts ---- bull State jurisdiction

~QG-



Hazard into formal credit mkts t 10 - 20 pp log-odds

Panel A time to first credit report (1a) (2a) (3a)

t = age shy 18 coef [odds-ratio] coef [odds-ratio] coef [odds-ratio]

tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]

0023) 0023) 0048) date quarter strata X X X

Census region FE X

state FE X

N (consumer-quarter) 151394 151394 151394 N (consumers) 14 380 14380 14380

Panel 8 time to first tradeline (1b) (2b) (3b)


tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]

(0023) (0022) (0069) date quarter strata X X X

Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-


Financial mechanism bank branching regulation

Is exposure to local finance the channel

e Riegle-Neal interstate bank branching deregulation (1994- 2010) (Rice

and Strahan 2010)

~ = t bank branches in rural areas (Celerier and Matray 2015)

e t bank branching ~

~ if tribal courts have too little finance branching expansion matters

- ~QG------rijjiiiii(i~~~~---r-------- 16 I 39Brown Cookson Heimer


Expansion of bank branch supply attenuates hazard rates

A time to first report IBBEA status not deregu Iated deregulated

coef [odds-ratio ] coef [odds-ratio ]

tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)

date quarter strata X X

N (consumer-quarter) 15 267 119870 N (consumers) 1511 11555

8 time to first tradeline IBBEA status not deregu Iated deregulated

coef [odds-ratio ] coef [odds -ratio ]

tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)


N (consumer-quarter) 22797 194521 N (consumers) 1511 11555

~QG-


Evidence on bank supply frictions

e Bank regulation results are consistent with supply frictions

~ Effects are more pronounced where there is less bank branching

e Can we provide evidence within Equifax

~

~

Focus on lending to subprime borrowers to identify supply restrictions (as in Bhutta and Keys 2014)

supply ratio == new credit lines hard inquiries

- ~lt0---~--~~mm~~~~~--------------- 1839Brown Cookson Heimer

Evidence of a fi na ncia I mechanism Supply frictions

suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X

birth year - quarter FE X

cen sus reg io n FE X

census regio n - quarter FE X

N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085

sample of borrowers 25 years and you nger riskscore lt 640

~QG-


-shy

Sup ply frictions and the business cycle Supply ratio looks like financial friction over the business cycle

N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year

a aTribal courts State jurisdiction

~QG-


Overall financial health

Effects on financial health

~ ~lt0---~~~~~~~~~-------------- 2139Brown Cookson Heimer

Overall financial health Sample of borrowers who stay on the reservation

I) 0

c Q I) N uoctl bull L

LL

I) N

0

ln_0

300 400 500 600 700 800 Equifax rislk score

~ - Tribal courts - State jurisdiction

D t)Qr+

Brown Cookson Heimer Growing Up Without Finance 22 1 39


18 points lower average credit scores

riskscore (1) (2) (3) (4) tri ba lcourt -186 -185 -182 -178

(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X

birth year- quarter FE X

census region FE X

census region - quarter FE X

N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061

sample 25 years old or younger on resvn entire sample

~QG-



Delayed entry fully explains long-run differences in financial health

riskscore (1) (2) age at first trade line -442 -439

(045) (065) tribalcourt x age at first trade line 056 050

(061) (069) date quarter FE X

first tract FE X

first tract x date FE X

N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46

sample 28 years old and older on resvn the entire sample

~QG-

Brown Cookson Heimer 24 139

Overall financial health Economic significance

Economically meaningful differences in financial health

1 Defa uIt rate

e Tribal ---+ State court ~ t 10 pp implied probability of default (at sample means)

2 Suppose 100 28-year-olds demand a $100 000 mortgage

bull Tribal ---+ State court ~ 8 additional people eligible for conventional mortgage

~ $599 monthly savings for 40 borrowers previously eligible for homeownership

- ~QG------riiiiiiiinibli~ml~----r------- 2s 1 39Brown Cookson Heimer

So far

r r

State Courts Tniball Courts

More Local Finance Less Local Finance



Later entry to credit markets Less financial inclusion Face more f inancial frictions

~QG-


Are exposure effects persistent

Triba I Courts State Courts

More Local Finance Less Local Finance ~ ~ ~ ~

Young Borrow ers (lt 25 years)

Later entry to credit markets Less financial inclusion Face more financial frictions


Movers to Off-Reservation Areas Do outcomes converge How persistent a re effects

Benchmark against movers from state court reservations

Brown Cookson Heimer

~QG-

27 139

Fi na ncia I health off-reservation

Moving from resvn helps tribal court consumers by 4 credit score points

(convergence)

riskscore (1) (2) (3) tribalcourt x off resvn 407 354 398

(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022

(0 91) (0 92) (088) date quarter FE X X

first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015

sam ple borrowers w ho start on resvn

~QG-

Brown 1 Cookson 1 Heimer 28 I 39


e Test assumption borrower quality of movers are equal by jurisdiction

e frac tradelines gt 90 days past due measure of quality

state and tribal court borrowers are similar quality so riskscore effect is unlikely selection

fra c tradelines gt 90 days past due (1) (2) (3) tri ba lcou rt 0 020 0017 -0 10

(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X

first tract FE X X X

birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015

Sample borrowers 28 years or older born on resvn currently off resvn

~QG-



takes more than a decade for growing up without finance (tribal court) borrowers to catch up

riskscoreit == Yt + 31 quarters awayit + 32 birthyeari +fit

------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80

quarters away from reservation

-- Tribal courts State j urisdiction I

~QG-


Local finance or economic opportunity




state courts and bank branches better long-run financial health even controlling for local opportunities

dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)

bank branches ( Z) 874 8 94 912

(157) (157) (5 17) median tract income X X X X X

tract employment rate X X X X X

census region - qu arter FE X X X

N 12285

Sample 28 years old and older on resvn the entire sample

~QG-



credit demand conditions are similar (consistent with exposure effect not economic opportunities)

dep var = credit inquiries past 12mo

(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)

tribalcourt 0087 0079 -0011

bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X

tract employment rate

census region - quarter FE X X

X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-



PL280 does not affect financial health of individuals born before law

dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE

tract employment rate (Z)

X X

X

X

X

X

X

median tract income (Z)

Census region FE X X

X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012

Sample consumers born between 1930 and 1953

~QG-


Local finance or economic opportunity Summary of evidence on the effects of growing up without finance

e Slower credit market entry ~ Robust to including region FE ~ Attenuated by bank branching expansion ~ Lower supply ratio conditional on demand

~QG-



e Slower credit market entry ~

~

~

Robust to including region FE Attenuated by bank branching expansion Lower supply ratio conditional on demand

e Persistent effects on movers ~

~

~

Robust and stable upon including first Census tract FE Similar borrower qualities (delinquencies in the long run) Long-run effects eventually converge

~QG-




e Persistent effects on movers ~ Robust and stable upon including first Census tract FE ~ Similar borrower qualities (delinquencies in the long run) ~ Long-run effects eventually converge

e Worse long-run financial health (on res entire sample) ~ Robust and stable upon including region x quarter FE ~ Robust and stable upon including median tract income ~ Not robust to controlling for branches population

- ~lt0------~~~~~~~~-~---------------- 3539Brown Cookson Heimer



~

~



~

~


e Worse long-run financial health (on res entire sample)

~

~

~

Robust and stable upon including region x quarter FE Robust and stable upon including median tract income Not robust to controlling for branches population

e No effect on population born before PL280


Conclusion

e Credible evidence on exposure to local finance using financial

development arising from historical accidents

~ financial development improves financial health

e Broader implications

~ local finance still has considerable value

~ policies to bring finance to underserved populations can be effective

~ supply frictions are also important

~QG-


Reservation econom1es prior to PL280

Are state jurisdiction and tribal court rsvns similar pre-PL280

e 1950 US Census

e 1952 edition of Polks Bank Directory

~ hand transcribe build area-specific measures of banking activity 2rmiddot~ott nmiddotttLmiddot 1ib

ltt M0 r a11bull -POPbull

Thnrnnaon lrta amput Fllanovlta v p

etb Luuton Oaill Cnbulll Chatloa Ptaroa

1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~

J sa~tk at D lf~~8n_~ Otfleers 2~()21- Total 2-~2tfr~

~ns ABA OblfiA ~ bull bull 985 2 -

THE ONAL BANK

OF DOVER 101 W Till~ St

Telellllbullbullbull 4bullIICM

Tuscarawas c oun ty-FRO 4 Cleveonci-Map M 4

CORRESPOIH)EtSSTATEMENT OF CONDITION JUliE 30 19~3 MEW VORIIASSETS LIABILITIES Haft_nr ampu-~aeh amp Due rom Banlla$ 140145$ Demand Deoobullll 45t1t99

Si S Socurltl 2512180 Time Deonlh bull bull 5~~middot1~~ CLEVEVoiiO C1tnn d truampt Coate amp Mua Bonds 1382218 Ot~bullbull Labllltl middot SlllOOO

0 1tlSIIUIIGIL~~r lD~~u~ bullmmiddotm ~~~~~1 middotmiddot middot soolllo 11olon llat B lo Tr Co Bnk Building etc 75488 Un4 vlded Profits middot 1~~~~ COLUMSUS Other Aneta bull 1830 Caaltal Rlmbull _---- Oblo llalonal 6u

OIREClOIIampTotal $ 10874342 TOtal bull to87434l 1111 ~4aa ) f tllbull

OFFICERS II P Llft A V LlbullbullR H Adklbullbullmiddotvmiddotit Ayj w~i~~middotc-bull1gt middot S RuCD lrA Y Ll yp E E middotabullrlloYmiddot AC

A J 8roadllbullnt A bull bull bull bull ND COtlPOtlATONSshyAmNTION-IANKS as for fost ttfcent Servce

Send Collections anncldlteCmsple Banking Facilities Modern a om

~QG-



state and tribal court rsvn were similar prior to PL280

Conditions prior the passage of PL280 State Cou rts T ribal Courts Difference p-value Level

bank branches per capita ( x 1000)

bank loans per capita

bank assets per capita

credit per capita from customary lenders (2008$) per capita income (2008$)

fam ily incomes (decile rank)

unemployment rate

Banking development present-day Outcome measure

00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level

indicator for any lending banks significantly more likely to originate loans to bank-county

resvns wI state courts

log(l+ bank branches per capita) banking density 20 greater on resvns wI state courts county

~QG-




Conditions prior the passage of PL280 State Courts Tribal Courts Difference p-value Level




credit per capita from customary lenders (2008$)

per capita income (2008$)


unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty

Level indicator for any lending banks significantly more likely to originate loans to bank-county

resvns w state courts

log(l+ bank branches per capita) banking density 20 greater on resvns w state courts coun ty

iZGt

~QG-


Motivation





Motivation







Motivation









Motivation








e Our Paper


reservations














Paper in a nutshell










adults

~QG-









adults

~QG-



1953

1950s-1980s

1999-20 ]5

US Congress

State Cou rts

More Local Finance



Tribal Courts

Less Local Finance



~QG-





~QG-







~QG-







8 These effects are








8 These effects are









8 These effects are




Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


Motivation







Motivation









Motivation








e Our Paper


reservations














Paper in a nutshell










adults

~QG-









adults

~QG-



1953

1950s-1980s

1999-20 ]5

US Congress

State Cou rts

More Local Finance



Tribal Courts

Less Local Finance



~QG-





~QG-







~QG-







8 These effects are








8 These effects are









8 These effects are




Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


Motivation









Motivation








e Our Paper


reservations














Paper in a nutshell










adults

~QG-









adults

~QG-



1953

1950s-1980s

1999-20 ]5

US Congress

State Cou rts

More Local Finance



Tribal Courts

Less Local Finance



~QG-





~QG-







~QG-







8 These effects are








8 These effects are









8 These effects are




Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


Motivation








e Our Paper


reservations














Paper in a nutshell










adults

~QG-









adults

~QG-



1953

1950s-1980s

1999-20 ]5

US Congress

State Cou rts

More Local Finance



Tribal Courts

Less Local Finance



~QG-





~QG-







~QG-







8 These effects are








8 These effects are









8 These effects are




Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-














Paper in a nutshell










adults

~QG-









adults

~QG-



1953

1950s-1980s

1999-20 ]5

US Congress

State Cou rts

More Local Finance



Tribal Courts

Less Local Finance



~QG-





~QG-







~QG-







8 These effects are








8 These effects are









8 These effects are




Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-






adults

~QG-









adults

~QG-



1953

1950s-1980s

1999-20 ]5

US Congress

State Cou rts

More Local Finance



Tribal Courts

Less Local Finance



~QG-





~QG-







~QG-







8 These effects are








8 These effects are









8 These effects are




Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-









adults

~QG-



1953

1950s-1980s

1999-20 ]5

US Congress

State Cou rts

More Local Finance



Tribal Courts

Less Local Finance



~QG-





~QG-







~QG-







8 These effects are








8 These effects are









8 These effects are




Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-



1953

1950s-1980s

1999-20 ]5

US Congress

State Cou rts

More Local Finance



Tribal Courts

Less Local Finance



~QG-





~QG-







~QG-







8 These effects are








8 These effects are









8 These effects are




Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-





~QG-







~QG-







8 These effects are








8 These effects are









8 These effects are




Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-







~QG-







8 These effects are








8 These effects are









8 These effects are




Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-







8 These effects are








8 These effects are









8 These effects are




Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-







8 These effects are









8 These effects are




Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-







8 These effects are




Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


Contributions










Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-



Leg end


~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


PL280 What we know


~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


PL280 What we know






PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


PL280 What we know








PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


PL280 What we know












~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


Data







record


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


Consumer credit


~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-



Q)-CIJ- -- i enc

0

() -0 C) middot

s t s 0

() (5 c middot-

03 0 4 05 0 6 0 7 08 09


~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-




20

21 22

-------shy23 24

--shy25

l) 0

18 19

L()

__ -----shy0



~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-






tribalcourt -016 [086] -012 [089] -018 [084]


Census region FE X

state FE X




tribalcourt -0 22 [080] -023 [080] -0 10 [090]


Census region FE X

state FE X


~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-





and Strahan 2010)









tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-






tri ba lcou rt -022 [081] -015 [086] (0041) (0 026)





tri ba lcou rt -037 [069] -015 [086] (0059) (0025)



~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-






~

~





suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-



suppl y ratio (1 ) (2) (3) (4)

tribalcourt -0084 -0080 -0084 -0070

(0 015) (0 015 ) (0018) (0018)

riskscore X X X X

quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X




N 21 726 21 726 21726 21 726 R2 0 040 0060 0059 0 085


~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


-shy


N

_

2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 Year


~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-






I) 0


LL

I) N

0

ln_0



D t)Qr+





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-





(099) (100) (101) (100) quarter FE X X

birth year FE X X X


census region FE X


N 66027 66027 66027 66 027 R2 0037 0041 0051 0061


~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-







first tract FE X


N 11124 11124 R2 033 0 46


~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-




1 Defa uIt rate






So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


So far

r r






~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-











~QG-

27 139



(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-




(convergence)


(054) (0 61) (061) off resvn 014 0 95 -022


first tract FE X X


current state FE X

N 340 1385 3401385 3401385 R2 012 015 015


~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-







(016) (016) (016) date FE X X X


birth cohort FE X X

current state FE X

N 31803 31 803 31803 R2 014 014 015


~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-





------shy

- shy---shy

----~middot---

0 ltD ltD

---

0 lt ltD

0 ()

ltD ~------~------~~------~------~ 0 20 40 60 80



~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-







dep var = riskscore

(1a) (2a) (3a) 4a) (Sa)

tri ba lcou rt -791 -760 -625 (287) (289) (112)





N 12285


~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-





(1b) (2b) (3b) (4b) (5b)


bank branches (Z)

median tract income

(0057)

X

(0 057)

X

016

(0 12)

X

016

(012)

X

(0 15)

016

(012)

X



X

X X

X

X

X

N 12285


~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-




dep var = riskscore

(1) (2) (3) (4)

tri ba I court -1446 -1139 -1390 3379

( 495) ( 476) (396) (381)

date quarter FE


X X

X

X

X

X

X



X

N 175 970 175949 175949 175949 R2 0069 0079 010 012


~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-




~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-




~

~



~

~


~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-









~

~



~

~



~

~

~




Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


Conclusion








~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-




e 1950 US Census






1407 00 11 1 ~0 ~middotl ~~tfll ~a~g~



THE ONAL BANK











~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-










unemployment rate


00248

2011 6142

263 2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967 648

2678

581

00601

Findin g

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

county

county

BIA area

reservation

county

county

Level




~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-











unemployment rate


00248

2011

6142

263

2640

585

00596

00313

1918

5967

648

2678

581

00601

Finding

-00065

929

1751

-385

-38

004

-000053

0579

0909

0942

0865

0887

0948

coun ty

coun ty

coun ty

BIA area

reservation

county

coun ty




iZGt

~QG-


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