GROUPING & IDENTIFYING LIVING THINGS

Classification

Classifying Living Things

We put livings things into two large groups:

Animals

Plants

Animals

Animals are spilt into two major groups:

Chordates (Vertebrates)

Non-chordates (Invertebrates)

NON-CHORDATES OR

INVERTEBRATES

Invertebrates

These are animals without a notochord (backbone) There are eight groups of invertebrates

1. Porifera, Sponges2. Cnidarians, jellyfish3. Platyhelminthes, Flatworms 4. Annelids, segemented worms

pinworm5. Nematoda, Roundworms6. Mollusca, snails, clams7. Echinoderms, starfish8. Arthropods, insects, crabs

spiders

1. Porifera- Sponges

Have bodies made of loosely joined cells (multicellular)

Sponges - the simplest animals, lack defined tissues and organs

Have the ability to disaggregate and aggregate their cells

Are hermaphroditic. Fertilized eggs become free-swimming larvae, which attached to the ocean floor and undergo metamorphosis to become sessile organisms.

2. Cnidarians

Have tentacles with nematocytes (stinging cells) that they use to capture food.

3. PlatyhelminthesFlatworms

Are free-living and parasites.

Have nerve tissues that connect to their head, resembling a primitive brain.

Free living worms are hermaphroditic, they generate a reproductive system only during breeding season.

4. Nematodes: Roundworms

Have long thin, round worm like bodies

Most are free-living, however some are parasitic and can cause major health concerns.

Simplest organisms to have a complete digestive tract.

5. Annelida

Have round, segmented bodies. Which is beneficial for movement, can move different parts at a time, increases flexibility.

Locomotion is conducted with the help of setae (bristles on skin).

6. MolluscaThey are soft-bodies

animals. Their body is covered with shells for protection.

Includes clams, mussels, snails, squids and octapods.

7. Echinodermata

Have spiny outer coveringCan be sessile or burrowing.Are no parasitic species.They are marine animals.

8. Arthropoda

Ecological importance: abundant and important part of food chain. Some are eaten as food by humans.

There are four group of arthropods:1. Arachnids (spiders)2. Centipedes & Millipedes3. Crustaceans (crabs, shrimp)4. Insects

“RISE OF THE CHORDATES”PHYLUM CHORDATA

LEADING TOVERTEBRATA

Chordates

4 characteristics at some point in their development:

1. notochord - support2. post-anal tail3. pharyngeal gill slits4. dorsal hollow nerve cord

All Chordates (birds, mammals, reptiles, fish, Have strikingly similar Embryonic Development

Gills in Humans! – check it out

Chordates include the following:

1. Fish2. Reptiles3. Amphibians4. Birds5. Mammals

Summary of Vertebrates

1. Fish

The most numerous and widespread of the vertebrates.

Representing a tremendous amount of diversity, general features include: a notochord or backbone.More advanced fishes have:

External Fertilization

a swim bladder, balloon-like structure that helps them float at different depths.

Gills are covered by a hard dermal plate called the operculum.

Have lateral line, sensory organ on side of body that detects motion

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2. Amphibians

•They live in water as well as on land. •Their skin is smooth and slimy. •They have two pairs of limbs. •They reproduce by laying eggs. Examples—Frog, and Toads.

3. Reptiles

Include turtles, lizards, snakes, and alligators.

Have dry scales and are cold blooded Have well developed lungs that are

divided and subdivided, increasing surface area.

Lay leathery, amniotic eggs, a factor that allowed reptiles to live on land. Leathery egg shell is a self contained environment for developing embryo. It won’t dry out.

Limbs and skeleton are lightweight, enabling mobility.

Skin is waterproof. Knee joints changed to a forward position

increasing mobility.

4. BirdsHave feathers and hollow

bonesLay hard shelled eggsWarm bloodedHave a sternum, which is

the breast bone enables the attachment of powerful flying muscles.

4. Birds

Bodies are covered with feathers. They show remarkable flight adaptations, where forelimbs are modified into wings. They have light ,hollow and spongy bones, which help them in flight . In addition to lungs, birds also have air sacs that extend into their body cavities that ensure that they have a constant supply of fresh air.

5. Mammals

Definition of a Mammal:1. Homoeothermic – meaning that mammals

produce their own body heat2. Mammary tissue - for the production of Milk3. Hair Follicles - for the production of Hair4. Generally, internal fertilization and

harboring of young, however, this is only a generality because not all young are “cooked” to term internally.

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