Grouping bags that carry your books1. Determine a common name for all the bags that

carry your books

2. Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a common characteristic for each group

3. Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups depending on their common characteristics & move them

4. Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more

specific each time. 5. Once you get to an end point where you can no

longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus)

TaxonomyTaxonomy1. Determine a common name for all the bags that

carry your books

2. Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a common characteristic for each group

3. Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups depending on their common characteristics & move them

4. Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more

specific each time. 5. Once you get to an end point where you can no

longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus)

KingdomKingdom

FamilyFamily

PhylumPhylum

ClassClass

OrderOrder

Genus & species namesGenus & species names

Chapter 17: Classification

What does it mean to classify?

• Could you imagine your closet or your drawers in your room not being organized?

• What if you just threw the kitchen utensils into a drawer?

• Puts order into a system or group• Give some examples from your life where

you have formed a classification system to make your life easier

Taxonomy

• Field of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history

Classification systems• 1st system – Aristotle’s grouped plants

and animals by land, sea and air.

• Modern system - Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778)

• Modern system is based on morphological similarities.

• Hierarchy of eight groups (Taxa)– Domain – New taxon. Eukarya– Kingdom – largest most inclusive grouping- Animalia– Phylum (Division in plants)- Chordata– Class - Mammalia– Order - Primate– Family - Hominidae– Genus - Homo– species – most exclusive, specific group. Members

of this grouping can mate and produce viable offspring - sapiens

– varieties – same species but with slight differences– subspecies – same species, different location

Linnaeus1735

2 kingdoms

Haeckel1866

3 kingdoms

Chatton1937

2 empires

Copeland1956

4 kingdoms

Whittaker1969

5 kingdoms

Woese et al.1977[8]

6 kingdoms

Woese et al.

1990[9]

3

domains

(nottreated)

Protista Prokaryota Monera Monera Eubacteria Bacteria

Archaebacteria Archaea

Plantae Protista Protista Protista Eukarya

Vegetabilia Plantae Fungi Fungi

Plantae Plantae Plantae

Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

Some past systems

What’s in a name?

• Binomial nomenclature – each species in given a two part name

• Genus name – Homo or Homo• species name – species identifier –

usually descriptive - sapiens or sapiens

• **Latin is the language of classification – universal and does not evolve (Dead language)

Today, we use Phylogeny (based on evolutionary history) for classification

• Systematics – organizes living things in the context of evolution

• Phylogenetic tree – family tree that shows evolutionary relationships. – Use morphology and ontogeny (embryological

development).– Look at early development.

• Zygote (1 cell) to morula(solid ball of cells), to blastula (hollow ball stage) with the blastopore (indentation of gastrula) becoming the anterior end of the digestive tract in most animals. In echinoderms (sea stars) and chordates (that’s us), it is the posterior end. So we are more closely related to the echinoderms than the Arthropods (Insects and crustaceans)

Blastopore

Zygote Morula Blastula

Also used:• Fossil record • Macromolecules – comparison of DNA

and proteins. More proteins in common, more recently two species shared a common ancestor. – “Molecular clock” model compares amino

acids in a protein sequence. Ie. Our Hemoglobin and a gorilla’s is only 1 amino acid off in a chain of 146 amino acids.

• Chromosomes – More similar the karyotypes, the more similar the organisms

Cladistics

• Named for branches of trees called clades• Uses certain features (derived

characters) to show evolutionary relationships

• Derived characteristics – unique feature to a group (feathers in birds)

• Cladistics, ignores when and where a branch occurs, using only derived characters to define each branch point by a fundamental character of evolutionary significance.

• Cladogram is a useful way of organizing, in a visual way, the relationships between creatures that share and do not share derived characters.

• Construction begins with data; a table of traits or characteristics that have evolved or been derived by the evolutionary process.

Derived Characters

segmented jaws hair placenta multicellula

r

limbs

kangaroo + + + - + +

earthworm + - - - + -

amoeba - - - - - -

lizard + + - - + +

cat + + + + + +

sponge - - - - + -

salmon + + - - + -

Amoeba Sponge Earthworm Salmon Lizard Kangaroo Cat

Multicellular

Segmented

Jaws

Limbs

Hair

Placenta

Monotreme mammals

Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Marsupial mammals

Placental mammals

Lungs

Amniotic egg

Warm-blooded

Hair

Early Internal development

Placenta

The New and Improved Six Kingdom System Kingdom Cell Type # of Cells Nutrition

Representative organism

Archaebacteria Prokaryotic UnicellularAutotrophic or Heterotrophic

Blue-green bacteria, Methanogens

Eubacteria Prokaryotic UnicellularAutotrophic or Heterotrophic

E.coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,

Spirochetes

Protista EukaryoticUni, multi or

colonialAutotrophic orHeterotrophic

Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena,

Plasmodium, Diatoms

Fungi EukaryoticUni or

MulticellularHeterotrophic

Yeast, Mushrooms, Molds, smuts,

rusts

Plantae Eukaryotic MulticellularAutotrophic

(some heterotrophic)

Mosses, ferns, Horsetails, Conifers,

Flowering plants

Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophic

Sponges, Coral, Sea stars, EW,

Insects, Fish, Amphibians,

Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

Archaebacteria

• Many live in harsh environments (extremophiles)

• – Archae – Ancient

• Asexually reproduces by binary fission

Eubacteria

• Eu – true

• Most of the bacteria belong here

• Asexually reproduces by binary fission

Protista

• Pro – first

• Plant-like, Animal-like and Fungus-like characteristics.

• Least clear cut of all kingdoms.

• Asexually by binary fission & segmentation

Fungi

• Absorptive heterotrophs.

• Cell walls made of chitin.

• Reproduces sexually and asexually

Plantae

• Multicellular

• photosynthetic organisms

• a cell wall made of cellulose

• Reproduces asexually and sexually

Animalia

• Multicellular

• ingestive heterotrophs.

• Reproduces asexually and sexually

Three - Domain System

• Woese compared rRNA to show that living things can be grouped into 3 groups/domains

• The domains:

Bacteria (Eubacteria)

Archaea (Archaebacteria)

Eukarya (Everything else)

Human Classification:

• Domain - Eukarya• Kingdom – Animalia• Phylum – Chordata• Class – Mammalia• Order – Primate• Family – Hominidae• Genus – Homo• species – sapiens

Dichotomous key• Uses a branching system of two features to separate

steps. Helps in identification process• 1A. With hair Mammal• B. Without hair Go to 2

• 2A. Has scales Go to 3• B. Does not have scales Go to 4

• 3A. Has a three chambered heart Reptiles• B. Has a two chambered heart Fish

• 4A. Has feathers Birds• B. Does not have feathers Amphibians

Dichotomous KeyDichotomous KeyIs a method for determining the identity of

something by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the organism.

Dichotomous means "divided in two parts". At each step of the process of using the key,

the user is given two choices; each alternative leads to another question until the item is identified

1a. Wings covered by an exoskeleton…..... Go to 2 b. Wings not covered by an exoskeleton …Go to 3

2a. Body has a round shape………….......Ladybug b. Body has an elongated shape.......Grasshopper

3a. Wings fold against body......................Housefly b. Wings point out from sides……..…….Dragonfly

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9

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2 3

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