group6 writing presenttation (2)

Presented by Group 6

GROUP 6’ S MEMBERS

1. Huỳnh Thanh Thủy Tiên

2. Đinh Thị Hương Liên

3. Hoàng Đình Thế

4. Huyên Thị Thanh Châu

5. Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Loan

6. Nguyễn Thị Thanh Xuân

Lecturer: Dr. Ho Thanh My Phuong

I. The roles of writing

II. The writing skills

III. Testing composition writing

IV. Setting the composition

V. Grading the composition

VI. Treatment of writing errors

VII. Objective tests: mechanics

VIII. Objective tests: style and register

IX. Controlled writing

CONTENT

Huyønh Thanh Thuûy Tieân

Ñinh Thò Höông Lieân

Hoaøng Ñình Theá

Huyeân Thò Thanh Chaâu

Nguyeãn Thò Ngoïc Loan

Nguyeãn Thò Thanh Xuaân

- Essential tool in today’s global community

-Transforming knowledge to create new knowledge(…..)

Important to teach and test writing ability

- Grammatical- Rhetorical- Conceptual- Judgmental

Use correct registerSelect relevant materialOrganise and order relevant information

LetterPostcardDiary entryForms

As Intermediate level + Newspaper reportNotes

Basic

Intermediate

Advanced

provide realistic topics (real

life situations, purpose in

writing, actual audience,

specific details)

write in their own role

provide students specific

details in the task

consider time limits in tests

of writing

not be ambitious and

unrealistic in expectations of

testees’ performances in

composition writing.

avoid tasks requiring

students to act the part of

another person

give students no guidance

Comparison of two writing tasks

You have just been on a school excursion to a nearby seaside town. However, you were not taken to the beach and you had no free time at all to wander round the town. You are very keen on swimming and you also enjoy going to the cinema. Your teacher often tell you that you should study more and not waste your time. On the excursion you visited the law courts, an art gallery and a big museum. It was all very boring apart from one room in the museum containing old-fashioned armour and scenes of battles. You found this room far more interesting than you thought it would be but you didn’t talk to your friends or teacher about it. In fact, you were so interested in it that you left a small camera there. Your teacher told you off because you have a reputation for forgetting things. Only your cousin seem to understand you. Write a letter to him, telling him about the excursion.

TASK 1

TASK 2

Write a letter, telling a friend about any interesting school excursion on which you have been.

Unrealistic

More realistic, meaningful and purposeful task

A GOOD TOPIC FOR A COMPOSITION

SPECIFIC SITUATION & CONTEXT

COMPAREEVALUATE DIFFERENT PERFORMANCESSCORE

Easier!!!

Not too long become more of a reading comprehension testwritten in a concise and lucid manner

IV. Setting the composition Presented by: Dinh Thi Huong Lien

1 Monday Study !2 Tuesday Study !3 Wednesday Final exams4 Thursday

5 Friday

6 Saturday Shopping, Driving lesson 2pm

7 Sunday Only two more weeks to wait !

Imagine that this is your diary showing some of your activities on certain days. First, fill in your activities for those days which have been left blank. Then using the information in the diary, write a letter to a friend telling him or her how you are spending your time. Write about 100 words. Theaddress is not necessary.

Write a letter to a friend telling him or her how you are spending your time. ?

Situation: While you are away from home, some American friends are coming to stay in your house. You are leaving before they are due to arrive, so you decide to leave them some notes to help them with all the things they will need to know while staying in the house. Your friends have never been to your country before so there is quite a lot of advice you need to pass on.

Writing task:Write your message on the notelet pad sheet below.

176 Wood Lane London NW2 15th JuneDear Mr. Johnson,I wish to complain about the noise which has come from your home late every night this week. While I realize that you must practice your trumpet some time, I feel you ought to do it at a more suitable time. Ten o’clock in the evening is rather late to start playing. Even if you could play well, the noise would still be unbearable at that time. I hope that in future you will be a little more considerate of the feelings of others. Yours sincerely, W. Robinson.

Write a letter of response with suggested contents:You do not play the trumpet but on two or three occasions recently you have played some trumpet music on your record player. You did not play the record loudly- certainly not as loudly as Mr. Woody’s television. You want to tell him this but you do not want to become enemies so you must reasonably polite in your letter.

Read the following letter:

Limit the amount of information replied easier to score

Judy: What was the weather like while you were camping? Linda: Not too bad. It rained the last couple of days, but mostly it was fine. We weren’t able to visit the Gorge Waterfalls on the next to the last day, but…Judy: What a pity!Linda: Well, apart from that we did everything we wanted to walking, climbing and just sitting in the sun. We even managed a visit to HC.Judy: ……………..

Write an account of Linda’s holiday, using the given conversation as a guide.

Read the following conversation carefully

To test the ability to change one register

to another.

1977-78: Road not in great use1978-79: Nearby road closed: road now in great use1979-80: Bus stop moved 100 yards1980-81: No changes1981-82: Sign: Beware animals1982-83: No parking signs ( etc.)

suitable only for more advanced students.

Example:

Use the chart together with the information below to give a brief survey of the causes of accidents on Link Road between 1977 and 1987

The picture below shows a dangerous junction where accidents often happen. Write a letter to your local newspaper, describing the junction and mentioning some of the dangers and causes of accidents

Link Road: An accident “Black Spot”

Provide the students with the basic material for their composition

Stimulate their imaginative powers

Example:

Anglo-French Concordelength:62.17mwing span:25.60no. of passengers: 100-144maximum cruising speed: 2333km/h

Boeing 747length: 70.51mWidth of cabin: 6.1 mno. of passengers: 330-500maximum cruising speed: 978 km/h

4 turbofan engines

light deck

Upstairs lounge(1st class use only)

light deck

4 turbofan engines

Example:

can be used as a basis for a fairly detailed comparison in a test

Describe the girl in this picture! Describe this house!

Write the direction to reach from A to B based on the map

create a story with a series of pictures

Example:

(1) (2) (3)

The pictures below are arranged from the oldest (1) to the most recent (3). Use them to comment on developments in a warrior’s clothes and equipment.

Test students’ ability to describe shapes and linear forms

Technique terms required for reference to each picture

A searching test of their descriptive writing ability and suitable only for fairly advanced students

helmet

shield

scabbardarmour

axe sword

Unreliable markers: both in their own inconsistency and in their failure to agreewith their colleague on the relative merits of a student’s composition.

Markers may award marks on:

(i) what a student has written.

(ii) what they believe the student meant by what he or she wrote.

(iii) handwriting and general appearance of what the student has written. (IV) previous knowledge of student.

V. Grading the composition Presented by: Hoang Dinh The

1. Unreliability

Two markers may differ in respect of spread of marks, strictness and rank order.

Spread Standard Order

RickAmandaDebbieTinaDave

A B14 1011 910 8 7 7 5 6

A C14 911 610 5 7 2 5 1

A D14 911 1210 10 7 11 5 6

More examples of unreliability

Test/ Re-test reliability:

- if a student were to take two composition examinations/ no guarantee that he or she would score similar marks.

Mark/ Re-mark reliability:

- If the same composition is marked by the same examiner on two occasions/ a difference in marks awarded.

Composition still used as means of measuring the writing skills

- A student’s ability to organize ideas and express them in their own words/ essential for real life communication.

- Provide not only high motivation for writing but also excellent backwash effects on teaching

- It is necessary to compile a banding system or a brief description of the various grades of achievement

18-20 Excellent Natural English, minimal errors, complete realisation of the task set.

16-17 Very good Good vocabulary and structure, above the simple sentence level. Errors non-basic

12-15 Good Simple but accurate realisation of task. Sufficient naturalness.

8-11 Pass Reasonable correct if awkward OR natural treatment of subject with some serious errors.

5-7 Weak Vocabulary and grammar inadequate for the task set.

0-4 Very poor Incoherent. Errors showing lack of basic knowledge of English.

Table (a) intermediate level.

2. How to avoid unreliability in scoring composition?

18-20 Excellent Error free, substantial and varied material, resourceful and controlled in language and expression.

16-17 Very good Good realisation of task, ambitious and natural in style.

12-15 Good Sufficient assurance and freedom from basic error to maintain theme.

8-11 Pass Clear realisation of task, reasonable correct and natural.

5-7 Weak Near to pass level in general scope, but with either numerous errors or too elementary or translated in style.

0-4 Very poor Basic errors, narrowness of vocabulary

Table (b) Advanced level learners

One of two methods: the impression and the analytic method.

a. The impression method: three or four markers score each paper & marks are combined or averaged to reveal the testee’s score.

Note:

- More exhausting ( glance quickly through ss’ scripts & award a score for each one)

Comp.1 Comp.2 Comp.3

Marker AMarker B:Marker C:Marker D:Total:Average:

3 2 2 3102.5

5 4 4 417 4

423110 (?)2.5 (?)

3. Other methods in scoring compositions.

- Advise to rest ( read 20 scripts per hour) if they find themselves slowing down or marking fewer scripts per hour.

- Faster and more reliable than other methods ( 3 or 4 impression markers)

- The marking scale: as little as from 0 to 5 or as large as from 0 to 20.

b. The analytic method: Since most teachers have little opportunity to enlist the services of two or three colleagues in marking class compositions, the analytic method is recommended.

5 4 3 2 1

Grammar x

Vocabulary x

Mechanics x

Fluency x

Relevance x

Total = 14

separate the various features of a composition for scoring.

Note:

5 4 3 2 1Grammar x

Vocabulary x

Mechanics x

Fluency x

Relevance x

Total = 14

The analytic method

Note:

-Mechanics: punctuation & spelling

-Fluency: style & ease of communication

-Relevance: content in relation to the task.

If the analytic method of scoring is employed, It is essential that flexibilityis maintained.

Example:

-At the elementary level, testers may be more interested in vocabulary and grammar. Fluency can be omitted.

-At the intermediate level, testers are more interested in relevance, award a maximum of 10 marks for this feature and only 5 marks for other features.

-At the more advanced level, the testers may wish to include separate divisions for organization and register and mechanic and fluency in one division.

c. Mechanical accuracy or error-count method.

It consists of counting the errors made by each testee and deducting from the total scores.

It is the most objective but It is the least valid and is not recommended to use.

Local error

s

Global

errors

Errors which cause only minor trouble and confusion in a particular clause or sentence without hindering the reader’s comprehension of the sentence.Errors which involve the overall structure of a sentence and result in misunderstanding or even failure to understand the message which is being conveyed.

ERRO

RSVI. Treatment of written errors

Presented by: Huyen Thi Thanh Chau

Local

errors

Global

errors

• Misuse of articles: There is apple on the table.

• Omission prepositions: Helen was really interested this book.

• Incorrect position of adverbs: Why are you always slowly so?

• Lack of agreement b/w subject and verb: The number of books have risen to over five million.

• Misuse of connectives/ conjunctions: Although the train arrived late, we missed the last bus to the city.• Misuse unnecessary insertion of relative pronouns: He received a low mark for his essay, who was only one page long.

VI. Treatment of written errors Presented by: Huyen Thi Thanh Chau

• How to score a written work?

Native speakersNative-speakingteachers of the

language

Non-native speaking

teachers of the language

The degree of the intelligibility

of the written work rather than

the errors it contained.

The number and styles of errors

the written work contained.

The students’ “basic errors”

and their attitude to

errors.



Evaluating written work according to the Evaluating written work according to the degree of intelligibility is not always a degree of intelligibility is not always a good method of assessment.good method of assessment.

The idea may be good, but lots of errors may be concealed.

A tired marker’s necessary effort fail to respond to the writing.

The distinction b/w “local errors” and The distinction b/w “local errors” and “global errors” provides the criteria for “global errors” provides the criteria for determining the communicative determining the communicative importance of errors.importance of errors.

This method has been applied to the marking of free writing.

NOTES!


Teacher can only assess what a Teacher can only assess what a student writes and not what he/she student writes and not what he/she want to write.want to write.

Pictures/ diagrams play a very useful part in testing writing; because, they enable the examiner to tell immediately what a student wishes to write.

In marking free writing, the test In marking free writing, the test writer’s attitude to error gravity and writer’s attitude to error gravity and approach to treating errors will vary approach to treating errors will vary according to the students’ level of according to the students’ level of attainment. attainment.

Notes!

Punctuation Spelling


Punctuation

Type 1

Is generally used to cover a wide range of punctuation marks.

Should take considerable time in scoring since punctuation is to a large degree subjective and one particular use of a punctuation mark may well determine the correctness of the punctuation mark following it. In the following passage there is no

punctuation. Write out the passage, putting in all the punctuation and capital letters.Egypt is hot said Chris look said Cindy there’s the Great Pyramid and there’s Uncle Al with three water bottles said Chris hi kids he said hi Uncle Al do you have our next clue asked Cindy yes I do he said here it is

EXAMPLE complicated &

hard


Advise!There should maintain some degree of control over the task which the testees are expected to perform

Egypt is hot said Chrislook said Cindy there’s the Great Pyramidand there’s Uncle Al with three water bottles said Chrishi kids he saidhi Uncle Al do you have our next clue asked Cindyyes I do he said here it is

EXAMPLE

More comprehensible Not challenge the testees


NOTE: the items should be clear & under controlUsing substituting lines or circles for those punctuation marks which are being tested. help facilitating scoring

Type 2

Type 3

Punctuation


Type 2 EXAMPLE

Put the correct punctuation mark in each box:We are going to go on a treasure hunt, said Aunt Angie Yeah! said Chris and Cindy Aunt Angie has the first clue for the treasure hunt. Chris and Cindy read it I think I know! said Cindy “We are going to go on a treasure hunt,” said Aunt Angie.“Yeah!” said Chris and Cindy.Aunt Angie has the first clue for the treasure hunt. Chris and Cindy read it.“I think I know!” said Cindy.


Type 3

EXAMPLE

Using multiple choice technique Create a greater degree of objectivity

Put a circle around the letters (A, B, C or D) of the correctly punctuated sentence.A.She denied that she had ever been in love with James.B.She denied , ‘she had never been in love with James .’C.She denied that she has never been in love with James.D.She denied, ‘ I have never been in love with James.’


SpellingType 1:

Dictation


VII. Objective tests: mechanicsType 1:

Dictation

an essential method essential method of testing spelling = a fairly reliable testreliable test of spelling.Assess children’s ability to distinguish sounds & words in a stream of sound. Assess children’s listening abilitylistening abilityAssess children’s understanding

young learnersWho ?Who ?

What What purposepurpose

??

- Each word is dictated once by the tester;

- The word is then repeated in a context ; and finally,

- The word is repeated on its own.

What What proceduprocedu

re?re?

Spelling

VII. Objective tests: mechanicsType 1:

Dictation

Not involve writing in the sense .

There are no new meaning involved.

Should not be regarded as: Constituting simply a test of spelling An indication of writing ability

Spelling

Type 2: Multiple-choice itemso Usually contain 5 options.

o 4 of 5 options are spelt correctly.

o The students are required to select the word which is incorrectly spelt.

1. A. thief B. belief C. seize D. ceiling E. deceive

/Θiːf / /bɪˈliːf/ /siːz/ /ˈsiː.lɪŋ/ /dɪˈsiːv/ 2. A. happening B. offering C. occurring D. beginning E.

benefiting /ˈhæp. ə n.ɪŋ/ /ˈɒf. ə r.ɪŋ/ /əˈkɜː r.ɪŋ / /bɪˈgɪn.ɪŋ/

/ˈben.ɪ.fɪt.ɪŋ /

E. All correct

E. All correct

VII. Objective tests: mechanicsSpelling

Type 3: Completion items Sufficient clues are provided both in

blanks and in the definitions enable the students to know exactly which word is required.

Advantage: it does not present the students with incorrect forms. 1. C_n_l_ct an active disagreement between

people with opposing opinions or principles

2. N_ _s information or reports about recent events

3. C_i_ _ to go up, or to go towards the top of something

Conflict

News

Climb

Spelling VII. Objective tests: mechanics

Type 2: Completion items

Note: It is helpful to provide a context for the word (in addition to giving a synonym or definition).Example:1.The school has an en_o_ _ment (= number on its register) of over 500 students.

2. My plane was d_l_y_d (= postponed) by an hour.Answer: enrollment delayed


Type 4: Error-recognition items

The students are required to identify (according to its letter) the part of the sentence in which a word has been misspelt.Example:

A B C 1. The dissatisfied woman/ refused to admit / that there was Dsufficent /coffee for everyone. A B2. Don’t be decieved/ by the new procedure:/ it hardly

C D differs from/ the old corrupt system.


CONCLUSIONThe language use & the language test in each task should create a perfect match.There should maintain an avoidance of creating confusion to the testees.The test should be given a clear & simple construction followed by 1 or 2 examples.The objective and subjective of the test should correspond to the testees’ level and the purpose of the test.

VI. Objective tests: mechanics (cont)

Mechanics Style Register

Punctuation Spelling

VIII. Objective tests: style and register Presented by Ngoc Loan

The ability to manipulate sentences and paragraphs, and use language effectively.

The kind of English used by an educated native speaker in the particular context in which they appear

Example:The weather has always been an important factor in people’s livesA.because of its effects on all aspects of farming. B.for it has considerable influence over farming.C.since farmers concern themselves with it.D.as weather constitutes the dominant worry for farmers.E.on account of its affecting farming affairs.

The ability to write for a specific purpose with a specific audience in mind.

The use of correct register becomes an important skill at advanced levels of writing.

The various kinds of register include colloquialisms, slang, legal language, standard English, business English, etc.

The tests are not too difficult to construct and present the students with an interesting task provided

that the extract used is written in a fairly distinctive style.

Example: It has now been made out beyond any doubt whatsoever

that the nicotine contained in tobacco smoke is poisonous. One minute drop of pure nicotine plunged into the bloodstream of a rat is sufficient to kill it. It has also been proves that the nicotine contained in tobacco smoke sends up the pulse rate and the blood pressure. There is also strong evidence that the nicotine content is fags is a primary cause of loss of weight and hungriness. It is also likely that a few heavy smokers will lose control of their finer muscles and be unable to play around with objects with ease and precision….

This kind of register test requires the students to: - identify inappropriate words - replace each with a much more suitable word

Word level: Example: The students are instructed to match each word in

List A with a word in List B, depending entirely on how formal or informal a word is- not on its meaning.

can be constructed both at word and sentence level.

List A List B Answers1. Cry a. Boss (1e)2. Commence b. Gee gee (2c)3. Kid c. Expire (3a)4. Pussy d. Hospitalize (4b)5. Entrain e. Draw (5d)

Sentence level: The students are instructed to put the letter of the most appropriate sentence in List B with the number of each sentence in List A.

Example: List A:1. Build the assembly formers flat on the plan and bend the undercarriage down to the pattern shown.2. The tenant shall keep the interior of the premises in good order and condition. 3. A bicycle pump is a device for moving air against a pressure difference.

List B:a. Any amendment of this certificate or failure to complete any part of it may render it invalid.b. An object normally becomes hot when it is placed in the sun.c. The mixture should be taken three times daily after meals.

Controlled Writing

Advantage Disadvantage

Control students’ freedom of expression in their written work

Increase the reliability of the scoring

Cause some inhibition for

certain students

IX. Controlled writing Presented by Thanh Xuan

Types of Controlled Writing

1. Using the notes, write a similar paragraph2. Using the notes, write complete sentences3. Rewrite the paragraph4. Form a paragraph from the finished sentences.5. Finish incomplete sentences or ideas in any appropriate way6. Write a sentence to precede the given statement

Types

Although dogs are only animals, they are very useful and help people a lot. For example, certain dogs help farmers to look after their sheep. Some dogs are useful for hunting and others help to secure people.

Although – horses – animals, - useful – a lot. For example, - horses – people – cattle. Some horses – hunting – pull things.

Elementary level

Example: Every morning/ she/go/ school/ 6 o’clock.

Every morning, she goes to school at 6 o’clock.

Then/ she/ have/ breakfast/her friends/ canteen.

Elementary or intermediate level?

Example for Type 3A young man who refused to give his name dived into the river yesterday morning to save a twelve-year-old boy.

The boy, who run away after being rescued, had been swimming in the river and had caught his foot between two concrete posts under the bridge. He shouted out for help.

….

Unreliability. Why?

Test (iii) Add further information to make a complete story

Test (i) Rewrite this story as told by:

(a) the young man who saved the boy

(b) the boy who was saved.

Test (ii) Write this story as if you were giving evidence at a police station

Each Olympic Games opens.An athlete appears.He holds a torch.It has been carrying from Mount Olympus in Greece.

Before

(-ing)which

Note!Leave the testees free to join the sentences in the way they consider appropriate.

should not provide the testees with linkers

(a)Read these sentences. Finish each one and then complete the story in your own words. Ex: One day Mary got up early to go………

(b) Read these sentences. Then write appropriate sentences. Ex: Smoking is harmful for our health because …….

→ Phrase level → elementary and intermediate level

→ Sentence level → upper-intermediate level

Enhance the ability to use exemplification, contrast, addition, cause, result, purpose, conclusion and summary

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………Moreover, it’s impossible to open the windows.

It is very hot in a small room.There is only one fan in the room, but it is broken.

Demonstrate an awareness of the communicative nature of language in general and cohesive devices in particular.

Testing writing skill is as important as other skills in English language teaching.

Controlled writing

Setting the composition.

Grading the composition.

Treatment of written errors.

Testing composition writing.

Objective tests

The ability to manipulate sentences and paragraphs, and use language effectively.The ability to write for a specific purpose with a specific audience in mind.

SUMMARYSUMMARY

The types of composition should be suitable with students’ level

a good topic should be specific

try to avoid unreliability

style

register.

vary according to the students’ level of attainment.

Increase the reliability of the scoring

mechanics

Punctuation and spelling

Madsen, H. S. (1983), Techniques in Testing, Oxford University Press.

McMamara, T. ( 2000), Language Testing, Oxford University Press.

McKay, P. (2006), Assessing Young Language Learners, Cambridge University Press.

REFERENCEREFERENCE

group6 writing presenttation (2)

Education