group decision making: how can we make it work better? · group decision making: room for...
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Group Decision Making: How can we make it work better?Webinar January 15, 2020
Prof. Dr. E.A.J.A. [email protected] School of ManagementRadboud University
European Masterin System Dynamics
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Outline
• Group decision making: room for improvement
• Phases in decision making- selection- sharing- analysis- implementation
• Complex and messy problems
• Methods for supporting group decision making
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Group decision making: room for improvement
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Tactic Frequency of use Adoption Perceived benefits Installation time
DebaclesPersuasion
Edict
Best practicesBenchmarking
Participation- comprehensive- complete- delegated- token
Cf. Nutt, 2002
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Tactic Frequency of use Adoption Perceived benefits Installation time
DebaclesPersuasion 36% 49 – 58% Adequate to good 26 months
Edict 40% 38 – 50% Adequate 17 months
Best practicesBenchmarking 6% 90 – 100% Good to excellent 11 months
Participation- comprehensive- complete- delegated- token
18%- (not observed)- 6%- 10%- 2%
80 - 89%
- 90 – 100%- 79 – 84%- 67 – 70%
Good to excellent
Good to excellentGoodAdequate to good
14 months
- 16 months- 10 months- 20 months
Cf. Nutt, 2002
Group decision making: room for improvement
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Phases in decision making
• Aim and task• Focus issue• Activation ideas
Selection
• Interpretation• Shared language• Stopping rule
Sharing• Completeness• Types of data• Rationality
Analysis
• Control• Content• Involvement
Implementation
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Selection problem
Why should I bother?• Agenda setting• Conflict personal and other goals
- Colleagues - competitors- Departmental goals
What is my motivation?
Out of all available information, what is relevant? • Data: mental, documents, numbers• ‘How do I know what I think until I hear what I
say?’• Emotion is faster than cognition• Essential assumptions are not always clear
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Sharing information
Which question will I answer?• Differences in context or background
evoke different interpretations• If the question is too hard, I will
answer an easier one
How do I verbalise my ideas? • Shared language: budgets and KPIs• Shared history: task and social
demands
When do we stop?
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[pictures sharing ideas]
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Wujec: how do I toast bread?
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[pictures Wujec]
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An easier question
• Availability heuristic, results in a biased estimate• Other examples are selective perception, framing
• Biases are ‘departures from the normative rational theory‘ or ‘deviations from some “true” or objective value’
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Please answer the following question:
Which sport is more dangerous,mountaineering or
paragliding?
Cf. Gilovich, Griffin and Kahneman, 2002: 3
[picture skydiving]
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Stasser en Titus, 1985
member X member Y member Z
All information sharedPro-APro-B
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3 b4
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3 b4
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3 b4
When do we stop: group impacts
Cf. Stasser and Titus, 1985
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member X member Y member Z
All information shared
Pro-APro-B
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3
Stasser en Titus, 1985
member X member Y member Z
All information sharedPro-APro-B
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3 b4
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3 b4
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3 b4
Mildly biased distributionPro-A
SharedUnshared
Pro-B (All shared)
a1 a2 a3 a4
a5
b1 b2 b3 b4
a1 a2 a3 a4
a6
b1 b2 b3 b4
a1 a2 a3 a4
a7
b1 b2 b3 b4
When do we stop: group impacts
Cf. Stasser and Titus, 1985
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member X member Y member Z
All information shared
Pro-APro-B
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3
Stasser en Titus, 1985
member X member Y member Z
All information sharedPro-APro-B
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3 b4
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3 b4
a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7
b1 b2 b3 b4
Mildly biased distributionPro-A
SharedUnshared
Pro-B (All shared)
a1 a2 a3 a4
a5
b1 b2 b3 b4
a1 a2 a3 a4
a6
b1 b2 b3 b4
a1 a2 a3 a4
a7
b1 b2 b3 b4
Severely biased distributionPro-A
SharedUnshared
Pro-B (All shared)
a1
a2 a3
b1 b2 b3 b4
a1
a4 a5
b1 b2 b3 b4
a1
a6 a7
b1 b2 b3 b4
When do we stop: group impacts
Cf. Stasser and Titus, 1985
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Analysis
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Is my information complete (enough)?• Boundaries• Confidence
Can I compare data types of data?• Mental – conceptual - numerical• Triangulation and testing
What action do I take now? • Resolving differences• Rationality
[picture elephant]
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Implementation
Control• Top down decisions in wicked problems• Zero-sum game or increasing the pie?
Content• Is the decision in line with my interests?
Involvement• Procedural justice: was I involved?
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[pictures implementation]
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Messy and wicked problems
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Messy problem (Vennix, 1999)• Large differences of opinion on the problem, or whether there is a
problem
Wicked problem (Camillus, 2008)• Many stakeholders with different values and priorities• Causes are complex and interconnected• Difficult to solve and changes with each attempt to intervene• Has no precedent• Nothing indicates the right answer
2016
pubi
c sa
fety
actual level
desired levelProblem • Discrepancy between actual and desired
situation or development
2020
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Methods for supporting group decision making
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Focus, but ask an open question
Go beyond $ or € or £ Separate divergence from convergence
Involve decision makers, experts, stakeholders
Put participants in the role of ‘researchers’
Encourage questions on terms and relations
Use a structured group memory
Clarify scope and outcome early on
• Aim and task• Focus issue• Activation ideas
Selection
• Interpretation• Shared language• Stopping rule
Sharing• Completeness• Types of data• Rationality
Analysis
• Control• Content• Involvement
Implementation
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Methods for supporting group decision making
[pictures meetings, e.g. from Dilbert, by Scott Adams]
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Divergence
Methods for supporting group decision making
[picture ideation frustration]
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Divergence Convergence Prioritising
Methods for supporting group decision making
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Methods for supporting group decision making
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perceived ease oftreatment (PET)
desire to get treated
+
word of mouth loop
number of trainedophthalmologists
time dedication loop
supply induced demand loop
+
people visual impaireddue to a cataract
people with anexpressed need
people waiting fortreatment
people treated forcataract disease
expressed a needfor care
acquire a referral
receive treatment
+
+
+
+
number of untrainedophthalmologists
dedicated cataractophthalmologists
supply of cataracttreatments
+
+
+
+
+dedicate time
receive training
+
+
+
Cf. Van Nistelrooij et al., 2015
Cf. Van Nistelrooij et al., 2015
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Methods for supporting group decision making
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Cf. Phillips, 2018
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Thank you for your attention!
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