group 13 the boron family by abhishek jaguessar
DESCRIPTION
he boron group is the series of elements in group 13 (IUPAC style) of the periodic table, comprising boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), thallium (Tl), and ununtrium (Uut). The elements in the boron group are characterized by having three electrons in their outer energy levels (valence layers).[1] These elements have also been referred to as earth metals and as triels.Boron is classified as a metalloid while the rest, with the possible exception of ununtrium, are considered poor metals. Ununtrium has not yet been confirmed to be a poor metal and, due to relativistic effects, might not turn out to be one. Boron occurs sparsely, probably because bombardment by the subatomic particles produced from natural radioactivity disrupts its nuclei. Aluminum occurs widely on earth, and indeed is the third most abundant element in the Earth's crust (8.3%).[2] Gallium is found in the earth with an abundance of 13 ppm. Indium is the 61st most abundant element in the earth's crust, and thallium is found in moderate amounts throughout the planet. Ununtrium is never found in nature and therefore is termed a synthetic element.Several group-13 elements have biological roles in the ecosystem. Boron is a trace element in humans and is essential for some plants. Lack of boron can lead to stunted plant growth, while an excess can also cause harm by inhibiting growth. Aluminum has neither a biological role nor significant toxicity and is considered safe. Indium and gallium can stimulate metabolism; gallium is credited with the ability to bind itself to iron proteins. Thallium is highly toxic, interfering with the function of numerous vital enzymes, and has seen use as a pesticide.TRANSCRIPT
Group 13, the Boron FamilyBy Abhishek Jaguessar
Groups 13 through 18
Representative ElementsRepresentative Elements
• The elements in Groups 13-18 are not all solid metals like the elements of Groups 1 and 2. Infact, a single group can contain metals, nonmetals, and metalloids and have members that are solids, liquids, and gases.
Group 13—The Boron Family• The elements in Group
13 are all metals except boron, which is a brittle, black metalloid.
Representative ElementsRepresentative Elements
• Cookware made with boron can be moved directly from the refrigerator into the oven without cracking.
Group 13—The Boron Family
Representative ElementsRepresentative Elements
• Aluminum is used to make soft-drink cans, cookware, siding for homes, and baseball bats.
• Gallium is a solid metal, but its melting point is so low that it will melt in your hand.
• It is used to make computer chips.