Group 10Megan Packer Tyler Wilkinson Lauren Lukas Chris Smith Caity Bowen Eric MatthewsKelsey Springer Q Lee

INTRODUCTION

• India- Diversity• Spain and Portugal- Bullfighting• Australia- Outdoor Recreational Activities• Sub-Saharan African Bush Taxi• Summary

INDIA“Studying India is like looking into a kaleidoscope which is turning constantly. India is complex. It is colorful. It offers multiple evolving patterns which are contained within one framework.”

– Julian Crandall Hollick

DIVERSITY IN INDIAHigh-Rise Next to Slums• Mumbai will be home to first billion dollar home- A 27

story skyscraper estimated at 2 billion dollars- Forbes.com

• 2006 Bangalore rampage (prosperity and poverty)• Largest slum in Asia is between the Mumbai airport and

downtown Mumbai

• 300 known languages in India, 24 have 1 million speakers15-16 official languages

RELIGIONBirthplace to four major religions

• Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism• 80% Hindu, 14% Muslim, 3% Christian, 1.86% Sikh• Buddhism – Siddhartha Gautama

• Four noble truths• Fourth largest religion in the world• Dalai Lama lives in Dharamsala, India

RELIGION Jainism- Mahavira

• Approx. 4 million followers

• Three jewels/ “Guiding principles”

• Strict vegetarians

• Aim to minimize use of world resources

Sikhism- Guru Nanak

• Youngest of world religions (500 yrs. old)

• Most live in Punjab

• Mistaken for Taliban after 9/11/01

• 8% of Indian Army

RELIGIONZoroastrianism (Parsis)

• One of the oldest religions• Parsis escaped persecution in Persia (Iran)• Guard their culture and customs• One invisible God•War between good and evil

FESTIVALS• Birthday of Lord Ganesha

• Deepawali/ Diwali

• Festival of Holi

• Janamashtami (Lord Krishna’s Birthday)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehoqSkyLw0

• Eid-ul-Fitr

• Participation in non-member religious celebrations and festivals

Lord Ganesha

INDIAN CUISINE• India considered to possess one of most diverse

cuisines in world

• Integral part of weddings, festivals, and the day-to-day

• Wedding• Typically unfolds over several days• Southern India – banana leaves• Modern Indian wedding feast plays host to many

international and national cuisines

INDIA Cell Phones

• “They won’t have food, but they will have their cell phone!”•World’s fastest growing cell market

Call Centers

• Outsourcing• Increased westernization• Opportunities for women

SPORTS IN INDIACricket

• Lasts several hours to several days•Westernized sporting practices

• Cheerleaders• Rule changes, premier leagues

• Best athletes are national stars (Bollywood)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9STtcwo0xE

INDIAEducation Curriculum

• Private education superpower• Very poor public education

Future

• Economic Boom vs. Crumbling Infrastructure• Shift toward Westernized economies and

cultures

THE SPANISH BULLFIGHT

CHARACTERISTICS• Spaniards most known characteristic: contagious

vitality

• Bullfighting is a celebration of life

• Some Spaniards do not support bullfighting

• Sunday afternoon entertainment

THE BULLFIGHT BEGINS• “Running of the Bulls”- Corrida de Toros

• Commencement

• Three groups of principal participants in the corrida

• Bull confronted by matadors assistants & enters ring

• Demonstrates bravery• Two picador enter the ring on horseback

• Weaken bull to decrease speed• 15 minutes to display skills before the kill• 15 min to display set of skills

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PHCKWH0oxHc

FEATURES OF BULLFIGHT

• Cuadrillas

• Sol y Sombra

• Pompous parade entrance

• Audience involvement

• Ritual of the bullfight

Parade before the Bullfight

SPANIARDSA VARIED PEOPLE• Common personality traits

• Cultural Attributes

• Romans

• “Vulgar Latin” • Constructed bridges and roads• Spread of Christianity

• Muslim Arabs

• 4,000 words used in Modern Spanish • Advances in fields• Irrigation, math, medicine, and architecture

HONORING THE COLLECTIVE• Desirable for Spaniards to live as close together as

possible.

• True loyalty directed toward smaller unit

• Family, friends, town, or religion• Protective over family

• Four different languages spoken

• Catalonian, Galician, Castillian, and Basque.• Geographical barriers

• Cuadrillas: Shows Spaniard attitude towards teams and collectivism; means “group, bank, or gang”

REGIONAL STATES IN SPAINGalicia

• Northwestern corner of Spain (above Portugal) • Frequent rain and drizzle, lush vegetation• Gallegans

• Fair skin and light eyes• Work as fisherman, shepherds, and farmers • Speak their own language-mixture of Portuguese and

Castilian Spanish

Iberians

• Speak the Basque language, Euskara

REGIONAL STATES IN SPAIN

Bilbao

• Eastward along the northern Coastline of Spain

• Basque countryside- Alpine vistas of rolling hills and Swiss-style Farmhouses

Castile

• Center of Spain, on plateau at an altitude of 2,000-3,000 feet

• Birthplace of Spain’s official language, known outside as Spanish and inside Spain as Castilian

• Federal government resides in Spain’s Capital, Madrid

REGIONAL STATES OF SPAINMadrid

• Northeastern corner, between the Pyrenees Mountains and the Mediterranean Sea

• Large textile and tourist industries

• Culture is more European than the rest of Spain

• Catalans

• Language is highly related to the southern

French Provencal

Andalusia

• Southern Spain

• Home of the Bullfight, Gypsies, and

“Dark Spaniards”

• Climate is relentlessly hot and dry

• Mediterranean essence Royal Palace of Madrid

POMPOUS ENTRANCE PARADE • More joyful side of Spanish Culture represented

by the “Paseillo” at the beginning of the bullfight

• Corrida

• Proud march of individuals• Lavishly costumed, everyone struts into the

ring in descending hierarchical order according to their importance

VALUES AND CULTUREValues

• Honor, dignity, pride, and a contempt for manual labor• Came into the Spanish Culture during its centuries of

battles and heroes

Spanish Individualism

• Anarchic and inorganic • Produces a number of outcomes for the Spanish Culture • Helps explain the Spanish people’s lack of collective

efforts• Difficult cooperating with other countries

AUDIENCE INVOLVEMENT • Cheers and shouts of Ole!

• Highlight the strong Spanish emotionalism

• Emotional nature of Spanish expression is not only a one-sided outpouring but also an interactive form of communication

• Attributes relate back to social behavior previously mentioned

• Gregarious and fun-loving nature is magnified by their uninhibited emotionalism • Generous and hospitable

RITUALS AND CELEBRATIONSRegionalism

• Sense of tragedy and proud individualism

• Ultimate ritual is the bullfight

• Rituals define the bullfight

• Way of combining festivity with solemnity and life with death

Fiestas

• Ritual like bullfighting

• Extravagant costumes, floats, processions, and drinking

• Wilder aspect of Paganism

RELIGIONChristianity

• Entered Spain during Roman Rule in first century after Christ • Spanish people preserved their pagan traditions

along with new Christian beliefs• Spanish people don’t always deal directly with God

• Common for Spaniards to pray to the Virgin Mary and the Saints

Portugal and Portuguese Bullfighting

PORTUGAL • Population of 10 million

• One of the poorest countries in Western Europe

• Six separate rounds in the Portuguese bullfight each with a specific cavaleiro (mounted horseman) and forcados (footmen).

• Cavaleiros represent the noble class with elegance and style

• Forcados represent the common laborer of Portugal

PORTUGUESE BULLFIGHTING• Cavaleiro’s role is to demonstrate his control of

the horse and his ability to avoid the bull

• The forcados’ are an eight man team who jump in front of the bull in an attempt to bring the bull to a stand still

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e4ExoMwC338

PORTUGESE RELIGION• Portugal is 97% Catholic

• Many go to confession on a weekly basis

• As important as attending Sunday Mass• Portuguese use the clergy just like we would use

a psychologist

• Seek inner truth and strength

ROLES WITHIN SOCIETY • Authority is rarely challenged in their

hierarchical culture

• Roles of men and women are clearly defined

• The man is seen as the conqueror and hunter who provides for the family

• The woman is the supporter and does the cooking and cleaning

• Portugal ranks 45 of 53 nations on the masculine-feminine dimensions and high on the gender egalitarianism

MARRIAGE• Divorce is uncommon in Portugal and is

considered a disgrace

• When a wife or husband cheats, they are said to be meter os cornos which means gored by the bull

• The man is expected to remarry and if he is unsuccessful, his family may feel a sense of shame and call him a quitter

BUSINESS RELATIONS• Long term trust is important

• The Portuguese are suspicious and afraid of getting burned in a deal, however they are friendly

• Relationship building, especially outside of work, is important in gaining trust and building the rapport needed to do business

• Timeliness is important, disrespectful if you don’t arrive on time

SOCIETY AS A WHOLE• Portugal is a collectivist society

• After each bullfight the cavaleiros and forcados meet in the center of the ring and shake hands symbolizing the coming together of social classes

• Citizens easily approachable and helpful

• Many international travelers who visit Portugal are left with a special warmth for the people

IMPORTANCE OF FAMILY• Family is the most important institution

• Many people have no close friendships outside the family

• It is common for people to marry their neighbors and live near their parents, friends, and place of birth

• Lunch is the most important meal of the day and everything in the country shuts down from noon and two, so people can relax and enjoy their meal

SYMBOL OF BRAVERY• The pega is a symbol of bravery

• The cavaleiros are paid, while the forcados are amateurs and don’t make any money at all

• The forcados do it for the love of the ritual as a joyous celebration of tradition and bravery

• The bullfight forces a man to look deep within himself for a sense of pride, and is a reminder of the hardships of previous generations

PERSISTENCE• Saving face is a concept that is important to the

Portuguese.

• They are stubborn but persistent.

• If they can not build a relationship with you outside of a business setting, you are not likely to have success in your business meeting.

• They do not consider themselves to be slaves to the clock.

AUSTRALIAN OUTDOOR RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES

ABOUT AUSTRALIA• Like Americans, their interactions tend to be

highly informal.

• The landscape includes deserts, mountains, and rain forests.

• Over half of the population lives five cities, with almost 85% living in towns near the coasts.

AUSTRALIA IN AMERICAN CULTURE• Australian film Mad Max with Mel Gibson was so

popular in the US it led to two sequels

• Outback Steakhouse

• Famous Australian TV and movie stars• Nicole Kidman, Hugh Jackman, Chris and Liam

Hemsworth

WHAT MAKES AUSTRALIA UNIQUE• Variety of unusual animals unique to Australia

•Wombats, koala bears, kangaroos • Famous landmarks

• Great Barrier Reef, Sydney Opera House• Australian English

• Warm climate year-round

RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES• Outdoor Recreational Activities are the most

popular

• Include cricket, tennis, soccer, sailing, horse racing

• Australian football

• Cross between soccer, rugby, and U.S. football• Gambling

• 80% of the adult population gambles• Usually involves sports or sporting events

IMPORTANCE OF EQUALITY• ANZAC Day- celebrates the defeat of the

Australian army at Gallipoli

• Highly individualistic and low on power distance

• “Tall Poppy Syndrome”

• Equality Matching

SOCIAL ASPECTS• Equality matching evolved from the concept of

“mates”

• Clear distinction between in- and out-group

• Joining the “in-group” requires time, patience, and appropriate behaviors

• Individuals must be “Aussie battlers”

• Look down on “dole budgers”

Africa and the Sub-Saharan Bush Taxi

HISTORY OF AFRICA• Human history began in Africa about 7 million

years ago

• Homo habilis (toolmaker)• Homo erectus • Homo sapiens

• 1st African civilization: Egypt

• Scattered groups of hunter gatherers• Metallurgy and agriculture.• Creation of kingdoms.

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA•LIES SOUTH OF THE SAHARA.

•5 OF THE 6 MAJOR DIVISIONS OF HUMANITY CAN BE FOUND IN AFRICA

•QUARTER OF THE WORLD’S LANGUAGES ARE SPOKEN ONLY IN AFRICA

•OVERALL POPULATION MORE THAN 743 MILLION

•47 COUNTRIES

•Largest: Nigeria•Smallest: Seychelles

•SOUTH AFRICA HAS THE LARGEST GDP

•GUINEA BISSAU HAS THE SMALLEST GDP

IMPACT OF SLAVERY• Slavery was always practiced in Africa

• Around 1500, arrival of Europeans led to an explosion in the practice

• Only the strongest and the most productive member of the society.

• By early 1900’s 5 countries controlled virtually the whole of Africa.

• End of WWII led to decolonization.

• By 1973 47 independent nation were born.

IMPACT OF SLAVERY• Modern Africa: Known for problems rather than

its success

• Famine, civil wars, military coups, poverty, Aids, Ebola, and genocide

• Foreign direct investment in Africa is minuscule

• Crude Oil

BASIC OPERATIONS OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN BUSH TAXI• Owned by an individual

• Fill an important role in a community

• Transport people and goods

• Competition for space with the other passengers

• Importance of the taxis depend on the economic conditions of the country

• Safety is not a concern of most bush taxi drivers

• “Gas is Money”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GowOyodNMYE

FATALISM• Islam: Predominant religion in West and East

Africa

• Inshallah: God willing

• “What will be will be”

• Cannot control your destiny.• Helps people wait patiently or react calmly under

unfortunate situations

• Talismans to protect against “demons of the road”

IDEAS ABOUT TIME AND RELIGION• Have a more relaxed view of time.

• Actual events > Future events

• Perceive time in terms of events or how it’s used

• Social relations in the workplace are important

• Fate lies in the hands of a God

• Little point in planning for the future

• Adapting to western concepts of time and doing

IMPORTANCE OF BUSH TAXI• An African bush taxi is an intimate experience

• Each stop is an opportunity for an army of vendors

• The bush taxi is an important community service

COMMUNALISM• Communalism is a strong trait in African culture

• Mental map of their family is the focus and center of their identity

• Success= giving back

• Village is seen as an extended family

• Comfortable with physical contact

• Privacy is not well understood

HIERARCHY IN AFRICAN SOCIETY• Characterized by a high power distance

• Promotion: based on seniority, not ability

• Strong centralization and little initiative taking

• Awareness of status and formality is important

• Leaders are expected to act, dress, and behave in a matter befitting their positions

POLITENESS AND RESPECT

• A great deal of politeness is expected in daily interactions

• Ritual greetings: establishes status, position, and reinforcing communal ties

• Titles

ROLE OF WOMEN• Great deal of variation within sub-Saharan Africa.

• Literacy rate

• Seychelles: 92% of women are literate.• Niger and Chad: 15% and 13%

• Fatality rate on birth

• Sierra Leone: 2 women die for every 100 live births.

• Mauritius: 24 die for every 100,000 live births.• Labor force

• Burundi: 90.5%• Sudan: 22.5%

AN INTEGRATIVE SUMMARY

Four Categories

1. Perspectives on culture

2. Institutions and culture

3. Additional factors

4. Beyond ethnic and national cultures

PERSPECTIVE ON CULTURE• Fast vs. Slow Change

• Definition of culture

• Norms, behaviors, values• Individualistic or Collectivism

• Increasing GDP is leading to individualism• Subcultures and Regionalization

• 1990: 190 nations, today: 220 nations• 10 nation clusters• Clustered by values and religion

INSTITUTIONS AND CULTURE• Cultures and institutions influence each other

• Legal systems » « culture• Economic systems » « culture• Political governance system » « culture

• Religion influences culture

• Family influences culture

ADDITIONAL FACTORS• Geography reinforces culture

• Ex. EU and NAFTA• Geography is associated with language

• Cold climates: short words & direct language• Warm climates: big vocabulary

• Language reinforces cultural values

• Interpretations of the same words in different cultures

• Privacy and I- negative connotation in Saudi Arabia• Asia: face, “saving face”

ADDITIONAL FACTORS• Space distinguishes culture

• Collectivist vs. individualist• Demographic changes influence culture

• Immigration can change culture

• Gender equality

• Ex. In Finland, half of legislature are women

BEYOND ETHNIC AND NATIONAL CULTURES• Cross-cultural Paradoxes

• Help understand many issues such asLeadership, motivation, communication across cultures, & negotiations

• Globalization

• Understanding of other cultures through values, behaviors, & norms