groundwater source for drinking water capability statement · the use of groundwater as a source...

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Groundwater Source for drinking

water Capability Statement

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2 Capability statement groundwater for industry

for further information please contact one of us:

Floris Verhagen [email protected]

Tony Kok [email protected]

Jos Peters [email protected]

Marloes van Ginkel [email protected]

Copyright © April 2014 HaskoningDHV Nederland BV, a company of Royal HaskoningDHV

Project details throughout this document may have involved inputs of other Royal HaskoningDHV Group company

Groundwater Management


The use of groundwater as a source for drinking water, industrial, irrigation or domestic water can be very beneficial in economic terms but to ensure production in the long run the process has to be sustainable and in compliance with laws en regulation. Physical-, chemical-, environmental-, social-economic- and political factors and even the consumer’s perception make up for a complex setting, a setting in which groundwater management is essential. Royal HaskoningDHV is experienced in the field of groundwater management and supports drinking water companies and industrial clients all over the world for over 125 years. With over 50 specialized hydro-geologists and offices in more than 35 countries, we combine our thorough understanding of groundwater issues effectively with our clients business.

Our team of experts can provide assistance in the following fields of interest:

1. Assessment of available water 2. Groundwater site management 3. Groundwater protection 4. Remediation of polluted water 5. Groundwater modeling 6. Aquifer Storage Recovery

Royal HaskoningDHV can help in every aspect. We have a dedicated group of experts specialized in all mentioned services. These topics are presented in the remainder of this capability statement.

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1. Assesment of available water


Installing groundwater wells is a major investment. It is important to judge the potential risks for the quantity and quality of the water supply in an early project phase. What is a Source Water Vulnerability Assessment? A SVA aims to identify and assess potential risks that may jeopardize sufficient water availability of desired quality for the drinking water company. In a SVA these risks are assessed from a wide range of angles such as physical, environmental, social, political, economic, regulation and consumer’s perception. The outcome of an SVA is a Source Water Protection Plan that safeguards water sources for the short, medium and long term. Why do you need an SVA? Availability of sufficient and good quality water sources cannot be taken for granted. In many places overabstraction of groundwater has resulted in subsidence and consequently in a substantial reduction of granted permits. At the same time, Public Water Utilities (PDAM) can often not guarantee a continuous flow of clean water to industrial and residential estates. Moreover, new extractions may compete with surrounding extractions putting them at risk of legal disputes and reputational damage. The SVA provides answers in how secure current water sources are and how these can be safeguarded in the future. Especially for new developments SVA is a tool towards a sustainable water management system.

List of activities provided

• Data Collection and interpretation • Site surveys and testing • Due diligence • Interviews and stakeholder analysis • Conceptual water balance • Vulnerability Assessment • Formulation of mitigating measures

Project example: EU Drought Adaptation Over the past thirty years, the frequency and intensity of droughts has dramatically increased across Europe. Subsequently the balance between water demand and availability (water scarcity) has reached a critical level in many areas countries. The recent European Union (EU) Commission document “Blue Print on European Waters” (2012) states that existing EU and national water policies are od, but lack implementation Royal HaskoningDHV were commissioned by Water Authorities in 5 EU countries (Germany, France, Belgium, the UK and The Netherlands), to assist with developing national plans for implementing groundwater resource policy, ensuring good resource governance and developing climate change adaptation processes and measures. Other project examples

• Multibintang Indonesia (2011 - 2012) • Cargill Indonesia (2013) • Nestle Indonesia (2012-2013)

2. Groundwater site management


Find and develop the best spot

To locate groundwater accurately and to determine the depth, quantity, and quality of the water, several techniques can be used. The target area must be thoroughly tested and studied to identify hydrologic and geologic features important to the planning and management of the resource. Wells are tested to determine the amount of water moving through the aquifer, the volume of water that can enter a well, and the effects of pumping on water levels in the area. Chemical analysis of water from wells provides information on quality of water in the aquifer and risks of well clogging.

Design and maintenance of wells

The initial investment for a properly designed and constructed well pays off by ensuring:

• A reliable and sustainable water supply of good quality water

• Increased life expectancy of the well • Reduced operating and maintenance costs • Long term high performance

Royal HaskoningDHV can assist with the design of the wells and the on-site quality control.


• Selection of contractors • Contract management • Supervision on works • Drilling and well installation plan • On-site quality control • Pumping test analysis • Ground water modelling • Effect analysis of withdrawal • Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR)

Project example: Characterisation Project - New Zealand

This on-going research project is developing a suite of highly innovative methods for characterising New Zealand's groundwater systems and resources. A better understanding of the groundwater systems and resources is needed because future consumptive use of groundwater (e.g. by the dairy industry) will increase significantly. Royal HaskoningDHV is co project leader and focusing on the subject of groundwater – surface water interaction, using temperature sensing.

Since 2006, Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) has been used increasingly to observe environmental temperatures. During the course of a year, groundwater temperatures remain relatively constant, whilst the temperature of water in a stream or river will show considerable diurnal and seasonal variation. Recent technical improvements allow measurements on a spatial scale of 1 meter with a precision of 0.01 0C. DTS measurements with a cable up to a length of 5 km are being applied in a range of New Zealand river environments, e.g. small fast-flowing streams and larger braided rivers, to help determine the groundwater – surface water interaction and the sustainability of the current abstraction practices. More info: www.smart-project.info

Other example projects

• Site assessment of production wells of a beer brewery in Myanmar (2012)

• Realization of production wells for a beverage company in The Netherlands

• Design of a production well field for a brewery in The Netherlands

• Supervision on well drilling for a beverage company in Vietnam

3. Protect the groundwater reserves


Protection of wells The chemistry of the groundwater flowing into a well reflects what’s in the environment. Naturally occurring substances (microorganisms, radionuclides, arsenic, and cadmium) can present health risks or cause technical problems in the well. Human activities (agriculture, urban water, industries) can pollute groundwater. Although with low speed, contamination from a wide region can threat the groundwater source. Long term protection of wells is of utmost importance.

Groundwater monitoring Monitoring of the groundwater quality is a necessity to comply with the regulatory framework and company standards. Therefore a monitoring strategy must be applied that facilitates this necessity but also works as a sentinel that spots treats to the groundwater quality and thus the reliability of the water sourcing. This is always custom made to prevent redundancy of measurements. REFLECT Already in the 1990’s Royal HaskoningDHV presented a tool assessing the risks of groundwater caused by different (30) types of land use. Risks of traditional substances like nutrients and pesticides but also new emerging substances (like medicines) can be evaluated. The clear presentation helps managers to evaluate risks at different sites and supports the claim for an optimal protection strategy in a wider region.


• Development of protection strategies • Monitoring plans • Risk analysis • Interception and protection plans • Active and passive remediation plans Examples of projects • Monitoring strategy for breweries in The

Netherlands • Monitoring campaigns for a multinational food

& beverage company

4. Groundwater contamination and remediation


Ground water contamination Environmental and technical regulations provide requirements for preventing and controlling possible sources of contamination to soil and groundwater. However, certain sites may have been in operation for several decades, started in times when environmental standards were less stringent than they are today, and knowledge about the environmental impact of contamination was more limited. Where past contamination exists, it may represent an environmental liability that the current site owner must manage.

Arsenic in drinking water Arsenic contamination of groundwater sources is a worldwide issue, especially in large parts of Asia, but also Europe, Africa, Canada. Researchers became aware of health risks of Arsenic in Bangladesh, a hot spot country, where natural levels of this element can be over 1000 µg per liter. At present even low-dose exposure is suspected to cause respiratory infections and cancers of lungs, skin and bladder. The standard worldwide is mostly 10 µg per liter. However, scientists reevaluate arsenic as a health threat not only in water, but also in food. Royal HaskoningDHV has expertise on aquifer contamination and on how to adapt groundwater treatment in order that not only iron and common groundwater constituents are removed, but the toxic element Arsenic as well.


• Site Investigations • Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) • Remediation plans including feasibility studies • Contamination transport modelling • Analysis of geochemistry • Risk Analysis (RBCAS, CLEA, etc.) Investigations A team of experts conducts site investigation by international standards for environmental site investigations including drillings and sampling of soil, sediment and water. We work with specialized contractors and international laboratories. In specific cases innovative survey techniques such as soil vapor sampling, conductivity probing, field test detection systems, can be applied to map the extent of contamination.

Toxicology

Our toxicology experts work for a broad range of clients in the chemical industry. We authorize files needed for the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH). Our toxicological knowledge helps to get an optimal remediation strategy for groundwater contamination. Understanding the risks helps to develop remediation strategies needed to protect the groundwater aquifer. The current Risk Assessment Models are regularly updated with new substances and model parameters, using the continuous scientific research progress.

Example project: Metals Remediation Plan The Kempen on the Dutch-Belgian border is contaminated with heavy metals including zinc and cadmium. The contamination originates from 5 zinc factories that were using a thermal refining process resulting in atmospheric deposition of the heavy metals and spillage into the surrounding surface waters. The contamination is present in the topsoil, ground water and river deposits. Royal HaskoningDHV undertook a regional risk analysis based on a groundwater systems analysis and advanced groundwater solute transport modeling. Based on this risk analysis we helped develop a groundwater management plan to minimize the risks of the current use of groundwater for drinking water, agricultural and industrial purposes. Other example projects

• On-site soil treatment and groundwater remediation of PCE contamination, using in situ and ex situ techniques at an Electronic Industry site in Taiwan (2000-2007)

• Soil and groundwater remediation of cyanide, heavy metals and volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons at a metal plating company site. Remediation plan was based on environmental research, pumping test and modelling (1990-2011)

• Soil and groundwater remediation of heavy metals and volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons at Electronic Appliances Company. Natural Attenuation was investigated already in 1999, by investigating the presence of breakdown products in groundwater, using a field laboratory (1990-2010)

• Site assessment for investigating the extend and migration of soil and groundwater contamination with mineral oil and solvents at an Oil refinery in Bizert Tunisia (2013)

5. Groundwater modelling


Groundwater modelling

Groundwater and surface water modelling form an important added value to our services, ranging from simple local models to complex regional and national models that simulate water quantity and quality.

We believe that good models help us to understand complex hydrological situations and give a sound basis for predictions and important descisions.

Our own modeling environment TRISHELL

The Trishell is our own developed modeling suite for surface water and groundwater modeling. Since the first version in the 1980’s, we develop the program continuously to fulfill the client’s demands. The Trishell is able to transfer the collected and stored geographical information automatically into a Modflow or Triwaco groundwater flow model (our own modelling core). Different modules are available to help with the model calibration and visualization of the model results. We are modeling from a regional scale to a local scale.

Different groundwater modeling packages such as TRIWACO, MODFLOW, MT3D and SEAWAT can be used in TRISHELL to understand complex hydrological situations.

Walking pumping station

The best location for a groundwater abstraction depends on the local geology features and the effects caused in the environment. Making automated calculations at up to >1000 different locations the optimum strategy can be defined.

Examples of projects • As inhouse consultant of the Dutch

Drinkingwater Companies we have investigate the hydrological risks for pumping stations of several Dutch drinking water companies. Modeling the risks of contaminants, salt water intrusion, climatic change, influence on other functions (such as nature and agriculture) and the lifespan of the location

• Soil and groundwater remediation for Electronic Industry of an industrial site (production plant) in Taiwan, where the groundwater has been polluted with chlorinated hydrocarbons. This project included soil investigation, performing pilot tests, excavation.

• Time series analyses. • Design of aquifer thermal energy systems

(ATES) for heating and cooling of new (housing) estates, shopping centers, hospitals, offices, renovation projects, industries and is usually economically

• The fresh water reservoirs in the estuaries of the Sungei Punggol and S.Seletar in Singapore are highly vulnerable for salt water intrusion. We made calculations with MODFLOW and SEAWAT to optimize the use of the reservoirs to reduce salt water intrusion.

6. Aquifer Storage Recovery


Temporal storage in the subsurface

Using the subsurface for water storage is actually a natural phenomenon. Rainwater infiltrates into the ground where it seeps out at another location or is used by vegetation. Artificially infiltrating and extracting water in the subsurface has come into use in recent decades. This technique is known under the acronyms ASR – aquifer storage recovery – or MAR – managed aquifer recharge. In the Netherlands water is taken from the main rivers and transported to pre-treatment installations. The pre-treated river water is transported to the dunes, infiltrated by infiltration ponds or deep infiltration wells and subsequently recovered via recovery wells to be distributed to the customers.

Multifunctional use of the area

In densely populated coastal areas and artificial islands we have to be creative in how to use the freshwater resources and available space. Temporal storage of fresh water in the subsurface may balance out fluctuations in demand and supply and make the water system more robust and the area more self-sufficient in its water supply, while land requirements are minimal. Besides that, there may be advantages for water quality. The temperature is naturally kept constant; there is no sunlight heating or evaporation loss, no mosquitos or algal bloom and the underground passage has the potential for bacteriological purification and equalization of the water quality.

We can support the design process by providing tailor-made optimizations for subsurface seasonal or emergency storage of freshwater offering solutions to the complex problem of mixing between injected fresh and native saline groundwater. Nature driven design principles are applied in combination with proven civil engineering techniques.

ASR in a saline environment

Making a smart link between saline groundwater and fresh water storage is a key for more sustainable water management in areas with water shortages. Creating artificial subsurface reservoirs of freshwater in a saline environment is one of the answers to overcome water shortages during periods of drought. Storing freshwater in a saline aquifer poses a challenge. Due to the density difference between fresh and saltwater, the

injected freshwater tends to float upward on top of native saltwater, where it becomes hard or impossible to recover at a later stage.

Royal HaskoningDHV supports a PhD candidate focusing on development of new techniques to stabilize the created freshwater volume. The goal is to store freshwater for multiple purposes like (desalinated) drinking water, treated waste water, reclaimed water and storm water.

Example Project: Vietnam Rehydrate the Earth

The ‘Rehydrate the Earth’ project in Vietnam assisted and involved local organizations and communities in developing, implementing and maintaining sustainable systems to supply water, increase agricultural productivity and mitigate the impacts of floods and droughts. Sand storage dams in rivers, stonewalls and contour trenches were implemented to increase surface water retention and increase aquifer recharge in specifically identified locations. The synergy between water storage, nature and environment conservation/restoration, and accelerating socio-economic development got the project nominated for the ‘Partners for Water’ Award 2010.

Other example projects

• Multiple projects as inhouse consultant of the Dutch drinkingwater companies

• Groundwater storage feasilibity study in Pluit City, Jakarta Bay (2014)

Royal HaskoningDHV


Company Profile

Royal HaskoningDHV is a leading independent, international engineering consultancy service provider with roots established in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and South Africa. We specialize in aviation, buildings, industry, energy and mining, infrastructure, maritime and waterways, planning and strategy, rivers, deltas and coasts, transport and asset management, and of course water technology.

A first choice consultancy for major world challenges, our experts provide sustainable and pragmatic solutions for pit-to-port, food security and water scarcity, the development of mega-cities, sustainable infrastructure, energy resources and supply.

Working together we can achieve more. At Royal HaskoningDHV we embrace this philosophy. With an overarching aim to enhance society together, we work closely with clients, stakeholders, industry, and academic leaders, to ensure projects are delivered on time and within budget, while providing a better, brighter, sustainable future.

Our Sectors

Aviation

Combining the expertise of NACO (Netherlands Airport Consultants) and InterVISTAS, our experts support clients who operate within this sector by offering a broad range of aviation related services worldwide. We deliver integrated strategic, operational and technical solutions for the sustainable development of airports and airlines.

Buildings

As environmental aspects change rapidly, building requirements become ever more stringent. While adhering to these, we strive to enhance our built environment. We achieve this by creating inspiring, sustainable and enduring buildings through the use of innovative technologies, delivering within budget and at minimum expense to property owners.

Industry, Energy & Mining

Our experts in industry, energy and mining serve a wide range of industry sectors. These include oil and gas, chemicals, energy, resource recovery, mining and heavy industry, as well as manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, food and beverage and fast moving consumer goods. Our innovative approach and focus on delivering solutions have helped clients all over the world achieve their ambitions.

Royal HaskoningDHV


Infrastructure

Our clients value our expertise because we understand why society places so much importance on infrastructure. Working together with and for road authorities, contractors and private clients, we develop, design and deliver innovative solutions for highways and civil structures, such as bridges and underground infrastructure. Our expertise in immersed tunnel engineering is renowned worldwide through our joint venture tunnel engineering consultancy TEC.

Maritime & Waterways

Our reputation for multidisciplinary civil engineering excellence in the development of maritime, marine and waterways structures is world renowned. Collaborating closely with our clients, we plan, design and build safe, sustainable and environmentally sound facilities around the world.

Planning & Strategy

By combining environmental sustainability and urban development expertise with financial, legal and process management, we enable governments, water boards, construction companies and project developers to achieve their goals in urban and regional planning.

Rivers, Deltas & Coasts

Water introduces both opportunities and threats to communities, assets and nature worldwide. As urban populations grow, resources become increasingly scarce and the impact of climate change increases. As global thought leaders we provide leading edge, sustainable, flexible and cost effective solutions to the challenges of living with and without water.

Transport & Asset Management

Working in partnership with our public, private and industry sector clients, we deliver smart transport and asset management solutions on a global scale. Our fully integrated service encompasses conception of ideas, functional designs, tailored programmes, project development and operational management.

Royal HaskoningDHV


Water Technology

The growing demand for clean water drives our agenda. Located in 35 countries we operate as one team of experts who understand both global and local issues, circumstances and legislation. From simple solutions such as providing clean water to patented innovations and leading-edge technology, we help our clients meet their sustainable, compliance and service delivery objectives.

About Royal HaskoningDHV

With its headquarters in Amersfoort, the Netherlands, Royal HaskoningDHV is an independent, international project management, engineering and consultancy service provider. Ranking globally in the top 10 of independently owned, non-listed companies and top 40 overall, the company’s 8,000 staff provide services across the world from more than 100 offices in over 35 countries.

Our Connections

Innovation is a collaborative process, which is why Royal HaskoningDHV works in association with clients, project partners, universities, government agencies, NGOs and many other organizations to develop and introduce new ways of living and working to enhance society together, now and in the future.

Memberships

Royal HaskoningDHV is a member of the recognized engineering and environmental bodies in those countries where it has a permanent office base.

All Royal HaskoningDHV consultants, engineers, architects, planners, environmental and other specialists are members of their individual branch organizations in their various countries

Company QHSE Management

Royal HaskoningDHV is committed to Quality, Health and Safety and Environmental aspects (QHSE Management) as these lie at the heart of the management of all projects.

The Company’s H&S system complies with the requirement of the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and is certified by Lloyds Register under Certificate Number RQA664199.

The company’s QMS complies with the requirements of BS/NEN-EN-ISO 9001:2000 and is certified by Lloyds Register Quality Assurance. The Approval Certification Number is 655229.

The QMS also includes an Environmental Management System (EMS) which complies with the requirements of BS/NEN-EN-ISO 14001:2004 and for which registration is being rolled out across the company. The Approval Certification Number is 663206 for the Netherlands and 662753 for the UK.

groundwater source for drinking water capability statement · the use of groundwater as a source...

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