groundwater resources in buried valleys - liag-hannover.de · cover design and burval logo by...
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BurVal Working Group
Groundwater Resources in Buried Valleys
A Challenge for Geosciences
With 190 Figures
Hannover 2006
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Editorial staff Reinhard Kirsch Hanna-Maria Rumpel Wolfgang Scheer Helga Wiederhold Published by Leibniz Institute for Applied Geosciences (GGA-Institut) Stilleweg 2 30655 Hannover – Germany Email: [email protected] Cover design and BurVal Logo by Juliane Herrmann Print: Bonifatius GmbH Hannover 2006 ISBN-10: 3-00-020194-7 ISBN-13: 978-3-00-020194-3 Photo on cover by Bernhard Edmaier: MELT WATER, Alaska’s furrowed Bering Glacier in the East Chugach Mountains, made grey by dust blown in by the wind, often forms large cracks, filled with glacial water. The surface meltwater may find its way to the glaciers base through cracks. Here it contributes to subglacial erosion such as the incision of valleys in the underground.
The BurVal project is part-financed by the Interreg IIIB North Sea Programme of the European Union
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This book is dedicated to Bernd Röttger (1952 – 2005),
our colleague and friend, who died during the “Help Aceh” mission of the BGR helicopter group to the tsunami affected region Banda Aceh, Indonesia
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Content
PART I Technical Handbook 1 Introduction – buried valleys and the BurVal project......................................... 3 2 Buried valleys – nature and groundwater interests ......................................... 11 3 Challenges of mapping buried valleys ............................................................ 21 4 Methods for mapping and characterising buried valleys ................................. 31 4.1 Petrophysical characterisation of sediments........................................................................ 31 4.2 Seismic methods................................................................................................................ 33 4.3 Gravimetry ........................................................................................................................ 51 4.4 The transient electromagnetic method (TEM) ..................................................................... 65 4.5 Geoelectrical methods ....................................................................................................... 77 4.6 Frequency-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetics ........................................................ 89 4.7 Ground penetrating radar.................................................................................................. 99 4.8 Borehole logging in hydrogeology ................................................................................... 107 4.9 Cone penetration tests (CPT) ........................................................................................... 123 4.10 Geological models ........................................................................................................... 127 4.11 Groundwater model ........................................................................................................ 133 4.12 Environmental tracers, groundwater age and vulnerability................................................ 141 4.13 Aquifer vulnerability......................................................................................................... 149 4.14 Aquifer test (pumping test) .............................................................................................. 157 4.15 The influence of redox chemistry on groundwater vulnerability ........................................ 161 5 Investigations in the pilot project areas ........................................................ 167 5.1 Bording Valley ................................................................................................................. 167 5.2 Tyrsting Valley ................................................................................................................. 181 5.3 Rødekro Valley ................................................................................................................ 191 5.4 Ellerbeker Rinne............................................................................................................... 205 5.5 Cuxhavener Rinne ........................................................................................................... 227 5.6 Groningen Valley............................................................................................................. 241 6 Mapping different types of buried valley...................................................... 253 PART II Planning Handbook 1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 265 2 Mapping buried valleys for planning purposes ............................................. 267 3 Contamination threats to aquifers in buried valleys ...................................... 271 4 Problems associated with the technical management of waterworks abstracting
from buried valleys ...................................................................................... 273 5 Protection of buried valleys from contamination .......................................... 277 6 Conclusions for protecting groundwater reservoirs in buried valleys ............. 279 Appendix Appendix A: Bording Valley .................................................................................. 283 Appendix B: Tyrsting Valley................................................................................... 289 Index ................................................................................................................... 299
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BurVal Working Group 2004 – 2006
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The BurVal Working Group
Ringkjøbing Amt Damstrædet 2, DK-6950 Ringkøbing, Denmark Peter Erfurt (formerly Ringkjøbing Amt), [email protected] Mads Kjærstrup, [email protected] Karin-Merete Mose, [email protected] Vejle Amt Damhaven 12, DK-7100 Vejle, Denmark Jørgen Fjeldsø Christensen, [email protected] Flemming Jørgensen, [email protected] ([email protected]) Rolf Johnsen, [email protected] Vita Jokumsen, [email protected] Sanne Østergaard Nielsen, [email protected] Jes Pedersen, [email protected] Klaus Petersen, [email protected] Sønderjyllands Amt Jomfrustien 2, DK-6270 Tønder, Denmark Poul-Frederik Christensen, [email protected] Rud Friborg, [email protected] Hans Guldager, [email protected] Karin Hemmsen, [email protected] Steen Thomsen, [email protected] Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland – GEUS Oster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark Britt Christensen, [email protected] Klaus Hinsby, [email protected] Ingelise Møller Balling, [email protected] Per Nyegaard, [email protected] Dorte Seifert, [email protected] Torben Sonnenborg, [email protected] Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt des Landes Schleswig-Holstein – LANU Hamburger Chaussee 25, D-24220 Flintbek, Germany Sven Christensen, [email protected] Reinhard Kirsch, [email protected] Wolfgang Scheer, [email protected]
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Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg – BSU Billstraße 84, D-20539 Hamburg, Germany Jens Kröger, [email protected] Martin Zarth, [email protected] Institut für Geowissenschaftliche Gemeinschaftsaufgaben – GGA-Institut (Leibniz Institute for Applied Geosciences) Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany Franz Binot, [email protected] Gerald Gabriel, [email protected] Michael Grinat, [email protected] Hanna-Maria Rumpel, [email protected] Helga Wiederhold, [email protected] Thomas Wonik, [email protected] Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe - BGR Stilleweg 2, D-30655 Hannover, Germany Hans-Joachim Rehli, [email protected] Bernd Röttger † Bernhard Siemon, [email protected] Annika Steuer, [email protected] Geological Survey of the Netherlands – TNO Princetonlaan 6, P.O. Box 80015, NL-3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands Marcel Bakker, [email protected] Aleid Bosch, [email protected] Jan Gunnink, [email protected] University of Århus, Department of Earth Sciences Høegh-Gulbergs Gade 2, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark Kurt Sørensen, [email protected] Esben Auken, [email protected] Holger Lykke-Andersen, [email protected] Watertech Søndergade 53, DK-8000 Århus C, Denmark Peter Sandersen, [email protected] Due to the reorganisation of the Danish administration the colleagues from Ringkjøbing Amt, Vejle Amt, Sønderjyllands Amt and partly GEUS will have new affiliations from January 2007. The new email address, if known at time of printing, is given in italics. For other addresses please contact the editorial staff.
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Acknowledgements
The BurVal Working Group is indebted to the following colleagues for data acquisition, processing, presentation and administration from the following institutions: BGR: Jennifer Bremer, Reinhard Dörge, Robert Koch, Karl-Heinz Meinhardt, Karola Otremba, Jens Pielawa, Gert-Ulrich Sandmann, Josef Scheiwein, Hanno Schmidt, Wolfgang Voß and Michael Schütt (Wiking Helikopter Services) BSU: Walter Wagner, Frank Wiedemann GEUS: Per Jensen, Hans Jørgen Lorentzen, Søren Nielsen, Johanne Pedersen GGA-Institut: Maret Bening, Günther Druivenga, Thomas Grelle, Eckhardt Großmann, Siegfried Grüneberg, Juliane Herrmann, Ferdinand Hölscher, Milena Kmet, Jürgen Lips, Walter Rode, Dieter Schmidtmann, Käte Schöbel, Jürgen Soldan, Detlef Vogel, Wolfgang Weitmüller and the helpers in the field Manuel Buch, Sophie Damm, Eugen Damm LANU: Christina Bruhn, Alf Grube, Karl Gürs, Riewert Ketelsen, Anja Wolf LBEG: Thomas Jelinski, Robert Klesper, Kurt-Heiner Krieger, Rüdiger Reimann, Herbert Röhm Ringkjøbing Amt: Anna Marie Andersen, Vagn Jensen SkyTEM Aps: Nikolaj Foged, Max Halkjaer, Jan Steen Jørgensen and Walter Koopmann (KMN koopmann helicopter gmbh) Sønderjyllands Amt: Bjarne Wulf and Erling Callesen (Rødekro Vandværk), Steen S. Holm (Rødekro Vandværk), Kurt Mølsted Madsen (Kort- og Matrikelstyrelsen) TNO: Wim Booltink, Jos Dijkmans, Jan Ebbing, Jenny Hettelaar, Rein Lantman, Sjef Meekes, Gualbert Oude Essink, Henny van der Putten, Serge van Gessel, Hans Veldkamp, Brecht Wassink, Rogier Westerhoff and all other colleagues helping out in the field and in the office University of Kiel: Hans-Jürgen Götze, Sabine Schmidt and the student gravity field crew University of Aarhus, Department of Earth Sciences: Joakim H. Westergaard and the seismic field crew Vejle Amt: David Barry, Annette Smed Brusgaard, Helle Knudsen, Marit Nielsen-Man, Jette Sørensen, Tore Stamp Kirkeby, Odense Vandselskab The funding of in total 2,708,053 Euros by the European Regional Development Fund and the Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, the Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg, the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, the Geological Survey of the Netherlands, the Landesamt für Natur und Umwelt des Landes Schleswig-Holstein, the Leibniz Institute for Applied Geosciences, the Ringkjøbing Amt, the Sønderjyllands Amt and the Vejle Amt, is gratefully acknowledged.
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