grounding green power: bottom-up perspectives on smart renewable energy policy in developing...

8/6/2019 Grounding Green Power: Bottom-Up Perspectives on Smart Renewable Energy Policy in Developing Countries

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Climate & energy PaPer SerieS 2011

grounding green Power

Bottom-uP PerSPeCtiveS on Smart renewaBle

energy PoliCy in develoPing CountrieS

lutz weiSCher, davida wood, athena BalleSteroS, Xing Fu-BertauX


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2011 Te German Marshall Fund o the United States. All rights reserved.

No part o this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any orm or by any means without permission in writing

rom the German Marshall Fund o the United States (GMF). Please direct inquiries to:

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E [email protected]

Tis publication can be downloaded or ree at http://www.gmus.org/publications/index.cm. Limited print

copies are also available. o request a copy, send an e-mail to [email protected].

gmF Pp Ss

Te GMF Paper Series presents research on a variety o transatlantic topics by sta, ellows, and partners o the German

Marshall Fund o the United States. Te views expressed here are those o the author and do not necessarily represent the

views o GMF. Comments rom readers are welcome; reply to the mailing address above or by e-mail to [email protected].

wri wk Pps

WorldResources Institute Working Papers contain preliminary research, analysis, indings, and recommendations. hey arecirculated to stimulate timely discussion and critical eedback and to inluence ongoing debate on emerging issues. Mostworking papers are eventually published in another orm and their content may be revised.

ab gmF

Te German Marshall Fund o the United States (GMF) is a non-partisan American public policy and grantmaking institu-

tion dedicated to promoting better understanding and cooperation between North America and Europe on transatlantic

and global issues. GMF does this by supporting individuals and institutions working in the transatlantic sphere, by conven-

ing leaders and members o the policy and business communities, by contributing research and analysis on transatlan-

tic topics, and by providing exchange opportunities to oster renewed commitment to the transatlantic relationship. In

addition, GMF supports a number o initiatives to strengthen democracies. Founded in 1972 through a gi rom Germany

as a permanent memorial to Marshall Plan assistance, GMF maintains a strong presence on both sides o the Atlantic. In ad-

dition to its headquarters in Washington, DC, GMF has six ofces in Europe: Berlin, Paris, Brussels, Belgrade, Ankara, and

Bucharest. GMF also has smaller representations in Bratislava, urin, and Stockholm.

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Te World Resources Institute (WRI) is an environmental think tank that goes beyond research to create practical ways to

protect the Earth and improve peoples lives.

ab hBF

Te Heinrich Bll Foundation is afliated with the German Green Party. As part o the Green political movement it has

developed worldwide as a response to the traditional politics o socialism, liberalism, and conservatism. Te main tenets are

ecology and sustainability, democracy and human rights, sel-determination and justice. HBF places particular emphasis

on gender democracy, meaning social emancipation and equal rights or women and men. As a green think tank and an

international policy network, the Heinrich Bll Foundation is active in ecology, democracy and human rights worldwide

with 30 ofces across the globe.

tsc C B i

Tis paper would not have been possible without unding rom the ransatlantic Climate Bridge, an initiative o the German

Ministry or Foreign Aairs to connect and support those working to address the challenges o climate change, energy

security, and economic growth at the local, the state, and the ederal level in the United States and Germany.

On the cover: (Le) A man works on power line rom a microhydro power source to E Wi Jo village in Tailand. (Right)

anzanian engineers and policymakers visit a solar arm in central Tailand built using Tai-made solar panels. Photos by

Chris Greacen.


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Grounding Green Power

Bottom-Up Perspectives on Smart Renewable Energy Policy

in Developing Countries

Climate & Energy Policy Paper Series

May 2011

Lz Wh, D W, Ah B, X F-Bx

Ex S

A 4

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4/50

Acknowledgments

T k k y

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by Tc C B,

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cc c, ,

v U S Gy

T k k A Jj

HBF T K-Bck, T

L, N Pv, T P GMF

vc pp pjc Fy,

k k pcp

Nvb kp

c xpc , pc-

Ak Aby, O B,

Rj Dk, C Gc, Mk Hk,

C Hy, Jp Iv, S K,

P M, A Mb, Ov S

P, Mp T, H Tp, Fbby

T, Nj Upyy W

bv v p vy

vc,

pb c k pp


5/50

Grounding Green Power 1

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE RENEWABLE

ENERGY TRANSFORMATION

I y c c,

b y y -

, p c

b y 1 Dvp c-

c, c y

xpc 80 pc

cc cpcy x

c2

T py y b c

cc vp c, ycc pc ccy

vp I 2008,

-OECD 21 pc

ccy b c c

-c ycc p (cp 17

pc OECD c), cc I-

Ey Acy (IEA) c Hv,

b by 2035, 46

pc, IEA 450 c,

1 T I Ey Acy 450 c cb py bz pc cc 450 p p CO2-qv, c 50 pc cc b v p 2 C bv p- v ( IPCC,Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth AssessmentReport of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(Cb, UK: Cb Uvy P, 2007), 801)I c, b ccy b

c v c by 285 pc b 2008 2035 S I Ey Acy, World Energy Outlook2010 (P, Fc: IEA, 2010), 620-21, 652-53

2 T I Ey Acy 80pc b cc cpcy b 2008 2035 k pc -OECD c, p y vp S IEy Acy, World Energy Outlook 2010 (P, Fc: IEA,2010), 620-21, 652-53

c c y py b y 3

T y y c

q cy c pp v-

p c, c b b

c ,

ppc v O cc, v

c cpv

v x ,

py c pp cvy by

v by pjc-by-pjc ppc

c v v- c-p, py

T k pp k pc,

by y ky cp b

y pcy vp c, c

p c I pv c

xz cv

pp py b ,

-- xpc

vp c

ABOUT THIS WORKING PAPER

Cp 1 c ppc -

y k pp cb ky

ccp T c cp c

vp c y

py b y c, y

c b pp c p c I

c pcp b

y pcy pp c ,

vp by W Rc I T

b c

x b y pc 12 c

Ac, A, L Ac ( b) x

3 T p b b cp 2 I IEA450 c ( 1), b y ccy v c 17 pc 2008 44 pc 2035 OECD c 21pc 46 pc -OECD c

Executive Summary

Case study countri

Brazil

India

Indonesia

Kenya

Mexico

Morocco

Mozambique

South Africa

Sri Lanka

Philippines

Tanzania

Thailand


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The German Marshall Fund of the United States2

T v cp c x ky b y pcy, c

, y -

pp T cv p y

(Cp 3), - -b c-

v (Cp 4), b pcy -

y k (Cp 5), cv c

c (Cp 6), cy cc

v (Cp 7) O c-

z Cp 8

B pcp b

y pcy ky - c c v ky

c pcy

PRINCIPLES OF SMART RENEWABLE

ENERGY POLICY

W b y pcy the set

of rules, regulations, and government actions that

lead to an increased share of renewables in total

electricity consumption in line with a countrys devel-

opment objectives. S b y pcy

c pv v, cv bjc-

v c-cv y, p cv, p,

ccb, pcpy pc

SMART RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY

ON THE GROUND

Scc ppc b y pcy

pp vy by cy, b

c c

xpc c y c

yz pp I pp c

b xpc c c p x cc T

c :

Planning and developing a strategy (Chapter 3):

Oc b y cc

p

P c pc py xp; c p

b y, - p b

cy

P c b b

c p

c p

T p pc b

pcy, ccby, k

pcp

Designing generation-based incentives (Chapter 4):

Pcyk c ppp

cv cx I p

cv c p pc,

j

I y , -- (FT)

ppp -b cv

c pv v b

y

Cpv b c pc

b ppp cv c -c pjc

Gv c c c-

cv b y pp by

c b

I p cv c

p pc, j

Dc cv c

pc qy c y

b y v p

pcp pcy, ccby,pcp, cpcy

A pc p c v

c v pc pv c

c


7/50


G pc b, b cy, k

c, c vby, cc

cc FT

FT cv y

cy-pcc c c

Hv, v cc

c, y pc

y c c v by y

v pc p

Cp c b c c

cv c

Cb -b

cv c p c c

b y pcy

Icv b y

pc by p p

cc p pjc

b

Creating an enabling policy and regulatory frame-

work (Chapter 5)

Ay -b cv b

p b p-c

I pc p,

ccb, pcpy c-

k c b c-

cv c

Pc pc v

c -b cv

cy

Providing attractive financing options (Chapter 6)

P c p cp

-b cv by c

v k p

cp

Building the necessary technical environment

(Chapter 7)

Dvp, , p,

b y pjc

q pcc cc k-

T q c b p

c

cy b

Sc p b y c b

b b y pjc

c pz pc

p

INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR SMART

RENEWABLE POLICY: RECOMMENDATIONS

Gv U S, Ep,

vp c, b

c , c pp

v b y c-p

vp c T q v-

p cy-pcc pp pck

x c c c

T bc vc p pp c pp pck

c:

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b p vp

c vp , , p-

c;

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c;

3 Sbz cp k

c v

c cp;

4 Tcc cpcy b


8/50


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y pcy, b

pp c p -

b y p c vp

c

Acronyms

APERC A P Eccy Ry

C

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My Ey

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GERC Gj S Eccy C

GHG G H G

GNI G N IcGW G

HPPF Hy Pbc Pcy F

IAEA I Ac Ey Acy

IEA I Ey Acy

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C

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kW k p

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Ac

NARUC N Ac Ry

Uy C

MNRE I My N Rb

Ey

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OECD O Ecc

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(OECD)

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Ecc

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PROSOL UNEP P S

PV Pvc

RE Rb Ey

REC Rb Ey Cc

REED R Ey Ep Dvp

RPS Rb P S

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P

UNFCCC U N Fk Cv

C C

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WRI W Rc I


9/50


Ac cv Nvb 2010 A kp, b y xp 12

Ac, L Ac, A c (

Bx 2) c xpc -

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b

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pp b

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pp A xp b c, b

pv v

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bk by pp p, cy,

v b b xp,

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pp

W c ccy c

c y p, ,

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y p, p, b5 W

cc vp ,

5 U , c yp b y c pp

Introduction

1T pp k pp y ky cp b y

pcy vp c, b --

xpc T pp

c y ky

cp pp

py b c b

cv T pp p

v by pjc-by-pjc

ppc b y pcy

ppc c v

v c-p py by

W b y pcy the set


lead to an increased share of renewables in total

electricity consumption in line with a countrys devel-

opment objectives. S b y pcy

c pv v, cv bjc-

v c-cv y, p c

v, vp p,

ccb, pcpy pc

T y p pp b

W Rc I (WRI) c

c c, ccy c vc,

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cp, v4 T c-

vy kp

WRI Hc B F N

4 T pp cb b v WRIpjc T T D Iv pjc k c, , pcyk, pc c c b v c y, c py, p:///pjc/v T Ec cy Gvc Iv, j pjc WRI Py Ey Gp, k c c-k cv cy p pcy, ccby, pbc pcp ccy c, p:///pjc/ccy-vc T I F-c F Ev Pjc k pv v c c k pc pbc pv I Fc I, p:///pjc/-c-

Case study countri

Brazil

India

Indonesia

Kenya

Mexico

Morocco

Mozambique

South Africa

Sri Lanka

Philippines

Tanzania

Thailand


10/50


y c k pc,v

vp 6 T vp

cy pc c T

cz c

xy c c -

ccp b7

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p y v c yz

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p pp k

c, b cz ccpc v b cx- cy-

pcc T p y

y cc

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pcy cc pp

c

T c p k pp b

y b c

b py T pp

6 A b b x cp, I

Ey Acy 80 pc bcc cpcy b 2008 2035 kpc -OECD c, vp SI Ey Acy, World Energy Outlook 2010 (P,Fc: IEA, 2010), 620-21, 652-53

7 Acc U N Sc Dv, b cv vp vp c U N y Ic pcc, Jp A; C U S Ac; A N Z Oc; c Ep c vp T W Bk v vpc cc p c v c p T c c- (GNI p cp US$995 ); cc (GNI p cp $996 - $3,945); pp c c (GNI p cp $3,946 - $12,195); c c (GNI p cp $12,196 ) T Bkc - -c c vpb , T cv; py c p xpc vp c v c p vp Cc by c cy c vp (Sc: WBk Cy Cc - p://bk/b/cy-cc )

pb b c- b cv vp

c c xp k

b c T

k p pp

c bck

Cp 2 xp ky ccp cb

cx b y pcy by T

x v cp c k ky

b y pcy, c

, y

pp T cp p y (Cp 3), - -

b cv (Cp 4), b pcy

y k (Cp 5), cv

c c (Cp 6), cy

cc v (Cp 7) T

c z

Cp 8


11/50


DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE GLOBAL

ENERGY TRANSITION

T v jy cc cpcy

b x c b

vp c T I Ey

Acy (IEA) cc c

y ;

80 pc b cc cpcy

b 2008 2035 xpc k pc

-OECD c, p c

y qv vp (

Tb 1) T cpcy b -OECD

c v p p cpcy OECD c y8

A , b y y

pc

b c I

2009, b cc 47 pc

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c py p ,

by y cpcy , -

, pc y v p c

y pp b y 10

M x b pcpcy vp c11

8 A cc, b I Ey Acy,World Energy Outlook 2010 (P, Fc: IEA, 2010), 620-21,652-53

9 S REN21, Renewables 2010 Global Status Report(P:REN21 Sc, 2010), 53 T cc b IEA, IAEA, REN21 M , v b y cpcy vp - v c y 2009, U N Ev P B-b N Ey Fc, Global Trends in Sustainable EnergyInvestment 2010. Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing

of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency. (U NEv P, 2010), 12-13 B c y

10 F vv x pc vp c, REN21, Renewables 2010 Global Status Report(P: REN21Sc, 2010), p://21/P/97/c/GSR/REN21_GSR_2010__v%20Sp2010p

11 Ib, 4

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cy v

pc

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py

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y pc T v by

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cc vp c

p I Tz, pcy bjcv

cb c

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, bck, cc13 T

I My N Rb Ey

pv p

b y: I c, -

b, vy b y

12 REN21, GSR 2010. N Pv,Jumpstarting Global GreenGrowth: International Climate Strategies in the New Transatlantic

Context, GMF C & Ey Pp S (W, DC:T G M F U S, Nvb2010), p:///c/pbc/pbc_v?pbc=1369

13 C Gc A Mb, Country Case Studies:Thailand & Tanzania. Feed-in-Tariffs and Small Power ProducerRegulations (W, DC: W Rc I,Nvb 22, 2010), p:///vp-cy-b

Context and Concepts

2


12/50


bc pcp cc vp-

c cy I c

y cv y-ccy

v p py

y y, b y bc

ky p ky py

cy p

p, pv y cc, ccp , p I

p cb vp py14

I S Ac, Dp T

Iy Dp Pbc E-

p c b b y

v v I

Pcy Ac P T v v by

z b cc b:

I vp v

c ppy [b] y, xp

cpv, b vp-

b b cy

vp b b-S Ac,

14 MNRE, Renewable Energy in India: Progress, Vision, andStrategy (N D, I: My N RbEy, Gv I, 2010), 11, p://v/p/-pp-c2010-25102010p

- y cy, cyz

c 15

Nv, pp

p c cy bz b v

p b v T

cc c, cz by c

UN c cc Cc Dcb2010, b

x 2 C bv p-

v v ccpb c c

k16 Hv, c b

c c p

vp vp c b

U N Cp Acc

c y b y ,

p ky p

15 DTI, Unlocking South Africas Green Growth Potential. TS Ac Rb Iv, Up B (P:T Dp T Iy, Dcb 2010), 9

16 U N Fk Cv C C,The Cancun Agreements: Outcome of the Work of the Ad HocWorking Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under theConvention, Dc 1/CP16, pp 4

All ElectricitySources

Fossil FuelsNuclearRenewables

450 ScenarioNew Policy ScenarioCurrent Policy Scenario

Non-OECD Countries OECD Countries

Figure 1: Projected Growth in Global Electricity Capacity, 2008-2035

19%

23%

3%

55%

38%

36%

22% 24%

57%

11%

8%4%

Distribution of new capacity expected based onpolicies and measures already formally adoptedand implemented.

Distribution of new capacity expected based oncurrent policies and new policy commitments thathave already been announced.

Distribution of new capacity needed in order tostabilize global atmospheric greenhouse gaslevels at 450 ppm of carbon dioxide equivalent

Source: International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2010

(804 GW)

(946 GW)

(2271 GW)

(135 GW)

(178 GW)

(1389 GW)

(1476 GW)

(851 GW) (950 GW)

(2190 GW)(454 GW)

(293 GW)

Figure 1: Projected Growth in Global Electricity Capacity, 2008-2035


13/50


b b 25 5 C17

T IEA c , pc,

cc cpcy

vp c b p by

( IEA C Pc c,

Tb 1) T c

b

y vp , b pp

y c by c

T N Pcy c, c

cy c p, , pc y c c

pp p y,

k c b cp

C Pc Hv, p

cp v b 450

c, c cb py

bz pc cc

v 450 p p CO2 qv

cy k 2- b I

c, y

b 15 pc, b cc

q cpcy18

My cc xp pc

pcc p b y x

vp c T p q

b y -

y c xp-

c pb y

pp,

cc c b c p p

c

17 M Ez , The Emissions Gap Report: Are the Copen-hagen Accord pledges sufficient to limit global warming to 2 deg. Cor 1.5 deg. C? A preliminary assessment(U N Ev- P, 2010), 48-50

18 A cc, b I Ey Acy,World Energy Outlook 2010, 620-21, 652-53

A NEW ROLE FOR INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT

T vp c v y

p b , y

pp

-cb cy19 T c

b, c ck cpcy, k

ky b

y pp qcky c

q b p

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pp

T bc, U S, Ep ,

vp c c p k

pb I pbc

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cyz b y py

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vp bk, b c,

Gb Ev Fcy, , cy,

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c D p 1997-2005, b

c ccvy v

v $14 b y b y vp c20

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c c

c pv cy

cp vp cy v

c c c

v x y T p q pp-

y v x p b

y pp T x p c b

xpc vp

c c b cpcy bk pck c

19 Pv, Green Growth.

20 D Tpk H A, B cc y c vp c, ClimatePolicy 8, 2 (2008): 135151


14/50


b y pcy p pjc-by-pjc ppc

Cp j c v

, c c cvz

b p v

v pc21 Pcb -

k vp c b

cp cc b c

c b y , bc

y c v p

v c, c jb

c, xp

22

O j b b y py-

vp c c

c cp cv

I c v cc-

y py b by -

v pjc, c p b

by pbc pcy23 I vp c,

c c c

cc vp v py,

c bz c pp

c c ;

ky b cv -

21 T c b(xc y) v c c k v b y pcy k pcS REN21, GSR 2010; J F Kk, T H, LWc, It Should Be a Breeze: Harnessing the Potential ofOpen Trade and Investment Flows in the Wind Energy Industry,PIIE WRI Wk Pp (W, DC: P I I Ecc W Rc I,Dcb 2009); J F Kk , Toward a Sunny Future?Global Integration in the Solar PV Industry, PIIE WRI WkPp (W, DC: P I IEcc W Rc I, My 2010)

22 WRI c b PV y c c pc c pcb v b b cp p v c c c jb pp c b, - S Kk, H-, Wc, It Should Be a Breeze, Kk ,Toward a Sunny Future?

23 REN21, GSR 2010

c k -c b - y pb

Hv, vp

c c W-

cpv b y

pcy c p c c p, xp

by v - b by p

q pp v c-

y 24 I y, b

y pcy c p pbc

b vp cy

c cv c y By c v,

b y pcy p

b c b y c-

, y c bc cy vb

D c c xpc b b

c c v

S b y pcy vp

c c c xp k b

y cy pc c

Hv, b xpc vp

c p cy qp

T - b

b xpc c b k

pp v

c py b

T cpc pv

cc qcky ppc,

vp b c, p,

c pc, vy pv

b c y y

c y p

I c b xpc c c

pc pv T z

k c , c

c, c pcp T

24 W ky by pcy b, cp 4


15/50


c b y c b c

c c c25

PRINCIPLES OF SMART RENEWABLE

ENERGY POLICY

W b y pcy he set


lead to an increased share of renewables in total elec-

tricity consumption in line with a countrys develop-

ment objectives.

My vp c v y xp- b y pc

by pjc-by-pjc-ppc, b

k c c

v py c B

xpc 12 c y c

p Rb Ey

Pcy Wkp x ,

ky pcp b y

pcy c b T ky pcp

by c b T x cp

c pcp pp

pcc

1. Smart renewable energy policy is a compre-

hensive package. Dvp cy xp

pcp kp

c j b y

py cv c-

R, b y pcy

k cc b cx

b p S b y

pcy v c b v-

c p c ,

v c c, -b cc c, cc

cpcy

25 O b b k by c, Kk, H, Wc,It Should Be a Breeze, Kk , Toward a SunnyFuture?

2. Smart renewable energy policy is basedon clearly defined objectives. Wkp

pcp pcy

b c

A c c b,

bjcv

p , b c c

cy vp, y cc,

cc vp A c c-

pcy bjcv c p

b y pcy cb

cy b vp p

3. Smart renewable energy policy encour-

ages private investment. T b

kp pcp,

pp by x -

b y pcy, pc v

pc y v

pv v by p cv

pcb k c T c

v k v b ccz

, , :

L cv b c

k c b

pv bkby pjc;

L c

c z pjc ;


16/50


Box 1: Transparency, Accountability, Participation, and Capacity (TAP-C)

T Eccy Gvc Iv (EGI), j pjc WRI Py Ey Gp,

vp vc k z TAP-C pcp pcy, cc-

by, k pcp, cpcy vp b pcy

p pc, p pc c pjc pc,

c pc c v

Transparency and access to information: pc v c

c cz Ab pcy c cpv, ,

vby

Participation: p v k p c-k c ,

ppcv, p pb F pcp c cc v

pc pbc

Accountability and redress mechanisms: x c cy b v

c c-k, yc c p

pc, b c c j, y pc p k-

Capacity: cpcy v c c y py,

by pv cc c-k pc, cpcy cv

cy (pcy NGO ) yz pcp cvy1

1

Ap T Eccy Gvc Tk: Bck B Pcc P Accby EccySc J 2007 EGI j pjc WRI Py Ey Gp

L y b y

k, b b

p c, b

cc b,

c pv b - cp-

v v26

26 T , , k vp by p xpc b y c v pv p pcy b y M-v I Cc RbE Gy 2004 S Ky H, UnlockingFinance for Clean Energy: The Need for Investment Grade Policy,Ey, Ev, Dvp P Pp(L: C H, Dcb 2009), 8 Dc BkC C Av pp c,z pcy, vy cy S DBC C Av, Paying for Renewable Energy: TLC atthe Right Price. Achieving Scale through Efficient Policy Design (N Yk: Dc Bk Gp, Dcb 2009), 15

4. Smart renewable energy policy is cost-effec-

tive. I by kp pcp

pbc y b p c

y v bck by

py, xpy,

cy pcy bjcv Bc

bjcv c c, xp, v

- pc c pp

c vp

pcp cy

x py c, b

c c pcy v vb-

z

5. Smart renewable energy policy encourages

innovation. Exp kp


17/50


c pp by b py, pv

c y cpv

p T b

c c

pv pc, by,

y b y c-

b c c

bc p pc

-v v T,

v v c

c c v-

b p c pcc z-cb p

: c vp,

, py, 27

W v

y pp c vp-

p, kp pcp

v by b,

cyc pc, c

ppy c,

y y O c v

v by b c b by

y cv v c-cv- pc c

27 S T, P Z, C Ly, Innovationand Technology Transfer: Framework for a Global Climate Deal(E3G C H, Nvb 2008), p://3/p/c-c/3-p-c-v--cy--k---b/

6. Smart renewable energy policy is designedthrough transparent, accountable, and

participatory processes. A b c

b, kp pcp

cvy xp ck p,

p, ccb c-k

pc cv

c pcy p Cvy,

bc pcp ccy

c vc b b

c T pcp pcy,

ccby, k pcp,

cpcy (TAP-C, Bx 1)


18/50


Planning and Developing a Strategy

3Table 1: Renewable Energy Targets

in Different Countries

Country Target

Brazil N

India15% RE by 2020; 41 GW by 2017, 72

GW by 2022

Indonesia5% , 5% b, 5%

RE by 2025

Kenya N

Mexico 66% RE by 2012

Morocco 2 GW 2 GW by 2020

Mozambique

100 MW , 125 MW

y, 3 b p, 79,000

PV y c

South Africa 10,000 MW RE by 2013

Sri Lanka 10% -cv RE by 2015

Philippines A 6,972 MW by 2030

Tanzania N

Thailand N

Sc:P v b y pcy kp, p:///vp-cy-b N:

T Ppp py T I by v, b p S

T v cp c k b y pcy c

c

pcp bv p-

Ec cp

ky , c by xp

c I c p, c cp

c -

c pp b ppc

LESSONS LEARNED:

SUCCESSFUL POLICY NEEDS A PLANI xp py b,

v, cy, pv v

c cc b k

T p pv pcby

p pc y p

v cc p -

, , b v

cy, c xpc b

Official renewable energy targets are a crucial

first step. T c

c by py ccy

cv cx

cy vb c cpc D

ccy, c pv v

vby by pc c

b y py My vp

c v b y (

Tb 1)28

S c v c -

b y v p x,

28 I b kp pcp xpcc cc b c,k c k pc b c c cpcy cc by I , pcy b p y c

c India29 O c, c Indonesia

v c30

Y ppc

b cpcy F xp,

Philippines cy c

c b y cpcy by

6,972 (MW) b 2010

2030 T c b bk by

cy, xp c P-

29 S K, Cy C Sy: I (p Rb Ey Pcy Wkp, WRI, W, DC,Nvb 22, 2010), p:///vp-cy-b

30 Fbby T I Rb, Scaling Up Renew-able Energy Investments. Lessons form the Best Practice Modelsin Indonesia (W, DC: Bk I C, Jy2010)


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pp, 1,420 MW , 985 MW , 4,167 MW y, 200 MW b,

80 MW , 120 MW c y

R j pz b,

cc by cv

b k Ppp p

pc by p

pc S A31

Planning can grow more sophisticated as deploy-

ment expands; for serious scale up of renewable

energy, long-term planning will be necessary.

F v cc pjc y FT p,

y pcv

b y c

y y

y b pv I , c-

vp y--z pjc

vp xpc p

v v k B v

c, p c

pbby cc v pjc

xp c,

cc , vb I , c p

c p b b

b y b ccy

y

Thailand p cc p

p pc (SPP) vy p

pc (VSPP) b-p

vp b y c

cc , v

p pj-

c I SPP/VSPP c pbc p b

y vp p cy pc

31 P H M, Cy C Sy: Ppp(p Rb Ey Pcy Wkp, WRI,W, DC, Nvb 22, 2010), p:///vp-cy-b

, -v c T NGOk ccy v VSPP c c

ppy p T p

vp p b 200732

I Jy 2010, South African v

b vp I Rc

P (IRP 2010) c bjcv

b y vp x 20

y T S-Ac IRP xp

cpv ppc c

pjc, c vby, c

b c y, b ppy 33

Planning decisions need to be based on a trans-

parent and sound assessment of the full cost of

different options. Lv py

c y q -

c, b, k,

c y c cy

py y p pc T ,

c, ppy- k c

c ccy c b

c k p

c b y O xp c

c y

p pc c p

c , c y c

p c A , c

b pv cv v-

, xc

32 Gc Mb, Country Case Studies: Thailand &Tanzania. Feed-in-Tariffs and Small Power Producer Regulations.

33 H Tp, Status of renewable energy implementation inSouth Africa with a focus on the REFIT and the role of Multi-lateral Development Banks (W, DC: W RcI, Nvb 22, 2010), p:///vp-cy-b


20/50


cpcy34

I c p pz c x c

v Ty p

c vb c

b k z v

Ev c c

b y pjc T p

vp p, Thailand y

pp b y p I p,

p

c k cv (,

b y, c) p v py b y

B p q cp

p T vpp vc c-

- p

pc cc k

c

pc cv p c W

VSP p cc p,

c ppc, c p q

cv cb pc y -

c v c

D TAP-C ccp, T NGO

v vp v p vp-

p k vc

c

p c-k pc

W c pbc cy p p,

y p pp c vc

34 T Eccy R: Pvz B Scz C Rk, Cc SGc C Gc, Pacific Affairs V 77, 3,F 2004 A Mq, T O Dvp S Ac Ey Pcy, Uvy Cp T, J 2006p 168 A c c C Ek B Bbby G N P Cb CpT Fb 26 2010

v - p35

The planning process benefits from transpar-

ency, accountability, and stakeholder participa-

tion. Pbc cy

b b pc

y y A p, -

c p k c p v

, c jb c v

pc O, p pc b

p by v , p cb

pp p v c I c

b b -

v c, pc cc

cp c

Cv cy c py

pcy p

p p c (c p-

b c, k, )

cp vy b Cv cy p

p pc By

z xp y ,

p z p, c

vccy, p v v

p p p pc pbc cy

35 T NGO vp -k vyc c 14 c vc Eccy Gvc Iv k ppy Tp pc T c b - k k vc y c-k, y pv pcy pc pbc p B c-k pcy c VSPP ppy pT p vp p pp by T cvcy cb - ,c- b y, c c-c c c pjc pp cy: 54,005MW 8,535MW Pby Spk Nvk, Hy Pbc Pcy F, 14 A Acp Cc, Bkk 2010:p://ccyvc//2010/12/-14----cp-cc


21/50


I Jy 2010, South African vb vp I Rc

P (IRP 2010) c bjcv

b y vp x 20

y IRP 2010 c pcy

pvy c ccy p pc

b pbc Cv

cy bv v p b

p y

y p Hv, y v -

IRP y b

pv pp

c b b y c- cv c F

xp, cc b b

vp c b y qp-

c xpcy

IRP 2010

I S Ac, v c

c vp b y -

pc, b y ck cy

cpcy c v

p Acc cv cy

bv, ppc p- y, c -

b y vp, by

p cv y (c c)

xp cpcy T pcp-

cv cy p p pc

vc vb vp-

b c

p pc36

Cv cy z Thailandv

cc pv c-

k pc T NGO v k pv b pc bv

pc p pc,

TAP-C k T c vy

36 Tp, Status of renewable energy implementation in SouthAfrica with a focus on the REFIT and the role of Multi-lateralDevelopment Banks.

p pc (VSPP) ppyp T P Dvp P

py NGO T p

cp b y ccy

ppy p y p y

c by xpv v-

y p p T

p vp p pp by T

cv cy cb -

, c, b

y c cc c c

pjc p p

cy, 54,005 MW 8,535 MW37

INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT: CAPACITY

DEVELOPMENT, INSTITUTION-BUILDING, AND

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE FOR SOUND POWER-

SECTOR PLANNING

I c pv cc -

c cpcy b c

vp p y

c F xp, Gb Ev

Fcy (GEF) pp pjc S Ac

2007 pv k, ,

y vp cy I

Rc P b 38

Sy, pp c

Rb Ey Ey Eccy P-

p v pp v G

Mzbq ppy p c-

37 P by Spk Nvk, Hy PbcPcy F, 14 A Acp C-

c, Bkk 2010: p://ccyvc//2010/12/-14---cp-c-c

38 Tp, Status of Renewable Energy Implementation in SouthAfrica with a Focus on the REFIT and the Role of Multi-LateralDevelopment Banks, 2010; S Nk A B-, Investing in Sustainable Energy Futures. MultilateralDevelopment Banks Investments in Energy Policy, WRI Rp(W, DC: W Rc I, 2010)


22/50


k c GIS yz bc , - 39

I c y, W Bk Ey Sc

M Ac P (ESMAP)

c c, c

cc c, pp -c

c vp p vy y

ppy c z- -cb c-

y p40

I pv cc xp, ,

, c pv

pp pc

cy p A

c bv p, ccb,

p pc z by y -

v cy cpcy cc

D c b cpcy

cv cy p y c py cv

p pc

39 p://p/_p/7217_pppA8Fp

40 W Bk, p://p/p/vv


23/50


y p pjc p by41

Pcyk c c b v yp

-b cv z

Tb 2, ky v

bck

T c, y pp

vp vp c,

pc c ccy c, -

p c Avy,

c c y b cv y py

pbc b T c k c-

c p c

pbc b c, pcy

jy vp c

cpcy c pb

v pcy py

Hv, 18 vp c cy v

FT, 5 v b RPS,

11 cpv b pc b

y Tb 3 z cv c-

c y c

In many situations, feed-in-tariffs are the most

appropriate generation-based incentives to

encourage private investment in renewable

energy. T FT y c-

v c by Svy-v pc

b pvc cpcy 45 pc

b cpcy pp by FT

200842 A v cv c

vp by Dc Bk C

C Av vc FT c

b ppp c pv

pcy, vy, cy pc v k I

41 S p c RbEy Pcy Wkp, vb p:///v-p-cy-b

42 REN21, GSR 2010, 23

Designing Generation-Based Incentives

4SELECTING A GENERATION-BASED INCENTIVE

T p

b k p b c

Pcyk

p c v by c-

v Pcyk c v

p c vb k v-

b p A c

xpc , -b

cv c ky cp

b x pcy y

G-b cv b c

cp, b b pcyv Cp 5

Policymakers need to choose an appropriate

incentive for their context. It is important that

incentives reward actual power production, not

just installation. O cc cp

b y pcy b vp

vp c c -

py b y pc

ccy, k pjc

ccy vb T py y

p bv k cvc I pb c cv

c k pc, bc

bz p cp c -

y c pjc b b

c v pz p-

c, c c,

v cc

A cv k pp

v b cc

b y b c

p pc T c FT India, Philippines, South Africa, Sri

Lanka p pc (SPP)

p Thailand Tanzania I

c Brazil India, p

pc b pc p k


24/50


Table 2: Generation-Based Incentives for Renewable EnergyIncentive Mechanism Defnition Advantages Disadvantages

Individual Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)

A PPA cc b ccy ( p p pc, IPP) by( p, y, , ccy pp),pcy c c ccy bb: , pc, y,c 1

A cy xpc b bcpcy

L cv cv, pcy cy b c

Feed-in Tariff (FiT)

T v p- p pc b p PPA

vy k b y U y q cc y qy

pc b ccy pc ccy I b-pcc FT, y by cy, b c-y-pcc c p b p, v z, c v, b v b

Pv v cy v

M y pcy by c pb

Dc ppp ; b

k pjcvb cv v, y v v-bz

Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS)

T v cv c b y, c c by , PPA, , y y, bypc Rb Ey Cc (REC) I

REC y, b p pc p k pc, b p c c b y pc, cc b p T

cv by RPS by cc y pvcpc

continued next page

Av c , p by k

Pv cy v

U by cy, y v xpv pjcyp cy

b ( y b vp xc xpv )


25/50


Sc: L Rv2

1 I b xpc pc PPA c b U c pc PPA v pjc PPA, pc cv c- b

2 O v -b cv c REN21, GSR 2010; K S Cy, T C, CKyck, Feed-in Tariff Policy: Design, Implementation, and RPS Policy Interactions, Tcc Rp NREL/TP-6A2-45549(G, CO: N Rb Ey Lby, 2009); IEA PVPS (I Ey Acy Pvc PSy P) 2009 P Dv G-Cc PV P: I Ey Acy; H R 2001 RvRp P S Eccy Rb Ey Sc EU C B: Ep C-; H, T E 2006 Photovoltaic Incentive Design Handbook. Np, CA: C P Rc; L JI, W RH (2007)F Rb Ey Tcy Iy: A I Cp W Iy Pcy Spp Mc- Ey Pcy 2007;35(3):184457; Rz, M, H, A, Rc, G, Fb, T, H, R, Hb, C, M, PE, J,SG, C, R, V, M, Rc, G, Kvc, I, Hy, B, 2007 A pz by pp c Ep ccy k, OPTRES F Rp, K; M, PE, A, H, G,A, Bc, I (2009) T Ecc W P W Ey: T Fc P T Avb p://-y--c/c//Cp3p

pjc vp Epc vc

EU py c

FT b , py, pp p kW FT y

pc cc RPS y44 Hv,

pcyk c b RPS c-

, Dc Bk C C Av

y pv

vc FT c b c RPS by

b pc

cc45

44 M, PE, A, H, G, A, Bc, I (2009)The Economics of Wind Power. Wind Energy: The Facts PartThree. Avb p://-y--c/c-//Cp3p

45 DB C C Av, Paying for Renewable Energy:TLC at the Right Price. Achieving Scale through Efficient PolicyDesign. T p FT RPSc, Cy, C, Kyck, Feed-in Tariff Policy.

Table 2: Generation-Based Incentives for Renewable EnergyIncentive Mechanism Defnition Advantages Disadvantages

Competitive Bidding

I y Cpv B, p- pjc c b p pc b vp Wv c pc cc vp pjc b p

Ac ypc- p

Dvp b pc pjc b vb v b c p

FT y c cy-

pcc pp v pcv

cy vp cb , y

k y vy pc b

cv43

I cy vy b

py pcy , pcy-

k cv x v -

b y py c

RPS y b ppp c

Hv, xpc vp c

y yc REC k

b y p ccy, c c c v k

, ,

43 DB C C Av, Paying for Renewable Energy:TLC at the Right Price. Achieving Scale through Efficient PolicyDesign.

(continued)


26/50


FT pv c

c y c, y v b byIndia, Kenya, South Africa, Sri Lanka,

Tanzania, Thailand( Tb 3) b

c by vp c,

xp N Mzbq46 A

Rb Ey Pcy Wkp Nvb

2010, y xp pcp c y

c xp pc FT, bc

y y-- y p

46 S DB C C Av, GET FiT Program: GlobalEnergy Transfer Feed-in Tariffs for Developing Countries, p 53-57 vv -- Ky,S Lk, S Ac, T, Tz T N- Eccy Ry C Rq Pp pp U S T Dv-p Acy vp k p ppc c PPA b y pjc, N Rb EyIPP Fk, Sc Nb 2010-11022A, vb p://bv/p/TDA/TDA1/TDA1/2010-11022A/, cc Mc 26, 2011

b pcp y cccy c pv v-

vp c T

qy cc

b FT cy

ppp p-

pc py B,

c p

k

Competitive bidding can result

in lower prices and be an appro-

priate incentive mechanism forlarge-scale projects. By ,

cpv b pp-

p c pjc,

pp c b

pjc U cpv b,

c v b

b cc vy

pc, cp FT

T , v, k pjc

vp b pc y

c

pjc b c p p-y

I Brazil, -y c v b cc

cx b c c,

b v-

ppy b b cp c

v c b c cp-

v b pc T vb pc

pvy x pc T

v 77 US c/kW p

p c

A 2010 cyp (146 167 c) pjc v-

p Bz x-pc c

B c b qp

cp c ,

Bz y c cv pc

Table 3: Generation-Based Incentive Mechanismsin Different Countries

Country FiT RPSCompetititve

Bidding

Brazil N N Y

India Y Y Y

Indonesia Y N N

Kenya Y N N

Mexico N N N

Morocco N N Y

Mozambique Uvp N N

South Africa Y N N

Sri Lanka Y N N

Philippines Y Y N

Tanzania Y N N

Thailand Y N N

Sc: P v b y pcy kp, p:///vp-cy-b


27/50


I b pjcvp c c z

v, v y

vy pc cpcy c F xp,

bv cpcy c pjc

Bz cv c (PROINFA)

0255 R G N

2009, cpcy c b 0451 0490

c I pjc

ccy p

c, b y cpv

Bz47

I China, v b y c vp

b pc , v-

p b b pjc c

b cp C -

b

c y cy b FT

y b pc

c c pc 48

LESSONS LEARNED:

GENERATION-BASED INCENTIVES CAN

BE MADE MORE COST-EFFECTIVERb y cv y py,

xpy,

A c, y b c-cv pb

b , by cy

bjcv c py,

by v c c I -

b cv cy pp by

, v

c c

c-cv

y B, c p c

c-cv pc b c-

v My p c FT,

47 S P, Status of Brazilian Renewable Energy Policy.

48 J L, P S, H G, 2010 China Wind PowerOutlook (Bj: C Rb Ey I Ac-, Gb W Ey Cc, Gpc, Ocb 2010)

y y p-c-b cv

Governments can increase the cost-effectiveness

of renewable energy support by reducing fossil

fuel subsidies. A cp

c b, v c

c c-cv b

y pc T c y

v py , by c

b

T c bjcv b y

pcy 1) b c b

, y c cp

, 2) b vp c

by cv c p Y,

cp y k by

b pv

T xc b y

k T IEA c

cp b $312 b -

200949 Bc c b

c cc, v

c c c b c cc Nv,

b IEA k q v

p b y

pp 200950

T b c b pb,

c p b b pbc

49 I Ey Acy, O EccC-p Dvp, W Bk, The Scopeof Fossil-Fuel Subsidies in 2009 and a Roadmap for Phasing OutFossil Fuel Subsidies, IAE, OECD, W Bk J Rp

Pp G-20 S, S (P, W, DC,Nvb 11, 2010)

50 Ax M, F F Sb A 12 T Spp Rb, Sy S, Jy 29, 2010, p://bbc//2010-07-29/--b--12--pp--b-y- N cc b v 12 , bc b IEA 2008 F pp c 2009; c 1:7


28/50


b c b pb y pc F, b

v c y Sc,

y c cpv vby -

b, y b p

pp p b cp S

b y pcy

c c b R-

b bc cpv pbc

bc vb b

y pp

Hv, y y pcy c, b pc b cy

c W y v

bk b ppy

v pp c, cvy

pv bc y

p51 Acc c by Gb

Sb Iv, b

b cc k pc

cc , , c

cpy pc y

cy pc (c pp

p, p p c, - vy

y ppy), vp cc

y k

b pc, c c

pcy b

pc52

Deciding how to fund an incentive mechanism

raises political and equity challenges that may be

more easily navigated with help from the TAP-C

principles. W p pv -

51 I Ey Acy, O EccC-p Dvp, W Bk, The Scopeof Fossil-Fuel Subsidies in 2009 and a Roadmap for Phasing OutFossil Fuel Subsidies.

52 T L, Cp B, B P, Strategiesfor reforming fossil-fuel subsidies. Practical lessons from Ghana,France, and Senegal(Wp, Mb: I I Sb Dvp, 2010), 8

b y pc -bcv, py p I c

b p ccy c,

b p pbc b, by xpy,

cb

ppc I pbc c c

py p p, c bv T

bv pc p

b cy c T pcy

p vp c,

k ccy c pv

p cc bc y vc A

xpc c cv c 1990 v , p

c xp b y

c c T bv

pc p c b , xp,

by c bck p

p y bck ,

y c v

ccy cp53

I c y c, b

p v b v v pc

p A c Cp 5, -p ccb pc

p c c p

cv c ccp qb

W Brazil -b c-

v cpp FT, p c

b ppc, p c by

vy y c y

cp bv 80 k 54

I Indian M,

pc b c

53 Nvz Db, Power politics: equity and environmentin electricity reform, WRI Rp (W DC: WRc I, 2002); S Nk, S Dx, Nvz K Db, Empowering people: a governance analysis ofelectricity, WRI Rp (W DC, P, I: WRc I, Py Ey Gp, 2007)



29/50


p b y cv-

ccy c 55

I Thailand, c c

90kW p v cv

ccy c Pc pc b-

c,

qy, p K b T T My

Ey Ey P Pcy Oc (EPPO)

yz pc VSPP & SPP -

py :

$000233/kW y 20102011

$000894/kW y 20122016

$000710/kW y 20172022

T , vy pc, pcy p,

v b v T Hv,

by p (c T)

cc b, c vy v b

p, pbby c56

A price premium that decreases over time can

drive performance improvement and cost reduc-

55 N R, Distributional Impacts of Climate Change Miti-gation in the Electricity Sector: Case Study of Maharashtra, India,D Wk Pp (S, CA: S Uvy,2010)

56 A p cc C Gc Cc S Gc P T, Mc 2011

Table 4: Wind Project Developers Cost Submissions Before the Electricity Regulatory Commissionin the Indian State of Andhra Pradesh

Client Submission Date Cost per MW (in million Rs)

Gujarat Alkalies and Chemicals Ltd. Mc 2007 514

Chennai Port Trust Ap 2007 536

Rajasthan State Mines & Minerals Ltd Ap 2007 516

ONGC Gujarat J 2007 608

Bharat Electronics Ltd J 2007 745

Sc: IWEA

tions. T b y pcy

k y c c cpv cv y c T,

v p pjc

c v F xp, Gy

C, FT py ck pjc

pc vc y b

FT pjc y57 T

c p k k v

xpc , k c, c-

c vp c py b

I c py vc,

c v pv vb v

, p v pv

c pc y pvy

cp pv Hv,

c , k v-b-

z py58 S ,

xp c c c vc

vp , b FT bc

pp, pcyk c c c

c p v v

57 F G c, BMU, 2009 EEG Payment

Provisions (B: F My Ev, NCv Nc Sy, A 16, 2008), p://b-///p/ppc/p/_v_p F C c, C Pbc U C, F-T Pc, Feed-in-Tariff Price, , p://cpccv/PUC/y/Rb/F-+T+Pc

58 F c p- c c, Kk , Toward a Sunny Future?, 13-14


30/50


Getting the price right at the beginning, based onan assessment of the technology, market condi-

tions, and resource availability, is critical for the

success of a FiT. A pc c FT

pc ,

by c pc k

A C Ey, G Gvc,

R F c-cv by WRI, I,

Py Ey Gp (Py)59 Cp T

My 2010, S Ac, I,

Mxc c cc b c vby cy p-

c c p -

v

I I, y c y

c b by v pjc

vp FT v Hv,

y c, v y, p

vby qp pv

Tb 4 cp c b by v

pjc vp A

P Eccy Ry C

(APERC) p T

b c 45 pc

b c T xp

yy ccy

y c pp

FT60

Sy, C Eccy Ry

C (CERC), v S

Eccy Ry C I,

cy c FT PV I 2010,

FT by CERC 18 pc

59 Py p c vccy b M, I I Ac ccy b Cp T, S Ac

60 Rj Dk, Renewable Electricity and Governance Cases from India (W, DC: W Rc I,Nvb 22, 2010), p:///vp-cy-b

by y c Gj Y Gj cc c

500MW cpcy pc (

Tb 6)61

FiTs are most effective if they are set at a rate that

reflects the cost of generation of the specific renew-

able energy technology. In order to save scarce

resources, they can also be set at a price that only

reflects the utilitys avoided cost, but this will limit the

FiTs impact. Icv c bjcv

cy y p c-

bjcv c c cy, pp b

cy pcc

I Thailand Tanzania, S P Pc

(SPP) pv -

cc, -

z p pc T pcc

b y c

c cc ccy

Tz b py y

v c v vp

py b y

p O , T py c-

y-pcc vp

v c

I Tanzania, p SPP b

v c y Tz

q p , pcy

, pc

ycc T p ,

Tz y pc cpcy

c y cy pc-

, p xpv

F SPP cc ,

cy y c, b

c b b pb Oy b 2

pc pp Tz

61 Ib


31/50


Table 5: Renewable Energy Online or with PPAs SignedUnder the Thai VSPP and SPP Programs, as of October 2010

VSPP (MW) SPP (MW) Total (MW)

PPA signed Generating PPA signed Generating PPA signed Generating

Solar 2,020 16 90 - 2,110 16

Biogas 85 69 - - 85 69

Biomass 2,108 710 70 583 2,178 1,293

Municipal

Waste

95 32 - - 95 32

Mini/micro

hydro

6 1 - - 6 1

Wind 67 0 - - 67 0

Total 4,381 830 160 583 4,104 1,364

ccy S v by

11 - by y

I c, SPP y

y py -

, b b cv

b c-y vp Ay,

PPA p p v b ,

c p p p by ,

cc k, c-yp, b pc p T c

b c b y

c vp pjc

b y62

Thailands SPP Vy S P Pc

(VSPP) c c 1992

2002 pcvy v b cc

v 1,300 MW b y

cpcy (S Tb 5)63 Sc Dcb

2006, p FT by

p v c, c - , by cy yp by


63 T Vy S P Pc (VSPP) p pp p 10 MW ccy xp T S PPc (SPP) pp 10 MW 90 MW

z A p-kW b pv

pjc -p cc

, pc

k pvc v

c y v cc T -

pv v y p

cy yp P - ,

vy VSPP - v

VSPP p p c2002 Bc p b b

v c, y pjc b

pjc, b, py k, cp

T cy-pcc - c

cy vy pp64

Caps can be used to control the cost of an incen-

tive mechanism. FT vp c

vy cpp T cp cy

c p v py,

c by, b c

vb c c Cp c v v cy;

k pjc y c

cp p cp, v-



32/50


c cc pjc v I

pbc c bc vb,

xp cb, x cpp

FT c b c p by c

cpy v cp

Cp v cpcy b pp pc, c, India Philippines; cp

x b pjc z

, c, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Tanzania,

India N S M

Combining different generation-based incen-

tives can also help control the cost of renewable

energy policy. T b

-b cv

c pjc yp F xp,

FT b c b

ppc c c yb pjc B cy

RPS cpv b

c, xp y c

cy b c

pjc c yp pjc

c pjc vp FT

bc c

I q c REC c-x

FT, v p pc xby

c y y bv b

pb Sc x India cy c Philippines65

I Ppp, b

REC b y b

y c cv by FT, c

A FT pjc vp

cy c y

, India b c

c b y xp A p

N S M, cpcy

500 MW pjc b ppv FT by

CERC D p pjc

vp, CERC p v c

65 K, Cy C Sy: I

Table 6: Different Rates for Solar PV in India Under FiTs and Competitive Biddingin Gujarat and at the National Level

Commission Date Levelized Cost

per kWh (US$)

without tax

benefts

Levelized Cost per

kWh (US$) with

tax benefts

Discrepancy

Gujarat State

Electricity Commission

(GERC) solar PV FiT

Jy 2010 - 028 -

Central Regulatory

Commission (CERC)

solar FiT

Mc 2010 040 03318 pc

GERC

Central Regulatory

Commission (CERC)

competitive bidding

NSM

Nvb 2010 027 (v) -

32 pc

FT

by

C


33/50


c pc b 32 pc FT y pvy ( Tb 6)66

Incentives need to be designed in a way that

limits speculation by imposing penalties or

canceling permits if no generation projects are

built. Mc b

c b cv c

pc cc p

F xp cpcy

b pp p pc

p qy, cp

v ppy p cy vp pjc

pc v p I

pp, c b bck

cpcy cy b W-

c p pc,

xp by p c p pjc

b p pc -

I Thailand, cp pp p

pc VSPP p

y vp pjc

I y cq PPA cv

c y pjc vp

T c cy b pc

py T pb

by c A b

b pjc v 100 kW q,

pjc pc p y

c c cv

cy-pcc -- p O-

y b67

66 Dk, Renewable Electricity and Governance Casesfrom India.


INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT: CAPACITY-BUILDING

AND INTERNATIONAL PUBLIC FINANCE

TO ADDRESS INCREMENTAL COSTS WITH

PREDICTABLE GENERATION-BASED INCENTIVES

A pcy v, cv c,

k b vp

c vv,

pbc c I v pp

b y pc, y v

c y pp pc-b c-

v T vv b cpcy b

cc c p-

c-b cv c cv A

xpc p-

FT x vp , S-

S xc y b ppp c

b cpcy c (

Bx 2)

Pv pbc

c cv c

vv c c v

p I b ppc

, b c v vpc c p b

vp

Mc pv v -

k xpv c

-b cv c

pp c b vy cv v v

c T H Lv

Avy Gp L T Fc c

by UN Scy G c

vc k c c

c c pv cp by v k

p68 Sv z

v pp k FT vp c

68 H Lv Avy Gp L T Fc, Reportof the Working Group 7, p 21


34/50


b pp c T

, v c v -

b y vp c bc ypcv k , FT c b

p k Hv, b

FT c b p cp

b y pcy c p

py b

cb vp b, py

xpy vp c b

c c A - pbc c c

pv pc p O

b pp, GET FT ccp,

vp by Dc Bk C C

Av ( Bx 3)

Box 2: South-South Exchange of Experiences Between Thailand and Tanzania1

T b S-S xc xpc b T Tz,

c T xpc vy p pc (SPP/VSPP) p

T p Tz vp SPP ppp cx T

p c T Tz c, ppcb c-

, , p c p SPP c vp

c c, c U S, cb c-

y cp cv vy pb B b cc SPP

c vp vp c Tz vp

ky b

I Mc 2010, W Bk p pv b Tz T k cp T VSPP p T cp

Tz My Ey c, y , pv cy -

y y, c, pjc vp T k cc q T

cp, y c c p v

y v SPP A pjc vp b cy Tz b

cc k cv b p Bkk, c

qp Fc My Ey c ($16 ) -

c v y by cc bk p jp

pc by cc

A xc k y p b y Tz W T pcy

T y p VSPP p T y pp cz VSPP p FT

cc A p, T y c v b Tz y

p SPP c pv c c pp SPP cc

Chris Greacen, Palang Thai

1 F v, C Gc, South-South Policy Transfer: Thailand & Tanzania (W, DC: WRc I, Nvb 22, 2010), p:///vp-cy-b


35/50


Box 3: The GET FiT Program

T Gb Ey T F- T P (GET FT) ccv by Dc Bk

C C Av (DBCCA) Jy 2010 p v U

N Scy G Avy Gp Ey C C (AGECC) p

ccp v b y v vp 1 DBCCA p

GET FT, pp c pbc-pv pp pp b

b y c-p y cc

T GET FT ccp b p pv b - pp v 160

xp cp b-p, pv c ppcv b y c

vp k2 I by xp b p p , by

vb c cy p vp b y

T GET FT v c yp pp: 1) c pbc c

c b y cv, 2) k c

c, 3) c cc c -c b c

b v pjc vp

Sc b y pc b p c vp cy cx, GET FT

pp p

pp pcy

by -

(F 2)

I c c,GET FT cb

pbc c

bv-k c

b ccy

p c,

c

pc ccy

k pc

T bz v

c c -

1

F pp, DB C C Av, GET FiT Program: Global Energy Transfer Feed-in Tariffs for DevelopingCountries, vb bccc

2 GET FT b p pp c vp by: A Hc Wk Gp L- Cpv Ac, E-p C J Rc C, UN Dp Ecc Sc A, Ep Rb Ey Cc Gpc, W F Cc, W W Ey Ac, I Rb Ey Ac, PjcCy

3 DB C C Av, GET FiT Plus: De-Risking Clean Energy Business Models in a Developing Country Context, F-c Rp (N Yk: Dc Bk Gp, 2011)

Targeted GET

FiT SupportGET FiT Solution

Avc

F- T

Pv pp py bv-kp by pc y

vc - -,ccz, b c

LP PcA(PPA)

U p pc p-FTy c c c c, c v -cy ck c

M- O-G App-c

Ap FT pcp c p-c-b cv cz - y , pcy -, c

Figure 2: Project types addressed under GET FiT.3


36/50


W p

c FT x , x

c c T C

Dvp Mc (CDM), cb-k

c c Ky Pc,

xp pc-b

c pv c k

k pv ( c,

c b c c pv k pc)69 Cb

vp pv-c

v b vp

c I 2009, v b -

(, b, yp) c

23 pc CDM k70

69 H Lv Avy Gp L T Fc, Reportof the Working Group 8

70 W Bk, State and Trends of the Carbon Market, 2010;H Lv Avy Gp L T Fc,Report of the Working Group 8, p20 I b

y c pc y v CDM pjc b b CDM pjc vp A b pp CDM p b c p-c v pjc pc, xpc c pc, c c v c pc xc pcI c, y b pv byp z ppc b- pjc-by-pjc b c

T c pcz

vp bk c

pp c c v p

vb pv cc-

c c p c py

-cb c T C Iv-

F (CIF) c v

xp k by v p

vp c b p bcv y c cy T

$63 b b Jy 2008

p 2012, c

W Bk vp-

bk T c pp by

j c v

U K, U S, Jp A

My 2011, 14 v v p

CIF T bk ($476

b) c pp py

c y c k -

v c (GHG)

jc vp c71

71 Pycp, C Learning from the Climate Investment Funds,World Resources Institute, Nvb 2010, p:////2010/11/-c-v-

c pv c cp b c c b b

y pjc43I pv c c cv, GET FT ccp

c k by v

pcy c

W pp - pc, GET FT v cz,

pcpv ppc pp b y I c c, pbc c c c

cv , cc c b bz ppp pp

b T GET FT ccp p c c b xby

p pcc cx c b c b, , b b

Christina Hanley, Meister Consultants Group

4 F c py c, : DBCCA (2010), GET FiT, p 18

Box 3: The GET FiT Program (continued)


37/50


T CIF, C TcyF (CTF), c b pp vp

c v p c j

pp c

c q -

pp My p pb

p c c pp

-b / y cc c

c c b b pv c

v p by -c

pcc c c c

b y pc (c FT

p) vp cy

I , W Bk ESMAP

c vv c c-

, cc c

pp -c c b

p vy y ppy c

z-cb cy p72 I vp

k Ac xp c c

c p c p c

FT p

Pv x FT

c vp c b

cv y v

x pc FT vp

y c b pcc

vp , cpp, c-

y-pcc, cb FT pv

vy cy v Bc

cc c c, vp c-

v b FT

p

F xp, c Tz SPP

b c b y

c pp vp

pjc b y Tz

c p cy-b

SPP p , b ky

72 W Bk, p://p/p/vv

pp b b 73

I c c, c p b

b vp cy py

c p

pp c-p

y:

FT c c c

c

FT b v c

b cy-pcc c

Cp cpcy pp by FT

c v cp



38/50


LESSONS LEARNED:

SMART RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY NEEDS

STRONG INSTITUTIONS, SOUND PROCESSES,

AND WELL-DESIGNED REGULATIONS

Spy pv -b cv

cv c c b

cp c p

b y py A b

v p pc

p

I pv p, WRI vp -

k b b y v z pcy-

k c y

pcy74 B x pc, -

, cpc ccy

c c b pbc pv v-

b y p,

pp k p

y cy c p b

pv ccy vc

cc, c v c

( Bx 4)

Any generation-based incentive needs to be part

of a broader set of power sector rules and regula-

tions. F xp, cc y

b q p

cc b y pjc

T cc bc -b cv

y p pc c pc

p , b

p pjc c cc A

xp cy b

v cy ,

p, c by pjc

74 Nk B, Investing in Sustainable EnergyFutures. Multilateral Development Banks Investments in EnergyPolicy

I Thailand, SPP/VSPP p c -cc Ty p y

y jc ppc ppc cy

cpc pb cc -

T p c

cc p, bc pv

pcb y v y -

p p pc ccy

b b by y75

D xcy b y

pjc b c c b c-

c c Expc cy pp Mexico

vc p , y cy

vv, pv b c

b v pjc y pc

76

Institutions and procedures for transparent,

accountable, and participatory decision-making

can lead to better decisions and improve public

support for renewable energy programs. G

vc cc pc b

y pcy W pcyk

p pc, y c

y q F xp, b

-b cv, y y k: Wc

c yp pjc b

c? W cpcy ? Wc

ppp c? Wc c-

c b pp

b pjc? I FT , c

ppp b ? W py?

T vby cc k-

xpc c c

p k c I ,

c v p, ccb,


76 P B, La Ventosa Mexico Wind Case Study (W-, DC: USAID, Spb 2009)

Creating an Enabling Policy and

Regulatory Framework5


39/50


pcpy pc -

cy y q

b y pcy

A cp FT PV

p I bv , k

pp v b,

bc p pjc v-

p b c v

cpcy c-cck Cv cy -

z v py p c

yy b c b

y c pc -

b y - p vp p

Y p cv cy pcp

c-k pc b pc

pc b y -

z Acc vy by

US N Ac Ry Uy

C,

F, cv cy z ck

cy cpcy, c cc

y pc y Sc, y pcv y pc

v by v -

77

T v b xp

v cv cy pcp c y

c W pp cpcy

vp b, c

b pc cx Ay pc

by Hy Pbc Pcy F (HPPF),

P T, NGO Thailandv

b c c p VSPP p

p vp p T p

77 NARUC, T R C Oz EccySc Pc I: R NARUC Gb Svy,2006 Fy- z 38 c p NARUC Gb Svy

Box 4: WRIs 11 Point Framework on Enabling Investments in Sustainable Energy

Policies & Regulations

L- y p

Pc c y ccy

Pc p b y

Acc ccy p

Pc c c ccy c cp

Sby v c p vby b y

p

Institutional Capacity & Governance

Excv c cpcy b ccy

Ry c cpcy v p b ccy pcy

U cpcy p y ccy b

Tpcy pcy, p, y pc ccy

Sk pcy, p, y pc


40/50


c p y ccy bc ppy p 78

I South Africa, I, G Cc, S-

b Ey Ac, NGO v y

p p pc c

p pbc c, c pc

ppcv y -

by c 79

Py y C Ey R Cv

Scy I c p pbc

p b y

byIndian y c80

T y, c v y pc

cc k v v I

, cc

F, ck b b -

b y, c c vby, c,

pc y

ccy pc cv cy z

b ppy yz y c

p , k

p vby q c

T c y b

c v cz

cv cy pcp, c

pcp y cp F cv

cy z, c v

y pc

v T b cyc -

, cv cy z y y

78 P by Spk Nvk, Hy PbcPcy F, 14 A Acp C-c, Bkk 2010: p://ccyvc//2010/12/-14---cp-c-

c79 Tp, Status of Renewable Energy Implementation in South

Africa with a Focus on the REFIT and the Role of Multi-LateralDevelopment Banks

80 Py Ey Gp, C Ey R CvScy I: N C Ecv Pcp,Ocb 2010 , p://ccyvc///C_y__c__p_c10p

y pc, pcp pc b cp by pjc vp

c, p b pp

pc b y

ccy b

Processes should allow for periodic review and

changes to the generation-based incentives if

necessary. I cpcy pc

, v, c b

cc

T vc v

ccc India p

b y pc cc v F

c, Py cpv y ,

, b I v

b p pv pb

yy A pcy v

yy c-

, Py p pc v

c cv pc81

INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT: BUILDING POLICY,

REGULATORY, AND INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY

W cy, b

v c c-

cy c pv cpv

c pv v by, y

v cy py

c b v pccy

p pv v c y

v, c b y82

S c

p cv b v-

F xp, Gb Ev

81 Py Ey Gp, C Ey R CvScy I: N C Ecv Pcp,Ocb 2010

82 Db, Power Politics: Equity and Environment in ElectricityReform; Nk, Dx, Db, Empowering People: AGovernance Analysis of Electricity.


41/50


Fcy (GEF) pp pjc S Ac 2007 , ,

y p b

y, c xp v

FT cy c pv v

b y83

Sy, C Ac, I-Ac

Dvp Bk pv cc -

c pp G, C Rc, P,

vp pcy y

, A Dvp Bk

pp cv Pk, S, I84 B c v pp

cv, c Fc Dvp-

Acy pp y c

p b M85

I c y, W Bk ESMAP -

c vv c, c

cc c, pp -

c c vp p vy

y ppy c z- -cb

cy p86

Nv, 2010, WRI y pppv by vp bk

pp

c b v, c

pc c

pv v b y c-

T c pp cv cy

z pcp cb

pcyk p pc

83 Tp 2010; Nk B, 2010

84 Nk B, 2010

85 p://bc/cc--v-b-c/001B1005261A+-20------p----c---cc?ScSMp=1190

86 W Bk, p://p/p/vv

A vp bk y pp b cv,

y , xp, 79 v-

p pcy by W Bk,

I-Ac Dvp Bk, A

Dvp Bk b 2006 2008, y

pjc v

11-p k b b

y v ( Bx 4)87

M pp c c

pp cv cy z pc-

p cb pcyk p pc I pbc c-

c b y b b,

c b pv p

b pcp Acc yc c

p p cv cy z-

cc cpcy T p c

b c c b

z b k cv cy

z c qby

pc y c b p T ,

, b b y

c v p ppy pp cv cy pcp

c cpcy cv cy pcp

87 Nk, B


42/50


c Ov , IREDA c vby b y pjc

I, c c cc

bk c c c -

b y pjc89

I Brazil, N Dvp Bk

(BNDES) pc c c

b y pjc, c

y 60 pc cy pc

qp90

INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT:

SUBSIDIZED CAPITAL AND RISK MITIGATION TO

ADDRESS INCREMENTAL INVESTMENT NEEDS

AND HIGHER COSTS OF CAPITAL

G by c b v-

, c y

b cy c b

cy b c-p v

b y c Sc b

c c c

c pjc, c v

p c cp v,

c cp k pcp

V v b p

k, c pv

c b bz cp, cb-

c c vp

cv c pck, -

c c c

F xp, R Ey Ep Dv-

p (REED)91 p, UN Ev

P (UNEP) v, pv

cp - cy 89 M, W L, P Financing Renewable Energy,Dcb 2005, K Wb (KW)Eckbk


91 UNEP REED P p://p///c_/

LESSONS LEARNED:

BETTER FINANCING CONDITIONS ARE CRUCIAL

P c p cp -

-b cv by c v k

p cp

T c v b cc

py b y b vp

vp v y p-

c cv c c

b y, b v k p

c c vby pjc T

p c c x cv y

cc cp p c

T ppc : T

c cp, p b cv by

-b cv A c bv,

b c b y

py by bz cp c ,

cv y ky bjc-

v c p pc T,

ppc b cy bc cp-

c

I Thailand, SPP/VSPPp, v 4 b b

($133 ) 13 cc bk 05

pc c cp

pv p 50 b

($16 ) p pjc p-

4 pc 88

T Indian Rb Dvp Acy

(IREDA) pv - c p

70-80 pc pjc c T

pjc p cpv

cb y - I b p cpcy v

c IREDA b p c

cp k by b pv


Providing Attractive

Financing Options6


43/50


pv c pjc-by-pjc b92

Sc p c cp

pjc, pv , by pv

vby pjc Hv ppc

pjc c c c

S p v cb b-

z cp F xp, I Rb

Dvp Acy (IREDA) cb

cc c v-

p c c A Dvp

Bk, KW, W Bk,

Gb Ev Fcy pv - c p 70-80 pc pjc

c93

IREDA b p c cp

k by b pv

c Acc c cp by v-

cc c c b

v cv I V, xp,

W Bk c 80 pc

pv by cc bk b

-c b y pjc, by

c cc pjc94

UNEP y c

P S 2004 2007 (PROSOL),

p T c

c y95 PROSOL p

vp k by pv

c pp cpcy -

c cp b

pc T p by

PROSOL p c

pcp bk T, c k

92 C Fc Op, UNEP Rb Ey E-

p Dvp (REED) p://ccp/c//45

93 M, W L, P Financing Renewable Energy,Dcb 2005, K Wb (KW)Eckbk

94 W , 2010

95 Fc C C, UNEP 2008

c c c py p- c-p v b

y c

A xp b

c cv c pck Pp-

p ppc c p T P-

pp Rb Ey B c cb

c pck by c bk cb

pp ky ccy

kck- -

cy U c, c bk pv

p v pp pjc v-p, c 50 pc c

T pv y

c D

I Dvp Acy, Ppp

Exp Ip C Acy, K Exp

Ip Bk, Jp Bk I

Cp96 Sy, I Fc

Cp p Pp-

p pp c bk c

b y pjc by pv cc

c pp c c

p p 50 pc pcp97

96 P H M, Cy C Sy: Ppp(p Rb Ey Pcy Wkp, WRI,W, DC, Nvb 22, 2010)

97 p://ck//16504_0410pp_p


44/50


LESSONS LEARNED:

TECHNICAL CAPACITY AND INFRASTRUCTURE

ARE NECESSARY

Dvp, , p,

b y pjc q pcc cpc-

Sk p,

, p p

b y

cc Pjc qp-

p pc

c vby pjc cc

Svc pv, bk cc

cp, cy vp pjc

A c y b ppy

cp p qp c

ccc v T x,

cy cc cpcy c

b y c, b v

b p b b

T c p

pp c-y -p c p b

cpcy

The unique challenges renewables pose for grid

infrastructure in terms of transmission and inter-

mittency need to be addressed. Rb y

ccc k c

p F, b y c-

b: I b pc

c pp c Y c -

c v b vp

cv k c , c c b

p c vy c

pp c Sc-p py

b y q b c, cc

c b y

c Spc b p

pc k y

Sc, b y vb T ccy pc by

b y c p

y A pb pv

ccy ccy vb

T q p c

y ppy

T ccy pc by b

y c p

y M q

p y bc ppy ccy

ccy cy T-

y, ccp by p ppy W c v

k y

c, p b ppy

y y Fc

ppy c b c p

p W

b y cpcy v pz

pc ccy

c, vc cy,

pc pc, c p -

c cv p

Bundling of renewable energy projects into

clusters can help transmission planners prioritize

geographic areas for building new grid capacity.

T p c v -

cpcy p

c-p b y vp, pjc

b c pcy , c

pp ppcv v T pc

pz q -

p pc,

pv c k, -

c q pppyc c

IMexico, p c pv

Oxc c c

cb b-

vp y T

Building the Necessary

Technical Environment7


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Oxc vy y c, p 10,000 MW p

b 2,000 MW pjc

Hv, c

c cc cpcy

c Mxc T

pbc y c c cy

xp pbc T p

b b c

c p cpcy

b vp p by -

I pbc y c

b c pjc vp c -

c py 80 pc c98

INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT:

TECHNICAL CAPACITY BUILDING AT THE

OPERATIONAL LEVEL

By pv pp c b

v v vc

c b, v py

pp by -

pjc v, b k

cc cpcy b

p v

I Cb, Cb, P, xp,

UK Dp I Dvp

vp p-by-p v p-

c-y, , b, y

b vp bc k v

- pb99 I p

by GTZ, DID G qv,

p b y

98 Fcc J B, A Op S Sc DvpT Icc Iv LW F Mxc (W, DC, Ap 1, 2009),p://cbk/INTENERGY/Rc/335544-1232567547944/5755469-1239633250635/Fcc_J_Bp

99 p://vk/4/PDF/Op/R8018Tcc-pp

z 200 , 1,500 vc c y

p C100

Pv pp cp -

b cpc q

b y c, c -

cy I cc c p

p v, A Dvp Bk

pv pp S G Cp

C vp p, c-

c b y ccvy

, p p cy, y 101

100 G Tcc Cp, W p c c pjc, p://z///-pzk/c/8641

101 p://b/Dc/TAR/PRC/43053-01-PRC-TARp


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T k pp yz c vp c b y

pcy c, cc

pcy b c p b y

Scc ppc vy by cy, b

c :

S b y pcy c k

by pcb, c-

cv, -b cv

pc v

S b y pcy vp,

p, p c-

k pc p,

ccb, pcpy

S b y pcy

cy cc cpcy, c

c, c pc

pp py

W pcy x y b cx-

cy-pcc, cc

c pp v

c Pcyk v-p c k

cc pc

pp Cv cy pv

c vp c p

ky pcp cp b

y pcy D

c pp p-

pc c pcp

b y pcy

T pp v U S, Ep, vp

c, b pp

, ppc

z c pp v -

b y c-p vp c T

q vp cy-pccpp pck x c

c c T bc

vc cc pp

pp v by pjc-by-pjc

c cy- c-b

p

b y pcy

T pp v c:

1. Technical assistance, capacity development,

and institution building to help developing

countries develop strategies, targets, and

policies. T c:

A v pcyk

cpcy cc k-

, y c p, ,

v b

y;

A v y

p, ccb,

pcpy c-k pc;

Cpcy b cv cy

z cvy pcp

p y pc,

k b y pcy

cv c;

Spp by - cc c

pjc, bc k

v

cc b b pp

- pp

2. Grant-based international public financing

for generation-based incentives to cover

additional cost. T pp

cy vp y b cc

Recommendations

8


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cv pjc-by-pjc pc pp

C y v b

y pc -b

cv pc p ppy

z b

vy y F xp, cy

y , cpp FT

pc, x cp c b c

v p b

c c b b

B

b p v ppc,

ky c v

y c

b y

I ,

b ppp c

-, -c

b pp -b

cv b vp

c

3. Subsidized capital and risk mitigation to

address incremental investment needs and

higher costs of capital. D v

xpc pv

c c pv ,

k v

b y vp

G-b c, c

pv bz cp,

cc c b b

cc cp b qy c

-c pc b y

p

4. Technical capacity building. D

p cy cc cpcy

x pc qp p c ccc, vp, , -

, p b y pjc

c

-cc pjc

V c py pv

pp:

Bilateral development agencies, p

b vp c

x ccy c

k, pcc b c c-

v, c cy

v c pv pp

bv Tcc c,

cpcy b p, c

S-S xc c p

L c

pp b c

B c vp p

vv pp pck T p

c v p ccp

v

Multilateral development banks c W Bk vp

bk, bilateral financial institutions,

export-credit agencies v py

c v k M

vp bk v y

ccy c

vp c c py

p c k v

pbc cp pp

pcy, cpcy

cy c

p pcy

Ex multilateral climate funds

c G C F,

c p, c pv

pp b y pcy


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p cy- -cb p(k NAMA) c v F

x pc, y

bv

International technology cooperation

c I

Rb Ey Acy

UNFCCC cy c c py

p by c k

, S-S xc, cpcy

b


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Annex:

Overview of Case Study Countries9Country Expert Focus Material Online

Wkp vb p:///vp-cy-b

Bz Ov S P (Uv-y Sv, Bz C Ey C C)

Pcy x/ --b cv

P, CyC Sy

I Rj Dk (Py Ey Gp), S K (C- I Iy),Nj Upyy (MyP R LvPjc)

Pcy x/ c-; vc; ycc

Cy P,Gvc P,Gvc C Sy

I Fbby T (I E Svc R)

Gvc, - vp bk

P, B PccC S

Ky Mk Hk (c) Ey cc; FT P; RC Sy (S Ac)

Mxc O B (c) FT P

Mcc Mp T (IRENA) R c y; S-S cp; I- pp

P, RC Sy (M E N Ac)

Mzbq Ov S P (v N EccyCc)

C LDC cc ; S-S cp Bz

P

Ppp P M (Rb EyB); Jp Iv (G-

pc)

Pcy x/ c-

P

S Ac H Tp (I) Gvc; - vp bk

P; CyC Sy; Bck REFIT

S Lk Ak Aby (Ey F, Av EyM)

Pcy x/ c-

P; CyC Sy

Tz A Mb Pcy x/ c-; S-S cp- T

Cy P;S-S CpP; CyC Sy

T C Gc Pcy x/ c-

; S-S cp- Tz

Cy P;

S-S CpP; CyC Sy; S-SCp C Sy


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