ground water balance & resource estimation using...

of 18 Paper ID: UC-110

GROUND WATER BALANCE AND RESOURCE ESTIMATION

USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY

Kuldeep Pareta, Ph.D.1* and Upasana Pareta

2

1Senior Project Manager (RS/GIS & NRM), Spatial Decisions, B-30 Kailash Colony, New Delhi 110 048 (INDIA)

2Lecture, Department of Mathematics, P.G. College, District Sagar, Madhya Pradesh (INDIA)

Corresponding author: E-mail ID: [email protected], Mobile: +91-9871924338

ABSTRACT

The demand of water resources is increasing to keep the food security. Authors have estimated the ground

water balance and ground water resource through raster based modelling in ArcGIS. Several thematic layers

have been generated according to GEC-1997 method and estimated the ground water resource and ground

water balance. The ground water potential has calculated for years 2014. The net annual ground water

availability, annual ground water draft, and total ground water potential have been estimated at 786.56,

379.29 and 1165.85 (MCM) respectively. This method can improve efficiency, quality, and speed & save

time/cost.

Keywords: Ground water resource, ground water balance, Berach river watershed, RS/GIS

1. INTRODUCTION

Sustainable development and management of ground water resources requires assessment of availability of

ground water, its current use and balance resources for future usage. The demand of water resources is

constantly expanding to keep up the food security to meet of the demand of the population domestic and

industrial requirement. The existing water resources are not alignment to meet the demand .but there is

surplus runoff which need to be hornessed for creating surface and sub-surface storage in the hilly and

undulating terrain constituting different size of watershed to storage the water along the different water

system. It is thus essential to study the regional characteristics of the study area in order to calculate the

potential runoff and ground water recharge zone and the area for surface storage using different

methodology along with collection of the hydrological information help in preparation of generalized

scenario for watershed development plans.

2. STUDY AREA

The study area is a watershed of Berach River, a tributary of Banās River covering an area of 8863.56 Sq.

Kms. It lies between 24.28° N to 25.25° N latitude and 73.54° E to 75.23° E longitude (Fig. 1). It is flow

essentially north, then north-eastern and joins the river Banās near the Mandi village of Chittorgarh district

of Rajasthan (India). Though there is no main tributaries of the Berach River, there are some small tributaries

pouring into the river, notable amongst there are Combhir Nala, Wagon Nala, Wagli Nala, Gungli Nala,

Whgam Nala, Kalba Nadi, Orai Nala, and Nimbahera Nadi (Fig.2). The study area falls in Survey of India

(SoI) toposheets No: 45H, 45K, 45L, 45O, and 45P.

Topographically the study area is undulating with scattered hills of the Aravalli ranges. It is characterized by

very diverse spatial variation of topographic features with an altitude range of 309 m to 1074 m above sea

level (Fig. 3). The hilly areas are located at the western parts with slopes reaching up to 30%. The flat plains

lie mainly on the northern and central part of the study area with a general slope of less than 5%. The

climatic situation is characterized mainly by warm and semiarid climate with relatively low rainfall. The

mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures are 38°C and 11°C respectively and mean annual rainfall

is 767 mm. The study area experiences either gentle or normal drought once in two years.


Figure 1: Location map of the Study Area

Figure 2: Drainage Map


Figure 3: Topographical Map

3. DATA SOURCES AND DATA SELECTION

3.1 Data Sources

Table 1: Data Used and Sources

S.No. Data Used Sources

1. SoI Toposheets @ 1:50,000 Scale

Total 23 Toposheets

Survey of India, Dehradun

45 H: 45H/09, 45H/10, 45H/11, 45H/13, 45H/14, and 45H/15

45 K: 45K/08, 45K/12, and 45K/16

45 L: 45L/01, 45L/02, 45L/03, 45L/05, 45L/06, 45L/07,

45L/09, 45L/10, 45L/11, 45L/13, 45/14, And 45L/15

45 O: 45O/04

45 P: 45P/02

2. Indian Topographic Map @

1:250,000

Series U502, U.S. Army Map Service, 1955

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india

3. CartoSAT-1 Digital Elevation Model

(CartoDEM), DEM Data @ 30m

Spatial Resolution

Indian Earth Observation, National Remote Sensing Centre

(ISRO), India

http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/data/download/index.php

4. IRS ResourceSAT-2 LISS-III Data @

23.5m Spatial Resolution

Indian Earth Observation, National Remote Sensing Centre

(ISRO), India

http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in

5. Climatic Data

Rainfall

Temperature

Rain Gauge wise Rainfall data collected from Water

Resources Department, Jaipur (Rajasthan)

http://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/Daily_Rainfall_Data/Ra

infall_Index.htm

Raster based Dataset downloaded from WorldClim

http://www.worldclim.org

3.2 Data Selection

Since the purpose of this paper was to estimate the ground water balance & ground water resource, which

had a large area and contained abundant information, the data employed in this paper were dominated by the

freely downloaded satellite sensing image data and elevation data.

http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/ams/india

http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/data/download/index.php

http://bhuvan.nrsc.gov.in/

http://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/Daily_Rainfall_Data/Rainfall_Index.htm

http://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/Daily_Rainfall_Data/Rainfall_Index.htm

http://www.worldclim.org/


1:50,000 topographic data from Survey of India (SoI) and freely available topographic map at

1:250,000 from Series U502, U.S. Army Map Service, 1954 have been mainly used for extraction of

the topography and physiography of the study area.

The data was from Cartosat-1 Digital Elevation Model (CartoDEM), Indian Earth Observation,

National Remote Sensing Centre (ISRO), India - geospatial data cloud, with projection coordinates

of UTM / WGS-84 and spatial resolution of 30 m, and were used to display the elevation undulation.

The data was from the IRS ResourceSAT-2 LISS-III by Indian Earth Observation, National Remote

Sensing Centre (ISRO), India was captured on 16th April 2010 was used. The data covered 4 bands

in total with spatial resolutions of 23.5 meters. The data was used to extract the geology, geomorphic

unit and analyse the spectral characteristics of the area.

4. GEOLOGY

Satellite imagery based geological map can usually provide the information of distribution of the rock type

and lithological, indication of the dips of the strata, and Faults & unconformities. The interpretation of

satellite imagery may be best accomplished by visual interpretation techniques with the under-standing of

spectral property of earth / rock materials. A general geological map of the study area has been prepared by

using IRS ResourceSAT-2 LISS-III Data satellite imagery with limited field check. A general geological

map from Geological Survey of India (GSI) has also been referred. Various geologists have been studied the

geological aspects of the area. Notable these are: Heron (1953), Srivastava (1968), Sinha (1969), Tarafdar et

al. (1969), Banerjee (1971), Raja Rao et al. (1972), Prasad (1982), Srinivasan et al. (1982), Iqbeluddin et al.

(1984), Kumar (1984), Prasad (1984), Sarkar et al. (1984), Sinha (1986), Soni et al. (1987), Das Gupta

(1997), Gupta et al. (1997), Casshyap et al. (2001), Deb et al. (2002), Raza et al. (2002), Poornachandra Rao

et al. (2004), Misra et al. (2005), Prasad et al. (2006), Rao et al. (2013), etc. They have recorded the principal

rock formations namely Hindoli Group (shale, slate, phyllite, quartzite, dolomite, tuff, meta sub greywacke

with thin volcanic bands, & pegmatites quartz vein), Satola Group (limestone, sandstone, conglomerate,

chert and cherty quartzite, sandstone, grit and shale, andesite, & pyroclastic), Sand Group (shale &

porcellanite sandstone, & grit), Lasrawan Group (shale, & sandstone), Khorip Group (shale, limestone, shale

& sandstone, sandstone & conglomerate), Kaimur Group (sandstone), Rewa Group (Sandstone with shale,

and shale with limestone), Bhander Group (sandstone), Deccan traps (basic dyke basaltic flow with inter

trappean beds), and alluvium & blown sand.

The major part of the study area is covered by rocks belonging to Vindhyan Super Group and Bhilwara

Super Group, and around 650 Sq. Kms area is covered to the Deccan traps and alluvium. Distribution and

disposition of these Supergroup and rock types will help to identify the possible aquifer systems. The

stratigraphic sequence of different geological formations encountered in the study area is given in Table 2

and the geology of the area is shown in Fig. 4.

Table 2: Stratigraphic Sequence of Rocks in the Study Area

Age Supergroup Group Lithology

Recent to Sub-

recent Quaternary Alluvium and blown sand

Upper Cretaceous

to Palaeocene Deccan Trap

Basalt, basic dyke basaltic flow with inter

trappean beds

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Unconformity ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Middle to Upper

Proterozoic

Upper Vindhyan

Supergroup

Bhander Group Sandstone

Rewa Group Sandstone with shale, and shale with limestone

Kaimur Group Sandstone

Lower Vindhyan

Supergroup

Khorip Group Shale, limestone, shale & sandstone, sandstone

and conglomerate

Lasrawan Group Shale, and sandstone

Sand Group Shale & porcellanite sandstone, grit

Satola Group

Limestone, sandstone, conglomerate, chert and

cherty quartzite, sandstone, grit and shale,

andesite, pyroclastic


~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Unconformity ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Lower Proterozoic

to Archaean

Bhilwara Super

Group Hindoli Group

Shale, slate, phyllite, quartzite, dolomite, tuff,

meta sub greywacke with thin volcanic bands,

pegmatites quartz vein

Source: Geological Survey of India, After Heron (1953)

Figure 4: Geological Map

4.1 Bhilwara Supergroup

The Bhilwara Super group is represented by different groups with different rock types. Hindoli group is the

only one which covers Bhilwara Super Group in that area.

4.1.1 Hindoli Group

This group comprise of shale, slate, phyllite, quartzite, mica schist, dolomite, tuff, Meta sub-greywacke with

thin volcanic bands, and pegmatites quartz vein and is exposed in the central and western part of the study

area around Bari Sadri, Kapasin, Bhimal, Gurach, Udaipur, Gangrar, West of Sava and Bhadesar. Hindoli

group along with the Mangalwar have been intruded by dolerite sills and dykes.

4.2 Vindhyan Supergroup

As described by Wadia (1957), “The Vindhyan system is a vast stratified formation of sandstone, shales and

limestones encompassing a thickness of over 4270 meters, developed principally in the central Indian

highlands which form the dividing ridge between Hindustan proper and Deccan, and known as the Vindhyan

Mountains.” The Vindhyan system ranks third in surface extent within the rock area of the Peninsula. It

occupies a single basin a larger surface than the combined areas of any other formations except the granite

gneisses and the Deccan trap. It occupies a large basin of the country, a stretch of over 103,600 Sq. Kms

from Sasaram and Rohtas in western Bihar to Chittorgarh in Rajasthan, with the exception of a central tract

in the Bundelkhand. A large area of the Vindhyan rocks is buried beneath the Deccan Traps.


4.2.1 Lower Vindhyan

The lower Vindhyan is separated from the upper by an unconformity that is very apparent in the north but

which tends to disappear in the southern areas of Mewar-Chittoor and the Son valley. This means that earth-

movements supervened after the deposition of the lower Vindhyan Sediments, which elevated them into land

in the Aravalli area of the north and put a stop to further sedimentation in these areas. When, after re-

submergence, deposition was renewed, an interval of time had elapsed, during which the former set of

conditions disappeared and the mountains and highlands that yielded the detritus changed completely. Such

earth movements, causing cessation of deposition in a particular area, with a change in the physical

conditions, are at the root of stratigraphic divisions.

The lower Vindhyans are represented here by the khorip group, lasrawan group, sand group, and satola

group, which consist of the conglomerate, sandstones, sandstone with shale, and shale with limestone,

porcellanite sandstone, grit, limestone, chert, cherty quartzite, andesite, and pyroclastic. These series rest un-

conformably over the bhilwara super group (hindoli group).

4.2.1.1 Satola Group

The Satola group includes andesite flows (Khairmalia andesite), pyroclasts and tuffs. These rocks are the

oldest formations of Lower Vindhyans. These are overlain by sandstone and limestone of Satola group. The

Khardeola Formation is the oldest formation of the Lower Vindhyan Group and comprises of basic flows

(andesitic volcanics), sandstones and shales are well developed in the area. The volcanic rocks include flows,

agglomerates and tuffs. The overall thickness varies from place to place. The sandstone is conglomeratic at

few places. Fine cross bedding can be seen at few places. The dolomite is generally crystalline and siliceous

and sometimes ferruginous.

4.2.1.2 Sand Group

The overlying sand group mainly consists of Sava formation and palri shales comprising of course to

medium and fine grained sandstone, porcellanite and shales.

4.2.1.3 Lasrawan Group

The Lasrawan group consists of kalmia sandstone and binota formation comprising predominantly shales

with intercalating fine grained sandstone or siltstone. Carbonaceous intercalations occur in the lower parts.

4.2.1.4 Khorip Group

This group consists of Jiran sandstone and conglomerate, Bari shales and sandstone and Nimbahera

formation and Suket shales/Jhalrapatan shales. It shows gradational contact with overlying BINOTA shales

at places. There is a gradual depositional variation from pale salty shales to siltstone to fine sandstone and

finally to greyish and pinkish fine grained quarzitic sandstone.

4.2.2 Upper Vindhyan

The upper Vindhyans are exposed in the great Vindhyan basin. They consist largely of sandstones and shales

with subordinate limestones, sandstone with shale, and shale with limestone. The Vindhyan super group

overlies the rocks of Bhilwara super group with a sharp angular unconformity referred to as the Great

Eparchean unconformity. The upper Vindhyans consist of the Kaimur series, and the Rewah series. The

Vindhyans comprises an alternative sequence of sandstones, grit, porcellanites, limestone and shales. The

limestone at places shows evidence of algal life in the form of arch shaped structures known as

‘Stromatolites’. The sedimentation of the Vindhyan rocks commenced under shallow water conditions

preceded by volcanic activity, as evidenced by andesitic lava flows in the Khairmalia area.

4.2.2.1 Kaimur Group

The overlying Kaimur group in the area is represented by Kaimur (Chittaurgarh fort) sandstone and

conglomerates.


4.2.2.2 Rewah Group

The Kaimur group is overlain by the Rewah group which consists of Panna shales, limestone, lower Rewah

sandstone, and Jhiri shales with limestone and upper Rewah (Govindgarh) sandstone with shales.

4.3 Deccan Trap

This great volcanic formation is known in Indian geology under the name of the Deccan Trap. The term

‘trap’ is a vague general term, which denotes many igneous rocks of widely different nature, but here it is

used not in this sense but in its Swedish meaning of ‘stairs’ or ‘steps’ in allusion to the usual step like aspect

of the weathered flat-topped hills of basalt which are so common a feature in the scenery of the Deccan Trap.

Stratigraphically above the Cretaceous formation of the Peninsula is a series of the volcanic rocks which

forms one of the most prominent and widely spread of all the rock systems found in this region. This basaltic

material is known as the Deccan Trap. It dominates in the south-eastern part of the study area.

4.4 Alluvium

Apart from the hard rock geological formations in the study area an extensive area in the various part of the

study area is covered with alluvium the newer alluvium is light coloured, blown sand and poor in calcareous

matter. It changes by insensible gradations into the recent or deltaic alluvia and should be assigned an upper

Pleistocene to recent age. The sediments are sands, silts and clays with occasional gravel beds and lenses of

peaty organic matter. The fossils in the newer alluvium are mostly those of animals still living. The area is

geologically uninteresting but, being a rich agricultural tract, is a great interest and importance.

4.5 Geological Structure

The rocks of Bhilwara super group show a general N-S to NNW-SSE foliation with varying dips in either

direction. These rocks have undergone multiple phases of structural deformation resulting into different

types of folding and faulting and unconformity folding. Lower Vindhyan rocks which overlie Bhilwara super

group with an angular unconformity called Great Eparchean unconformity show a dominant N-S strike in the

northern part of the area and NW- SE strike in the southern part. However, unlike the rocks of Bhilwara

super group, the Vindhyans rocks have a uniformly low dip varying from 10 to 40 degree east and

occasionally show current bedding and ripple marks. As the joints in hard rock define the possible conduits,

it is imperative to map the jointing / fracture pattern for identification of potential aquifer zones. The

mapping of structural disconformities and jointing pattern will help in identifying new aquifer zones which

can be delineated for future exploration.

5. Ground Water Resource Estimation Methodology

In 1972, guidelines for evaluation of ground water potential were circulated by the Ministry of Agriculture,

Government of India to all the State Governments. The guidelines recommended norms for ground water

recharge from rainfall and from other sources. The first attempt to estimate the ground water resources on a

scientific basis was made in 1979. Government of India has established the Ground Water Estimation

Committee (GEC) in the year 1982. The GEC has recommended the methods for ground water recharge

estimation. They have recommended that the groundwater recharge should be estimated based on

groundwater level fluctuation method, but due to not availability of adequate ground water data and/or where

groundwater level monitoring is not being done regularly, adhoc norms of rainfall infiltration may be

adopted. In order to examination the suggested procedure, the Committee was reconstituted in 1995, which

released in a report of 1997 with several improvements in the existing methodology.

5.1 Ground Water Resource Estimation Methodology, 1997

The present methodology used for ground water resources assessment is known as Ground Water Resources

Methodology-1997 (GEC-97). In GEC-97, two approaches are recommended, water level fluctuation method

and norms of rainfall infiltration method. The water level fluctuation method is based on the concept of

storage change due to difference between various input and output components. Input refers to recharge from

rainfall and other sources and subsurface, while output refers to ground water draft, ground water


evapotranspiration, and base flow to streams and subsurface outflow from the unit. Authors have been used

the above stated ground water estimation method namely (i) ground water level fluctuation and specific yield

method and (ii) rainfall infiltration method.

6. Ground Water Level Fluctuation and Specific Yield Method

6.1 Specific Yield

The specific yield values of the geological formations for different aquifers given by A.R.D.C. (1979) and

N.A.B.A.R.D. / Ground Water Estimation Committee (1984) has been used in the calculation of recharge

which has shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Specific Yield Values of Different Aquifers

S.No. Lithology Specific Yield (%)

1 Sandy alluvial area 12 to 18

2. Valley Fills 10 to 14

3. Silty/clayey alluvial area 5 to 12

4. Granites 2 to 4

5. Basalts 1 to 3

6. Laterite 2 to 4

7. Weathered phyllites, shales, schist and associated rocks 1 to 3

8. Sandstone 1 to 8

9. Limestone 3

10. Highly Karstified Limestones 7

Source: Central Ground Water Board, India

6.2 Ground Water Level Fluctuation

The occurrence and movement of groundwater depend upon the rock formations present in the area. It also

depends upon the topography, structure, and geomorphology, as well as hydrogeological properties of the

water-bearing materials. The well inventory data of 14 dug wells were collected from CGWB, Western

Region, Jaipur (Rajasthan) for year 2014 and shown in Table 4. These data relate to different rock formations

occurring in the region i.e. sandstone, shale, limestone, conglomerate, porcellanite sandstone, grit, chert,

cherty quartzite, andesite, pyroclastic, slate, phyllite, quartzite, dolomite, etc.

Table 4: Depth to Water Level (DTWL) for Year 2014

S.No. Well Location Pre-Monsoon (m) b.g.l. Post-Monsoon (m) b.g.l.

Mini Max Mini Max

1 Arnoda 04.73 12.21 00.92 10.85

2 Bari Sadri 20.78 21.65 05.41 14.09

3 Bhadesar 15.60 15.73 03.86 09.52

4 Bhichor 05.46 18.95 00.63 10.71

5 Bhimal 15.78 15.99 03.89 09.52

6 Chitor 04.76 22.61 01.45 05.31

7 Chittaurgarh 11.02 19.78 04.89 22.01

8 Gangrar 15.48 15.96 14.08 16.85

9 Gurach 8.56 10.92 02.23 3.69

10 Intali 15.55 18.56 06.21 19.63

11 Jawad 10.23 12.34 04.56 15.25

12 Kapasin 12.63 13.23 05.79 06.98

13 Nimbahera 00.72 15.13 00.56 05.47

14 Udaipur 11.14 11.56 06.38 06.82

Source: Central Ground Water Board, Western Region, Jaipur (Rajasthan) India

6.2.1 Depth to Water Level

Depth to water level represents the position of water table with reference to ground surface. The maps of

depth to water level have been prepared for Pre-monsoon 2014 and Post-monsoon 2014 by using 14 dug

wells data. The depths to water level maps are useful to delineate the areas of recharge, discharge, and water

logging conditions.


6.2.2 Pre-monsoon Depth to Water Level

A glance at depth to water level map indicates that the depth ranges between 6 m and more than 15 m b.g.l.

in the study area. The area can be divided into five zone i.e. shallow (less than 6m), moderate shallow (6 to

9m), moderate (9 to 12m), deep (12 to 15m) and very deep (more than 15m) (Fig.5). It is evident that depth

to water level is covered the mostly area under deep to very deep category except some pockets in the east,

west and a pocket in northern part where it is moderate. About 80% area of the area shows the deep to very

deep water level which indicate heavy pumping of ground water through dug wells and tube wells.

Figure 5: Pre-Monsoon Depth to Water Level Map - 2014

6.2.3 Post-monsoon Depth to Water Level

A glance at depth to water level map indicates that the depth ranges between 6 m and more than 15 m b.g.l.

in the study area. The area can be divided into five zone i.e. shallow (less than 6m), moderate shallow (6 to

9m), moderate (9 to 12m), deep (12 to 15m) and very deep (more than 15m) (Fig.6). The major part of the

area shows shallow to moderate shallow depth to water level except some pockets around Gangrar,

Chittaurgarh, Intali, Jawad, and Bari Sadri, where it is deep to very deep water level.

6.2.4 Water Level Fluctuation

The level fluctuation map indicates that the water level fluctuation is ranges between (-) 13.99m (Chitor) to

10.41m (Intali) in the study area. The low fluctuation was found in northern part and south-eastern part of the

study area around Bhichor, Gangrar, Kapasin, Gurach, Udaipur, Nimbahera, and Arnoda, while the high

fluctuation was found in the middle part of the study area around Chittaurgarh, Intali, Jawad, and Bari Sadri.

Water level fluctuation data with reference to minimum, maximum, and average is shown in Table 5. The

water level fluctuation map is shown in Fig.7.


Figure 6: Post-Monsoon Depth to Water Level Map - 2014

Figure 7: Water Level Fluctuation Map - 2014


Table 5: Water Level Fluctuation (Pre - Post, 2014)

S.No. Well Location Water Level Fluctuation (m) b.g.l.

Mini Max Average

1 Arnoda 3.81 1.36 2.45

2 Bari Sadri 15.37 7.56 7.81

3 Bhadesar 11.74 6.21 5.53

4 Bhichor 4.83 8.24 -3.41

5 Bhimal 11.89 6.47 5.42

6 Chitor 3.31 17.3 -13.99

7 Chittaurgarh 6.13 -2.23 8.36

8 Gangrar 1.4 -0.89 2.29

9 Gurach 6.33 7.23 -0.9

10 Intali 9.34 -1.07 10.41

11 Jawad 5.67 -2.91 8.58

12 Kapasin 6.84 6.25 0.59

13 Nimbahera 0.16 9.66 -9.5

14 Udaipur 4.76 4.74 0.02

6.3 Ground Water Resource

Infiltration and recharging surfaces are those areas where the surface water on account of rainfall moves

underground to give rise to the annual groundwater increments, either by recharge or by infiltration or by

both. Wherever, the aquifer or the aquifer units are exposed on the ground surface, the grounds consisting of

such outcrops are generally termed as recharging grounds.

To estimate the groundwater resource, the water level fluctuation method is adopted by taking the dug well

inventory data into consideration. Further, it may be noted that the annual groundwater increment is not only

due to the rainfall but also the application of surface water for irrigation. To use the water level fluctuation

method, the area in between two contours of water level fluctuation (at two meter interval in the present

study) has been generated using the dug wells data and spline interpolation of Spatial Analyst Tools in ESRI

ArcGIS-10.3 software. Then specific yield map of the study area has been multiplied by the water level

fluctuation map through the raster calculator / map algebra tools of Spatial Analyst Tools in ESRI ArcGIS-

10.3 software (Fig. 8). This gives the volume of the saturated aquifer material occurring in between the

contours. This saturated volume of the aquifer materials lying in between successive contour pairs was

summed up for all contours crossing an aquifer to get the total saturated volume of the aquifer materials.

Figure 8: Ground Water Resource Map - 2014


Then the total volume of the weathered material (within the pre and Post-monsoon fluctuation zone), is

multiplied by the specific yield to calculate the annual groundwater resource. Therefore, the equation used in

calculation is as follows:

Annual Groundwater Resource (in hectare metres) = Volume of Saturated Material (in hectare meters) *

Specific Yield (in Percentage)

Logical calculation of ground water resource by using the water level fluctuation method is shown in Table

6. Total annual groundwater resource through the water level fluctuation method is 1165.85 million cubic

meter (MCM).

Table 6: Calculation of Annual Groundwater Resource through Water Level Fluctuation Method

S. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 WL Fluctuation (M) 00 - 02 02-04 04-06 06-08 08-10

2 Average Fluctuation (M) 1 3 5 7 9 Total

3 Area of Fluctuation (Hectare)

a. Basalt 19468.74 3016.34 3336.46 2860.66 33490.42 62172.62

b. Shale 0.00 0.00 63.02 11540.50 11603.52

c. Sandstone 87520.20 16511.98 19830.35 34398.82 73297.00 231558.35

d. Limestone 17342.04 554.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 17896.31

e. Granite Gneiss 32833.55 32130.28 16863.31 16809.18 49029.13 147665.45

f. Gneiss 62171.19 20646.05 23029.55 27778.24 29937.45 163562.48

g. Phyllite Schists 128511.01 16429.81 23277.57 13585.32 57907.67 239711.38

h. Water Bodies 5798.51 960.84 1194.27 687.41 3545.26 12186.29

Total 353645.25 90249.56 87531.51 96182.66 258747.43 886356.42

4 Volume of Rock Material in which fluctuation take place (Hectare)

a. Basalt 19468.74 9049.01 16682.31 20024.64 301413.75 366638.45

b. Shale 0.00 0.00 0.00 441.12 103864.53 104305.64

c. Sandstone 87520.20 49535.93 99151.77 240791.77 659673.02 1136672.68

d. Limestone 17342.04 1662.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 19004.87

e. Granite Gneiss 32833.55 96390.84 84316.55 117664.29 441262.13 772467.36

f. Gneiss 62171.19 61938.14 115147.75 194447.68 269437.04 703141.80

g. Phyllite Schists 128511.01 49289.42 116387.83 95097.27 521169.02 910454.56

h. Water Bodies 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total 347846.74 267866.17 431686.20 668466.76 2296819.49 4012685.36

5 Annual Groundwater Resource (Hectare M)

a. Basalt (1 to 3)* 389.37 180.98 333.65 400.49 6028.27 7332.77

b. Shale (1 to 3)* 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.82 2077.29 2086.11

c. Sandstone (1 to 8)* 3938.41 2229.12 4461.83 10835.63 29685.29 51150.27

d. Limestone (3)* 520.26 49.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 570.15

e. Granite Gneiss (2 to 4)* 985.01 2891.73 2529.50 3529.93 13237.86 23174.02

f. Gneiss (1 to 3)* 1243.42 1238.76 2302.95 3888.95 5388.74 14062.84

g. Phyllite Schists (1 to 3)* 2570.22 985.79 2327.76 1901.95 10423.38 18209.09

h. Water Bodies (0)* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Total 9646.70 7576.26 11955.68 20565.77 66840.84 116585.25

* According to Central Ground Water Board (1997), Specific Yield in % (refer to Table No. 3)

Figure 9: 3D View of Ground Water Resource Map


6.4 Rainfall Infiltration Factor Method

In regions where ground water level observing is not suitable in space and time, rainfall infiltration method

may be embraced. The standards for rainfall infiltration adding to ground water revive are developed, in

view of the studies attempted in different water balance projects in India. Ground Water Estimation

Committee - 1997 (GEC-97) India has suggested the standards for recharge from rainfall under different

hydrogeological settings, which is shown in Table 7.

Table 7: Rainfall Infiltration Factor in Different Hydrogeological Settings

S.No. Hydrogeological Situation Rainfall Infiltration Factor

1 Alluvial Areas

a. Sandy Areas

b. Areas with higher clay content

20 to 25 percent of normal rainfall (0.225)


2 Semi-Consolidated Sandstones

(Friable and highly porous)


3 Hard Rock Area

a. Granitic Terrain

(i) Weathered and Fractured

(ii) Un-Weathered



b. Basaltic Terrain

(i) Vesicular and Jointed Basalt

(ii) Weathered Basalt



c. Phyllites, Limestones, Sandstones, Quartzites, Shales, etc. 3 to 10 percent of normal rainfall (0.065)

Source: Central Ground Water Board, India

In rainfall infiltration factor method the rechargeable area is multiplied with relevant rainfall infiltration

factor and normal rainfall. Recharge assessment based on rainfall infiltration factor is calculated using the

formula.

RGW = FC * AR * Normal Rainfall (mm)

Where:

RGW = Ground Water Recharge

FC = Rainfall Infiltration Factor (Table 7)

AR = Area Occupied by the Hydrogeological Situation in Sq. Km.

For estimation of ground water recharge through the rainfall infiltration factor method, two raster datasets

has been generated in GIS environment using the latest ESRI ArcGIS-10.3 software. First, specified

geological formation (rock types) area has been multiplied by the rainfall infiltration factor (as recorded in

the Table 7) for generation of FC*AR through the raster calculator / map algebra tools of Spatial Analyst

Tools in ESRI ArcGIS-10.3 software. Second, raster based normal rainfall dataset has been generated

through the data obtain from WorldClim site (http://www.worldclim.org), as well as precipitation data

received from Indian Meteorological Department (IMD). For generation of normal rainfall dataset, Author

has been used the spline interpolation method of Spatial Analyst Tools in ESRI ArcGIS-10.3 software.

Afterward both raster based datasets has been multiplied using the raster calculator Tools in ArcGIS for

calculation of ground water recharge. Using this method total ground water resource is 1550.53 million cubic

meters (MCM), which is 1.33 time more from the water level fluctuation method.

7. Comparison between WLF and RIF Methods

After the ground water resource estimated through the Water Level Fluctuation (WLF) method has been

compared with the Rainfall Infiltration Factor (RIF) method, and calculated the Percentage Deviation (PD)

by using the below maintain formula.

PD = (WLF-RIF) / RIF * 100

Where:

PD = Percentage Deviation

WLF = Ground Water Recharge from Water Level Fluctuation Method

RIF = Ground Water Recharge from Rainfall Infiltration Factor Method

http://www.worldclim.org/


PD = (-) 24.81%

As per guideline suggested by Ground Water Estimation Committee 1997 (GEC-97), If PD is greater than or

equal to (-) 20%, and less than or equal to (+) 20%, RIF is taken as the value estimated by the water level

fluctuation method. Lastly, Authors have adopted the guideline suggest by GEC-97, and consider the data of

ground water resource obtain from water level fluctuation method.

8. Annual Ground Water Draft

To calculate the annual groundwater draft by the different types of wells, the number of pumping hours has

been recorded by consulting the users and the average rates of discharge has been measured by Horizontal

Jet Line Method for different wells. The number of existing wells in the study area has been collected from

Water Resources Department, Jaipur (Rajasthan) INDIA. The annual groundwater draft has been calculated

with the help of following equation.

Annual Groundwater Draft = Number of Wells * Average Rates of Discharge in KLPH * Number of

Pumping Hours in a Year.

The result obtained has been shown in Table 8. The calculated annual groundwater draft in the study area

was 379.29 MCM by all types of wells.

Table 8: Average Rates of Discharges for Different Types of Wells & Annual Ground Water Draft in the Study Area

S.

No.

Type of

Wells

Mode of Lift No. of

Existing

Wells

Average Rate of

Discharge from

Ground Water Bodies

No. of

Pumping

Hours in a

Year

Annual

Water Draft

(in Hectare

Metres)* in GPH in KLPH

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

A. Dug Well

1. Domestic Bucket ,500 150 0.57 1,200 170.35

2. Irrigation

- Cum -

Domestic

Diesel Pump 1,800 5,000 18.93 1,505 5,127.32

Electric Pump 3,100 5,000 18.93 2,050 12,028.11

B. Bored

Well

1. Domestic Hand Pump 1,500 500 1.83 1,000 274.46

Electric Pump 750 5,000 18.93 1,500 2,129.29

2. Irrigation

- Cum -

Domestic

Electric Pump

(Submersible

Pump)

1,800 8,000 30.28 1,950 10,628.40

C. Dug-Cum-Bored Well

1. Irrigation

- Cum -

Domestic

Electric Pump 2,000 5,000 18.93 2,000 7,570.80

Total 13,450 37,929.72

Source: Water Resources Department, Jaipur (Rajasthan)

* 1 Million Cubic Meter = 100 Hectare Meter

9. Groundwater Balance

A study of groundwater balance is essential in order to evaluate total groundwater potential of an area. Water

balance of an area is defined by the hydrologic equation, which states that in a specified period of time all

water entering in a given area must be consumed. It can be calculated by using following equation.

Ground Water Balance = Net Annual GW Resource - Net Annual GW Draft

Calculations show that the net annual groundwater utilization (draft) approximates to 379.29 MCM, whereas

the net annual groundwater resource approximately determined amounts to be 1165.85 MCM. Therefore the

balance of groundwater available for future development in a year works out to be 786.56 MCM.


10. Conclusion

The present study has also demonstrated that an integrated approach involving remote sensing and ESRI

based GIS technique in conjunction with field data can be successfully used in estimation of ground water

resource and ground water balance studies. The generation of ground water resource may be used as baseline

data for ground water exploration, and for the future development and management of ground water

resources in the area. The annual groundwater resource in the study area is 1165.85 MCM and the annual

groundwater draft is 379.29 MCM. Hence, the balance of the available groundwater for exploitation is works

out to be 786.56 MCM every year. Most of the groundwater gone is the effluent seepage during the summer

through the Berach River and other effluent streams. The future development of groundwater can be done by

construction the new wells such as dug wells shallow tube wells, dug-cum-bore wells, deep tube wells, etc.

The renovation of village ponds, the construction of stop dams, recharge shafts would be necessary to arrest

the draining of surface water resources from the basins. The percolation tanks, sub-surface dykes and

recharge shafts are especially constructed for the augmentation of groundwater resources. However, stop

dams and village ponds may also function as recharge structure at some places in the area.

Acknowledgment

We are profoundly thankful to our Guru Ji Prof. J.L. Jain, who with his unique research competence,

selfless devotion, thoughtful guidance, inspirational thoughts, wonderful patience and above all parent like

direction and affection motivated us to pursue this work.

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Authors Biography

Kuldeep Pareta, Ph.D. Geomorphology

Dr Kuldeep Pareta has obtained M.Sc. degree in Geography from Dr Hari Singh Gour University,

Sagar - Madhya Pradesh in 2001, subsequently Ph.D. in Geomorphology, Hydro-Geology and

Remote Sensing from same university in 2005. Presently, he is working as Head (Department of

RS/GIS & Natural Resource Management) in Spatial Decisions, New Delhi 110 048 (INDIA), and

has have over 13 years of research and development experience in the field of national resource

management, geomorphology, hydro-geology, watershed modelling, and national disaster

management. He has published over 53 research papers in various referred national and

international journals, and four International Books. He was conferred Prof. S.M. Ali Memorial

Gold Medal in 2001 and MP Young Scientist award in the year 2004.

Upasana Pareta, M.Sc. Mathematics

Upasana Pareta has obtained M.Sc. degree in Mathematics from Rani Durgavati University,

Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA. Currently, she is working as Lecture (Department of Mathematics) in PG

College District Sagar (M.P.) INDIA. She has published over 23 research papers in various

National and International Journals and only International Book.

ground water balance & resource estimation using...

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