ground-based transmitter signals observed from space: ducted or nonducted? craig j. rodger...
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DESCRIPTION
Whistler-mode Wave Losses It has been suggested that manmade VLF transmitters drive the dominant losses in the inner radiation belts. In addition, we have previously argued that lightning generated whistlers are probably dominant in this zone, at least for some energy ranges. Rodger et al., J. Geophys. Res., /2003JA009906, Abel and Thorne, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 103, LL