groovy 2.0 update at devoxx 2012
TRANSCRIPT
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What’s new in Groovy 2.0?
Guillaume LaforgeGroovy Project ManagerSpringSource / VMware
@glaforge
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Guillaume Laforge
• Groovy Project Manager at VMware
• Initiator of the Grails framework
• Creator of the Gaelyk
• Co-author of Groovy in Action
• Follow me on...
• My blog: http://glaforge.appspot.com
• Twitter: @glaforge
• Google+: http://gplus.to/glaforge
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Agenda (1/2)
•What’s in Groovy 1.8?
• Nicer DSLs with command chains
• Runtime performance improvements
• GPars bundled for taming your multicores
• Closure enhancements
• Builtin JSON support
• New AST transformations
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Agenda (2/2)
•What’s new in Groovy 2.0?
• Alignments with JDK 7
• Project Coin (small language changes)
• Invoke Dynamic support
• Continued runtime performance improvements
• Static type checking
• Static compilation
• Modularity
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Command chains
• A grammar improvement allowing you to drop dots & parens when chaining method calls
• an extended version of top-level statements like println
• Less dots, less parens allow you to
• write more readable business rules
• in almost plain English sentences
• (or any language, of course)
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Command chains
pull request on github
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Command chains
pull request on github
Alternation of method names
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Command chains
pull request on github
Alternation of method names
and parameters(even named ones)
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Command chains
pull request on github
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Command chains
pull request on github ( ). ( )
Equivalent to:
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Command chains
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
// leverage named-‐args as punctuation
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
// leverage named-‐args as punctuationcheck that: margarita tastes good
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
// leverage named-‐args as punctuationcheck that: margarita tastes good
// closure parameters for new control structures
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
// leverage named-‐args as punctuationcheck that: margarita tastes good
// closure parameters for new control structuresgiven {} when {} then {}
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
// leverage named-‐args as punctuationcheck that: margarita tastes good
// closure parameters for new control structuresgiven {} when {} then {}
// zero-‐arg methods require parens
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
// leverage named-‐args as punctuationcheck that: margarita tastes good
// closure parameters for new control structuresgiven {} when {} then {}
// zero-‐arg methods require parensselect all unique() from names
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
// leverage named-‐args as punctuationcheck that: margarita tastes good
// closure parameters for new control structuresgiven {} when {} then {}
// zero-‐arg methods require parensselect all unique() from names
// possible with an odd number of terms
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
// leverage named-‐args as punctuationcheck that: margarita tastes good
// closure parameters for new control structuresgiven {} when {} then {}
// zero-‐arg methods require parensselect all unique() from names
// possible with an odd number of termstake 3 cookies
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
// leverage named-‐args as punctuationcheck that: margarita tastes good
// closure parameters for new control structuresgiven {} when {} then {}
// zero-‐arg methods require parensselect all unique() from names
// possible with an odd number of termstake 3 cookies
( ). ( ). ( )
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
// leverage named-‐args as punctuationcheck that: margarita tastes good
// closure parameters for new control structuresgiven {} when {} then {}
// zero-‐arg methods require parensselect all unique() from names
// possible with an odd number of termstake 3 cookies
( ). ( ). ( )
( ). ( )
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
// leverage named-‐args as punctuationcheck that: margarita tastes good
// closure parameters for new control structuresgiven {} when {} then {}
// zero-‐arg methods require parensselect all unique() from names
// possible with an odd number of termstake 3 cookies
( ). ( ). ( )
( ). ( )
( ). ( ). ( )
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
// leverage named-‐args as punctuationcheck that: margarita tastes good
// closure parameters for new control structuresgiven {} when {} then {}
// zero-‐arg methods require parensselect all unique() from names
// possible with an odd number of termstake 3 cookies
( ). ( ). ( )
( ). ( )
( ). ( ). ( )
( ). . ( )
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Command chains
// methods with multiple arguments (commas)take coffee with sugar, milk and liquor
// leverage named-‐args as punctuationcheck that: margarita tastes good
// closure parameters for new control structuresgiven {} when {} then {}
// zero-‐arg methods require parensselect all unique() from names
// possible with an odd number of termstake 3 cookies
( ). ( ). ( )
( ). ( )
( ). ( ). ( )
( ). . ( )
( ).
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GPars bundled
• GPars is bundled in the Groovy distribution
• GPars covers a wide range of parallel and concurrent paradigms
• actors, fork/join, map/filter/reduce, dataflow, agents
• parallel arrays, executors, STM, and more...
• And you can use it from plain Java as well!
• http://gpars.codehaus.org/
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Closure enhancements
•Closure annotation parameters
• Some more functional flavor
• composition
• compose several closures into one single closure
• trampoline
• avoid stack overflow errors for recursive algorithms
•memoization
• remember the outcome of previous closure invocations
• currying improvements
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Closure annotation parameters
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@interface Invariant { Class value() // a closure class} @Invariant({ number >= 0 })class Distance { float number String unit} def d = new Distance(number: 10, unit: "meters") def anno = Distance.getAnnotation(Invariant)def check = anno.value().newInstance(d, d)assert check(d)
{
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Closure annotation parameters
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@interface Invariant { Class value() // a closure class} @Invariant({ number >= 0 })class Distance { float number String unit} def d = new Distance(number: 10, unit: "meters") def anno = Distance.getAnnotation(Invariant)def check = anno.value().newInstance(d, d)assert check(d)
{ Poor-man’s GContracts
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Closure memoization
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Closure memoization
def plus = { a, b -‐> sleep 1000; a + b }.memoize()
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Closure memoization
def plus = { a, b -‐> sleep 1000; a + b }.memoize()
assert plus(1, 2) == 3 // after 1000ms
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Closure memoization
def plus = { a, b -‐> sleep 1000; a + b }.memoize()
assert plus(1, 2) == 3 // after 1000msassert plus(1, 2) == 3 // return immediately
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Closure memoization
def plus = { a, b -‐> sleep 1000; a + b }.memoize()
assert plus(1, 2) == 3 // after 1000msassert plus(1, 2) == 3 // return immediatelyassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // after 1000ms
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Closure memoization
def plus = { a, b -‐> sleep 1000; a + b }.memoize()
assert plus(1, 2) == 3 // after 1000msassert plus(1, 2) == 3 // return immediatelyassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // after 1000msassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // return immediately
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Closure memoization
def plus = { a, b -‐> sleep 1000; a + b }.memoize()
assert plus(1, 2) == 3 // after 1000msassert plus(1, 2) == 3 // return immediatelyassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // after 1000msassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // return immediately
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Closure memoization
def plus = { a, b -‐> sleep 1000; a + b }.memoize()
assert plus(1, 2) == 3 // after 1000msassert plus(1, 2) == 3 // return immediatelyassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // after 1000msassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // return immediately // at least 10 invocations cached
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Closure memoization
def plus = { a, b -‐> sleep 1000; a + b }.memoize()
assert plus(1, 2) == 3 // after 1000msassert plus(1, 2) == 3 // return immediatelyassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // after 1000msassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // return immediately // at least 10 invocations cacheddef plusAtLeast = { ... }.memoizeAtLeast(10)
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Closure memoization
def plus = { a, b -‐> sleep 1000; a + b }.memoize()
assert plus(1, 2) == 3 // after 1000msassert plus(1, 2) == 3 // return immediatelyassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // after 1000msassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // return immediately // at least 10 invocations cacheddef plusAtLeast = { ... }.memoizeAtLeast(10)
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Closure memoization
def plus = { a, b -‐> sleep 1000; a + b }.memoize()
assert plus(1, 2) == 3 // after 1000msassert plus(1, 2) == 3 // return immediatelyassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // after 1000msassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // return immediately // at least 10 invocations cacheddef plusAtLeast = { ... }.memoizeAtLeast(10) // at most 10 invocations cached
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Closure memoization
def plus = { a, b -‐> sleep 1000; a + b }.memoize()
assert plus(1, 2) == 3 // after 1000msassert plus(1, 2) == 3 // return immediatelyassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // after 1000msassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // return immediately // at least 10 invocations cacheddef plusAtLeast = { ... }.memoizeAtLeast(10) // at most 10 invocations cacheddef plusAtMost = { ... }.memoizeAtMost(10)
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Closure memoization
def plus = { a, b -‐> sleep 1000; a + b }.memoize()
assert plus(1, 2) == 3 // after 1000msassert plus(1, 2) == 3 // return immediatelyassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // after 1000msassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // return immediately // at least 10 invocations cacheddef plusAtLeast = { ... }.memoizeAtLeast(10) // at most 10 invocations cacheddef plusAtMost = { ... }.memoizeAtMost(10)
// between 10 and 20 invocations cached
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Closure memoization
def plus = { a, b -‐> sleep 1000; a + b }.memoize()
assert plus(1, 2) == 3 // after 1000msassert plus(1, 2) == 3 // return immediatelyassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // after 1000msassert plus(2, 2) == 4 // return immediately // at least 10 invocations cacheddef plusAtLeast = { ... }.memoizeAtLeast(10) // at most 10 invocations cacheddef plusAtMost = { ... }.memoizeAtMost(10)
// between 10 and 20 invocations cacheddef plusAtLeast = { ... }.memoizeBetween(10, 20)
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Builtin JSON support
• Consuming
• Producing
• Pretty-printing
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Builtin JSON support
import groovy.json.*
def payload = new URL( "http://github.../json/commits/...").text
def slurper = new JsonSlurper()def doc = slurper.parseText(payload)
doc.commits.message.each { println it }
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Builtin JSON support
import groovy.json.* def json = new JsonBuilder() json.person { name "Guillaume" age 35 pets "Hector", "Felix"} println json.toString()
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Builtin JSON support
import groovy.json.* def json = new JsonBuilder() json.person { name "Guillaume" age 35 pets "Hector", "Felix"} println json.toString()
{ "person": { "name": "Guillaume", "age": 35, "pets": [ "Hector", "Felix" ] }}
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Builtin JSON supportimport groovy.json.* println JsonOutput.prettyPrint( '{"person":{"name":"Guillaume","age":35,"pets":["Hector","Felix"]}}')
{ "person": { "name": "Guillaume", "age": 35, "pets": [ "Hector", "Felix" ] }}
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New AST transformations
• @Log
• @Field
• @AutoClone
• @AutoExternalizable
• @Canonical
• @ToString
• @EqualsAndHashCode
• @TupleConstructor
• Controlling execution
• @ThreadInterrupt
• @TimedInterrupt
• @ConditionalInterrupt
• @InheritConstructor
• @WithReadLock
• @WithWriteLock
• @ListenerList
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@Log
• Four different loggers can be injected
• @Log
• @Commons
• @Log4j
• @Slf4j
• Possible to implement your own strategy
import groovy.util.logging.* @Logclass Car { Car() { log.info 'Car constructed' }} def c = new Car()
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@Log
• Four different loggers can be injected
• @Log
• @Commons
• @Log4j
• @Slf4j
• Possible to implement your own strategy
import groovy.util.logging.* @Logclass Car { Car() { log.info 'Car constructed' }} def c = new Car()
Guardedw/ an if
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Controlling code execution
• Your application may run user’s code
• what if the code runs in infinite loops or for too long?
• what if the code consumes too many resources?
• 3 new transforms at your rescue
• @ThreadInterrupt: adds Thread#isInterrupted checks so your executing thread stops when interrupted
• @TimedInterrupt: adds checks in method and closure bodies to verify it’s run longer than expected
• @ConditionalInterrupt: adds checks with your own conditional logic to break out from the user code
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@ThreadInterrupt
@ThreadInterruptimport groovy.transform.ThreadInterrupt while (true) {
// eat lots of CPU}
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@ThreadInterrupt
@ThreadInterruptimport groovy.transform.ThreadInterrupt while (true) {
// eat lots of CPU}
if (Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) throw new InterruptedException(){
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@ToString
• Provides a default toString() method to your types
• Available options
• includeNames, includeFields, includeSuper, excludes
import groovy.transform.ToString @ToStringclass Person { String name int age} println new Person(name: 'Pete', age: 15)// => Person(Pete, 15)
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@EqualsAndHashCode
• Provides default implementations for equals() and hashCode() methods
import groovy.transform.EqualsAndHashCode @EqualsAndHashCodeclass Coord { int x, y} def c1 = new Coord(x: 20, y: 5)def c2 = new Coord(x: 20, y: 5) assert c1 == c2assert c1.hashCode() == c2.hashCode()
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@TupleConstructor
• Provides a « classical » constructor with all properties
• Several annotation parameter options available
import groovy.transform.TupleConstructor @TupleConstructor class Person { String name int age} def m = new Person('Marion', 4) assert m.name == 'Marion'assert m.age == 4
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@InheritConstructors
• Classes like Exception are painful when extended, as all the base constructors should be replicated
class CustomException extends Exception { CustomException() { super() } CustomException(String msg) { super(msg) } CustomException(String msg, Throwable t) { super(msg, t) } CustomException(Throwable t) { super(t) }}
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@InheritConstructors
• Classes like Exception are painful when extended, as all the base constructors should be replicated
class CustomException extends Exception { CustomException() { super() } CustomException(String msg) { super(msg) } CustomException(String msg, Throwable t) { super(msg, t) } CustomException(Throwable t) { super(t) }}
import groovy.transform.*
@InheritConstructorsclass CustomException extends Exception {
}
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Compilation customizers
• Ability to apply some customization to the Groovy compilation process
• Three available customizers
• ImportCustomizer
• ASTTransformationCustomizer
• SecureASTCustomizer
• But you can implement your own
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Imports customizer
def configuration = new CompilerConfiguration() def custo = new ImportCustomizer()custo.addStaticStar(Math.name)configuration.addCompilationCustomizers(custo) def result = new GroovyShell(configuration) // import static java.lang.Math.* .evaluate(" cos PI/3 ")
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Miscellaneous
• Compilation customizers
• Java 7 diamond operator
• Slashy and dollar slashy strings
• New GDK methods
• (G)String to Enum coercion
• Customizing the Groovysh prompt
• Executing remote scripts
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Groovy 2.0 bird’s eye view
Java 7Project Coin
Invoke Dynamic
A more modular Groovy
Static Type Checking
Static Compilation
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Groovy 2.0 bird’s eye view
A more modular Groovy
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Groovy Modularity
• Groovy’s « all » JAR weighs in at 6 MB
•Nobody needs everything
• Template engine, Ant scripting, Swing UI building...
• Provide a smaller core
• and several smaller JARs per feature
• Provide hooks for setting up DGM methods, etc.
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The new JARs
• A smaller JAR: 3MB
• Modules – console– docgenerator– groovydoc– groovysh– ant– bsf
– jsr-223– jmx– sql– swing– servlet– templates
– test– testng– json– xml
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The new JARs
• A smaller JAR: 3MB
• Modules – console– docgenerator– groovydoc– groovysh– ant– bsf
– jsr-223– jmx– sql– swing– servlet– templates
– test– testng– json– xml
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Extension modules
• Create your own module
• contribute instance extension methods
package foo
class StringExtension { static introduces(String self, String name) { "Hi ${name), I’m ${self}" }}
// usage: "Guillaume".introduces("Cédric")
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Extension modules
• Create your own module
• contribute instance extension methods
package foo
class StringExtension { static introduces(String self, String name) { "Hi ${name), I’m ${self}" }}
// usage: "Guillaume".introduces("Cédric")
Same structureas Categories
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Extension modules
• Create your own module
• contribute class extension methods
package foo
class StaticStringExtension { static hi(String self) { "Hi!" }}
// usage: String.hi()
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Extension module descriptor
• Descriptor in: META-INF/services/org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.ExtensionModule
moduleName = stringExtensionsmoduleVersion = 1.0// comma-‐separated list of classesextensionClasses = foo.StringExtension// comma-‐separated list of classesstaticExtensionClasses = foo.StaticStringExtension
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Groovy 2.0 bird’s eye view
Java 7Project Coin
Invoke Dynamic
A more modular Groovy
Static Type Checking
Static Compilation
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Groovy 2.0 bird’s eye view
Java 7Project Coin
Invoke Dynamic
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Binary literals
• We had decimal, octal and hexadecimal notations for number literals
• We can now use binary representations too int x = 0b10101111
assert x == 175 byte aByte = 0b00100001assert aByte == 33 int anInt = 0b1010000101000101assert anInt == 41285
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Underscore in literals
• Now we can also add underscores in number literals for more readability
long creditCardNumber = 1234_5678_9012_3456Llong socialSecurityNumbers = 999_99_9999Lfloat monetaryAmount = 12_345_132.12long hexBytes = 0xFF_EC_DE_5Elong hexWords = 0xFFEC_DE5Elong maxLong = 0x7fff_ffff_ffff_ffffLlong alsoMaxLong = 9_223_372_036_854_775_807Llong bytes = 0b11010010_01101001_10010100_10010010
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Multicatch
• One block for multiple exception caught
• rather than duplicating the block
try { /* ... */} catch(IOException | NullPointerException e) { /* one block to treat 2 exceptions */}
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InvokeDynamic
•Groovy 2.0 supports JDK 7’s invokeDynamic
• compiler has a flag for compiling against JDK 7
• might use the invokeDynamic backport for < JDK 7
• Benefits
• more runtime performance!
• at least as fast as current « dynamic » Groovy
• in the long run, will allow us to get rid of code!
• call site caching, thanks to MethodHandles
• metaclass registry, thanks to ClassValues
• will let the JIT inline calls more easily
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Groovy 2.0 bird’s eye view
Java 7Project Coin
Invoke Dynamic
A more modular Groovy
Static Type Checking
Static Compilation
![Page 80: Groovy 2.0 update at Devoxx 2012](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022052523/5558752bd8b42a8d018b5290/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Groovy 2.0 bird’s eye view
Static Type Checking
Static Compilation
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Static Type Checking
• Goal: make the Groovy compiler « grumpy »!
• and throw compilation errors (not at runtime)
•Not everybody needs dynamic features all the time
• think Java libraries scripting
• Grumpy should...
• tell you about your method or variable typos
• complain if you call methods that don’t exist
• shout on assignments of wrong types
• infer the types of your variables
• figure out GDK methods
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Typos in a variable or method
import groovy.transform.TypeChecked void method() {} @TypeChecked test() { // Cannot find matching method metthhoood() metthhoood() def name = "Guillaume" // variable naamme is undeclared println naamme}
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Typos in a variable or method
import groovy.transform.TypeChecked void method() {} @TypeChecked test() { // Cannot find matching method metthhoood() metthhoood() def name = "Guillaume" // variable naamme is undeclared println naamme}
Compilationerrors!
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Typos in a variable or method
import groovy.transform.TypeChecked void method() {} @TypeChecked test() { // Cannot find matching method metthhoood() metthhoood() def name = "Guillaume" // variable naamme is undeclared println naamme}
Compilationerrors!
Annotation can be atclass or method level
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Wrong assignments
// cannot assign value of type... to variable...int x = new Object()Set set = new Object() def o = new Object()int x = o String[] strings = ['a','b','c']int str = strings[0] // cannot find matching method plus()int i = 0i += '1'
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Wrong assignments
// cannot assign value of type... to variable...int x = new Object()Set set = new Object() def o = new Object()int x = o String[] strings = ['a','b','c']int str = strings[0] // cannot find matching method plus()int i = 0i += '1'
Compilationerrors!
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Wrong return types
// checks if/else branch return values@TypeCheckedint method() { if (true) { 'String' } else { 42 }}// works for switch/case & try/catch/finally // transparent toString() implied@TypeCheckedString greeting(String name) { def sb = new StringBuilder() sb << "Hi " << name}
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Wrong return types
// checks if/else branch return values@TypeCheckedint method() { if (true) { 'String' } else { 42 }}// works for switch/case & try/catch/finally // transparent toString() implied@TypeCheckedString greeting(String name) { def sb = new StringBuilder() sb << "Hi " << name}
Compilationerror!
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Type inference
@TypeChecked test() { def name = " Guillaume " // String type infered (even inside GString) println "NAME = ${name.toUpperCase()}" // Groovy GDK method support // (GDK operator overloading too) println name.trim() int[] numbers = [1, 2, 3] // Element n is an int for (int n in numbers) { println n }}
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Statically checked & dynamic methods
@TypeCheckedString greeting(String name) { // call method with dynamic behavior // but with proper signature generateMarkup(name.toUpperCase())} // usual dynamic behaviorString generateMarkup(String name) { def sw = new StringWriter() new MarkupBuilder(sw).html { body { div name } } sw.toString()}
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Instanceof checks@TypeChecked void test(Object val) {
if (val instanceof String) { println val.toUpperCase() } else if (val instanceof Number) { println "X" * val.intValue() }}
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Instanceof checks@TypeChecked void test(Object val) {
if (val instanceof String) { println val.toUpperCase() } else if (val instanceof Number) { println "X" * val.intValue() }}
No needfor casts
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Instanceof checks@TypeChecked void test(Object val) {
if (val instanceof String) { println val.toUpperCase() } else if (val instanceof Number) { println "X" * val.intValue() }}
No needfor casts
Can call String#multiply(int)from the Groovy Development Kit
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Lowest Upper Bound
• Represents the lowest « super » type classes have in common
• may be virtual (aka « non-denotable »)
@TypeChecked test() { // an integer and a BigDecimal return [1234, 3.14]}
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Lowest Upper Bound
• Represents the lowest « super » type classes have in common
• may be virtual (aka « non-denotable »)
@TypeChecked test() { // an integer and a BigDecimal return [1234, 3.14]}
Inferred return type:List<Number & Comparable>
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Lowest Upper Bound
• Represents the lowest « super » type classes have in common
• may be virtual (aka « non-denotable »)
@TypeChecked test() { // an integer and a BigDecimal return [1234, 3.14]}
Inferred return type:List<Number & Comparable>
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Flow typing
• Static type checking shouldn’t complain even for bad coding practicies which work without type checks
@TypeChecked test() { def var = 123 // inferred type is int int x = var // var is an int var = "123" // assign var with a String
x = var.toInteger() // no problem, no need to cast
var = 123 x = var.toUpperCase() // error, var is int!}
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Gotcha: static checking vs dynamic
• Type checking works at compile-time
• adding @TypeChecked doesn’t change behavior
• do not confuse with static compilation
• Most dynamic features cannot be type checked
• metaclass changes, categories
• dynamically bound variables (ex: script’s binding)
• However, compile-time metaprogramming works
• as long as proper type information is defined
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Gotcha: runtime metaprogramming
@TypeChecked void test() { Integer.metaClass.foo = {} 123.foo()}
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Gotcha: runtime metaprogramming
@TypeChecked void test() { Integer.metaClass.foo = {} 123.foo()}
Not allowed:metaClass property
is dynamic
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Gotcha: runtime metaprogramming
@TypeChecked void test() { Integer.metaClass.foo = {} 123.foo()}
Not allowed:metaClass property
is dynamic
Method notrecognized
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Gotcha: explicit type for closures
@TypeChecked test() { ["a", "b", "c"].collect { it.toUpperCase() // Not OK }}
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Gotcha: explicit type for closures
@TypeChecked test() { ["a", "b", "c"].collect { String it -‐> it.toUpperCase() // OK, it’s a String }}
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Closure shared variables
@TypeChecked test() { def var = "abc" def cl = { var = new Date() } if (random) cl() var.toUpperCase() // Not OK!}
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Closure shared variables
@TypeChecked test() { def var = "abc" def cl = { var = new Date() } if (random) cl() var.toUpperCase() // Not OK!}
var assigned in the closure: « shared closure variable »
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Closure shared variables
@TypeChecked test() { def var = "abc" def cl = { var = new Date() } if (random) cl() var.toUpperCase() // Not OK!}
var assigned in the closure: « shared closure variable »
Impossible to ensure the
assignment really happens
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Closure shared variables
@TypeChecked test() { def var = "abc" def cl = { var = new Date() } if (random) cl() var.toUpperCase() // Not OK!}
var assigned in the closure: « shared closure variable »
Impossible to ensure the
assignment really happens
Only methods of the most specific compatible type (LUB) are allowed by the type checker
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Closure shared variables
class A { void foo() {} }class B extends A { void bar() {} }
@TypeChecked test() { def var = new A() def cl = { var = new B() } cl() var.foo() // OK!}
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Closure shared variables
class A { void foo() {} }class B extends A { void bar() {} }
@TypeChecked test() { def var = new A() def cl = { var = new B() } cl() var.foo() // OK!}
var is at least an instance of A
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Static Compilation
• Given your Groovy code can be type checked...we can as well compile it « statically »
• ie. generate the same byte code as javac
• Also interesting for those stuck in JDK < 7 to benefit from performance improvements
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Static Compilation: advantages
• You gain:
• Type safety
• thanks to static type checking
• static compilation builds upon static type checking
• Faster code
• as close as possible to Java’s performance
• Code immune to « monkey patching »
• metaprogramming badly used can interfere with framework code
• Smaller bytecode size
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Static Compilation: disadvantages
• But you loose:
• Dynamic features
• metaclass changes, categories, etc.
• Dynamic method dispatch
• although as close as possible to « dynamic » Groovy
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Statically compiled & dynamic methods
@CompileStaticString greeting(String name) {
// call method with dynamic behavior // but with proper signature
generateMarkup(name.toUpperCase())} // usual dynamic behaviorString generateMarkup(String name) { def sw = new StringWriter() new MarkupBuilder(sw).html { body { div name } } sw.toString()}
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What about performance?
• Comparisons between:
• Java
• Groovy static compilation (Groovy 2.0)
• Groovy with primitive optimizations (Groovy 1.8+)
• Groovy without optimizations (Groovy 1.7)
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What about performance?
Fibonacci Pi (π) quadrature
Binarytrees
Java
Staticcompilation
Primitive optimizations
No prim.optimizations
191 ms 97 ms 3.6 s
197 ms 101 ms 4.3 s
360 ms 111 ms 23.7 s
2590 ms 3220 ms 50.0 s1.7
1.8
2.0
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Summary: Groovy 2.0 themes
•Modularity
• Embark the JDK 7 enhancements
• Project Coin
• Invoke Dynamic
• Static aspects
• Static type checking
• Static compilation
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Thank you!
Guillaume Laforge
Head of Groovy Development
Email: [email protected]
Twitter: @glaforge
Google+: http://gplus.to/glaforge
Blog: http://glaforge.appspot.com
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Q&A
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Roadmap
• Groovy 2.1 — end of year
• @DelegatesTo annotation, for better tooling & type checking
• complete the invoke dynamic support
• custom type checking for your Domain-Specific Languages
• meta-annotations for combining AST transformations
• Groovy 3.0 — 2013
• new Meta-Object Protocol
• Java 8 lambda support
• Groovy 4.0 — 2014
• moving to Antlr 4
• rewrite of the grammar