GridWise™ Appliance LoadGridWise™ Appliance LoadManagement InitiativeManagement Initiative

GridWise™ Appliance LoadGridWise™ Appliance LoadManagement InitiativeManagement Initiative

Donald Hammerstrom, PNNL

2:00 - 2:30 pm, Thursday 25-October-2007

Donald Hammerstrom, PNNL

Gale Horst, Whirlpool Corporation

Colorado Utility Efficiency Exchange

Aspen, CO

October 24 – 26, 2007

PNNL-SA-XXXX

OutlineOutlineOutlineOutline

Pacific Northwest GridWise™ Testbed Demonstration Olympic Peninsula Project

Grid Friendly™ Appliance Project

Demand responses at the appliance level Persistent vs. process appliances

Pleasing the customer while performing grid responses

What will customers want and accept?

2

What will customers want and accept?

Universal DR Appliance Interface Business case

Characteristics

Moving forward

Grid-responsive appliance opportunities Regulation / damping

Voltage stability

Augmented CVR

Pacific Northwest GridWise TestbedPacific Northwest GridWise TestbedPacific Northwest GridWise TestbedPacific Northwest GridWise Testbed

Olympic Peninsula Project Grid Friendly Appliance Project

50 dryers

Office Buildingsand DG (~170

kW)

Real-time Market

Underfrequency Event

GFA Controller

3

50 dryers(~10 kW)

Municipal Pumps(~200 kW)

ResidentialWater Heaters

and Thermostats(~75 kW)

BPA, Clallam PUD, IBM, Invensys Controls,Port Angeles, PGE, PNNL, Whirlpool

BPA, Clallam PUD, InvensysControls, PacifiCorp, Port Angeles,

PGE, PNNL, Whirlpool

Fast Appliance Load Shed

150 dryers(~30 kW)

50 WaterHeaters (~40 kW)

TransactiveTransactive Thermostat ControlThermostat ControlTransactiveTransactive Thermostat ControlThermostat Controlp

rice

bid price

max

imu

mte

mp

erat

ure

lim

it

bid curve

average price

Paverage+ kT_Hσ

Pbid

Paverage

(cooling mode example)

4

pri

ce

temperaturesetT min max

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ired

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A 5A 5--minute Energy Marketminute Energy MarketA 5A 5--minute Energy Marketminute Energy Market

5

RTP Market ResponsesRTP Market ResponsesRTP Market ResponsesRTP Market Responses

Residential thermostats under real-timecontracts shifted their space conditioningload to early morning, cheaper hours.

1000

12002

4

aver

age

spac

eco

nd

itio

nin

gd

eman

d(k

W)

(500-kW feeder constraint period)

3

6

load

(kW

)

System load was effectively deferredonly when the distribution feeder line

was truly constrained.

10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 1000

200

400

600

800

fraction of hours

actual

baseline

feeder constraint @ 500 kW

0hour of dayav

erag

esp

ace

con

dit

ion

ing

dem

and

(kW

)

actual (56.8 kWh/day, 3.6 peak kW)

baseline (48.8 kWh/day, 3.2 peak kW)

1

Grid Friendly ControllerGrid Friendly ControllerGrid Friendly ControllerGrid Friendly ControllerGFA chip used in project:

• Responds in 400 ms to 90% of a step frequencychange

• Frequency set at 59.95 Hz to achieve daily orweekly under-frequency “events.”

• Senses from 24-VAC sensing transformer

• Assignable output pins. The “relay” output

77

• Assignable output pins. The “relay” outputsignals the desired curtailment

• Cost ~$44 each in quantity of 300

Next generation GFA chip:

• Much smaller

• Both voltage and frequency responses

• Communications enabled

Grid Friendly Appliance CollaborationGrid Friendly Appliance Collaboration

Invensys Controls, Whirlpool, PNNLInvensys Controls, Whirlpool, PNNL

Grid Friendly Appliance CollaborationGrid Friendly Appliance Collaboration

Invensys Controls, Whirlpool, PNNLInvensys Controls, Whirlpool, PNNL

GFA controllersensing transformer

240-VAC

supply

Load Control Module

88

dryer receptacle

load control module

WIDE box

dryer comm.cable

Pacific NW GridwisePacific NW GridwiseTMTM

DemonstrationDemonstrationPacific NW GridwisePacific NW GridwiseTMTM

DemonstrationDemonstration

9

A load control module handlesboth communications and load

reduction measurements forproject verification.

1501 Dryer 4/13/06 Expanded

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Field Dryer ResponseField Dryer ResponseField Dryer ResponseField Dryer ResponseD

ryer

load

(Watt

s)

GFA event

1010

0

1000

2000

3000

Read Tme

GFA Start at 6:01:38GFA Stop at6:04:38

Time (total duration shown = ~20 minutes)

* Underfrequency event detected in a demonstration home on April 14, 2006

Dry

erlo

ad

(Watt

s)

Unit trips, frequency decreases, sensor reduces loadSystem operators take actionWater Heater and Dryer resume several minutes laterNo consumer impact

Grid instabilitytrigger points

Gri

dF

req

uen

cy

14minutes

11

~ 5 Minutes

Dryers & Water Heatersrespond immediately

Gri

dF

req

uen

cy#

Ap

pli

an

ceR

esp

on

din

g

It WORKS!

Whirlpool CorporationWhirlpool CorporationWhirlpool CorporationWhirlpool Corporation

World’s leading manufacturer and marketer of majorhome appliances

Annual sales of more than $18 billion

73,000 employees

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73,000 employees

70 manufacturing and technology centers worldwide

Conducting business in more than 170 countries

Brands:North America (Incl Canada & Mexico): KitchenAid, Whirlpool, Maytag, Amana, Jenn-Air, Roper,

Estate, Gladiator, Acros, Supermatic, Crolls (Whirlpool Corporation is also a significantsupplier to Sears Holdings Corp., which owns and controls the Kenmore brand name.)

Europe: Whirlpool, Bauknecht, KitchenAid, Maytag, Amana, Ignis, Polar, Laden (in France), KIC (inSouth Africa)

Latin America: Whirlpool, KitchenAid, Maytag,Brastemp, Consul, Embraco, Eslabon de LujoAsia: Whirlpool, Maytag, KitchenAid

Residential DevicesResidential Devices

Primary Product Categories:

Air PurifiersAutomatic Washers &

DryersOvens & Ranges

FreezersWater HeatersIce Makers,Microwave Ovens,

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Ovens & RangesCountertop AppliancesDehumidifiersDishwashersFabric Fresheners

Microwave Ovens,RefrigeratorsRoom AirConditionersTrash CompactorsWater Dispensers

Two Appliance CategoriesTwo Appliance CategoriesTwo Appliance CategoriesTwo Appliance Categories

Persistent vs. Process-Oriented

Start-to-finish process involving multiplesteps, sensors, temperatures andconsumables often performing the taskupon other consumer products such asfood, clothing, and dishes.

Single persistent task such as:• Maintaining room temperature• Keeping water warm

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--- Forced power interruption ---

may be acceptable Limited Options

also Refrigerators also Stoves & Ovens

Automated Low CustomerImpact:

When PNNL grid sensor triggers an event,

the 150 dryers reduced their power from

5,700 watts to ~280 watts . . . a 95%

reduction in 40 milliseconds!

Phase IPhase I ProcessProcess--Oriented Appliance ResponseOriented Appliance ResponseProcessProcess--Oriented Appliance ResponseOriented Appliance Response

15

Impact:

• turn off the heating element

• continue drum rotation

• reduce the heat/temperature

• residual heat and tumblingcontinue to dry clothes

• drying time automaticallyextended as required

1501 Dryer 4/13/06 Expanded

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Field Dryer ResponseField Dryer ResponseField Dryer ResponseField Dryer ResponseD

ryer

load

(Watt

s)

GFA event

1616

0

1000

2000

3000

Read Tme

GFA Start at 6:01:38GFA Stop at6:04:38

Time (total duration shown = ~20 minutes)

* Under frequency event detected in one demonstration home on April 14, 2006

Dry

erlo

ad

(Watt

s)

from Post Pilot Survey: “How acceptable was it to haveyour clothes dryer cycle run a few minutes longer,occasionally, in response to power grid needs?”

[Check one]

Consumer Interaction

3 %

0%

S o m e w h a t u n a c c e p ta b le

U n a c c e p ta b le

97% Consumer Acceptance ofGridWise appliance response

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79%

11%

7%

0 % 1 0 % 2 0 % 3 0 % 4 0 % 5 0 % 6 0 % 7 0 % 8 0 % 9 0 %

V e ry a c c e p ta b le

S o m e w h a t a c c e p ta b le

A c c e p ta b le

GridWise appliance response

Consumers receive peak price notification on theirappliance console and thermostat.

Consumers react to changing price signals sent totheir homes. If power consumption is reduced,customers earned a cash rebate. (CPR)

Transmitted Price SignalsPhase IIPhase II

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Pr ice – The dryer has received

a critical peak pricing indicator.

Energy price indicator

Consumer notified of atemporary energy

price increase.

The right information when and where the consumer needs it.

Simple Indicators Work Best!

Consumer Interaction

Two methods and automated responses tested:

Example 1 (Woodridge):

Consumer notifiedthat a peak price

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Example 2 (GridWise): • “Pr” notified the consumer of atemporary energy price increase.

• Most did not consider this asinconvenient

that a peak priceperiod is in effect

Energy management signals will be received inreal-time via utility-owned infrastructure

Signal . . .

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NOTE: UL and corporate safety standards may necessitate applianceintervention in some cases.

Successful shift of theSuccessful shift of theDryer Load ShapeDryer Load Shape

Successful shift of theSuccessful shift of theDryer Load ShapeDryer Load Shape

Standard load shape. . . compared withStandard load shape. . . compared with WoodridgeWoodridgepilot Red/Green LED with auto delay button (TOU tariff)pilot Red/Green LED with auto delay button (TOU tariff)

21

[from Post Pilot Survey]Consumer Interaction

C o n su m er V alu es

7%O ther

“Which of the following would most stronglyinfluence your decision to purchase a Grid Friendlyclothes dryer instead of a standard model?

[Check all that apply]

22

58%

89%

50%

46%

0% 10% 20 % 30% 40% 50 % 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

E nviro nm ent

R ed uce co sts

H e lp g rid

P rice

How did pilot participants suggestHow did pilot participants suggestconsumers obtain this technology?consumers obtain this technology?How did pilot participants suggestHow did pilot participants suggest

consumers obtain this technology?consumers obtain this technology?

58% thought GFA should beenabled as a standard on all

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enabled as a standard on allappliances

32% would prefer GFA as apurchase option

HowHow Do Customers Want DRDo Customers Want DRHowHow Do Customers Want DRDo Customers Want DR

1% Would select 10% flat rate increase to be ableto use electricity at the same price any time

15% Prefer to manage their own TOU/CPP

24

15% Prefer to manage their own TOU/CPPelectricity use based on a transmitted price signal

17% Prefer utility dispatched direct load control

67% Prefer set and forget appliances that react toutility price signals (with consumer overridepossible)

Demand Response LearningDemand Response LearningDemand Response LearningDemand Response Learning

Customers understand DR Enabled Appliances

Appliance OEM better at Customer Interface

A lot of control can be achieved with 3 BooleanCommunication Signals

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System Instability

High Price

Load Control

A more advanced communications interfacecould be considered as optional

Utility or Energy Provider may choose any communication path

Universal Demand Response Interfacetranslates any communication signal to

standardized appliance commands

Any Communication MethodAny Communication MethodAny Communication MethodAny Communication Method

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Dryer

Appliance Control

DryerDryer

Appliance ControlAppliance Control

Enables open or proprietarycommunication protocol

Any ExternalCommunicationProtocol

A “Socket” onthe appliance,

connected to itscontrols

OR

Simplify Appliance ControlExpectations

Gridwise Pilot

• Grid Friendly (GFA) - brief instantaneous load shedding• Load Control (DR) – load reduction request• High or Critical Price Period - a temporary price change• Load / Peak Leveling - coordinated power reduction

27

Key Concepts:

• Each appliance type may have a different responsedepending on hardware, electronics, real-timestatus, design issues and the nature of the request.

• Reduced cost for both appliance production & utilityprogram installation

Commercialization StrategyCommercialization StrategyCommercialization StrategyCommercialization Strategy

Appliance Socket with Open Protocol Adds only several dollars per appliance

Mass production of grid ready appliances

Supports:Post production / post sale enablement

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Post production / post sale enablement

Adaptation for any communication protocol

GFA Sensor with Comm. Device

Could enables customer install of a $20communication device w/electronic verification

DR resource at a fraction of previous cost

Appliance Regulation and DampingAppliance Regulation and DampingServicesServices

Appliance Regulation and DampingAppliance Regulation and DampingServicesServices

All appliances “see” thegrid’s frequency.

“Persistent” applianceshave lots of time to helpmaintain grid frequency.

D

f

One-dimensional Control

29

maintain grid frequency.

With communication,these appliances canperform traditionalregulation.

This approach neededfor micro-grids.

TD

f

One-dimensional Control

Two-dimensional Control

Promote Voltage Stability at LoadsPromote Voltage Stability at LoadsPromote Voltage Stability at LoadsPromote Voltage Stability at Loads

System faults cause momentary voltage sags.

Induction machines may stall and slow voltagerecovery.

The Grid Friendly controller was shown torecognize voltage sags consistently within 2

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recognize voltage sags consistently within 2cycles.

Cold load pickup is had for free.

This control should be standard for appliances withinduction motors.

Augmented Conservation Voltage ReductionAugmented Conservation Voltage Reduction–– As it Could be PracticedAs it Could be Practiced

Augmented Conservation Voltage ReductionAugmented Conservation Voltage Reduction–– As it Could be PracticedAs it Could be Practiced

Feeder voltage is reducedby the utility during peaks

Loads recognize thevoltage signal and activelyshed load

A 2% voltage reduction

Fractional Loadvs

Fractional Voltage

0.60

0.80

1.00

Fra

cti

on

alN

om

inal

Lo

ad

31

A 2% voltage reductioncould result in up to 100%load shed by targeted loads

NormalVoltage

Normalload

Voltagesignal

Curtailedload

Perhaps … a “poor man’s BPL”!

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

1 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96

Fraction Nominal Voltage

Fra

cti

on

alN

om

inal

Lo

ad

For More Information:For More Information:For More Information:For More Information:

Donald Hammerstrom Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Donald.Hammerstrom@pnl.gov

509-372-4087

32

Gale Horst Whirlpool Corporation

Gale_Horst@whirlpool.com

269-923-2770