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Syllabus Updated and available on web Syllabus Updated and available on web Minor changes to schedule Minor changes to schedule Grading Policy changed: Grading Policy changed: Lecture (67%): Lecture (67%):

3 or 4 exams at 100 points each (drop 1) 3 or 4 exams at 100 points each (drop 1) 55% 55% Homework Homework 20% 20% Final Exam Final Exam 25% 25%

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2 2 CopyrightThe McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Chapter 7

Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

David Shier Jackie Butler Ricki Lewis

Created by Dr. Melissa Eisenhauer Head Athletic Trainer/Assistant Professor

Trevecca Nazarene University Amended by John Crocker

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Chapter 7 Chapter 7 Skeletal System Skeletal System

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Introduction: Introduction: A. A. Bones are the organs of the skeletal system Bones are the organs of the skeletal system B. B. They are very active tissues They are very active tissues C. C. Functions include: Functions include: 1. 1. muscle attachment muscle attachment 2. 2. protection protection 3. 3. support, support, 4. 4. blood cell production blood cell production 5. 5. storage of minerals storage of minerals

CopyrightThe McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

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Bone Structure Bone Structure A. A. Bones are classified by size and shape Bones are classified by size and shape 1. 1. Long Long a) a) Long longitudinal axes Long longitudinal axes b) b) Expanded ends ( Expanded ends (epiphesis epiphesis) ) c) c) Femur, Femur, humerus humerus

2. 2. Short Short a) a) Length and width near equal Length and width near equal b) b) Carpals, Carpals, tarsals tarsals

3. 3. Flat Flat a) a) platelike platelike with broad surfaces with broad surfaces b) b) Ribs, scapulae Ribs, scapulae


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4. 4. Irregular Irregular a) a) Various shapes Various shapes b) b) Vertebrae, nasal Vertebrae, nasal concha concha

5. 5. Sesamoid Sesamoid a) a) Round Round b) b) Usually small Usually small c) c) Embedded within tendons adjacent to Embedded within tendons adjacent to joints joints

d) d) Patella Patella

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B. B. Structure of long bones Structure of long bones 1. 1. The The diaphysis diaphysis a) a) Bone shaft Bone shaft b) b) Long relative to its diameter Long relative to its diameter c) c) Wall composed of Wall composed of compact bone compact bone d) d) Contains a hollow Contains a hollow medullary medullary cavity cavity

1) 1) lined with lined with endosteum endosteum 2) 2) filled with filled with marrow marrow

2. 2. The The periosteum periosteum a) a) Tough layer of vascular connective tissue Tough layer of vascular connective tissue b) b) Covers the bone Covers the bone c) c) Continuous with ligaments and tendons Continuous with ligaments and tendons

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3. 3. Epiphysis Epiphysis a) a) Expanded ends of long bones Expanded ends of long bones b) b) Form joints with adjacent bones Form joints with adjacent bones c) c) Filled with Filled with spongy bone spongy bone to reduce weight to reduce weight d) d) Covered by Covered by articular articular cartilages cartilages (hyaline (hyaline cartilage) cartilage)

4. 4. Shape makes function possible Shape makes function possible a) a) Bony processes Bony processes or grooves provide places or grooves provide places of attachment for muscles of attachment for muscles

b) b) Epiphyses allow for ease of movement in Epiphyses allow for ease of movement in joints joints


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C. C. Microscopic Structure Microscopic Structure 1. 1. Osteocytes Osteocytes (bone cells) (bone cells) a) a) Located within Located within lacunae lacunae b) b) Pass nutrients and gasses in the matrix Pass nutrients and gasses in the matrix through through canaliculi canaliculi

c) c) May be organized into May be organized into osteons osteons 2. 2. Intercellular material consists of: Intercellular material consists of: a) a) Collagen Collagen – – provides strength and durability provides strength and durability b) b) inorganic salts (CaPO inorganic salts (CaPO 4 4 ) ) – – hardness hardness


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3. 3. Osteocytes Osteocytes and intercellular material and intercellular material a) a) Compact bone is organized into Compact bone is organized into osteons osteons that: that: 1) 1) Extend longitudinally through bone Extend longitudinally through bone 2) 2) Lie in concentric circles around central Lie in concentric circles around central Haversian Haversian canals canals ( (osteonic osteonic canals canals ) )

3) 3) Are interconnected by transverse Are interconnected by transverse perforating canals perforating canals

4) 4) Contain blood vessels and nerve fibers Contain blood vessels and nerve fibers 5) 5) Osteons Osteons are cemented together are cemented together

b) b) Spongy bone is not arranged into Spongy bone is not arranged into osteons osteons


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Bone Development and Growth Bone Development and Growth A. A. Bones form by replacing connective Bones form by replacing connective tissues in tissues in the fetus. the fetus.

B. B. Intramembranous Intramembranous bones bones 1. 1. form within sheetlike layers of connective form within sheetlike layers of connective tissue tissue

2. 2. Osteoblasts Osteoblasts a) a) Deposit bony tissue around themselves Deposit bony tissue around themselves b) b)Once Once osteoblasts osteoblasts are surrounded by are surrounded by extracellular extracellular matrix (lacunae) they are matrix (lacunae) they are called called osteocytes osteocytes. .

3. 3. Cells of membranous connective tissue Cells of membranous connective tissue outside the bone develop the outside the bone develop the periosteum periosteum. .

4. 4. Include the flat bones of the skull Include the flat bones of the skull


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C. C. Endochondral Endochondral bones bones replace masses of replace masses of cartilage cartilage 1. 1. Most skeletal bones Most skeletal bones 2. 2. First develop as hyaline cartilage models First develop as hyaline cartilage models 3. 3. Cartilage is broken down in the Cartilage is broken down in the diaphysis diaphysis 4. 4. Periosteum Periosteum develops on the outside develops on the outside 5. 5. Disintegrating tissue is invaded by blood Disintegrating tissue is invaded by blood vessels and vessels and osteoblasts osteoblasts

6. 6. Spongy bone is formed at the Spongy bone is formed at the primary primary ossification ossification center center

7. 7. Bone tissue develops outward towards Bone tissue develops outward towards the ends the ends


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8. 8. Osteoblasts Osteoblasts from the periosteum lay down from the periosteum lay down compact bone outside the spongy bone. compact bone outside the spongy bone.

9. 9. Secondary ossification centers Secondary ossification centers appear in the appear in the epiphyses epiphyses

10. 10.Epiphyseal Epiphyseal plates plates ( (metaphysis metaphysis) ) a) a) Bands of hyaline cartilage Bands of hyaline cartilage b) b) Form between the two ossification Form between the two ossification centers centers

c) c) Made up of layers of cartilage cells Made up of layers of cartilage cells undergoing mitosis undergoing mitosis

d) d) Responsible for lengthening bones Responsible for lengthening bones


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11. 11.Increases in thickness are due to Increases in thickness are due to intramembranous intramembranous ossification underneath ossification underneath the the periosteum periosteum. .

12. 12.Osteoclasts Osteoclasts break down the calcified break down the calcified matrix matrix

13. 13.Then replaced with bone Then replaced with bone building building osteoblasts osteoblasts that deposit bone in place of that deposit bone in place of calcified cartilage. calcified cartilage.

14. 14.A A medullary cavity medullary cavity forms in the region of forms in the region of the diaphysis due to the activity of the diaphysis due to the activity of osteoclasts osteoclasts. .


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E. Homeostasis of Bone Tissue E. Homeostasis of Bone Tissue 1. 1. Osteoclasts Osteoclasts tear down ( tear down (resorption resorption) ) 2. 2. Osteoblasts Osteoblasts build bone ( build bone (deposition) deposition) 3. 3. Average of 3% to 5% of bone calcium Average of 3% to 5% of bone calcium exchanged annually exchanged annually


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Bone Function Bone Function A. A. Support and Protection Support and Protection 1. 1. Bones give shape to: Bones give shape to: a) a) Head Head b) b) Thorax Thorax c) c) limbs. limbs.

2. 2. Bones such as the pelvis and lower limbs Bones such as the pelvis and lower limbs provide support for the body. provide support for the body.

3. 3. Bones of the skull protect: Bones of the skull protect: a) a) Brain Brain b) b) Ears Ears c) c) Eyes Eyes


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B. B. Body Movement Body Movement 1. 1. Bones can act as Bones can act as levers levers 2. 2. A lever has four components: A lever has four components: a) a) a rigid bar (bone) a rigid bar (bone) b) b) a pivot or fulcrum (joint) a pivot or fulcrum (joint) c) c) an object that is moved against an object that is moved against resistance (bone) resistance (bone)

d) d) a force that supplies energy (muscle) a force that supplies energy (muscle)


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C. C. Blood Cell Formation Blood Cell Formation 1. 1. Blood cells begin to form through Blood cells begin to form through

hematopoieses hematopoieses in the yolk sac in the yolk sac 2. 2. Later manufactured in bone marrow Later manufactured in bone marrow 3. 3. Two kinds of marrow occupy the Two kinds of marrow occupy the medullary medullary

cavities of bone : cavities of bone : a) a) Yellow marrow Yellow marrow 1) 1) occupies the cavities of most bones occupies the cavities of most bones 2) 2) stores fat stores fat


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b) b) Red marrow Red marrow a) a) Functions in the formation of: Functions in the formation of:

1) 1) red blood cells red blood cells 2) 2) white blood cells white blood cells 3) 3) Platelets Platelets

b) b) Found in the spongy bone of the: Found in the spongy bone of the: 1) 1) Skull Skull 2) 2) Ribs Ribs 3) 3) Sternum Sternum 4) 4) Clavicles Clavicles 5) 5) Vertebrae Vertebrae 6) 6) Pelvis Pelvis

c) c) Red marrow can replace yellow if more blood Red marrow can replace yellow if more blood is needed is needed

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D. D. Storage of Inorganic Salts Storage of Inorganic Salts 1. 1. The inorganic matrix of bone stores The inorganic matrix of bone stores

inorganic mineral salts inorganic mineral salts a) a) Calcium phosphate (CaPO Calcium phosphate (CaPO 4 4 ) ) b) b) Important in many metabolic processes Important in many metabolic processes c) c) Bone calcium is a reservoir for body Bone calcium is a reservoir for body calcium calcium

d) d) Calcium is stored in bone under the Calcium is stored in bone under the influence of influence of calcitonin calcitonin when blood levels when blood levels of calcium are high of calcium are high

e) e) When blood levels are low, When blood levels are low, osteoclasts osteoclasts release calcium from bone release calcium from bone


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2. 2. Bone also stores Bone also stores magnesium, sodium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and carbonate ions potassium, and carbonate ions. .

3. 3. Bones can also accumulate harmful Bones can also accumulate harmful elements, such as lead, radium, and elements, such as lead, radium, and strontium strontium


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Skeletal Organization Skeletal Organization A. A. The The axial skeleton axial skeleton consists of the: consists of the: 1. 1. Skull Skull 2. 2. Hyoid bone Hyoid bone 3. 3. Vertebral column Vertebral column a) a) Vertebrae Vertebrae b) b) Intervertebral Intervertebral disks disks

4. 4. Thorax Thorax a) a) Ribs Ribs b) b) Sternum Sternum

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B. B. The The appendicular appendicular skeleton skeleton consists of the: consists of the: 1. 1. Pectoral girdle Pectoral girdle

a) a) scapulae scapulae b) b) clavicles clavicles

2. 2. Upper limbs Upper limbs a) a) Humerus Humerus b) b) Radius Radius c) c) Ulna Ulna d) d) Carpals Carpals e) e) Metacarpals Metacarpals f) f) Phalanges Phalanges

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3. 3. Pelvic girdle Pelvic girdle a) a) coxal coxal bones articulating with bones articulating with b) b) the sacrum the sacrum

4. 4. Lower limbs Lower limbs a) a) Femur Femur b) b) Tibia Tibia c) c) Fibula Fibula d) d) Patella Patella e) e) Tarsals Tarsals f) f) Metatarsals Metatarsals g) g) Phalanges Phalanges

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The Skull The Skull A. A. The skull is made up of 22 bones The skull is made up of 22 bones 1. 1. 8 cranial bones 8 cranial bones 2. 2. 13 facial bones, and 13 facial bones, and 3. 3. the the mandible mandible

B. B. Cranium Cranium 1. 1. encloses and protects the brain encloses and protects the brain 2. 2. provides attachments for muscles provides attachments for muscles 3. 3. contains air contains air filled filled sinuses sinuses that reduce its that reduce its

weight. weight. 4. 4. Features of the Features of the frontal bone frontal bone include: include: a) a) supraorbital supraorbital foramina foramina b) b) frontal sinuses frontal sinuses

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6. 6. Parietal bones Parietal bones a) a) lie at the sides of the skull lie at the sides of the skull b) b) join at the sagittal suture join at the sagittal suture

7. 7. Features of the Features of the occipital bone occipital bone include the: include the: a) a) lambdoidal lambdoidal suture suture b) b) foramen magnum foramen magnum c) c) occipital occipital condyles condyles

8. 8. Each Each temporal bone temporal bone includes the: includes the: a) a) squamosal squamosal suture suture b) b) external auditory external auditory meatus meatus c) c) mandibular mandibular fossae fossae d) d) mastoid process mastoid process e) e) styloid styloid process process f) f) zygomatic zygomatic process process

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9. 9. Features of the winged Features of the winged sphenoid bone sphenoid bone include: include: a) a) sella sella turcica turcica b) b) sphenoidal sphenoidal sinuses sinuses

10. 10.Features of the Features of the ethmoid bone ethmoid bone include the include the a) a) cribriform cribriform plates plates b) b) perpendicular plate perpendicular plate c) c) superior and middle nasal superior and middle nasal conchae conchae d) d) ethmoidal ethmoidal sinuses sinuses e) e) the crista the crista galli galli

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C. Facial Skeleton C. Facial Skeleton 1. 1. The 13 immovable facial bones and The 13 immovable facial bones and

mandible mandible a) a) form the basic face form the basic face b) b) provide attachments for muscles of provide attachments for muscles of mastication and expression mastication and expression

2. 2. The The maxillae maxillae form form a) a) upper jaw upper jaw b) b) hard palate hard palate c) c) floor of the orbits floor of the orbits d) d) sides of the nasal cavity sides of the nasal cavity e) e) house the upper teeth house the upper teeth f) f) contain large maxillary sinuses contain large maxillary sinuses

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3. 3. Palatine bones Palatine bones a) a) L L shaped bones shaped bones b) b) located behind the maxillae located behind the maxillae c) c) form the floor of the nasal cavity and hard palate form the floor of the nasal cavity and hard palate

4. 4. Zygomatic Zygomatic bones bones a) a) make up the cheekbones make up the cheekbones b) b) join with the temporal bones to form the zygomatic join with the temporal bones to form the zygomatic arches arches

5. 5. Lacrimal Lacrimal bones bones form part of the medial walls of form part of the medial walls of the orbits the orbits

6. 6. Nasal bones Nasal bones form the bridge of the nose form the bridge of the nose

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7. 7. Vomer Vomer bone bone makes up a portion of the makes up a portion of the nasal septum nasal septum

8. 8. Inferior nasal Inferior nasal conchae conchae a) a) Fragile Fragile b) b) scroll scroll shaped bones shaped bones c) c) support mucous membranes within the nasal support mucous membranes within the nasal

cavity cavity

9. 9. The The mandible mandible a) a) lower jawbone lower jawbone b) b) supports the lower teeth supports the lower teeth c) c) Includes: Includes:

1) 1) mandibular mandibular condyle condyle 2) 2) coronoid coronoid process process 3) 3) alveolar arch alveolar arch

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Vertebral Column Vertebral Column A. A. Cervical Vertebrae Cervical Vertebrae 1. 1. Seven bones Seven bones 2. 2. Smallest of the vertebrae Smallest of the vertebrae 3. 3. comprise the neck and support the head comprise the neck and support the head 4. 4. The first vertebra is the The first vertebra is the atlas atlas a) a) appears as a bony ring appears as a bony ring b) b) supports the head supports the head

5. 5. The second vertebra is the The second vertebra is the axis axis a) a) Supports and provides pivot for atlas Supports and provides pivot for atlas b) b) tooth tooth like dens pivots within the atlas like dens pivots within the atlas

6. 6. The bifid The bifid spinous spinous processes and transverse processes and transverse foramina distinguish cervical vertebrae foramina distinguish cervical vertebrae

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B. B. Thoracic Vertebrae Thoracic Vertebrae A. A. Twelve Twelve thoracic vertebrae thoracic vertebrae B. B. articulate with the ribs. articulate with the ribs. C. C. larger and stronger than the cervical vertebrae. larger and stronger than the cervical vertebrae.

C. C. Lumbar Vertebrae Lumbar Vertebrae A. A. Five Five lumbar vertebrae lumbar vertebrae B. B. Massive Massive C. C. Support the weight of the body. Support the weight of the body.

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D. D. Sacrum Sacrum 1. 1. Triangular structure Triangular structure 2. 2. Base of the vertebral column Base of the vertebral column 3. 3. Made up of five vertebrae fused into one Made up of five vertebrae fused into one bone bone

4. 4. Spinous Spinous processes fuse processes fuse a) a) forms a ridge of tubercles forms a ridge of tubercles b) b) have dorsal sacral foramina along their sides have dorsal sacral foramina along their sides

5. 5. Ventral surface of the sacrum Ventral surface of the sacrum a) a) four pairs of pelvic sacral foramina four pairs of pelvic sacral foramina b) b) provide passageways for nerves and blood vessels provide passageways for nerves and blood vessels

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D. Coccyx 1. The lowermost portion of the vertebral column 2. Composed of four fused vertebrae

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Thoracic Cage A. The thoracic cage includes: 1. Ribs 2. Thoracic vertebrae 3. Sternum 4. Costal cartilages

B. It supports the pectoral girdle and upper limbs C. Functions in breathing D. Protects thoracic and upper abdominal organs

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E. Ribs 1. 12 pairs of ribs 2. Attach to the thoracic vertebrae 3. First seven pairs of ribs 1. True (vertebrosternal) ribs 2. Join the sternum directly by their costal cartilages

4. Remaining five pairs 1. False ribs 2. First three pairs are vertebrochondral ribs 3. Last two pairs are floating ribs

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5. Features of a typical rib include: a) Shaft b) Costal groove c) Anterior (sternal) end d) Head • articulates with the vertebrae

e) Neck f) Tubercle • articulates with the transverse process of the thoracic vertebrae

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F. Sternum (breastbone) 1. located along the anterior midline of the thoracic cage

2. Consists of: 1. Manubrium (upper) 2. Middle body 3. Xiphoid process (lower)

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Pectoral Girdle A. The pectoral girdle makes an incomplete ring that supports the upper limbs

B. It is made up of two scapulae and two clavicles C. Clavicles 1. Elongated Sshaped bones 2. located at the base of the neck 3. function to brace the scapulae

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D. Scapulae 1. Flat, triangular bones 2. On either side of the upper back 3. A spine divides the scapula into unequal upper and lower portions

4. The spine leads to a) acromion process that articulates with clavicle

b) coracoid process that provides attachments for limb and chest muscles

5. The glenoid cavity articulates with the head of the humerus

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Upper Limb A. Bones of the upper limb form framework for: 1. Arm a) Humerus

2. Forearm a) Radius b) Ulna

3. Hand a) Carpals b) Metacarpals c) Phalanges

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B. Humerus 1. Makes up the upper arm 2. Extends from the scapula to the elbow 3. Articulates with:

a) Scapulae at its head b) Radius at the capitulum c) Ulna at the trochlea

4. Other features include: a) greater and lesser tubercles b) intertubercular groove c) anatomical and surgical necks d) deltoid tuberosity e) Epicondyles f) coronoid fossa g) olecranon fossa

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C. Radius 1. located on the thumb side of the forearm 2. extends from the elbow to the wrist 3. Its flattened head pivots with the humerus 4. Other features include:

a) radial tuberosity b) styloid process

D. Ulna 1. Longer of the two bones 2. Trochlear notch articulates with the humerus 3. Other features include:

a) olecranon process b) coronoid process c) radial notch d) head of the ulna e) styloid process

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E. Hand 1. The wrist is made up of eight carpal bones bound into a carpus

2. The framework of the hand is made up of five metacarpal bones

3. The fingers are composed of three phalanges in each finger except the thumb, which lacks the middle phalanx

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Pelvic Girdle A. Supports the trunk of the body on the lower limbs

B. Supports and protects lower abdominal and pelvic organs

C. consists of: 1. two hip (innominate) bones 2. Sacrum it

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. .

. .

D. Each hip bone is made up of three bones: 1. Ilium

a) Largest b) Most superior c) Joins sacrum at sacroiliac joint

2. Ischium a) forms the Lshaped portion b) supports weight during sitting c) Features of the ischium include

a) ischial tuberosity b) ischial spine

3. Pubis a) Comprises anterior portion of the coxal bones b) Articulates at the symphysis pubis c) The obturator foramen is a large opening

within each pubis

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E. E. Bones are fused in the region of the Bones are fused in the region of the acetabulum acetabulum

F. F. The The acetabulum acetabulum is a cuplike depression that is a cuplike depression that articulates with the head of the femur articulates with the head of the femur

G. G. The greater pelvis is above the pelvic brim and The greater pelvis is above the pelvic brim and the lesser pelvis is below it the lesser pelvis is below it

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H. Structural differences between the male and H. Structural differences between the male and female pelves can be seen below female pelves can be seen below

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Lower Limbs A. The bones of the lower limbs provide the framework for 1. Thigh (femur) 2. Lower leg (tibia, fibula) 3. Foot (tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

B. Femur 1. Extends from the hip to the knee 2. the longest bone in the body 3. Its head articulates with the acetabulum 4. Articulates with the tibia at the medial and lateral condyles

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5. Other features include: a) Fovea capitis b) Neck c) Greater trochanter d) Lesser trochanter

6. The patella (kneecap) is located in the tendon that passes over the knee

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C. Tibia 1. Supports the weight of the body 2. Articulates with the femur’s medial and lateral condyles

3. Articulates with the tarsal bones of the ankle 4. Anterior tibial tuberosity is the point of attachment for the patellar ligament

5. The medial malleolus forms the inner ankle.

D. Fibula 1. Slender bone 2. Lies lateral to the tibia 3. Does not bear body weight 4. Lateral malleolus forms the lateral ankle

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E. Foot A. The ankle is

1. Composed of seven tarsal bones, forming a tarsus

2. The talus articulates with the tibia and fibula 3. The calcaneus (heal) supports the body weight

B. The instep 1. consists of five metatarsal bones 2. provides an arch

C. Toes 1. Each toe is made up of three phalanges 2. The big toe lacks a middle phalanx

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Joints (articulations) A. Functional junctions between bones B. Enable a wide variety of body movements C. Can be classified according to degree of movement possible: 1. Immovable 2. Slightly movable 3. Freely movable

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D. Can also classified according to the type of tissue that binds them together 1. Fibrous Joints a) Held close together by dense connective tissue

b) Either immovable (sutures of skull) c) Or only slightly movable (joint between the distal tibia and fibula)

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2. Cartilaginous Joints a) Hyaline cartilage or disks of fibrocartilage unite the bones

b) help absorb shock and are slightly movable

c) Examples include: 1) Intervertebral disks 2) the symphysis pubis 3) the first rib with the sternum

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3. Synovial Joints a) Most joints of the skeleton b) More complex than fibrous or cartilaginous joints

c) Articular ends of bone are covered with hyaline cartilage

d) A joint capsule consists of: 1) outer layer of dense connective tissue that

joins the periosteum, 2) inner layer made up of synovial membrane 3) Synovial fluid has the consistency of egg

whites and lubricates articulating surfaces within the joint

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e) e) Some contain shock Some contain shock absorbing pads of absorbing pads of fibrocartilage fibrocartilage called called menisci menisci

f) f) Some contain fluid Some contain fluid filled sacs called filled sacs called bursae bursae

g) g) Can be classified based on the shapes of Can be classified based on the shapes of their parts and the movements they their parts and the movements they permit: permit: 1) 1) Ball Ball and and socket joint socket joint

a. a. bone with a globular or egg bone with a globular or egg shaped head shaped head b. b. articulates with the cup articulates with the cup shaped cavity of shaped cavity of another bone another bone

c. c. a very wide range of motion is possible a very wide range of motion is possible d. d. examples include the hip and shoulder examples include the hip and shoulder joint joint

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2) 2)Condyloid Condyloid joint joint a. a. consists of an ovoid consists of an ovoid condyle condyle fitting into an fitting into an elliptical cavity elliptical cavity

b. b. permits a variety of motions permits a variety of motions c. c. the joint between a metacarpal and a the joint between a metacarpal and a phalange phalange

3) 3)Gliding joints Gliding joints a. a. occur where articulating surfaces are occur where articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved nearly flat or slightly curved

b. b. allowing a back allowing a back and and forth motion forth motion c. c. the joints of the wrist and ankle and the joints of the wrist and ankle and between vertebrae are gliding joints between vertebrae are gliding joints

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4) 4)Hinge joint Hinge joint a. a. A convex surface fits into a concave A convex surface fits into a concave surface surface

b. b. Movement is in one plane only Movement is in one plane only c. c. Found in the elbow and phalange joints Found in the elbow and phalange joints

5) 5)Pivot joint Pivot joint a. a. A cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of A cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and fibrous tissue bone and fibrous tissue

b. b. Examples include the joint between the Examples include the joint between the proximal ends of the radius and ulna proximal ends of the radius and ulna

6) 6)Saddle joint Saddle joint a. a. Forms where articulating surfaces have Forms where articulating surfaces have both concave and convex areas both concave and convex areas

b. b. Permits a wide range of movements Permits a wide range of movements c. c. Found in the joint between the trapezium Found in the joint between the trapezium and the metacarpal of the thumb and the metacarpal of the thumb

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E. E. Types of Joint Movements Types of Joint Movements 1. 1. When a muscle contracts When a muscle contracts 2. 2. its fibers pull its movable end its fibers pull its movable end (insertion (insertion) ) 3. 3. toward its stationary end ( toward its stationary end (origin origin) ) 4. 4. causing movement at a joint causing movement at a joint

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5. 5. These terms describe movements that occur These terms describe movements that occur at joints: at joints: 1. 1. Flexion Flexion 2. 2. Extension Extension 3. 3. Dorsiflexion Dorsiflexion 4. 4. plantar flexion plantar flexion 5. 5. Hyperextension Hyperextension 6. 6. Abduction Abduction 7. 7. Adduction Adduction 8. 8. Rotation Rotation 9. 9. Circumduction Circumduction 10. 10. Pronation Pronation 11. 11. Supination Supination 12. 12. Eversion Eversion 13. 13. Inversion Inversion 14. 14. Retraction Retraction 15. 15. Protraction Protraction 16. 16. Elevation Elevation 17. 17.Depression Depression

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More Greek and Latin More Greek and Latin ax ax = axis = axis blast blast = bud = bud carp carp = wrist = wrist clast clast = break = break condyl condyl = knob = knob corac corac = crow = crow’ ’s beak s beak cribr cribr = sieve = sieve crist crist = crest = crest fov fov = pit = pit glen glen = joint socket = joint socket inter inter = between = between intra intra = inside = inside meat meat = passage = passage odont odont = tooth = tooth poie poie = make, produce = make, produce

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