grey nuns white spruce park - st. albert, alberta · chris clement st. albert resident, terrestrial...

Written by Pamela Brierley, Brierley Communications, May 2014

GREY NUNS WHITE SPRUCE PARKRECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT PLAN

Photo: Elke Blodgett

2 | City of St. Albert | Grey Nuns White Spruce Park Recommended Management Plan | May 2014

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City of St. Albert | Grey Nuns White Spruce Park Recommended Management Plan | May 2014 | 3

MESSAGE FROM COMMITTEEThe Members of the Grey Nuns White Spruce Park Advisory Committee have appreciated the opportunity to work on the development of the management plan. It has been a labour of love. Each member of the committee has a deep commitment to the forest and we were honoured to have been part of planning for the preservation of this unique natural feature. The Grey Nuns White Spruce Park is a rich historical and ecological legacy for the residents of St. Albert, in character with this Botanical Arts city.

The management plan is meant to guide decisions about managing and protecting the forest but also to create opportunities for the community to learn about and to use the forest. The recommendations are based on the information collected since the committee formed in the spring of 2012. In the spirit of adaptive management, the objectives of the plan should be reviewed at least every 5 years and strategies adjusted as necessary to ensure continual improvement.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

COMMITTEE MEMBERSChris Clement St. Albert resident, terrestrial ecologist

Daryl D’Amico St. Albert resident, retired management forester

Bryan Devine St. Albert resident, birdwatcher, outdoor recreation enthusiast

Erin Gluck-Pickard Community Recreation Coordinator, forester, teacher

Leah Kongsrude Manager of Office of Environment and Sustainability, environmental scientist

Anne Logan St. Albert resident, environment and science educator

Peter Murphy St. Albert resident, retired forestry professor and forest historian

Kalen Pilkington Community Sustainability Coordinator, environmental scientist

Kevin Veenstra City Arborist, invasive plant and pest specialist

Margo Brenneis Community Recreation Coordinator

OUR THANKS FOR INPUT AND CONSULTATION TO:Ann Ramsden, Joanne White, and Merlin Rosser of the Musée Héritage Museum; Ray Rouault; Elke Blodgett; Elizabeth Samson; NAIT’s Sturgeon River Watershed Research project; John Helder and Sheila Flint; Alan Hingston; and Dr. Janusz Zwaizek.

And to all those who have walked the trails and provided their thoughts to committee members.


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MESSAGE FROM COMMITTEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

THE HISTORY OF THE FOREST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

THE BENEFITS OF A NATURAL FOREST IN AN URBAN AREA . . . . . . . . .12Environmental and Ecological Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Economic Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Social and Cultural Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Educational Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Strategic Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Stewardship Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATE OF THE FOREST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16Block Descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17The Flora and Fauna of the Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

RECOMMENDED PRIORITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Recommended Strategic Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24

THE NEXT STEPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32Funding Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

APPENDIX A: BYLAW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39

TABLE OF CONTENTS


The Grey Nuns White Spruce Park (GNWSP) is of both ecological and historical significance to the City of St. Albert. It is a remnant of the much larger forest that existed at the time of settlement of the St. Albert area. The GNWSP was designated a municipal historic resource in 2011, one of only a handful of similar natural features to be recognized as such in Alberta. The forest was named for the Grey Nuns to recognize their early ownership of Riverlot 18 and significant contribution to the development and health of our community.

An old-growth forest within an urban area, and particularly one with such historic relevance, is unique and is a valuable asset worthy of protection. This is similar to a building with historical status, where you want to preserve the integrity of the structure, and if you need to renovate you want to do it with similar materials as the original. In this particular situation, the GNWSP advisory committee wants to ensure we preserve the existing forest and strengthen it with native plantings and control challenges that will weaken it, such as invasive species.

However, a forest is not merely a collection of trees. It is a dynamic biological community with many interconnected systems and is further linked to the living systems around it. But apart from their inherent value as ecosystems, forests have many environmental, economic, social and educational benefits for us.

Natural areas are important to the people of St. Albert. Year after year, in survey after survey, they continue to identify parks, open spaces and trail systems as one of the most important factors contributing to their overall quality of life in St. Albert.

This management plan is intended to align with and support other municipal plans and provides recommendations for the City of St. Albert to preserve and maintain the GNWSP for the enjoyment of its residents for generations to come.

Over the last two years, three main objectives guided the committee:

• management for the forest

• management for the people

• management for education and awareness

The advisory committee collected studies and conducted research to determine the current state of the forest and identify concerns or threats to its ongoing sustainability that must be considered when making decisions about the park. The advisory committee also worked in consultation with staff of the City of St. Albert and various stakeholders to recommend a comprehensive strategic plan for the long-term management of the forest. Some of the trees are up to 160 years old therefore the management plan must take a similar long-term view to sustain the forest area over equally long periods of time.

The plan lays out the strategies and actions recommended and divides them into short, medium and long-term objectives. In the spirit of adaptive management, the plan should be considered a living document that is reviewed and adjusted at least every five years to account for increased knowledge and the inevitability of change. Details for implementing recommended treatments are stated in a separate silviculture management plan developed by the advisory committee for staff and the possible stewardship body.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


“It is not so much for its beauty that the forest makes a claim upon men's hearts, as for that subtle something, that quality of air that emanation from old trees, that so wonderfully changes and renews a weary spirit.”Robert Louis Stevenson

The recommendations are best practices for science-based rehabilitation of the forest. The advisory committee understand that proposed actions are beyond the current base level maintenance services of the Public Works department. As such, sources of funding and support will need to be sourced and secured to properly resource the management plan objectives and strategies. The plan provides an opportunity to study the effect of these practices and potentially impact the management of natural areas in other areas of the city. In the interim, it may be possible to undertake some actions consistent with the plan through volunteer effort and grants applied for by the municipality or stewardship group.

The boundary of the GNWSP delineated in the by-law and referred to as the GNWSP bylaw boundary, is limited to the perimeter of the stands of larger trees on the lands that were obtained by the City of St Albert under the terms of the Area Structure Plan of 2011. For the long-term health of the forest, the key committee recommendation is to expand the management area to include lands immediately adjacent to the forest lying south of the 100-year flood line. This proposed expanded area is referred to as the management plan boundary.

The recommended actions in the forest boundary is within acceptable uses of a floodplain, identified in the Land Use Bylaw. However, Council may want to consider a future change in the Bylaw to include the broader Management Plan area.

The advisory committee recognizes that over the next few years St. Albert will experience developments and impacts including Riverside, Carrot Creek (Avenir), Red Willow Park West with new trails, Grain Elevator Park and Métis settlement, and adjacent Lois Hole Provincial Park. This presents an opportunity for the City of St. Albert to encourage consultation with and collaboration among these initiatives to ensure connectivity of important areas such as GNWSP and conservation of historic assets.

MANAGEMENT PLAN BOUNDARY 2014

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GNWS Bylaw Boundary

Management Plan Boundary


The Grey Nuns White Spruce Park is one of the few first-growth white spruce forests of any significance within an urban municipality in North America. This is the largest of the few natural remnants of the forest that covered the St. Albert area before settlement. The GNWSP has survived fire, insects, disease and logging for over 170 years. These trees form the roots of our community’s history.

In recognition of the historical and ecological significance of this forest, the St. Albert City Council officially declared the GNWSP a Municipal Historic Resource in September 2011 by passing Bylaw 31/2011. The committee recognized the significance of this area of impressive trees, but in the spirit of maintaining a viable and sustainable spruce forest, this management plan incorporates selected areas of adjacent City lands in the Environmental Reserve lying south of the 100-year flood line. This defines a more robust spruce forest ecosystem. It will help to reduce the impact of fragmentation in this “island” forest of large spruce by increasing its ecological connectivity with the riparian forest along the Sturgeon River. It will also enable establishment of stands of

INTRODUCTION


younger forests to grow to become the next generations of large trees as the old trees die. This expanded area is referred to as the forest management plan boundary (see management plan boundary map).

The immediate and ongoing objective of the committee is the management of the forest and ensuring the ultimate sustainability of the forest. The GNWSP is a city park and as such financial support for the Public Works department would be required for development and proper maintenance of the park or an alternative service delivery method. The second and third objectives which include “management for the people” and “management for education and awareness” will be important once a financial commitment is made for ongoing maintenance.

The Committee understands that recommendations for any trail, landscape, or amenity design for the GNWSP will be included as part of the Red Willow Park West (RWPW) Master Plan update and funding for the GNWSP initiatives will be incorporated. The RWPW Plan update will occur in the next few years.

Jeff Wallace Photography

LEGEND

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GNWS Bylaw Boundary



THE HISTORY OF THE FOREST

As trees were cut for timber and lumber, the forests were also cleared for building sites, and especially for farms and pastures to grow crops that were increasingly essential for food as the herds of bison on the prairies became depleted. The land on which the GNWSP lies was first surveyed for lots for the early settlers in 1882.

The area on which the GNWSP is located straddles the border of the historic river lots 17 and 18. As was custom, a road allowance was provided between these two lots to enable others to reach the river without having to trespass on any privately owned land. This road allowance was later known as Hogan Road, which became one of the main north-south roads in St. Albert. Hogan Road is now a remnant, cut off by housing subdivisions and replaced by the new Ray Gibbon Drive. However, the road allowance through the forest remains as a historic reminder of the river lot survey plan of 1884.

RIVERLOT SURVEY MAP FROM 1884

The oldest trees in the Grey Nuns White Spruce Park were about 20 years old when Father Albert Lacombe established his mission. Most of the older trees at the time were probably logged for building materials; the younger ones have since grown to form the present stand.

Father Albert Lacombe chose this area for his new settlement in 1861. He established the mission and supported a developing community that would later become the City of St. Albert. The Grey Nuns would move from Lac Ste. Anne to join him here in 1863, acquiring Riverlot 18 soon after their arrival. Together, they built an orphanage, school and hospital, as well as the mission. Their contributions to cultivating a healthy, vibrant community have been honoured by naming this park for them.

Historically, this spruce forest was of economic importance as a natural resource. The area had fertile soil for agriculture and plenty of quality timber for building. The Sturgeon River was bordered by extensive stands of white spruce intermixed with poplar and aspen. The spruce trees were particularly valuable for use as building logs and bridge timbers. Father Lacombe’s first chapel, preserved on the Mission site, was built of spruce logs cut along the Sturgeon River, as were the first homes.


Air photos of the St. Albert area, taken by the Royal Canadian Air Force in 1924, clearly show the extent of the forest at the time. In these historic photos, the present GNWSP is part of a large forest that extends along the river and includes the stand on the south side of the river near St. Albert Place.

By 1962 air photos show that the surrounding forest had been cleared to approximately the present shape of the GNWSP bylaw boundary. As well, the forest in the northeast block appears to have been partially logged for spruce during the 1950s. Presently, this opened-up stand of large trees has a dense understory of brush, much of it non-native species. The brush has inhibited spruce from regenerating in the openings.

Most of the extended GNWSP forest management plan boundary was previously forested land, except for the wet riparian shores along the river. The GNWSP bylaw area is a wonderful living heritage of the original forest. Most of the extended forest management area had been previously cleared for agriculture. Some parts have regenerated naturally; a combination of natural succession and planting will result in reconnecting parts of the former forest to create a varied mix of trees, shrubs and small meadows.

The GNWSP is located within the boundaries of the Red Willow Park West trail system and is adjacent to land on the north that will be developed for housing, schools and businesses, which will be needed as St. Albert grows. The plan anticipates increased and diverse uses of the forest. While the expanded forest management area will enhance forest sustainability, the additional lands will not preclude their use for compatible recreational and educational activities.

1924 GNWSP

1962 GNSWP


1989 GNSWP 2012 GNSWP

The boundary of the GNWSP delineated in the by-law is limited to the perimeter of the stands of larger trees. The management plan boundary incorporates selected areas of adjacent City lands to reduce the impact of fragmentation by increasing its ecological connectivity with the riparian forest along the Sturgeon River.


LEGEND

Floodline

GNWS Bylaw Boundary



The GNWSP is a valuable forest for its rarity in an urban setting, but also for its ecological, economic, social and educational benefits.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS• Trees produce life-sustaining oxygen and

improve air quality by removing some pollutants from the air.

• Forests help maintain biological diversity of plants and animals by providing habitat, food and connected movement corridors.

• Forests improve water quality by slowing down run-off heading into the Sturgeon River and the roots of trees hold soil in place.

• Large trees produce shade which lowers air temperature and reduces the urban heat island effect.

• Forests help to stabilize the riparian area and mitigate the risk of flood damage.

• Forests enhance infiltration and recharge groundwater.

THE BENEFITS OF A NATURAL FOREST IN AN URBAN AREA

Jeff Wallace Photography

ECONOMIC BENEFITS• Homes adjacent to natural park areas tend to

have higher property values.1

• The preservation of natural areas “cultivates life” and strengthens St. Albert’s brand as the botanical arts city — a city in which people want to live, work and visit.

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BENEFITS• Making a personal connection with nature

promotes environmental responsibility and stewardship.

• The proposed trail system in and around the GNWSP will provide year-round recreation opportunities in a forested setting unique in an urban environment.

• Spending time in a natural environment reduces stress, improves well-being and promotes healthy lifestyles.2

• The GNWSP is a living link to our cultural and historical past.

• The forest offers potential opportunities for engagement of residents in maintaining and enhancing the area.

1 The Architecture Program at the University of British Columbia, found that the value of residential properties adjacent to a natural park area (more than 50% of park is natural vegetation) was significantly higher as compared to properties adjacent to a landscaped park area (more than 50% of park is landscaped).

2 R.M. Ryan et. al. found, over five separate studies using varied methodologies, a positive correlation between being outdoors and an increased sense of vitality. The authors suggest this correlation is a good argument for preserving natural spaces and increasing opportunities for people to access them. They note there is a growing body of evidence to support their findings.


• School groups may use the forest for field trips and educational programs about the forest that relate to curriculum requirements providing a living classroom for students.

EDUCATIONAL BENEFITS• The GNWSP offers opportunities for the

general public and community groups to learn more about the historical and ecological significance of the forest through interpretive signage and programs.

• Partnerships with local post-secondary institutions such as NAIT, MacEwan University and the University of Alberta will provide opportunities for their students’ learning, for scientific research and for ongoing monitoring of the forest.


THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN

An advisory committee was struck in March of 2012 to develop a management plan for the GNWSP. The management plan recommends a guiding framework for city administration to effectively balance the management of the park to maintain ecological integrity and sustainability, while allowing for recreational and educational opportunities. To implement the plan the goals must be funded and resourced appropriately.

When recommendations are approved and funding secured, the approved recommendations should be integrated in the in St. Albert’s Urban Forestry Policy that is currently in its formative stages.

STRATEGIC CONNECTIONSThis management plan is intended to be complementary to and supportive of other City of St. Albert management plans including the St. Albert Municipal Development Plan (2013), the St. Albert Environmental Plan (2014), the St. Albert Recreation Master Plan (2012), and the Social Master Plan (2013).

ST. ALBERT MUNICIPAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN: • Goal Nine is “To maintain and develop a

city-wide integrated system of schools; parks; open space; culture, recreation and library facilities which enhances the quality of life for all residents and helps preserve the natural environment.”

• Goal Ten is to “Strengthen the protection of sustainable natural areas and minimize the negative impacts of development on natural areas.”

ST. ALBERT ENVIRONMENTAL PLAN: • Goal four is to “preserve and manage trees,

parks and natural areas.” The GNWSP plan supports that goal by

○ Creating management guidelines for sustaining the forest ecosystem of the park that could set standards to inform management of other natural areas in St. Albert.

○ Recommending community and educational initiatives that will engage the community in existing and future stewardship and educational programs.

ST. ALBERT RECREATION MASTER PLAN:• Assigns a priority to community health and

well-being.

• Recommends “opportunities for all to interact with and experience nature” and “programs that enable children to experience nature.”

• Investment in recreation infrastructure with a specific emphasis on enhancing parks and open space planning and management.

ST. ALBERT’S SOCIAL MASTER PLAN: • Two of the Social Master Plan’s values are:

○ “Sense of Community and Connectedness” -- Common goals and efforts toward environmental stewardship foster a sense of community and connectedness and safe, convenient access to natural spaces.

○ “Healthy Lifestyle and Well-being.” -- Passive recreation opportunities foster healthy living and a sense of well-being.


The Timberlea Management guidelines and the Red Willow Park West plan will also be key in guiding future development in the area.

METHODOLOGYThe GNWSP advisory committee, selected for their expertise in forest management, wildlife, history, recreation and environmental education, comprises pertinent City of St. Albert employees as well as community members.

The committee talked to stakeholders including hikers and dog-walkers in the forest, ATCO Gas, Genstar developments, Musée Héritage Museum, and City departments including Planning and Development and Public Works. A variety of methods were used to collect information about the ecological components of the forest including the age and health of the forest, its biodiversity, threats to the forest including invasive species, pests and current recreational uses. Opportunities for management treatments were also identified. The Committee conducted extensive research on the history of the forest through a series of air photos and field studies. As a result there is a large body of knowledge about the forest and recommendations for ongoing management of the forest that will be available to the public for reference.

STEWARDSHIP PRINCIPLESStewardship is the responsibility of caring for something. This management plan uses the following principles to guide the stewardship of the GNWSP.

1. Maintain a healthy forest: A healthy forest is rich in biodiversity and is resilient and sustainable over many generations.

2. Engage the community: People care about what they know about, and look after what they care about.

3. Think holistically: Ecosystems are connected — what happens outside the forest has effects inside the forest and what happens inside the forest has effects outside the forest.

4. Stay current: Best practices should evolve as knowledge grows and technology changes over time through adaptive management.

OBJECTIVESThe management plan has three central objectives:

1. Management for the Forest – Engage in science-based stewardship to ensure the Grey Nuns White Spruce Park becomes a healthy, sustainable spruce mixedwood forest for the next century or more.

2. Management for the People – Provide a natural forest venue for recreational opportunities that have low ecological impact and maintain GNWSP as a park for passive recreation.

3. Management for Education and Awareness – Provide opportunities for education about the forest-related ecosystem and the historical significance of the Grey Nuns White Spruce Park.


ASSESSING THE CURRENT STATE OF THE FORESTTo understand what future actions are needed, one of the first initiatives undertaken by the advisory committee was to assess the current state of the forest.

The GNWSP is located south of Meadowview Drive and runs from the top of the 100-year flood line to the north bank of the Sturgeon River. It is bounded on the west by Ray Gibbon Drive and to the east by the east boundary of Riverlot 18 and the Riverside neighbourhood. The park is just over 40 hectares in size and contains a diversity of treed, shrub and grassland areas.

Infrastructure Currently Present in the Park

• Old Hogan Road bisects the park on roughly a north-south axis.

• A utility corridor for the ATCO high-pressure pipeline bisects the forest on a southeast-northwest axis.

• A natural gas pumping station is located on the northeast corner.

• A distribution power line runs from the site of the old nursery in the southwest section and northerly along Old Hogan Road.

• Several traditional walking trails currently run through the park.

• Remnants of the old city tree farm in southwest including a groundwater well that had been used for irrigation.

Old Hogan Road is closed to vehicles, with the exception of City authorized vehicles and ATCO. It is used by bicycle and foot traffic to access the Red Willow Park trail system that runs along the south bank of the Sturgeon River and is connected to this area by the Ray Gibbon Drive bridge. It should become part of the Red Willow West trail system when the Master plan is updated.

Photo: Tim Osborne


BLOCK DESCRIPTIONSThe forest management area has been divided into four “blocks” for management purposes, as illustrated on the map. Each block is named after historic individuals who were connected to the land. Generalized descriptions of the forest, vegetation conditions, strategies and action plans appear below.

BLOCK MAP APRIL 2014

NE Sister Emery

SE Sister LamySW Sister Alphonse

NW Rouault

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GNWS Bylaw Boundary


Blocks


NORTHEAST BLOCK: SISTER EMERYLying east of Hogan Road and north of the pipeline, this block contains the greatest area of large spruce. A shrub-dominated understory is inhibiting regeneration of young spruce. The cleared area to the east is largely grass cover but some trees and shrubs are re-establishing naturally.

SOUTHEAST BLOCK: SISTER LAMYLying east of Hogan Road and south of the pipeline to the Sturgeon River, this block contains the second greatest area of large spruce. An interesting young mixedwood forest of about 35 years is regenerating naturally on land cleared for agriculture and abandoned in 1980s. Shrubs and some trees are slowly re-establishing on the rest of the cleared area to the south.

SOUTHWEST BLOCK: SISTER ALPHONSEThis block lies west of Hogan Road, east of Ray Gibbon Drive, south of the line of large spruce trees and is pinched off by the river at the south end. It contains a smaller block of large spruce, some of which are experiencing blowdown. The site of a former Public Works yard is bounded by open grasslands growing on a previous sod farm and tree nursery.

NORTHWEST BLOCK: ROUAULT (PART OF THE ROUAULT HOMESTEAD)This block lies west of Hogan Road, east of Ray Gibbon Drive and north of the line of forest trees. There is a small stand of mixed-age spruce on a former farm woodlot, and the remainder is largely grass-dominated on former agricultural lands cleared of forest around 1926.


THE FLORA AND FAUNA OF THE PARKThe committee used existing information from local environmental volunteers and commissioned NAIT to undertake a biodiversity assessment of the park. The assessment was conducted between May and October 2012 and included an examination of the populations of birds and amphibians, a survey of a wetland area, and an inventory of mosses and lichens present in the park. As well, committee members did detailed studies and mapping of the forest and features. This information was used to fill information gaps.

TREES AND SHRUBS:The GNWSP is dominated by white spruce, balsam poplar and aspen poplar, typical of a central mixedwood forest subregion. According to the NAIT researchers, more than 85% of the trees in the GNWSP are white spruce. Species of shrubs include beaked hazelnut, willow, highbush cranberry and dogwood. Several invasive non-native species are present including Manitoba maple, caragana, elderberry and European mountain ash, all of which are undesirable competitors.

MOSSES AND LICHENS:Mosses and lichens are a crucial part of a forest’s ecosystem. Nine species of mosses and thirteen species of lichens were identified in the park. The study only inventoried the species and did not look at their abundance. Some of the lichen species present are intolerant of pollution and are excellent indicators of overall air quality. Future studies could look more closely at these lichens as a factor in determining air quality in the St. Albert area.

BIRDS:Altogether, 19 species of birds were observed during the 3-day NAIT survey. The predominant species were cedar waxwing and yellow warbler followed by black-capped chickadee, least flycatcher, American robin and chipping sparrow. The biodiversity of the park’s bird population is 2.69 on the Shannon index, which is considered fair. Species evenness is 0.91, which is considered a good rating. A more comprehensive listing should be compiled. Ravens and great horned owls are frequently seen and may be nesting.

Photo: Tim Osborne


AMPHIBIANSFour species of calling amphibian were identified in the assessment: Canadian toads, boreal toads, wood frogs and boreal chorus frogs.

Of particular interest is the presence of the Canadian toad, a species listed as “May Be at Risk” by the Government of Alberta. The presence of the Canadian toad makes a compelling argument for preserving the integrity of this forest to protect its habitat.

The assessment of amphibians in the GNWSP is incomplete as the inventory of non-calling amphibians, such as salamanders, was outside the scope of this study.

WETLAND AREASThere are four main wetland areas in the GNWSP, none of which hold water year round. The NAIT assessment focused on the wetland that intersects with the pipeline along the south edge of the northeast block. Wetlands are an important part of the forest ecosystem as they provide habitat for a number of different plant and animal species. White spruce are not as tolerant of perpetually wet soils, so other species of water-loving plants and shrubs tend to dominate these areas. These include river alder, river birch, marsh reed grass and awned sedge. While there was no standing water present at the time of the NAIT assessment, soil profiles gathered indicated the approximate outline of the sampled wetland. Outlines of the other wetlands were mapped during a time of heavy rainfall.

SOILThe soil in and around the GNWSP consists of eluviated black chernozem and orthic dark grey chernozem, based on data from the AGRASID soil data base. These productive soils are typical of this region of Alberta. These soils are a significant factor that drew the original settlers here and led to extensive clearing of the forest around its margins.

Air photos show that a small creek flowed into the forest until 1965. Clearing for agriculture, logging, construction of the pipeline and diversion of the creek have removed evidence of the original course within the forest. John Beedle, retired city horticulturalist, believes that at one time the forest may have had much wetter soils than the surrounding areas and may be a reason why the residual forest area was not cultivated.

CONSIDERATIONSThe review identified fourteen specific discussion points for greater consideration. These aspects of potential concern may be largely resolved through the suggested management strategies. These points need to be considered in planning and decision-making.

CONTINUITY OF THE FORESTThe forest is very fragmented. It contains scattered stands of large spruce and stands of younger trees separated by deforested areas of brush and grass. The GNWSP bylaw boundary logically included the large trees, but has several notches in it and does not include the two stands of spruce forest to the south located in the Environmental Reserve area and it does not connect to the riparian area along the edge of the river. This fragmentation makes the forest more vulnerable to threats and reduces its usefulness as a wildlife movement corridor. This is alleviated by extending the Management plan to the entire area below the flood plain.


AGE CLASS DISTRIBUTIONA healthy forest has trees at all ages and stages of life — a diversity of generations. This forest should have a healthy population of spruce trees in each of three broad age classes: 1-50 years old, 51-100 years old, and greater than 100 years old. As older trees die, the younger ones normally grow to take their place to ensure the longevity of the forest.

Tree core data from GNWSP show that there is an imbalance in the age class distribution of the spruce trees in the forest. As different parts of the forest have been used for different purposes (logging, cleared for agricultural use, etc.) several invasive species have moved in and prevented young spruce from regenerating. Most of the large spruce trees are over 100 years and some are in the 51-100 year age class. There are two smaller areas of regenerating forests in the 1-50 year age class.

INVASIVE SPECIESManitoba maple, caragana, elderberry and European mountain ash are all non-native species and dominate some areas of the forest. Some species, such as Manitoba maple, are aggressive seeders and quickly take over an area. Their dense shade makes it difficult for spruce seedlings to establish. In addition to dominance by shading, other species, such as European mountain ash and caragana, produce chemicals that may further suppress the growth of other species (allelopathy).Controlling invasive species will be an ongoing challenge but essential to the success of existing and new plants.

BIODIVERSITYA healthy forest has high biodiversity. Biodiversity is threatened by invasive species and by destruction of habitat. Invasive species tend to dominate, resulting in the loss of native species.

INSECTS AND DISEASEAt present there is no indication that there are any specific insects or diseases posing a concern. However, a more detailed survey should be made.

FIREThe greatest risk of fire is in early spring. Dry grass surrounds much of the forest and fire could quickly spread into the forest itself. Fire could result from natural occurrences, such as lightning, or by human actions, such as discarded cigarettes or bonfires.

There is evidence of past fires in the forest. The St Albert Fire Department suppressed a grass fire in the southwest block in the spring of 2008 before it could spread into the spruce. There is evidence of a fire during the 1950s in the northeast block, based on charring of stumps and examination of the soil.

ATCO HIGH-PRESSURE PIPELINECurrently, ATCO requires that the utility right-of-way for the pipeline be kept clear of large foliage such as trees and shrubs. With new technologies horizontal drilling may alleviate potential disturbance if additional lines are needed.

POWER LINE Vigorous young spruce and aspen are growing under the power line along Hogan Road. Since the line is classified as active, trees cannot be allowed to grow up underneath the line for safety reasons unless it is decommissioned.


MISUSE OF TRAILSThe traditional trails in the forest have not been actively maintained. When trees fall across the trail or large puddles form in the middle of a trail, users may veer off the trail to go around the obstacle and end up creating a new trail. This is known as trail braiding, as the trail sometimes takes on the appearance of a hair braid. This compacts additional soil and adds to stress on the trees, plants and mosses alongside the trail, destroys important habitat and disturbs wildlife.

There is evidence that bicycles are being used on the traditional trails within the park. The rutting of soft ground and hazards of speed of travel on the narrow trails are incompatible with joint use by traditional hikers on the interior trails. Wider, multi-user trails within the forest are not recommended. Bikes would be welcome on the multi-user trails proposed for Hogan Road and perimeter. This recommendation will be considered with the Red Willow West Master Plan update.

DOGSCurrently, dogs are not required to be on a leash in the park. Unleashed dogs can disturb or kill wildlife in natural areas. Irresponsible owners occasionally do not remove their dog’s fecal waste, perhaps mistakenly believing that it will decompose naturally, but a dog’s waste is not part of the natural ecosystem. Aesthetic concerns aside, dog waste can contain organisms dangerous to both people and other animals, and, if enough of it accumulates, can affect groundwater and soil quality. The new animal bylaw taking effect in September 1, 2014, which will require dogs to be on a leash, will improve this situation.

VANDALISMSome individuals with little skill or knowledge have cut down large, older trees in the forest. This is both unsafe for the tree cutter and detrimental to the forest experience. There is also evidence of random camping in the forest with open fires and garbage, which is not a compatible use in an urban forest.

PROJECTED INCREASE IN VISITORSAs the housing developments go in around the park and the Red Willow Park West plan continues to be implemented, it is anticipated there will be an associated increase in the number of visitors to the park. The larger number of visitors has the potential to increase stress on the forest ecosystem.

WATERSHEDGroundwater flows southward through the GNWSP toward the Sturgeon River. The housing developments may impact the flow of groundwater through the park.

CLIMATE CHANGESome climate change modeling for the province of Alberta predicts a warmer, drier climate in the next 100 years. If the landscape dries, there will be increased risk of fire. The change in climate could create growing conditions less suitable for white spruce and may create conditions for the northward extension of its range and limiting suitable sites in the south. This could affect the local spruce, but the timing and actual effect are uncertain.


The committee recommends that the overriding and ongoing objective should be the health and sustainability of the forest. The strategies listed under objective one represent the priorities for funding. Understanding these action items are beyond the current core level of service for natural areas by the Public Works department, the City would require additional annual funding in order to fully implement the recommendations under the first objective to support either Public Works or a alternate service provider.

As usage continues to increase in the park it is important that at minimum, base level resources be allocated to ensure the park be managed for public safety and also to reduce the risk of environmental damage as a result of the increased use. A formalized inspection process needs to be developed and implemented to ensure this occurs.

The committee recommends a systematic approach to brush management and reforestation by undertaking planting projects to increase areas with younger trees. It is important to start brush treatment in the stands with the most immediate need, along with beginning of tree-planting on the open areas. This is outlined in the silviculture plan developed by the Committee and will evolve as initiatives are implemented. Some actions, such as tree planting, may be encouraged through volunteer effort and securing of outside funding.

Actions to support “Management for the people” and “Management for education and awareness” are important as they greatly enhance the

experience for the users; they may be taken as funding is provided. These initiatives also have potential to be successfully funded by grants or sponsorship dollars. Volunteer actions consistent with the plan may also help to work towards meeting the objectives as there are many target groups such as educational institutions that would be interested in partnerships.

Collaboration and communication among the various internal and external stakeholders will be key to ensuring success. The committee recommends ongoing consultation with groups such as Public Works, Planning and Development, housing developers, and utility companies to ensure that issues in the Area Structure Plan (ASP) such as location of roads and access points, stormwater management and park amenities are coordinated and managed appropriately. The committee has suggested a possible future design for the park located on page 38, but recognizes that changes may be necessary since plans for nearby housing developments have yet to be finalized.

The advisory committee recommends that an overseeing body such as a “Friends of GNWSP” or a less formal stewardship group be formed to consult with and guide City staff in the implementation of the silviculture strategies. This group can also be beneficial in applying for grants and approaching potential sponsors. The terms of reference for this type of body needs to be further explored.

RECOMMENDED PRIORITIES


RECOMMENDED STRATEGIC PLANOnly some of the specific proposed forest management treatments are mentioned in this section. A more detailed draft forest management and silviculture plan has been prepared and is available for reference.

OBJECTIVE 1: MANAGEMENT FOR THE FORESTEngage in science-based stewardship to ensure the Grey Nuns White Spruce Park becomes a healthy sustainable spruce mixedwood forest for the next century or more.Strategy 1 .1 Ensure the long-term sustainability of the forest.

Considerations addressed Continuity of the forest, age class distribution, invasive species, biodiversity, climate change

Short term priorities Medium term priorities Long term prioritiesSister Emery (NE) and Sister Lamy (SE) Blocks• Start brush management

treatments to encourage spruce regeneration in forest openings created by blown-down trees

• Continue trials to test brush-management options

Sister Alphonse (SW) Block• Cut through and limb blown-down

trees to reduce fire hazard and enable access

• Start brush management treatments to enable tree-planting in forest openings created by blown-down trees

Rouault (NW) Block• Start program to eradicate

caragana in block and along Hogan Road

• Complete schedule of needs in detailed plan referring to forest management and silviculture plan for direction

• Ongoing monitoring of actions and results and adaptive management

MANAGEMENT FOR THE FOREST



Strategy 1 .2 Develop a forest management plan that addresses age class diversity, tree-planting and control of invasive species including insects, animals, weeds and diseases to ensure long term sustainability and biodiversity of the forest.

Considerations addressed Continuity of the forest, age class distribution, invasive species, biodiversity, climate change

Short term priorities Medium term priorities Long term priorities• Develop a broad-based map of

vegetation, such as trees, shrubs, grass and wetlands

• Create a list, and map locations of, non-native and undesirable species of plants and animals

• Create a vegetative management plan to control invasive species

• Initiate programs for seed collection, seedling production, and transplantation of native species including securing nursery options

• Initiate site prescriptions for each sub-section of forest to balance age class distribution as per the silviculture plan

• Create test sites where different types of regeneration practices can tested and studied

• Develop a plan for systematic treatment of areas of invasive shrubs

• Develop a plan for systematic planting of tree seedlings in open areas to work towards achieving more balanced distribution of stands of trees of different ages

• Set up monitoring programs and create a reporting system for reporting sightings of non-native and undesirable species

• Reassess the forest management plan and results of activities in the spirit of adaptive management

Strategy 1 .3 Protect and conserve sensitive and wetland areas and protect sites of rare and endangered plants and animals.

Considerations addressed BiodiversityShort term priorities Medium term priorities Long term priorities• Identify sensitive areas and any

rare plants or animals that are present in the GNWSP

• Complete extensive amphibian study to identify endangered or at risk species

• Compile a comprehensive list of birds that frequent the forest and identify particular habitat needs

• Describe site-specific treatments for the management of different zones, such as sensitive areas, wetlands and bird habitat within the forest

• Include link to Alberta Threatened Species website in educational material, including interpretive signage and website


Strategy 1 .4 Develop management and operational guidelines for internal and external stakeholders for maintenance of the park to ensure that the uniqueness of the park experience is maintained.

Considerations addressed Continuity of the forest, biodiversity, ATCO high-pressure pipeline, power line, misuse of trails

Short term priorities Medium term priorities Long term priorities• Create operational guidelines

and training programs for Public Works staff to manage the GNWSP

• Develop and implement formal inspection process

• Enact a policy of limited maintenance of dead and dying trees that ensures safety of park visitors but allows for proper return of nutrients to soil and creates or maintains structures, such as snags, for habitat

• Work with ATCO to develop an appropriate trail along the pipeline corridor

• Work with ATCO and FORTIS to develop best practices for maintaining utility corridors while respecting the connectivity within the forest

• Investigate the potential of disconnecting the power line and removal of wires but leave poles

• Encourage vegetation and trees to grow under the power line up to and along the edge of Hogan Road trail, bringing the forest closer to the trail

• Continue to update operational guidelines if additional funding is obtained



Strategy 1 .5 Reduce possible negative impacts that the surrounding development may have on the forest, including the threats of fire and vandalism.

Considerations addressed Watershed, fire, vandalismShort term priorities Medium term priorities Long term priorities• Work with Planning and

Engineering and the Office of Environment and Sustainability on a stormwater management plan that may enhance inflow of groundwater for the long-term health of the forest

• Request St. Albert Fire Services to assess requirements to enable effective fire prevention and protection

• Develop a FireSmart management plan compatible with forest management objectives

• Liaise with Planning for monitoring development proposals that may affect the water table

• Apply FireSmart principles to border with Ray Gibbon Drive.

• Ensure that access to water sources for fighting fires in the forest is included in the development plans for the area

• Ensure the trail development plan includes some trails suitable for fire department access

• Continue to work with appropriate City departments on future developments and water table management

• Connect with Municipal Enforcement and community groups, such as Citizen Patrol and Neighbourhood Watch, to monitor possible vandalism in the park



MANAGEMENT FOR THE PEOPLE

OBJECTIVE 2: MANAGEMENT FOR THE PEOPLEProvide a natural forest venue for recreational opportunities that have low ecological impact and maintain GNWSP as a park for passive recreation.Strategy 2 .1 Develop plans for access to park for a range of visitors while always

considering minimizing ecological impact of visitors.Considerations addressed Misuse of trails, dogs, projected increase in visitorsShort term priorities Medium term priorities Long term priorities• Remain in contact with City

Planning Department to respond to any changes in the subdivision planning to ensure connectivity to community

• Clear existing trails of deadfall to improve safety for visitors and reduce the likelihood of trail braiding and leave deadfall to create microsites for forest regeneration

• Continue to use existing trails to guide the trail plan

• Restrict access to west side of forest to allow for treatment to establish regeneration

• Remain in contact with surrounding neighbourhood developers and the City Planning department to ensure we are responding to any changes to ASP/subdivision planning

• Develop a plan for a variety of types of trails with different levels of restrictions using trail class types to accommodate a range of user groups and appropriate to the part of the forest in which the trail is located in conjunction with the update of the Red Willow Park West Master plan

• Ensure that some trails use a surface material appropriate for visitors with low mobility to enjoy parts of the park

• Use high-impact user controls such as surface materials, types of gates, fences, and dissuasive vegetation (e.g. wildrose) as appropriate to the individual trail

• Convert Hogan Road to a multi use trail to maintain its historic role as an access to the river

• Construct raised boardwalks on trails crossing wetlands.



Strategy 2 .2 Develop infrastructure that welcomes users to the park and encourages responsible and appropriate recreational use of the park by individuals and families and provides historical and educational information.

Considerations addressed Biodiversity, misuse of trails, dogs, projected increase in visitors, watershed

Short term priorities Medium term priorities Long term priorities• Erect temporary signage at the

north and south entrances to the park

• Develop and post guidelines for visitors’ use of the park

• Investigate interim non-permanent options for washrooms to fulfill the school district’s requirement for access to washrooms for fieldtrips

• Install park amenities, including benches, garbage cans, and dog waste dispensers in appropriate locations based on current park standards

• Work with Planning and surrounding neighbourhood developers to determine locations for north and south entryways to park

• Create two distinct entrances to the park, at both north and south approaches, to welcome and inform patrons

• Develop entryways that use features, such as walk-through gates, trail material changes, and dissuasive vegetation to discourage high-impact users (cyclists, inline skaters, skateboarders) from using the natural-surface trails within the forest.

• Raise the grade of the south extension of the Hogan Road allowance (currently an unimproved trail) to a height above typical high-water level to allow more multi-season access

• Design culverts for Hogan Road to feed the slough to the west side of the trail to maintain a minimum water level in the slough as aquatic habitat

• Plant parallel rows of white spruce as a historical and symbolic welcome to the forest along the southern end of the Hogan Road allowance and at the north west entrance once the subdivision plans are confirmed along its west side between the NW and SW blocks

• Use image-based signs to communicate appropriate users for each trail type

• Provide bike racks to encourage visitors to lock up their bikes and walk through the forest

• Install permanent washrooms and shelter at appropriate locations in the park such as a picnic site or interpretive centre

• Build a small parking lot on the northwest side of the forest

• Develop a small picnic area with no fire amenities on the northwest side of the forest adjacent to the parking lot

• Build an information kiosk on the northwest side of the park near the picnic area/parking lot


Strategy 2 .3 Explore many different methods and programs for community engagement in the forest capitalizing on the ecological and historical significance of the forest.

Considerations addressed Continuity of the forest, age class distribution, invasive species, biodiversity, fire, misuse of trails, dogs, vandalism, watershed, climate change

Short term priorities Medium term priorities Long term priorities• Investigate community

engagement programs in the region that use community members to achieve the park’s initiatives such as the City of Edmonton’s Master Naturalist program

• Identify sites for future plantings for such events as Arbor Day, National Forest Week highlighting National Tree Day and other volunteer efforts

• Develop a community-based volunteer group that would share in some of the tasks of managing the forest such as tree planting or invasive plant removal

• Consider organizing events to promote awareness of the park

• Investigate possible art installations that would be complementary to the forest environment



OBJECTIVE 3: MANAGEMENT FOR EDUCATION AND AWARENESSProvide opportunities for education about the forest-related ecosystem and the historical significance of the Grey Nuns White Spruce Park. Strategy 3 .1 Develop educational components that can be used by the general

public, school and community groups to help them better understand the historical and ecological significance of the forest.

Considerations addressed Continuity of the forest, age class distribution, invasive species, fire, misuse of trails, dogs, vandalism, watershed, climate change

Short term priorities Medium term priorities Long term priorities• Acknowledge and inform the

community of the historical significance of forest by naming forest blocks for the original Grey Nuns and farm owners (see maps)

• Create interpretive signs about the history and ecology of the park for placement at key areas around the park

• Assess the need for an interpretive shelter as may be needed for school and community groups

Strategy 3 .2 Develop educational resources and programs that can be used by the general public, school and community groups to help them better understand the historical and ecological significance of the forest.

Considerations addressed Continuity of the forest, age class distribution, invasive species, fire, misuse of trails, dogs, vandalism, watershed, climate change

Short term priorities Medium term priorities Long term priorities• Develop relationships with post-

secondary institutions such as NAIT, University of Alberta, Grant MacEwan University

• Develop a web-based educational portal about teaching and recreation opportunities and include history and ecology of the park and such aids as bird songs, wildlife and plant lists, and maps

• Create curriculum-connected educational kits or information packages for all relevant grade levels to enhance pre-visit, on-site and post-visit experiences

• Prepare a plan for trail-side interpretive sites for signage, displays and/or QR reference points

• Develop educational interpretive programs for school and community groups

• Install trail-side interpretive sites• Support a summer student

internship for interpretive programs

EDUCATION AND AWARENESS


THE NEXT STEPSCOSTING Costing is the next step in the process of developing the management plan. Upon approval in principle of the Recommended Management Plan, administration will set about the task of costing the various aspects of the management plan.

As part of the annual budget cycle, business cases will be submitted for operational or maintenance dollars as well as capital project dollars.

FUNDING OPTIONSIn addition to securing City funds for the development and sustainability of the GNWSP, there are options for grants, partnerships and sponsorships. The advisory committee identified the following grants that could be applicable to the GNWSP.

INDUSTRY PARTNERSHIP OPPORTUNITIES • GNWSP stakeholders (e.g. ATCO)

• Local Development Companies (e.g. Genstar)

• Forestry consultants or suppliers

• Memorial Tree-planting groves in collaboration with Funeral Homes

• Forestry programs at post-secondary institutions

ENVIRONMENT GRANT OPPORTUNITIES• TD’s Friends of the Environment

• TELUS

• EPCOR

• Alberta Conservation Association

• Evergreen Foundation

• Federation of Canadian Municipalities

• Tree Canada

• CN EcoConnexions (through Tree Canada)

• Fortis Community Naturalization Grant

CITY FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES• Community Capital Grant Program

• Environmental Initiatives Grant Program

• Business cases for operational or capital funding

OTHER GRANT OPPORTUNITIES• Alberta Community Facility Enhancement

Program

VOLUNTEER SUPPORT• School groups

• Community groups such as Junior Forest Wardens, Girl Guides, Scouts

• Arbor Day

• United Way’s Discovery Program

• City-organized Weed Warriors events

• St. Albert Junior Forest Wardens

• Provide sites for citizen planting in memorial or “Celebration” forest groves


adaptive management: An approach to management that recognizes uncertainty and change and uses experience and knowledge gained from the results of previous action to continually improve management policies and practices.

age class distribution: The proportional range of ages of trees in a forest.

biodiversity: The range in variety of plant and animal life in a habitat or ecosystem.

boreal forest: Vegetation composed primarily of cone-bearing, needle-leaved, or scale-leaved evergreen trees, found in regions that have long winters and moderate to high annual precipitation.

central mixedwood: A natural sub-region characterized by aspen, mixedwood and white spruce forests with black spruce fens and bogs and jack pine stands.

class 1 trail: A trail with an asphalt or porous pavement surface and intended for multi-use or high-impact users.

class 2 trail: A trail using a loose surface material such as gravel, recycled tire mulch or wood chips and intended for moderate impact users.

class 3 trail: A trail using natural or semi-natural surface materials and intended for low impact users.

ecosystem: A community of plants, animals and other organisms and the physical environment in which they live.

forest: A natural community consisting primarily of trees and shrubs with other plants and wildlife and may also include meadows and bodies of water.

natural region: An area defined by its geography, geology and climate.

natural subregion: A subdivision of a natural region defined by its biology, geology and climate.

GNWSP bylaw boundary: The area including the largest trees as defined in the bylaw creating the Grey Nuns White Spruce Park.

groundwater: The water that is found underground in the pores of soil and rock.

invasive species: Organisms that are transported to a different ecosystem than the one in which they originated and overtake native species. See also non-native species.

forest management plan boundary: The extended area that includes the “GNWSP bylaw area” as well as adjacent areas lying below the 100-year flood line to be included in the forest management plan.

municipal heritage resource: A structure, building, group of buildings, district, landscape, or archaeological site that has been formally recognized for its heritage value.

non-native species: Organisms that are transported to a different ecosystem than the one in which they originated. See also invasive species.

passive recreation: Non-consumptive, non-motorized recreation activities such as wildlife observation, walking, and snowshoeing that are restorative and pleasurable and foster an appreciation and understanding of nature.

silviculture: The practice of growing and cultivating trees.

snag: A dead or dying tree missing its top or branches.

stewardship: The responsibility of caring for something.

tree core: A small cylindrical sample taken from a tree’s trunk which allows scientists to determine the age, rate of growth and health of a tree.

urban heat island effect: The tendency of urban areas to be warmer than the surrounding rural area due to the thermal properties of urban infrastructure, significantly less vegetation and waste heat generated by human activity among other causes.

watershed: An area of land whose geological or geographic features cause the ground and surface water to flow toward a larger body of water.

wetland: Land that is permanently or seasonally saturated with water and supports plants and animals which depend on the saturation for life.

GLOSSARY


Agricultural Region of Alberta Soil Inventory Database. (October 26, 2012). [Alberta Soil Information Viewer] Retrieved from http://www4.agric.gov.ab.ca/agrasidviewer.

City of St. Albert, (2013). Municipal development plan bylaw.

City of St. Albert, (2009). Environmental plan.

City of St. Albert, (2012). Recreation master plan.

City of St. Albert, (2012). Social master plan.

Gervais, J., (2012). Grey Nuns White Spruce Park biodiversity assessment. Northern Alberta Institute of Technology & Sturgeon River Watershed Research Project.

Nisbet, E., Zelenski, J., & Murphy, S. (2011). Happiness is in our nature: Exploring nature relatedness as a contributor to subjective well-being. Journal Of Happiness Studies, 12(2), 303-322. DOI 10.1007/s10902-010-9197-7.

Ryan, R.M., Weinstein, N., Bernstein, J., Brown, K.W., & Mistretta, L., (June 2010). Vitalizing effects of being outdoors and in nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology 30(2), 159-168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.10.009.

Taylor, J., (March 2001). Effects of community green space on property value and community completeness. Technical Bulletin, No. 9. Department of Landscape and Liveable Environments, University of British Columbia.

Thurston, E., & Reader, R.J., (2001). Impacts of experimentally applied mountain biking and hiking on vegetation and soil of a deciduous forest. Environmental Management, 27(3), 397–409, DOI: 10.1007/s002670010157.

BIBLIOGRAPHY


MAPSMANAGEMENT PLAN BOUNDARY

LEGEND

Floodline

GNWS Bylaw Boundary



BLOCK MAP

NE Sister Emery

SE Sister LamySW Sister Alphonse

NW Rouault

LEGEND

Floodline

GNWS Bylaw Boundary


Blocks


EXISTING TRAIL MAP

LEGEND

Floodline

GNWS Bylaw Boundary


Existing Trails

Hogan Road

Pump Station Road

Winter Trail

Year Round Trail


GREY NUNS WHITE SPRUCE PARK PROPOSED PLAN MAP

LEGEND

Floodline

GNWS Bylaw Boundary


Existing Trails

Hogan Road

Pump Station Road

Winter Trail

Year Round Trail

Proposed Infrastructure

Groundwater Monitoring Well

Buffer Area

Parking Lot

Interpretive Centre

Picnic Tables

Future Landuse

Low Density Residential

Medium Density Residential

Mixed Use

Riverside Development

Stormwater Management


APPENDIX A: BYLAW

MAY2014

Grey Nuns White Spruce Park Recommended Management Plan

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