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TRANSCRIPT
Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity
Guide
Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide
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Table of Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................................ 3
How to Use this Guide ..................................................................................................... 3
i) Organization of this Guide......................................................................................... 3
ii) How to Complete the Self-Assessment Checklists .................................................. 4
iii) Self-Assessment Checklist and Action Work Plan PDF Document ........................ 4
Acknowledgement ........................................................................................................... 4
1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 6
1.1 The Importance of Biosecurity ........................................................................ 6
1.2 Biosecurity Concepts ...................................................................................... 6
1.3 Benefits of a Biosecurity Plan ......................................................................... 7
1.4 Elements of a Biosecurity Plan ....................................................................... 8
1.5 Implementing a Biosecurity Plan .................................................................... 9
2.0 Plant Health Management ............................................................................ 11
2.1 Management Practices ................................................................................. 11
2.2 Pest Vectors ................................................................................................. 16
2.3 Pest Monitoring ............................................................................................ 19
2.4 Responding to a Pest ................................................................................... 22
3.0 Place of Production Operational Management ............................................. 25
3.1 Location and Layout ..................................................................................... 25
3.2 Biosecurity Zones ......................................................................................... 30
3.3 Movement of People, Vehicles and Equipment ............................................ 32
3.4 Production Inputs ......................................................................................... 37
3.5 Production Outputs ....................................................................................... 39
3.6 Maintenance of Facilities and Property ........................................................ 43
4.0 Education, Training and Communication ...................................................... 44
5.0 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 47
6.0 Glossary ....................................................................................................... 48
Appendix 1: Example of a Thrips Pest Fact Sheet ........................................................ 51
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Appendix 2: Examples of Signs Used to Control Access to the Place of Production and
Biosecurity Zones .......................................................................................................... 54
Appendix 3: Example of a Visitor Sign-in Sheet ............................................................ 59
Appendix 4: Example of a Vehicle Entry Biosecurity Policy .......................................... 60
Appendix 5: Example of a Trailer Condition Report ...................................................... 61
Appendix 6: Acknowledgements ................................................................................... 62
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Preface This Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide (the Guide) has been developed
as a supporting document to the National Voluntary Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard
for the Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture Sectors (the Standard) to assist producers
with the development of a biosecurity plan. The Standard contains biosecurity
measures of relevance to all three sectors. This Guide is voluntary and provides sector-
specific biosecurity measures for consideration to help greenhouse vegetable
producers achieve the pest risk mitigation goals identified in the target outcomes
previously set within the Standard.
It is recognized that each biosecurity plan will be specific to each place of production,
and not all the recommendations in this Guide will be universally applicable. The
information and guidance that is provided is applicable to both established and new
places of production. The considerations outlined in this Guide are based on
scientifically sound principles that may reduce the risk of pest introduction, help to
enhance pest management within a place of production and mitigate the spread to
additional places of production.
How to Use this Guide
i) Organization of this Guide This Guide has been organized into the following three main sections:
• Plant Health Management
• Place of Production Operational Management
• Education, Training and Communication
These main sections are divided into sub-sections that include the:
• Target outcome – Goals that all producers should try to achieve to protect their
place of production from the introduction and spread of pests. These are taken
from the Standard.
• Benefits – Details regarding why a specific target outcome is important to on-
farm biosecurity.
• Risks – Biosecurity considerations that provide examples and guidance based
on the suggested risk pathways.
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• Self-assessment checklist – A tool provided to help producers determine if
additional biosecurity measures can be applied to a place of production. A
checklist has been provided at the end of each sub-section.
A glossary of definitions has also been provided at the end of this Guide. Terms that are
included in the glossary have been written in bold and italic text in their first use in the
document.
Appendices located at the end of this Guide provide producers with examples of tools
that can be used to implement biosecurity measures in a place of production, such as
signs and a visitor sign-in sheet.
Appendix 6 is an acknowledgement of the sector and producer organizations,
producers, academia, and federal and provincial specialists whose expertise was used
to develop this Guide.
ii) How to Complete the Self-Assessment Checklists The self-assessment checklists have been provided to assist producers in assessing if
additional biosecurity measures can be implemented in a place of production. There are
four columns included in the checklist to indicate:
• Yes – Biosecurity measure is implemented and does not require further action.
• Sometimes – Biosecurity measure is not always successfully implemented and
may require additional action.
• No – Biosecurity measure is not implemented and requires action.
• Not applicable (NA) – Biosecurity measure does not apply to a place of
production and no action is required.
iii) Self-Assessment Checklist and Action Work Plan PDF Document
The Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide Self-Assessment Checklist and
Action Work Plan is a list of the biosecurity measures from the self-assessment
checklists included in each sub-section with the same four columns as explained above.
This tool also includes an action work plan where actions to complete the
implementation of additional biosecurity measures within a place of production can be
recorded. When completed electronically, the biosecurity measures that “No” and
“Sometimes” have been selected are automatically transferred to the action work plan.
This tool can be downloaded from the forms catalogue
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(http://www.inspection.gc.ca/about-the-cfia/forms-and-publications/forms-
catalogue/eng/1328823628115/1328823702784) on the Canadian Food Inspection
Agency’s (CFIA) website. In the “Filter items” search field, type “5784” to obtain the
form.
Acknowledgement
With permission from Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers, this Guide has been
developed using information from the Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers
document Biosecurity: Recommended Practices for the Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable
Sector, which was produced with funding from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
Ontario Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Growing Forward 2 and Ontario
Greenhouse Vegetable Growers.
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1.0 Introduction
1.1 The Importance of Biosecurity
Biosecurity is a set of practices used to prevent, minimize and manage the transmission
of pests including their introduction, spread and release. Implementing and enhancing
biosecurity measures within a place of production will help protect individual and sector-
wide economic interests. Producers will benefit from awareness of the risks and the
measures that can be implemented to minimize the risk of pest introduction and spread.
Risks to places of production may develop rapidly and easily spread to other places of
production due to the intensive nature of production, limited genetic diversity within
crops and the movement of people and materials. Implementing biosecurity measures
can help to mitigate many risks by reducing the incidence of pest introduction and
spread within a place of production as well as to additional places of production.
1.2 Biosecurity Concepts
Implementing biosecurity measures can be effective not only for mitigating the spread of
pests but also for preventing the introduction of new and unknown pest risks. Applying
biosecurity measures depends on analysis of the risks and pathways of pest
transmission for a place of production. Knowledge of pests and their pathways of
transmission is important when developing a biosecurity plan. With this knowledge, pest
vectors can be managed and biosecurity measures can be applied to interrupt pest
pathways of transmission to help reduce crop damage and minimize economic losses.
Examples of pathways of pest transmission can include insects, people, equipment and
wind.
To determine the critical points in pest pathways of transmission for a place of
production where biosecurity measures may be applied, a risk assessment may be
conducted. The risks to a place of production will vary depending on several factors,
such as the type of crop grown, the source(s) of propagative material, the region, the
climate and the production practices.
In addition, as illustrated in Figure 1, pest outbreaks do not happen in isolation, but are
dependent on the interrelated nature of the crop, the environment and the pest.
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• Crop health: If the crop is not healthy and under stress, the plant can be more
susceptible to pests. However, if the plants are healthy, this does not eliminate
pest issues.
• Pests: Many pests can thrive in optimal crop-growing conditions.
• Environment: The environment is important to the development of the crop and
the pest.
Figure 1: The Plant Pest Triangle
The Plant Pest Triangle shows that the incidence and severity of an outbreak relates to
the interaction of a susceptible crop, a pest, and an environment favourable to pest
development. In addition to applying biosecurity measures at critical points in the
pathway of transmission, pests may also be mitigated through the application of
biosecurity measures to reduce the risks presented by these three components. For
example, a producer may choose to grow tolerant plant varieties or manage the
environment.
1.3 Benefits of a Biosecurity Plan
Crop
Environment Pest
Incidence and/or
severity of pest
occurrence
What’s in it for me?
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One benefit of a biosecurity plan is that it can provide producers with the less costly
option of preventing rather than managing the introduction or spread of pests. If a pest
is detected, there are protocols already in place to facilitate a rapid response, thereby
minimizing the damage or further spread of pests. Other benefits of incorporating
biosecurity measures into the day-to-day activities of a place of production include:
• Managing the risk of business interruption due to harmful pest detections at your
place of production.
• Meeting customer and consumer demand for biosecurity measures and
protocols.
• May assist in attracting new markets.
• Decreased production losses.
• Avoiding the introduction of pests that are currently not present.
• The ability to contain and minimize pests that are already present.
• Breaking the cycle of transmission of pests from one place of production to
another, to the wider community and between trading partners.
It is preferable to prevent rather than manage the introduction or spread of a pest within
a place of production.
1.4 Elements of a Biosecurity Plan
Biosecurity plans will differ from one place of production to another, as biosecurity
measures and requirements will vary depending on the place of production. A
biosecurity plan may include a detailed farm map(s), training programs, and standard
procedures for pest response and the movement of people, vehicles and equipment.
Documenting these procedures can ensure consistent application and demonstrate to
customers that a place of production operates under biosecurity measures.
Other programs such as CanadaGAPTM may already be used and have components
that apply to biosecurity. Those programs can be referenced as part of a biosecurity
plan.
“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.”
Benjamin Franklin
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To develop a biosecurity plan, consider the following process:
Step 1: Develop a detailed map of the place of production. A map can be useful for
visualizing and identifying potential sources or pathways of pest transmission. A map
may include the entrance, shipping area, receiving area and biosecurity zones. The flow
of plant material, people and equipment within the place of production can also be
included.
Step 2: Identify the risks to a place of production. Knowledge of pests and their
pathways of transmission can help to identify the risks and biosecurity measures that
can help mitigate pests.
Step 3: Review current biosecurity measures. The self-assessment checklists and the
Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide Self-Assessment Checklist and Action
Work Plan can be used to help identify additional biosecurity measures that may be
implemented at a place of production.
Step 4: Identify biosecurity goals. Prioritize and establish a timeline for the
implementation of the additional biosecurity measures identified after completing the
self-assessment checklists or the Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide Self-
Assessment Checklist and Action Work Plan.
Step 5: Develop an implementation strategy. Communication, education and training of
employees and visitors of a place of production are an important part of the
implementation strategy.
Step 6: Review and update the biosecurity plan. A biosecurity plan should be regularly
reviewed and updated as new biosecurity information becomes available or if there are
changes within a place of production.
1.5 Implementing a Biosecurity Plan
As seen in Figure 2, the implementation of biosecurity measures in a place of
production is a cycle of biosecurity activities. The need to assess and re-assess can be
seen as the starting and ending point of the cycle leading to a more proactive approach.
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Figure 2: Cycle of biosecurity activities
Assess: Identify and assess the risks of pest introduction and analyze the pathways of
pest transmission. This will allow for current biosecurity gaps within a place of
production to be addressed. Production practices should be reviewed frequently (re-
assess) to ensure that implemented measures are effective in relation to pest
prevention and control.
Plan: A written biosecurity plan is highly recommended. A written plan allows for regular
review and updates, facilitates continuous improvement within the place of production,
and forms the basis for training.
Implement: Put the plan into action. Education, training and communication are key to
implementing a biosecurity plan.
The risks posed by pests that threaten
plants are identified and assessed on an
on-going basis.
A written plan
forms the basis
of the biosecurity
training program,
allows for
regular review,
updates, and
provides a
framework for
continuous
improvement.
Put the plan into action.
A monitoring
program and
information
gathering
framework that
provides
information to
adjust the
biosecurity plan
is developed
and
implemented.
1. Assess
2. Plan
3. Implement
4. Monitor
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Monitor: A monitoring program is developed and implemented for the early detection,
identification and ongoing monitoring of pests. It is important that the design,
effectiveness and implementation of a biosecurity plan be assessed not only on a
routine basis but also when changes in production practices or biosecurity risks occur.
2.0 Plant Health Management The implementation of a biosecurity plan can work together with best management
practices to promote plant health. Plant heath can be affected by pests as well as
environmental or nutritional issues. Symptoms of these issues can appear similar to
symptoms of pests. It is important to identify the cause of less than optimal plant health
to apply biosecurity measures and best management practices. For example,
identifying the cause of a symptom as a pest, environmental or nutritional issues will
allow mitigation by best management practices such as Integrated Pest Management
(IPM), reduced humidity or fertilization. It is equally important to identify the pest and
understand the critical points in the pest pathway of transmission where biosecurity
measures may be applied to mitigate introduction or spread.
2.1 Management Practices
Benefits: Best management practices that optimize production may also create an
optimal environment for pests. Complementing best management practices with
biosecurity measures can help manage the risk of pest introduction and spread.
Risks
External environment
Weeds and volunteer plants can be a source of pests and should be controlled both in
and around the place of production. A well-maintained weed-free zone around the place
of production may help prevent pests from entering.
In addition to weeds, organic debris such as rotten vegetables can also be pest vectors.
Organic debris should not accumulate in a place of production but be disposed of
promptly in a designated location away from the place of production in a manner that
The combination of best management practices and the
implementation of biosecurity measures optimize the production of
healthy plants.
Target Outcome:
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minimizes potential pest spread. If necessary, biosecurity measures such as deep
burial may be implemented to mitigate the re-infestation of other crops.
Internal environment
Maintaining a clean place of production may minimize the introduction and spread of
pests. This includes cleaning the packing house in addition to the production area.
Baskets containing banker or indicator plants may be used in a place of production as
part of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program. However, as in the case of
weeds, ornamental and decorative plants can also be a source of pests.
Growing conditions should be managed to support crop growth while minimizing the
crop’s susceptibility to pest attack. Growing conditions such as high humidity can
promote the establishment of some pests such as fungus or mould. In situations where
growing conditions may create risks, management practices such as increased airflow
or increased plant spacing may be considered to minimize potential outbreaks. In
addition, consulting with a specialist may provide further recommendations regarding
the appropriate measures to be applied.
Crop removal can present a risk of pest spread within a place of production. Depending
on the production schedule, crops can be replaced at the end of their production
season, or in some cases pests may require the crop to be terminated early. The
removal process can happen in different ways, as there can be three cropping methods
in practice in a place of production:
1. Mono-cropping: The entire crop is removed prior to planting the new crop.
2. Continual cropping: Sections of the production area are removed and
replaced while other crops are still in production.
3. Intercropping: The replacement crop is grown in the same place and phases
out the old crop. Managing the risks of pest spread during crop removal is
more critical in this method of production.
All good things come to an end.
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Measures should be taken to avoid or minimize the spread of pests to the new crop or
other crops during the pulling-out process. The mono-cropping method removes the
entire crop prior to planting the new crop. This is the easiest method to reduce pest
spread to the new crop. With continual cropping and intercropping, there is no break in
the pest cycle if a pest is present. There is also an increased risk of pest spread to other
crops being grown in the place of production. For all three cropping methods,
biosecurity measures should be considered throughout the cropping cycle and while
removing infested material to mitigate pest spread.
After the old or infested crop is removed, the place of production should be thoroughly
cleaned and disinfected to ensure no organic debris remains. Attention should be given
to difficult-to-reach areas, such as corners, structural components, crop wires, irrigation
tubing or roof trusses.
Nutrients, growing media and water management
Water can be a pest vector. When water is sourced from re-circulation water, ponds,
streams or other surface water sources it should be disinfected as required. Water
disinfection equipment includes heat, ultra-violet (UV) radiation, ozone, and filtration.
Growing media and nutrients from organic sources may contain pests and should be
purchased from a reputable supplier.
Imported product, plant material and seed selection
Imported and domestically sourced product for packing and repacking, seeds and plant
materials are important pathways through which pests are introduced to a place of
production. Pests can be found on the surfaces and/or inside of the product, seeds and
plant materials. These inputs should be purchased from a source that has biosecurity
measures in place to prevent the introduction and spread of pests. As well, these and all
inputs should be inspected before they are accepted into the place of production.
Crop protection products and approaches for commonly occurring pests
Pests can be introduced into the place of production by a variety of vectors. Insects can
be a vector for viruses, bacteria, fungal spores, and mites. For example, shore flies and
fungus gnats can vector spores of the fungi Fusarium and Pythium, and cucumber
beetles can vector cucumber wilt bacteria. Controlling insect populations may limit the
spread and damage from insect-vectored pests.
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Pest thresholds1 for non-regulated pests may be established to trigger the use of a
treatment. It should be recognized that what constitutes a threshold is complex, as there
are different thresholds for different crops and pests. Within the decision of thresholds
for treatment there is a difference between suppression, eradication and management.
Management Practices Self-Assessment Checklist
Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
External Environment
Weeds and volunteer plants are controlled in and around the place of
production.
A weed-free zone is maintained around the place of production.
Organic debris does not accumulate and is promptly disposed.
Internal Environment
The place of production is kept hygienic through regular cleaning of
the header house, washroom, lunchroom, walkways and inside crop
rows.
All equipment, carts, bins and tools are regularly cleaned and
disinfected.
Recommended and appropriate products are used to clean and
disinfect the place of production.
During the period of operation, the packing house and loading dock
are cleaned and sanitized at least daily, being sure to clean
underneath the dock plates.
Growing conditions are managed to support crop growth while
minimizing susceptibility to pests.
Biosecurity measures are taken to avoid or minimize pest spread to
new crops or to other crops during the pulling-out process.
Nutrients, growing media and water management
1
For regulated pests the threshold for reporting is zero; this means that one pest would trigger reporting and would likely trigger a response.
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Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Water sourced from re-circulation water, ponds, streams or other
surface water sources is disinfected as required.
The water disinfection equipment that is used to disinfect irrigation
water is properly maintained.
Water accumulation in and around the place of production is
minimized.
Growing media and nutrients from organic sources are purchased
from reputable suppliers.
Imported product, plant material and seed selection
Imported and domestic product, plant material and seeds received
by the place of production are inspected for pests.
Seed is purchased from a source with biosecurity measures in place.
Crop protection products and approaches for commonly occurring pests
Pest thresholds are used to trigger control actions.
Pest vectors are recognized and managed, eradicated or controlled.
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Photo: Courtesy of Glen Sweetman, Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture
2.2 Pest Vectors
Benefits: Managing vectors and interrupting the pathways of pest transmission can
reduce crop damage and minimize economic losses. The implementation of proactive
biosecurity measures can mitigate the potential for introduction and spread of pests if
applied to a critical point in a pathway of transmission. Examples of pathways of pest
transmission include insects, people and wind.
Implementation of biosecurity measures at critical points in pathways
of pest transmission. Target
Outcome:
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Risks
Pests can often be spread or introduced into a place of production by more than one
vector. For example, whiteflies can disperse through flight, but can travel much greater
distances when carried by wind; mobile fungal spores can move much farther when
carried by irrigation water.
Another example is thrips, which can be introduced into a place of production through
vents and doors by wind. Once they have been introduced into a place of production,
thrips can spread viruses throughout the production area and can be spread from one
production area to another by growing media, equipment and employees. Biosecurity
measures such as an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program that includes
mitigation measures for insects can help to prevent the spread of pests in the place of
production.
There is a risk of pest introduction and spread from all inputs that enter the various
areas in the place of production, especially those from external sources. For example,
inputs such as product for packing and re-packing can present a risk of pest introduction
into the packing house. Inputs such as transplants, growing media and seeds present a
pest risk to production areas. To mitigate these risks, inputs should be inspected upon
entry into the place of production and prior to use. To help with these inspections
employees should be given pest identification training. In addition, pictures of pests can
be posted in the areas of the place of production where inputs are received and
inspected to help with the identification of pests. Please refer to section 3.4 Production
Inputs for further information regarding the risks of inputs.
Production Area
Seeds can be hosts of pests such as viruses and bacterial cankers. This is especially
true for tomato seed. As these pests will not be visible during an inspection, seeds
should be purchased from a supplier that can provide a certificate to state the seeds are
pest free. Once the seeds are received by the place of production, a percentage of the
seeds may be tested to verify freedom from pests.
Growing media may contain pests and should be purchased from a reputable supplier.
Growing media should be inspected upon arrival for pests and if a pest is present,
treatment may be necessary prior to use. Treatment options include heat pasteurization,
solarization or fumigation.
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When purchasing transplants, it may be possible in some regions to inspect the material
for pests at the propagator’s place of production. In other regions transplants should be
inspected upon entry into the receiving area of the place of production.
Packing House
Packing and re-packing product from foreign or domestic sources should be thoroughly
inspected for pests once it arrives at the packing house and during repacking.
Production Area and Packing House
People, vehicles and equipment can also be a pest vector. Footbaths, disposable
coveralls and footwear can be used to mitigate the introduction and spread of pests by
people. Cleaning and removing organic debris can help mitigate pest introduction and
spread by vehicles and equipment. Please refer to section 3.3 Movement of People,
Vehicles and Equipment for further information regarding biosecurity measures that may
be applied to mitigate pest introduction and spread by people.
Pest Vectors Self-Assessment Checklist
Biosecurity Measure Y
es
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
The pathways of pest transmission in the place of production have
been analyzed and critical points have been identified.
The IPM program includes mitigation measures for the identified
critical points in the pathways of transmission.
Inputs are received, inspected and stored in a designated area
located away from the production area and packing house.
Employees have been given pest identification training.
Pictures of pests are posted in the packing house and the areas
where inputs are received and inspected.
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Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Footbaths are used in the production area and packing house.
Production Area
Fall clean-up and crop rotation are used to disrupt the pest life
cycle.
Water is monitored and tested for pathogens.
Seeds are purchased from a supplier that can provide a certificate
to state the seeds are free from pests.
A percentage of purchased seeds are tested to verify they are pest-
free.
Growing media is purchased from a reputable supplier.
Transplants are inspected prior to entry into the place of production.
Packing House
Imported and domestic product for packing and repacking are
inspected for pests upon arrival in the packing house.
Coveralls and hair nets are worn in the packing house.
2.3 Pest Monitoring
Minimize production losses through the early detection of pests.
Target Outcome:
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Benefits: The development and implementation of monitoring and scouting programs
allows for the detection of new and common pests. A monitoring program includes the
inspection of material such as new plants when they arrive at the place of production
and a scouting program includes the inspection of plants in production for pests. A
scouting program will help determine when pests are about to reach a threshold. A
routine scouting program will also allow for the effectiveness of control measures,
production practices and treatments to be assessed.
Risks
Production Area
A scouting program may use a scout or crop consultant to regularly inspect the crop for
pests and determine whether pest thresholds have been reached. Records of the
results should be kept, detailing the location, the origin of the plants and the severity of
each pest found.
A scouting program may also highlight specific times in the production cycle or periods
where control options are more likely to be successful or cost-effective. For example,
scouting may be increased during times of harvest on neighbouring farms as this may
increase the potential for the introduction of thrips into the production area. Another
example is in the fall when the population of winged female aphids increases on outdoor
crops. This may increase the risk of aphids entering into a production area through
vents or doors and increase the potential for these aphids to introduce viruses such as
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV).
Devices such as sticky cards or pheromone traps may also be distributed through the
crop to detect insects. Additionally, ultra-violet (UV) lights can be used to attract a wide
range of insects, particularly during cooler months.
Packing House
Monitoring devices such as sticky cards can be used to detect pests in the packing
house. These devices can be placed near the packing machine and in areas where
imported and domestically sourced product is stored. Devices should also be installed
around loading docks and doors where product is brought inside the packing house.
Production Area and Packing House
Employees working in both the production area and packing house should be trained in
the identification of the most common pests. Pest fact sheets and posters of pests in the
break area and lunchroom can help educate employees to identify pests. Appendix 1 is
an example of a pest fact sheet. Contact consultants, Integrated Pest Management
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(IPM) specialists, sector associations or provincial extension specialists to obtain pest
identification posters.
In addition, employees should also be trained on how to report a new pest identified in
the place of production.
Pest Monitoring Self-Assessment Checklist
Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Production Area
A scouting program is implemented in the production area(s).
Records of the scouting results are kept.
The scouting program is adjusted accordingly during highly
susceptible time periods within the production cycle of crops.
Packing House
A monitoring program is used to inspect inputs.
Records of the monitoring results are kept.
Production Area and Packing House
Devices such as yellow sticky cards have been installed in the
production area(s) and packing house.
Devices are inspected by trained personnel.
Employees are trained in pest identification.
Pest fact sheets and posters of pests are placed in the packing
house and in common areas such as the break room and lunch
room to help employees identify pests.
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22 | P a g e
Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Employees have been given training regarding the process to report
a pest detection.
Information regarding new pest issues in the place of production is
shared with employees.
2.4 Responding to a Pest
Benefits: When a pest is detected, there is a decision-making process to determine if a
pest is past the threshold, if a response is required, the timing of the response and the
identification of the most appropriate control actions. Depending on the pest that is
detected and its threshold level, control actions may not always be required as not all
pests carry the same risk. Pests regulated by Canada have a zero-tolerance threshold
and a requirement to report the pest detection. Even pests that are not regulated may
have a zero-tolerance or a low threshold if they are of significant economic concern to
producers. For example, a producer may have a zero-tolerance threshold for a pest that
is regulated by a country with an important export market. Creating an Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) program and response plans involves analyzing the pest risk to
determine the level of response required, and at what threshold a response is required.
Preparing detailed response plans or procedures prior to the identification of a pest may
allow an effective and timely response which may reduce production losses.
Risks
Regulated Pests
The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) maintains the list of pests regulated in
Canada, which includes insects, mites, molluscs, nematodes, fungi, bacteria, viruses,
phytoplasma and some parasitic plants. When a regulated pest2 is identified, the CFIA
2 For a list of pests regulated in Canada please refer to http://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/plant-protection/pests/regulated-
pests/eng/1363317115207/1363317187811
An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program is developed to
respond to common pests. Formal response plans are created for
pests of greater concern.
Target Outcome:
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23 | P a g e
and the respective provincial or territorial government must be contacted to report the
detection.
A response plan for a regulated pest should include the contact information of the local
CFIA office, provincial extension specialists and sector association(s). The response
plan should include biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of pests from the
infested area by restricting the movement of plant material, people and equipment in
and out of the area. Please refer to section 3.2 Biosecurity Zones for biosecurity
measures to mitigate the spread of pests from Restricted Access Zones (RAZ).
Non-Regulated Pests
The IPM program for a place of production should include a response plan for the
detection of a pest. A response plan may include the following steps:
• Confirming pest identification.
• Determining pest risk.
• Determining the pest threshold and whether it has been exceeded.
• Applying control measures, if required.
• Restricting movement of plant material, crops, people and equipment into and
out of the infested area.
• Cleaning of footwear, hands and equipment leaving the infested area.
• Evaluating the control measures and response plan.
Pest thresholds3 for non-regulated pests may be established to trigger the use of a
treatment. It should be recognized that what constitutes a threshold is complex, as there
are different thresholds for different crops and pests. Within the decision of thresholds
for treatment there is a difference between suppression, eradication, and management.
The response plan should also include biosecurity measures to prevent the re-
infestation of crops by infested material. To limit pest spread, infested material should
not be mixed or come into contact with other crops, and should be securely disposed of
away from the place of production or buried. Please refer to section 2.1 Management
Practices: Internal Environment and section 3.5 Production Outputs for biosecurity
measures related to disposal.
3
For regulated pests the threshold for reporting is zero, this means that one pest would trigger reporting, and would likely trigger a response.
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Keep records of the location, date and crop type of the infested material and the control
measures that were applied. This information may be useful to assess the success of
the response strategy and for continuous improvement to the response plan.
Regulated and Non-Regulated Pests
For both regulated and non-regulated pests the effectiveness of the response plan
should be evaluated periodically to foster continuous improvement and efficiencies.
Pest Response Self-Assessment Checklist
Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
When an unknown pest is detected, a sample is sent to a
laboratory, extension specialist, consultant, researcher or the CFIA
for accurate identification of the pest.
Awareness of regulated and non-regulated pests of concern to the
place of production.
Regulated Pests
The CFIA is contacted when a regulated pest is detected at the
place of production.
The movement of plant material, crops, people and equipment is
restricted in and out of an infested area.
Non-regulated Pests
The IPM program includes a response plan for non-regulated pests.
The movement of people and equipment is restricted into and out of
the infested area.
Employees leaving the infested area disinfect their hands and
footwear to prevent pest spread.
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Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Employees follow the work flow protocols to prevent pest spread
from an infested to a non-infested area.
As necessary, tools, equipment and crates leaving an infested area
are disinfected.
Knowledge of the pest pathways of transmission is used to
determine the required biosecurity measures when disposing of
infested material to mitigate pest spread.
The area is frequently checked for pest spread.
Records of the pest infestation including the location, the date, the
crop type and the control measures applied are kept.
Records are used to evaluate and improve the pest response plan.
3.0 Place of Production Operational Management Operational management of a place of production is fundamental to the development
and implementation of a biosecurity plan. Assessing the risks associated with the
activities that take place at the place of production is necessary. Potential biosecurity
risks can be associated with the location of the place of production; the movement of
people, vehicles and equipment; as well as production inputs and outputs.
3.1 Location and Layout
Benefits: The natural environment surrounding a new or established place of
production is important for identifying potential pests in the area and their source.
Knowledge of the location and layout is used to evaluate new sites
and to protect existing or neighbouring sites.
Target Outcome:
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Natural dispersal plays an important role in the introduction and spread of pests into a
place of production and from one place of production to another. In addition, thoughtfully
designed places of production can be the first line of defense in biosecurity and can
reduce the risk of pest introduction. When designing a place of production, the flow of
plant material and crops from the time of receiving to the time of shipping should be
considered. Understanding and integrating the knowledge of the location and layout of a
place of production is important in developing, implementing and modifying a biosecurity
plan.
It is recognized that some of the biosecurity measures outlined in this section may only
be applicable when building a new place of production. However, there are biosecurity
measures that can be implemented in established places of production to mitigate pest
introduction and spread. For example, if shipping and receiving are conducted in the
same area, separation in timing can be used to minimize the risk of pest spread from
potentially infested inputs to the final product.
Risks
Geography and environmental factors
It is important to consider all factors and weigh the benefits of biosecurity measures
against the potential pest risk to make risk management decisions regarding the site
selection and the layout of a place of production. For example, it is important to consider
neighbouring activities such as the type of crop in production, the timing of harvest, the
composting practices, the importation of product or non-agricultural activities when
building a new place of production. Depending on the direction of the prevailing winds,
fungal spores or insects can be introduced into a place of production from these
neighbouring activities. However, after assessing the risk presented by these activities,
it may be of greater benefit to position a place of production to face the prevailing winds
for venting purposes due to hot temperatures in the summertime.
The topography of the area surrounding a place of production should also be taken into
consideration to reduce the amount of standing water in the production areas. Drainage
patterns and surface water movement can affect the potential for pest introduction and
distribution by creating standing water in production areas.
Layout
When designing the layout of a place of production, the flow of plant material and crops
should be examined to determine critical points in the pest pathways of transmission.
Applying biosecurity measures at the critical points in transmission may mitigate the risk
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27 | P a g e
of pest introduction and spread within the place of production. For example, the
receiving area where the inspection of inputs such as seeds and transplants takes place
should be located away from the production area. In addition, the place of production
should be designed so that the receiving area can be cleaned if a pest is detected.
A biosecurity plan should include a map of the place of production. A map can be useful
to visualize and examine potential pathways of transmission and may also be used as a
tool to train employees and direct visitors. When creating a map of the place of
production, it is useful to include the location of specific areas such as the entrance,
boiler room, lunch room, shipping area, raw product and finished product. This map
should also indicate the location of biosecurity zones and the flow of plant material and
crops within the place of production. Maps previously created for Environmental Farm
Plans and Food Safety Plans may be useful for this purpose.
Figure 3 provides an example of a map of a place of production that includes the flow of
plant material and crops.
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Figure 3: Example Map of Place of Production
Legend Greenhouse 1 flow line Raw product Greenhouse 2 flow line Finished product Greenhouse 3 flow line Quarantine area Greenhouse 4 flow line Washroom
Pum
p
House Water
Tanks
Greenhouse 1
Greenhouse 3
Greenhouse 2
Greenhouse 4
Chem
ical
Sto
rage
Bre
akro
om
Bre
akro
om
Boile
r
Room
Grading Lines
Receiv
ing
Off
ice
Tote Washing Area
Tote Washing Area
Bre
akro
om
Bre
akro
om
Cooler for Market Ready Product
Shipping Area
Storage Area
Storage Area
Ship
pin
g O
ffic
e
Packing House
Storage Area
Storage Area
Receiving Area
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Location and Layout Self-Assessment Checklist
Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Geography and Environmental Factors
The surrounding environment and neighbouring activities are
considered when making decisions regarding the location and
layout of the place of production.
Risk based decisions are made when choosing a site and designing
the layout of a new place of production.
Topography is considered to reduce the amount of standing water
within the production areas.
Layout
The flow of plant material and crops from the time of receiving to
the time of shipping is considered to design the layout of the place
of production.
The pathways of pest transmission are considered to design the
layout of the place of production.
The place of production is designed to separate the location of the
propagation, production and processing or packaging areas.
The biosecurity plan is designed to locate areas for composting or
disposal of organic debris away from the place of production.
Washing facilities for cleaning and disinfecting equipment and
vehicles are located in an area that prevents pest introduction and
spread.
The place of production is built so it can be easily cleaned and
disinfected.
There is a map of the place of production that includes specific
areas such as the entrance, shipping areas and production areas.
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Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
The map of the place of production indicates the location of the
biosecurity zones.
The map of the place of production includes the location of devices
such as yellow sticky traps.
The map of the place of production indicates the flow of plant
material and crops.
3.2 Biosecurity Zones
Benefits: Specific areas of similar levels of risk are identified and demarcated,
providing an indication of where in the place of production and in the continuum of
production biosecurity intervention is warranted. Biosecurity zones are classified based
on the use of an area, risk of pest spread, access to the area and biosecurity measures
required to prevent the introduction and spread of pests in a place of production.
Restricted Access Zones may be used to identify areas where high risk activities take
place, such as where there is a high risk associated with the spread of a pest into
and/or out of an area. High risk activities that may require a Restricted Access Zone
include: an infested area within the production area, the propagation area or an area to
protect plant material such as transplants.
Controlled Access Zones may be used in areas of the place of production where low
risk activities take place and may not require the level of biosecurity measures that are
implemented for Restricted Access Zones. Examples of low risk activities that may
require a Controlled Access Zone include: storage and product handling areas.
Controlled Access Zones (CAZs) and Restricted Access Zones
(RAZs) are established and communication protocols which explain
the importance of these areas within the place of production are
implemented.
Target Outcome:
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Risks
The level of biosecurity measures applied to a Restricted Access Zone or a Controlled
Access Zone will be consistent with the risk of pest introduction or spread associated
with each zone. Biosecurity risks and mitigation measures that may be implemented to
prevent pest spread into and out of these zones include the following:
Access to the Biosecurity Zone
Control the entry and exit into and between the biosecurity zones by designating access
points. Various tools can be used to restrict or control access to these zones, such as
signs and automated or locked doors. Signs may be posted around the biosecurity zone
to advise employees and visitors of the high risk and restricted access. Please refer to
Appendix 2 for examples of signs that can be posted for biosecurity zones and at the
main entrance of the place of production.
Traffic Flow Through the Place of Production
Pests can be spread by the movement of inputs, people, vehicles, equipment and
outputs through the place of production. Based on the location of the biosecurity zones,
specific routes should be used to mitigate the risk of pest spread from infested to non-
infested areas.
Footwear, Clothing and Equipment
Equipment that is moved between different biosecurity areas should be cleaned and
disinfected when it is necessary. In addition, footbaths, hand washing stations,
disposable coveralls and footwear covers should be placed at the entrances of the
Restricted Access Zones. See section 3.3 Movement of People, Vehicles and
Equipment for information on the movement of people, vehicles and equipment.
Biosecurity Zones Self-Assessment Checklist
Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
The activities that take place at the place of production have been
assessed to identify biosecurity zones.
The biosecurity plan includes information regarding the biosecurity
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32 | P a g e
Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
zones and related biosecurity measures.
The training program includes information regarding biosecurity
zones and the related biosecurity measures such as traffic flow in
the place of production.
Access to the Biosecurity Zone
Signs are posted around the biosecurity zones to advise people of
the risks and restricted access.
Access to biosecurity zones is controlled using tools such as signs
and locked or automatic doors.
Traffic Flow Through the Place of Production
The flow of inputs, people, vehicles, equipment and outputs is
designed based on the location of the biosecurity zones.
Footwear, Clothing and Equipment
Footbaths, hand washing stations, disposable coveralls and
footwear covers have been placed at the entrance of biosecurity
zones.
3.3 Movement of People, Vehicles and Equipment
The movement of people, vehicles and equipment do not introduce or
spread pests within a place of production. Target
Outcome:
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33 | P a g e
Movement of people
Benefits: Managing the biosecurity risks associated with the movement of people into a
place of production and between biosecurity zones can mitigate the risk of pests that
can be carried on footwear, clothing and hair.
Risks
Human mediated dispersal is an important means of pest spread and the movement of
employees and visitors in a place of production can be a source of pests. Often human
mediated dispersal can move pests at a faster rate and reach a greater distance than
natural dispersal. Some examples of human mediated dispersal include clothes, shoes,
cameras, pens, note pads, amplifying lens and skin. Biosecurity measures such as
hand wash and footbath stations at all entrances and exits of the production areas may
help mitigate pest introduction and spread by people.
Visitors
Prior to entering, visitors should report to the main office of the place of production
where they are required to fill out a sign-in sheet. The sign-in sheet should include
information such as name, date, the areas visited and recent contact with plant material
or product. For an example of a sign-in sheet please refer to Appendix 3. This
information may be useful when responding to a pest detection.
Assess the risk of the visitor entering the place of production and provide them with
disposable footwear covers, coveralls and gloves when necessary.
Employees
Wearing clean clothes and/or providing coveralls or clean uniforms to employees on a
daily basis can reduce the spread of pests within the place of production. Employees
should also be given training on the work flow of the place of production to prevent pest
spread into and out of biosecurity zones.
As vegetables brought by employees for lunch can be a potential source of pests, the
lunchroom may be isolated from the rest of the production area and packing house.
Leftovers and waste should be properly disposed of.
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Movement of vehicles and equipment
Benefits: Vehicles and equipment may harbor pests. Movement of vehicles and
equipment is particularly important when brought into the place of production and when
moved between biosecurity zones. Managing the movement of vehicles and equipment
by designating routes, assessing risk, as well as implementing cleaning and disinfecting
when necessary, can help to mitigate the risk of pest introduction and spread.
Risks
Pests can be spread by different types of vehicles and equipment, such as:
• Shipping containers
• Forklifts
• Trucks that are used to transport final product
• Sprayers
• Carts
• Harvesting scissors and knives
• Pallets
Protocols and policies can be included in the biosecurity plan to indicate when vehicles
and equipment should be cleaned and disinfected. Appendix 4 provides an example of
a policy for cleaning vehicle tires.
Trucks are used to ship all kinds of goods and to different places of productions. The
following biosecurity measures may mitigate pest spread by trucks:
• Clean and disinfect trucks after every shipment of product.
• Request that carriers provide their sanitation procedure or a letter of guarantee
stating there are procedures in place to clean trucks between loads.
• Prior to re-entry into the place of production, disinfect the forklift that is used to
load and unload the truck if the truck has been moved between different places
of production.
Appendix 5 provides an example of a checklist format that can be used to help ensure
the implementation of biosecurity measures when using trucks to ship final product.
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Movement of People, Vehicles and Equipment Self-Assessment Checklist
Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Employees and visitors park in designated areas.
Footbaths and hand wash stations have been placed at the
entrance to the production area(s).
Movement of people – Visitors
Visitors report to the main office prior to entering the place of
production.
Visitors fill out a sign-in sheet prior to entering the place of
production.
The risk of visitors entering place of production is assessed to
determine the necessary biosecurity measures.
Disposable foot wear covers, clean coveralls and gloves are
provided to visitors when necessary.
Visitors are briefed on the biosecurity protocols that need to be
followed.
There is a policy to ensure visitors follow the biosecurity protocols.
Visitors are accompanied by a designated employee when moving
within the place of production.
Visitors only access areas that are necessary for their activities.
Movement of people – Employees
Employees have been trained on the biosecurity protocols for the
place of production.
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36 | P a g e
Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Movement of employees through the place of production is
minimized.
Employees have been trained to know the work flow through the
place of production.
Employees wash their hands after handling imported or domestic
product, as well as after breaks and meals.
There are designated areas for employees to have lunch and store
their personal items.
The lunchroom is isolated from the production area(s) and packing
house.
Leftovers and waste from employee lunches are disposed of
properly.
Movement of vehicles and equipment
The biosecurity plan includes protocols to indicate when vehicles
and equipment should be cleaned and disinfected.
A cleaning schedule is followed by employees.
The pallet supplier is informed of the biosecurity requirements.
The shipping container supplier is informed of the biosecurity
requirements.
Re-used containers are cleaned and disinfected between uses.
Cardboard cartons are recycled and are not re-used.
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37 | P a g e
Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Packing is secured during storage to prevent pest introduction.
Pruning tools are disinfected prior to use and between crops or
different production areas, especially if a pest is present.
Equipment is cleaned and disinfected after use in a biosecurity
zone.
Organic debris is removed from the wheels of equipment that is
moved between production areas.
Activities are strategically sequenced to minimize the cleaning and
disinfecting of equipment.
Equipment from other places of production is cleaned before being
brought into the place of production.
Trucks that are used to transport product are cleaned after every
shipment of product.
A copy of the sanitation procedures or a letter of guarantee that
sanitation procedures are in place to sanitize trucks between loads
is requested from carrier.
The forklift used to load and unload trucks that have been to
multiple places of production is cleaned.
3.4 Production Inputs
Production inputs are not a potential source of pests.
Target Outcome:
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Benefits: Receiving inputs such as transplants, growing media, water, seeds or product
from external sources has the potential to introduce pests to the place of production.
Pest introduction may be mitigated by assessing the risks associated with inputs
sourced from suppliers and inspecting inputs upon arrival.
Risks
There is a risk of pest introduction and spread from all inputs, especially those from
external sources. For example, packing and repacking of imported and domestically
sourced product presents a risk of pest introduction into the packing house. Purchasing
inputs from a supplier with a biosecurity program in place should be considered to help
mitigate pest risks. Inputs should also be inspected prior to their acceptance into the
place of production.
Records of purchased inputs should be maintained and can include the source, number
or quantity of the product purchased, and where it is planted or located in the place of
production. These records can be used if a pest is detected.
Water can be a pest vector. When sourced from re-circulation water, ponds, streams or
other surface water sources it should be disinfected as required. Water disinfection
equipment includes heat, UV radiation, ozone, and filtration.
For more information regarding biosecurity measures that can mitigate the pathways of
transmission presented by inputs, please refer to section 2.2 Pest Vectors.
All inputs should be inspected upon arrival.
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Production Inputs Self-Assessment Checklist
Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Input suppliers are contacted to request information regarding their
biosecurity program.
Purchasing records of inputs are maintained.
Inputs are inspected for pests before entering the place of
production.
If a pest is found when inputs are inspected, the product is returned
to the supplier, cleaned and disinfected or disposed of, if required.
Inputs from unknown sources may be considered high risk and are
segregated from the final product or propagative material to be
monitored for pests.
The source of water is known and is regularly tested.
Recycled water is treated prior to use.
Containers that are re-used in the place of production are cleaned
between uses.
3.5 Production Outputs
Benefits: Managing outputs, final product and waste mitigates the potential risk of pest
introduction and spread within a place of production, to neighbouring places of
Finished product leaving the place of production is free of pests of
concern.
Production wastes are managed, treated and disposed of to reduce
the risk of spreading pests.
Target Outcome:
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40 | P a g e
production or to areas where the product may be received (from domestic to
international destinations).
Risks
Packing House
Final product produced in the place of production is inspected for pests as it moves
through the packing line. However, packing and repacking imported and domestic
product presents a risk of pest introduction to the packing house. To mitigate this risk,
product should be purchased from a supplier with a biosecurity program in place and
inspected prior to its acceptance into the place of production. In addition, employees
working in the packing house should be given training on identifying pests. Posters may
be hung in the packing house to help employees identify pests.
To prevent the spread of pests to other places of production by the final product, the
truck used for shipping should be inspected for pests and organic debris prior to loading
the final product. In addition, employees should ensure pallets are free from damage
and other signs of pests.
Infested or unsaleable product from foreign and domestic sources should be covered
and disposed of promptly to avoid pest spread.
Production Area
Effective plant health management as outlined in section 2.1 Management Practices is
essential to producing a high quality finished product that is free of pests of concern. In
addition, a traceability system should be in place such as labelling final product to assist
with traceback if pests are detected once the product has left the place of production.
Production waste such as prunings, infested material, old material and weeds present a
risk of pest spread within a production area and should be disposed of properly.
Packing House and Production Area
For both the production area and packing house, there should be a one-way flow of
material to prevent pest introduction or spread to other areas of the place of production.
Knowledge of the pathway of pest transmission should be used to ensure appropriate
biosecurity measures are taken to dispose of material to prevent pest spread. For
example, plant material infected by bacterial canker should be placed in sealed bags to
be transported to the disposal site. The material should not be transported throughout
the place of production in a manner that could spread the canker to other areas. If
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41 | P a g e
production waste is not from infested material, the cuttings may be placed in walk ways
to promote the transfer of biological controls.
Disposal sites should be located away from the place of production to prevent re-
infestation. The pest pathway of transmission should be evaluated to prevent the
release of pests during disposal, as infested plant material presents a high risk of re-
infesting the same crop or infesting other crops. For example, if the pest is spread by
wind, the infested material should be disposed of by deep burial, transportation to a
municipal disposal facility or other methods that minimize the risk of pest spread and
introduction. Producers should also be aware of any provincial waste management
regulations that may apply.
Bins that have been used in the disposal process of infested material or unsaleable
product that will be re-used within the place of production should be cleaned and
disinfected promptly after use. An appropriate disinfectant for the pest should be used.
Production Output Self-Assessment Checklist
Biosecurity Measure Y
es
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Packing House
Final product is inspected for pests while moving through the
packing line.
Imported and domestic product is sourced from a supplier with a
biosecurity program in place.
Imported and domestic product is inspected prior to acceptance into
the place of production.
Employees working in the packing house are given training to
identify pests.
Pictures of pests are posted in the packing house to help
employees identify pests.
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Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Trucks used for shipping are inspected for pests and organic debris
prior to loading final product.
Pallets are inspected for damage and pests prior to loading final
product.
Infested or unsaleable product is covered and promptly disposed of.
Production Area
A traceability system is in place that facilitates trace forward and
backward for final product.
Organic debris is disposed of properly to prevent the spread of
pests.
Packing House and Production Area
There is a one-way flow of material through the production area and
packing house to prevent the spread of pests.
Knowledge of pest pathways of transmission is used to dispose of
organic debris in a manner that prevents pest spread.
Disposal sites are located away from the place of production to
prevent pest re-infestation.
Dumpster lids are kept closed.
Bins that have been used to dispose of infested material or
unsaleable product that will be re-used within the place of
production are cleaned and disinfected promptly after use.
Awareness of any provincial waste management regulations.
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3.6 Maintenance of Facilities and Property
Benefits: Keeping buildings and equipment in good repair, in addition to cleaning and
disinfecting will help limit the opportunity for the introduction and spread of pests.
Risks
The largest risk of not maintaining a place of production is pest introduction. Although
greenhouses are not a sealed area, as there are vents through which beneficial insects
can move in and out, there are biosecurity measures that can be implemented to
minimize pest risk. A routine facility and property maintenance program that includes
activities such as ensuring that holes are fixed and that doors and windows close
properly will help mitigate the introduction of pests such as rodents.
A maintenance program should also include maintenance of equipment such as pruning
knives. If pruning knives are dull, plants may become more susceptible to pests when
pruned.
Activities to maintain the exterior of the place of production should also be included in
the maintenance program. This may include a weed-free buffer around the place of
production to mitigate the risk of pest introduction.
To ensure that maintenance activities are routinely completed, a record of the activities
may be kept. A checklist of the activities may be used to record the timing and
completion of activities.
Introduction and spread of pests is limited by keeping buildings and
equipment in good repair.
Target Outcome:
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Maintenance of Facilities and Property Self-Assessment Checklist
Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
A maintenance program has been developed and implemented.
The maintenance program includes activities to maintain the interior
of the place of production, such as cleaning the floors to prevent
spread of pests through organic debris.
The maintenance program includes activities to maintain the
exterior of the place of production, such as a weed-free buffer.
Equipment maintenance is included in the maintenance program.
Records of the completion of the maintenance activities are kept.
4.0 Education, Training and Communication
Benefits: A well developed, communicated and implemented training program will
provide employees with an understanding of the importance of proactive biosecurity.
Communicating the necessary biosecurity measures to visitors entering the place of
production will allow them to complete their work while minimizing the risk of pest
spread.
Risks
Employees
All employees, regardless of whether they are working in the packing house or the
production area, are part of the team and should be provided with the basic knowledge
of biosecurity. It is also important to train all employees, as pests may spread from the
production area to the packing house or the reverse. All employees should be provided
with a general knowledge of pests so they can identify pests and know the protocol to
Target
Outcome:
People entering or working within a place of production respect the
biosecurity measures in place.
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report a pest detection. Periodic training should be given to employees to provide
updated information regarding emerging pests and any changes to the biosecurity plan.
It is also important for all employees to have a general understanding of the pathways of
pest transmission. This will help employees implement the necessary biosecurity
measures to mitigate the risks of pest introduction and spread throughout their day-to-
day activities. It may also be important for employees to know the pathways of
transmission so they can implement biosecurity measures between their place of
residence and the place of production. For example, if an employee shares living space
with an employee from another greenhouse, nursery or floriculture place of production
biosecurity measures may be required.
Specific employees of the place of production may be given training to manage pests
detected in the place of production. This may include working with the Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) specialist, confirming the identification of a pest, deciding on and
implementing the treatment of the pest.
Visitors
Prior to their entry into the place of production visitors should be given a briefing to
communicate the necessary biosecurity measures that are required for the completion
of their work.
Employees and Visitors
Signs are also a useful tool to help communicate biosecurity measures to both visitors
and employees. Signs and any educational material should be written in plain language
and translated, when necessary, to the appropriate language(s) for employees.
Make biosecurity a part of your business culture.
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Education, Training and Communication Self-Assessment Checklist
Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Employees
Employees are included in the process to design the biosecurity
plan, as this may result in them taking more “ownership” of the plan,
which may help with implementation.
Biosecurity protocols are included in the training program.
All employees are trained at the start of their employment and/or
the start of the season.
All employees are provided with a general knowledge of pest
identification and the protocol to report a pest detection.
All employees have a general understanding of the pest pathways
of transmission.
Specific employees are given training to manage pests detected in
the place of production.
Periodic training and awareness updates are given to employees to
provide information such as emerging pests.
The biosecurity plan and training program are monitored, reviewed
and updated as new information becomes available.
Education and communication materials are provided in the
appropriate language for employees.
All employees who attend the training sign a sheet to indicate they
were present.
Pest identification posters are placed in common areas such as the
lunchroom and the packing house.
Employees are given education and training on the protocols for
movement of equipment, people and vehicles through the place of
production.
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Biosecurity Measure
Yes
So
meti
me
s
No
No
t
Ap
plicab
le
Periodic meetings are held with employees to review hand wash,
footbath and wearing clean clothes protocols.
Visitors
Visitors are briefed on biosecurity protocols that are necessary for
them to complete their work.
Signs and visual aids are used to communicate biosecurity
protocols within the place of production.
Plain language is used in education and communication materials
and on signs.
Visitors respect the biosecurity measures for the areas of the place
of production they visit by using templates or checklists to verify
whether biosecurity measures have been completed.
5.0 Conclusion
The Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide in combination with the National
Voluntary Farm-Level Biosecurity Standard for the Greenhouse, Nursery and
Floriculture Sectors provides producers with a nationally consistent approach to develop
and implement a biosecurity plan. The Greenhouse Vegetable Sector Biosecurity Guide
Self-Assessment Checklist and Action Work Plan has been provided to help producers
determine additional biosecurity measures that can be applied to a place of production.
A nationally consistent approach to the application of biosecurity measures can help
mitigate the risk of pest introduction and spread within Canada.
Assess. Plan. Implement. Monitor.
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6.0 Glossary
Best management practices: For the purposes of this document, best management
practices refer to proven and adopted production practices that are specific to each
place of production.
Biological controls: Often referred to as “biocontrols”. Biological pest control is the
method of controlling pests (including insects, mites, weeds and plant diseases) using
other living organisms. It relies on predation, parasitism, herbivory, or other natural
mechanisms, but typically also involves an active human management role. It is often
an important component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs.
Biosecurity: A set of practices used to minimize the transmission of pests including
their introduction (bioexclusion), spread (biomanagement), and release
(biocontainment).
Controlled Access Zone (CAZ): An area within the place of production where access
is restricted or controlled to prevent pest spread into or out of the area.
Deep burial: A method of disposal where infested material is buried so it is not exposed
to factors that allow re-infestation of the crop.
Healthy: Refers to plants in good physical condition without symptoms of a pest
infestation. Pests may be present on a healthy plant. However, to be considered
“healthy” the pest has not negatively affected the physical condition of the plant.
Greenhouse: A vegetable greenhouse or hothouse means a fully enclosed permanent
aluminum or steel structure clad either in glass or impermeable plastic which must:
(a) Use automated irrigation and climate control systems, including heating and
ventilation capabilities: and
(b) Utilize hydroponic methods
“Vegetable Greenhouse/Hothouse Production Standards” also include:
i) Minimizing pesticide use by not utilizing herbicides and following production practices
such as Integrated Pest Management; and
ii) Complying with the standards of a globally accepted Food Safety program.
A certified organic greenhouse/hothouse vegetable facility must meet the greenhouse
definition, with the exception of (b), as, according to Canadian organic standards
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(CAN/CGSB-32.310-2006), hydroponics are not allowed, and “soil” must be used as the
growth medium.4
Intercropping: In the context of greenhouse vegetable production systems, it is the
process of growing two of the same crop that differ in age in the same area. For
example, young plants are planted next to older plants that are nearing the end of their
cycle to ensure continuous production of the crop.
Input: The resources that are used in the production areas, propagation facilities and
packing houses that are either biological or inert material such as transplants, material
from other domestic or international places of production, packing material, chemicals,
equipment, fertilizer, seed and plant material.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a process
for planning and managing sites to prevent pest problems and for making decisions
about when and how to intervene when pest problems occur. It is a sustainable
approach that combines biological, cultural, physical, and chemical tools to manage
pests so that the benefits of pest control are maximized and the health and
environmental risks are minimized.
Maintenance: Involves unscheduled and routinely scheduled activities to fix any area of
the place of production, device or equipment should it become out of order or broken.
Monitoring program: Inspection of inputs that are entering the place of production for
pests.
Output: Includes waste, garbage and finished product.
Pest5: Any living organism injurious to plants, plant products or by-products, which
includes insects, diseases, weeds and rodents.
Place of production: For the purposes of this document the term “place of production”
is used to describe a variety of operational realities, including farms, propagation
facilities, production greenhouses, packing houses, etc.
4 Based on the standing policy of the Canadian Horticultural Council, resolution number LR2014-13.
5 “Pest” as defined in Canada’s Plant Protection Act means “any thing that is injurious or potentially injurious, whether directly or
indirectly, to plants or to products or by-products of plants, and includes any plant prescribed as a pest.”
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Repacking6:
Includes:
1) Removing market product from its market-ready packaging materials, re-handling the
product (for example: re-sorting, re-grading, re-trimming, re-washing, re-fluming), and
putting it into market-ready packaging materials. Product may also be combined with
other product that differs in some way (for example: type, origin, timeframe).
2) Activities (for example: icing, labelling/coding, cooling) that occur once product is in
the packaging materials.
Restricted Access Zone (RAZ): An area, generally located inside the controlled
access zone, where access by people or equipment, is further restricted, providing an
extra level of protection.
Scouting program: Regular inspection of the crop for pests and pest thresholds.
Vector: A biological, physical or environmental agent that disperses a plant pest.
Visitor: Includes anyone not considered to be an employee, such as service providers,
shippers, consultants, federal and provincial inspectors, delivery personnel, utility
providers such as electricians and plumbers, IPM specialists, extension specialists, crop
consultants, scouts, representatives of seed and greenhouse supply companies, sales
and purchasing personnel and others entering the place of production.
6 Reference: CanadaGAP Food Safety Manual For Fresh Fruits and Vegetables©, Version 6.4, 2016
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Appendix 1: Example of a Thrips Pest Fact Sheet
Thrips Fact Sheet
Identification
Order: Thysanoptera Family: Thripidae
Pest species include:
Western flower thrips (WFT) – Frankliniella occidentalis
Eastern flower thrips – Frankliniella tritici
Onion thrips – Thrips tabaci
Greenhouse thrips – Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis
Banded greenhouse thrips – Hercinothrips femoralis
Palm thrips – Parthenothrips dracaenae
Cuban laurel thrips – Gynaikothrips ficorum
Life Cycle
Eggs are laid in plant tissue. There are two larval stages (Fig. 1) and two non-feeding
stages, the pre-pupa and pupa (Fig. 2), and the adult stage (Fig. 3). Larvae feed on the
underside of leaves. The second instar larva drops to the soil to form the pre-pupa and
then the pupa. Adults emerge to feed on leaf, bud, fruit, and flowers, depending on
species. Most species have males and females; however, the onion thrips is
parthenogenetic (does not require mating to reproduce). Thrips prefer drier conditions
such as along walkways and row ends.
Figure 1. 1st and 2nd Instar Larval WFT
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Figure 2. Pre-pupa and Pupa of WFT
Figure 3. Adult WFT
Damage
The larvae and adults have “punch-and-suck” mouthparts that pierce the cell wall and
remove the cell contents. The thrips will feed on several cells in a patch before moving
to another part of the plant (Figure 4). They leave behind particles or oily frass,
depending on species. Feeding damage results in cell death. In actively growing
tissues, the killed cells result in deformed growth patterns in leaves, flowers and fruit.
Figure 4. WFT Punch-and-Suck Patchy Feeding Damage
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Monitoring
Larvae: Examine the undersurface of leaves.
Adults: Examine the underside of leaves, flowers (Figure 5) and fruit, “tapping” a plant
over a white sheet of paper, yellow or blue sticky cards in or just above the plant
canopy, or trap plants.
Figure 5. WFT Adults in a Flower
Management
Thrips are very difficult to manage and require constant attention.
Prevention: Quarantine and inspect incoming plant material, dip cuttings with an
entomopathogenic fungus where permitted by the label, and pre-emptively release
biological control agents.
Reaction: Routinely monitor to determine the number of thrips in the crop so that
pesticide sprays can be conducted if the population exceeds the economic threshold or
to determine if biological control agents or the pesticide applications have been
effective. Trap plants such as yellow marigolds can actively draw thrips out of the crop.
Sticky tape can be strung throughout the crop to capture flying adults. Overhead
irrigation or water sprays can be used to dislodge thrips from plants.
All images copyright Olds College
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Appendix 2: Examples of Signs Used to Control Access to the Place
of Production and Biosecurity Zones
Photo: Courtesy of Susan Fitzgerald, Ontario Livestock and Poultry Council
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Photo: Courtesy of Susan Fitzgerald, Ontario Livestock and Poultry Council
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Photo: Courtesy of Mario Lanthier, CropHealth Advising & Research
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Photo: Courtesy of Jeanine West, PhytoServ
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Photo: Courtesy of Mario Lanthier, CropHealth Advising & Research
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Appendix 3: Example of a Visitor Sign-in Sheet
Date Name Company
Have you visited another place of production in the
last 48 Hours? Y/N
If yes, where?
Time In
Time Out
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Appendix 4: Example of a Vehicle Entry Biosecurity Policy
Document #: __________________ Original Issue Date: ________________
Purpose
The purpose of this policy is to inform anyone that needs access to our facility/site of the
Biosecurity Entrance Policy.
Scope
This policy applies to the vehicles of all employees, visitors and any other personnel at the time
of entrance to our facility/site.
Responsibility
It is the responsibility of all employees, visitors and any other personnel to gain access to the
facility by entrance through the main gate in order to follow biosecurity measures via the tire
bath.
Policy
Any vehicle entering our facility/site poses a biosecurity risk to our facility/site. To minimize this
risk, it is protocol for all individuals to gain access through the main entrance gate via reception
staff. Once allowed onsite, all vehicles drive through our sanitizing tire bath before proceeding to
the main office.
Deviation and Corrective Actions
Deviations to this policy are not permitted. If deviations are observed, retraining on the content
of this policy will occur.
If the tire bath is empty due to refilling or cleaning, refilling is required prior to vehicle entry.
Version #: ___ Revision Date: _____________ Page #: ___
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Appendix 5: Example of a Trailer Condition Report7 Employee name: ________________ Carrier: __________________
Date: ________________ Driver: __________________
Trailer Temp (ºF): ________________ Trailer #: __________________
SO# / PO#: ________________ Seal #: __________________
Inspection Item Yes No
1. Trailer interior is clean, dry, pest free and odor free/minimum 1 load bar
present.
Corrective Action (if required) __________________________________
2. Trailer is pre-cooled to desired loading temperature (Trailer temperature
recorded above).
Corrective Action (if required) ___________________________________
3. Refrigeration unit in operation (continuous mode).
Corrective Action (if required) ___________________________________
4. Floor drain holes are open and free of obstruction.
Corrective Action (if required) ___________________________________
5. Interior walls and floor are in good repair.
Corrective Action (if required) ___________________________________
6. Air chute is in good repair and properly attached to ceiling.
Corrective Action (if required) ___________________________________
7. Front bulkhead is firmly attached against bulkhead and clear of debris.
Corrective Action (if required) ___________________________________
8. Doors are in good repair and secure.
Corrective Action (if required) ___________________________________
Driver needs to sign ONLY IF any inspection
items do not meet the requirements.
Driver’s name: _____________________
Driver’s signature: __________________
7 This form has been adapted from “Trailer Condition Report” Cold Chain Management Control
Documents. Some of the inspection items listed in the checklist relate to the quality of the product and not biosecurity. Both types of inspection items may be listed on the form to avoid the use of multiple inspection documents.
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Appendix 6: Acknowledgements
• Alberta Agriculture and Forestry
• Alberta Greenhouse Growers Association
• Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
• BC Greenhouse Growers' Association
• Camas Agri Consulting
• Canadian Horticultural Council
• Fédération interdisciplinaire de l'horticulture ornementale du Québec
• McGill University
• Ontario Greenhouse Vegetable Growers
• Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
• Prince Edward Island Horticultural Association & Federation of Agriculture
• Producteurs en serre du Québec
• Saskatchewan Ministry of Agriculture