greenhouse gas emissions and reduction potentials by
TRANSCRIPT
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and
Reduction Potentials
by Agriculture Activity
Tomoko HASEGAWA
Graduate school of Engineering, Kyoto University, Japan
Feb. 20 - 22, 2010, AIM WS10,Tsukuba, Japan
Outline
• Background• Objectives• Methodology
– Agricultural model– Data and assumptions
• Results– Future food production– Marginal abatement cost carve
F-gases1%N2O
8%CH4
14%
CO2(other)2.8%
CO2 fossilfuel use
57%
CO2
(deforestation, etc)17%
residential aland
commercial8%
transport13%
energysupply26% industry
19%
deforestation 17%
agriculture14%
waste andwastewater
3%
Contribution Ratio to Global Warming• Agriculture accounts for ...
– 14% of total GHG emission.– 50% of total CH4, and 60% of total N2O in 2005 (IPCC, 2007).
• GHG reduction measures in agriculture – Higher economic efficiency– Expected to play an important role
contribution ratio by gascontribution ratio by sector
Agriculture
GHG emission sources in agriculture
Livestock enteric
fermentationCH4
Cropland and Soils N2O
Livestock manure
managementCH4/N2O
Rice paddyCH4
economic development
population growth
changing food needs
increased production efficiency
GHG emission
food supply and
demand
reduction measures
Today’s topics(1) Estimation and evaluation of GHG emissions and
reduction potentials in agriculture in 2030(2) Specification of effective measures, countries/regions
and emission sources with high reduction potentials
To evaluate GHG emissions and reduction potentials, we need to integrate the related phenomenon such as…
Future populationscenario Exogenous
variables
Agriculture model
MethodologyWorld regions
Future economic scenario
Agricultural production
MitigationMeasure’sdatabase
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 200. 400. 600. 800.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent
cost
(U
S$/t
CO2e
q)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
World
EmissionFactor’sdatabase
Marginal Abatement Cost carve
• Structure: partial equilibrium model
• Input: population and GDP
• Output: agricultural production
• Commodities: 34 commodities
• Region: 32 world regions
• Parameters: based on other literatures
• Estimation term: 2000 – 2030
• Data:– Population: UN (2006)
– GDP: Akashi (2009)
– Base year’s data: FAOSTAT (2007)
Agricultural model
World price
Shipping cost Tax and tariff
Producer subsidyConsumer subsidy Intermediate price
Producer pricePopulation Consumer priceGDP
Consumption
Stocks
32 world regions
Endogenousvariable
P
Q0
World Market
P
Q0
Domestic Market
Net trade
Production
Exogenousvariable
Agricultural model’s structure
World price
Shipping cost Tax and tariff
Producer subsidyConsumer subsidy Intermediate price
Producer pricePopulation Consumer priceGDP
Consumption
Stocks
32 world regions
P
Q0
World Market
P
Q0
Domestic Market
Net trade
Production
Endogenousvariable
Exogenousvariable
Agricultural model’s structure
World price
Shipping cost Tax and tariff
Producer subsidyConsumer subsidy Intermediate price
Producer pricePopulation Consumer priceGDP
Consumption
Stocks
32 world regions
P
Q0
World Market
P
Q0
Domestic Market
Net trade
Production
Endogenousvariable
Exogenousvariable
Agricultural model’s structure
World price
Shipping cost Tax and tariff
Producer subsidyConsumer subsidy Intermediate price
Producer pricePopulation Consumer priceGDP
Consumption
Stocks
32 world regions
Endogenousvariable
P
Q0
World Market
P
Q0
Net trade
Production
Exogenousvariable
Production function
Consumption function
Agricultural model’s structure
World price
Shipping cost Tax and tariff
Producer subsidyConsumer subsidy Intermediate price
Producer pricePopulation Consumer priceGDP
Consumption
Stocks
32 world regions
P
Q0
World Market
P
Q0
Domestic Market
Net trade
Production
Endogenousvariable
Exogenousvariable
Agricultural model’s structure
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Prod
ucti
on[m
il. to
nnes
] China
India
Other South-east Asia
Other South Asia
Indonesia
Thailand
USA
Korea
EU
Rest of world
World Cereal Production
• increase by 1.4 times from 2000 to 2030.• Wheat production will increase at high
growth rate• increases rapidly in Asia.
Rice
500
600
700
800
900
2000 2010 2020 2030Wor
ld p
rodu
ctio
n[m
il. t
on]
ricewheatmaize
1.4 times
0
50
100
150
200
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Prod
ucti
on[m
il. to
nnes
] EU
China
India
USA
Russia
Australia
Canada
Other Asia
Argentine
Rest of world
Wheat
50
100
150
200
2000 2010 2020 2030wor
ld p
rodu
ctio
n[m
il. to
n] . beef
porkpoultry
World Meat Production1.9 times
increases by 1.9 times throughout 2030.• 2.0 times in developing countries→ Main factors
• Population growth• Shift from cereals to meat
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Prod
ucti
on[m
il. to
n]
China
India
USA
Brazil
Argentine
Australia
Canada
EU
Other Asia
Rest of world 0102030405060708090
100
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Prod
ucti
on [m
il. to
n]
China
USA
Russia
Canada
Rest of world
Other Asia including IndiaEU
Brazil
Beef Pork
Mitigation measures
• Measure’s information collected from other literaturesBates(1998, 2001), DeAngelo et al. (2006), Graveland et al.(2002), Graus et al.(2004), IPCC(2007) and USEPA(2006)
Manure Management Enteric Fermentation
Anaerobic Digestion (12 types) Additives to feeds (11 types)Aerobic decomposition (2 types) Feed management (5 types)Covered lagoon (2 types) Productivity improvement (11 types)Applied manure as fertirilzer (1 type)Slowing down anaerbic decomposition (1 type)Cropland and Soils Rice PaddyOptimal fertil ization (4 types) Cultivate managements (8 types)Others (2 types) Fertilizer managements (2 types)
Marginal abatement cost carves (MAC)
Measure 1
RP1
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
[US$
/tCO
2eq]
Reduction potential [MtCO2eq]
• Reduction potential (RPm ) = f0 (1-dm)・Xmm: type of measuresfo: emission factorsdm: reduction ratioXm: Activity
• Cost - initial cost, operating cost, subsidy and emission tax
Measure 2
RP2
Measure 3
RP3
•World
•All countries separately
•Large potential countries (4)
•East Asian countries (2)
•Southeast Asian countries (4)
Marginal abatement cost carves (MAC)
in 2030
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 200. 400. 600. 800.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent
cost
(U
S$/t
CO2e
q)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
World
CH4+N2OCH4N2O
Reduction potential under 200US$/tCO2eq[MtCO2eq]
CH4 330
N2O 265
CH4+N2O 596
World’s MAC
15% of emission in 2000
596
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 200. 400. 600. 800.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent
cost
(U
S$/t
CO2e
q)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
World
CH4+N2OCH4N2O
Reduction potential under 200US$/tCO2eq[MtCO2eq]
CH4 330
N2O 265
CH4+N2O 596
World’s MAC
15% of emission in 2000
596
541 596
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100. 120. 140. 160.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent
cost
(U
S$/t
CO2e
q)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
World
JPN
KOR
CHN
IND
IDN
THA
MYS
VNM
USA
EU
RUS
AUS
BRA
USAIndia
China
EU
Indonesia
Thailand
Viet nam
Japan
Reduction potential under 200US$
[MtCO2eq]
MAC in Agricultural sector by country
CH4+N2O
USA 149
EU 68
India 67
Russia 63
China 50
Australia 23
Indonesia 13
Brazil 11
Thailand 9
Canada 9
Viet Nam 7
Japan 3
Korea 1
Malaysia 1
Russia
Australia
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
USA
CH4
N2O
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
EU
CH4
N2O
USA EUUSA EU
Cropland Large LargeRumen Very large LargeManure Large LargeRice Large Small
N2O > CH4
Livestock fertilizer
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
EU
CH4
N2O
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
USA
CH4
N2O
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
EU
CH4
N2O
USA EU
Optimal fertilization etc.Optimal fertilization
USA EU
Cropland Large LargeRumen Very large LargeManure Large LargeRice Large Small
N2O > CH4
Livestock fertilizer
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
EU
CH4
N2O
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
USA
CH4
N2O
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
EU
CH4
N2O
USA EU
Optimal fertilization etc.Optimal fertilization
N2O > CH4
USA EU
Cropland Large LargeRumen Very large LargeManure Large LargeRice Large Small
Livestock fertilizer
【Manure】 anaerobic digestion, covered lagoon, etc.
【Rumen】 improved productivity,feed management etc.
【Rice】
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
EU
CH4
N2O
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 20. 40. 60. 80. 100.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
USA
CH4
N2O
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
EU
CH4
N2O
USA EU
N2O > CH4
USA EU
Cropland Large LargeRumen Very large LargeManure Large LargeRice Large Small
Livestock fertilizer
【Manure】 anaerobic digestion, covered lagoon, etc.
【Rumen】 improved productivity,feed management etc.
【Rice】
【Rumen】improved productivityfeed management etc.
【Manure】 anaerobic digestion(due to higher electricity price)【Rumen】
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
EU
CH4
N2O
(20.0)
(10.0)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
CHN
CH4
N2O
China
(20.0)
(10.0)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
IND
CH4N2O
India
CH4 > N2O
China India
Rice Large Large
(20.0)
(10.0)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
CHN
CH4
N2O
China
(20.0)
(10.0)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
IND
CH4N2O
【Manure】Anaerobic digestion etc.(due to lower labor cost)【Rumen】
India100US$/tCO2eq~【Rumen】 improved productivity
additives to feed【Manure】CH4 > N2O
China India
Rice Large Large
【Rice】【Manure】anaerobic digestion
covered lagoon, etc.【Rumen】improved productivity
(20.0)
(10.0)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
CHN
CH4
N2O
(20.0)
(10.0)
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
IND
CH4N2O
CH4 > N2O
~0$/tCO2Optimal fertilization
Optimal fertilization, etc.
China IndiaChina India
Rice Large Large
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
JPN
CH4
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
KOR
CH4
N2O
Japan Korea
20US$/tCO2eq~【Rumen]】 additives to feed etc.
Japan Korea
Rice Very large LargeManure large Middle
【Rumen】improved productivityetc.
【Rice】【Manure】anaerobic digestion【Manure】applied manure as fertilizer【Rumen】improved productivity etc.
CH4 > N2O
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
EU
CH4
N2O
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
JPN
CH4
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
KOR
CH4
N2O
Japan KoreaJapan Korea
Rice Very large LargeManure large Middle
CH4 > N2O
Optimal fertilization etc.Optimal fertilization
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
EU
CH4
N2O
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 5 10 15
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
IDN
CH4
N2O
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 2 4 6 8 10
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
THA
CH4
N2O
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
VNM
CH4
N2O
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
MYS
CH4
N2O
Southeast Asian countriesReduction potentialRice:large ( the amount depending on rice paddy area)
MalaysiaViet nam
Indonesia Thailand
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50.
Mar
gina
l aba
tem
ent c
ost
(US$
/tCO
2eq)
Reduction quantity (MtCO2eq)
EU
CH4
N2O
ConclusionI introduced GHG emissions and reduction potentials in agriculture. I specified effective measures, countries and emission sources with higher reduction potentials.
• In 2030, the global reduction potential is expected to be 596 MtCO2eq (15% of emission in 2000).
• High reduction potentials: – Region: USA, India, China under 200US$/tCO2eq– USA, EU: Large RP in N2O from croplands– East and Southeast Asian countries: large RP in CH4 from rice
paddy.
Thank you for your attention !