greenhouse and field applications of various organic ......greenhouse and field applications of...
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Greenhouse and Field Applications of
Various Organic Nitrogen Sources
NJ Manning, MC Vann, DH Suchoff, & A Woodley
Department of Crop & Soil Sciences
North Carolina State University
MS McGinnis
North Carolina Department of Agriculture & Consumer Services
Agronomic Division
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Introduction
• North Carolina leads the US in organic tobacco production
– 2,587 ha of certified organic tobacco in North Carolina
– 119 family farming operations
– >38.9 million USD to the local farm economy
• Despite major success, limited research is available for organic
tobacco farmers
– Limited information in other crops as well
Source: USDA-NASS. 2017. Certified Organic Survey – 2016 Summary. p. 126. https://downloads.usda.library.cornell.edu/usda-
esmis/files/zg64tk92g/70795b52w/4m90dz33q /OrganicProduction-09-20-2017_correction.pdf
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Greenhouse Production
• Peruvian Seabird Guano
– Numerous sources
• Issues:
– Solubility
– Alkalinity/Bicarbonates
– Low NO3- concentration
– High NH4+ concentration
Field Production
• Hydrolyzed Feather Meal
• Issues:
– Low mineral N content
– Variable rate of mineralization
– Variation in particle size
• Brand dependent
– Expensive
• >$US 1,000 ha-1
Introduction
There are no N-P-K products available to organic tobacco producers
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Objectives:
1. Identify organic N sources that could be useful in
tobacco seedling and field production
2. Identify potential limitations of those materials
3. Generate useful information that applies to multiple
crops
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Organic Seedling Fertility ProgramsFertilizer Sources Targeted Nutrient Concentration (mg kg-1)
N P K Total N P K
16-5-16 Ultrasol
Premium- - 125 40 125
12-11-2 Seabird
Guano-
0-0-52 Allganic
Potassium Sulfate125 114 21 + 104
13-0-0 Feather Meal0-11-0 Seabird
Guano
0-0-52 Allganic
Potassium Sulfate125 114 125
12-0-0 Blood Meal0-11-0 Seabird
Guano
0-0-52 Allganic
Potassium Sulfate125 114 125
3-0-3 Liquid Chicken
Litter
0-11-0 Seabird
Guano- 125 114 125
15-0-2 Allganic
Sodium Nitrate
0-11-0 Seabird
Guano
0-0-52 Allganic
Potassium Sulfate125 114 16 + 108
12-0-0 Corn Gluten0-11-0 Seabird
Guano
0-0-52 Allganic
Potassium Sulfate125 114 125
12-0-1 Soy Protein0-11-0 Seabird
Guano
0-0-52 Allganic
Potassium Sulfate125 114 10 + 115
5-4-3 Chicken Litter0-11-0 Seabird
Guano
0-0-52 Allganic
Potassium Sulfate125 100 + 14 75 + 50
5-1-1 Fish Emulsion0-11-0 Seabird
Guano
0-0-52 Allganic
Potassium Sulfate125 25 + 89 25 + 100
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Materials & Methods
• NC State Method Road Complex– March 16th – May 15th, 2018
– March 6th – May 6th, 2019
• Single 288 cell tray floatbeds– 100 center cells used for data
collection
• K 326 (Goldleaf Seed Co.)
• Study duration of 60 days
• Fertilized 9 and 21 DAS– N sources ground to <1-mm
• Solution Measurements:
– Nutrient, dissolved oxygen, and
water temperature quantification
10 – 60 DAS
• Media Measurements:
– nutrient quantification 30 and 60
DAS
• Seedling Measurements:
– Total plants, usable plants, stem
height, stem diameter, and dry
seedling mass
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Days After Seeding
10 20 30 40 50 60
So
luti
on
NH
4+
Co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g k
g-1
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
16-5-16 Seabird Guano
Feather Meal Blood Meal
Liquid Litter Sodium Nitrate
Corn Gluten Soy Protein
Chicken Litter Fish Emulsion
Days After Seeding
10 20 30 40 50 60
So
luti
on
NO
3-
Co
ncen
trati
on
(m
g k
g-1
)
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
Ammonium & Nitrate Concentration
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Days After Seeding
10 20 30 40 50 60
Flo
at
Wa
ter
Bic
arb
on
ate
Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n
(me
q H
CO
3- /L
H2
O)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16-5-16 Seabird Guano Feather Meal Blood Meal Liquid Chicken Litter Sodium Nitrate Corn Gluten Soy Protein Dry Chicken Litter Fish Emulsion
Bicarbonate Concentration
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Float Water Solution
• Very little P mineralization– Limiting factor for growth
• Low DO concentration in most
treatments– Except 16-5-16 and sodium nitrate
• Lowest pH measured in 16-5-16
treatment (5.5 – 6.5)– 6.5 – 8.0 in other treatments
Soilless Media
• Similar trends relative to solution
samples
• Urea concentration was negligible
• Significant pH fluctuation (5.5 –
6.5)
• Insufficient P in both sources
Additional Observations
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25 Days After Seeding
1.) 16-5-16
2.) Liquid Chicken Litter
3.) Feather Meal
4.) Dry Chicken Litter
5.) Seabird Guano
6.) Blood Meal
7.) Soy Protein
8.) Fish Emulsion
9.) Sodium Nitrate
10.) Corn Gluten
1
2
3
4
6
8
10
5
7
9
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Figure 3. The influence of organic N source to seedling usability. Treatment means followed by the
same lower or uppercase letters within the same year are not significantly different at the α=0.05 level.
Organic Nitrogen Source
16-5
-16
Seabird
Gua
noFea
ther
Mea
l Blood
Mea
lLiqu
id
Litter
Sodium
Nitr
ate
Cor
n
Glute
n S
oy
Prote
in
Chick
en
Litter
F
ish
Emulsion
Us
ab
le S
ee
dli
ng
s (
%)
0
20
40
60
80
1002018 2019
a
a
ab
c
a
c
bc
bc
aAB
AB
C
C
A
CC
C
AB A
bc
Seedling Usability
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Field Testing of Organic N Sources - 2018
• Two growing environments in 2018
– RCBD experimental design, four replications per
environment
– Individual plots consisted of four treated rows• Center two rows harvested and cured for sample collection
– Cultivar was NC 196 in each environment
• All nutrients sidedress applied 10 DAT
– 78 kg N/ha & 134 - 164 kg K2O/ha
– SPAD measurements collected at layby and flowering
– Tissue samples collected at layby, flowering, and after curing
– Yield, Quality, and Value quantified after harvest
– Data analyzed using PROC Mixed in SAS ver. 9.4
• Fisher’s Protected LSD0.10
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Field Application of Organic N Sources - 2018
Product %N %P %K Manufacturer Form
Non-Treated - - - - -
Sodium Nitrate 15 0 2 SQM Allganic Pellet
Soy Protein 12 0 1 NutriAg Powder
Blood Meal 12 0 0 Wilbur-Ellis Powder
Corn Gluten 8 0 0 Eartheasy Pellet
Seabird Guano 12 11 2 Sunleaves Pellet
Feather Meal 13 0 0 Nature Safe Pellet
Chicken Litter 5 4 3 BioSystems LLC Pellet
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Organic N Source
Sodium
Nitrate
Soy
Protein
Blood
Meal
Corn
Gluten
Seabird
Guano
Feather
Meal
Chicken
Litter
NTRT
SP
AD
Qu
an
tifi
ca
tio
n a
t L
ayb
y a
nd
To
pp
ing
0
10
20
30
40
50
60Layby Topping
AA
BB B B B
C
a a aa
a a a
b
Figure 4. SPAD measurements as influenced by organic N source. Treatment means followed by the same lower or uppercase
letters within the same year are not significantly different at the α=0.10 level.
SPAD Quantification
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Flowering
Organic N Source
SN SP BM CG SG FM CL NT
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Layby
SN SP BM CG SG FM CL NT
Fo
lia
r N
O3
- Co
nc
en
tra
tio
n (
mg
/kg
)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Cured Leaf
SN SP BM CG SG FM CL NT
0
50
100
150
200
250
a
c
c
b
a
ab
b
b
b b
b b
a
b
ab
b b bb
b
Sodium Nitrate (SN) Soy Protein (SP)
Blood Meal (BM)Corn Gluten (CG)
Seabird Guano (SG)Feather Meal (FM)
Chicken Litter (CL)Non-Treated (NT)
Leaf Nitrate Concentration
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Organic N Source
Sodium
Nitrate
Soy
Protein
Blood
Meal
Corn
Gluten
Seabird
Guano
Feather
Meal
Chicken
Litter
NTRT
Cu
red
Leaf
Yie
ld (
kg
/ha)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Sodium
Nitrate
Soy
Protein
Blood
Meal
Corn
Gluten
Seabird
Guano
Feather
Meal
Chicken
Litter
NTRT
Cu
red
Leaf
Qu
ality
0
20
40
60
80
100
aba ab
aba
bab
c
ab
bc
b
c c
d
Cured Leaf Yield and Quality
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Organic N Source
Sodium
Nitrate
Soy
Protein
Blood
Meal
Corn
Gluten
Seabird
Guano
Feather
Meal
Chicken
Litter
NTRT
Cu
red
Le
af
Va
lue
($
/ha
)c
on
ve
nti
on
al
pri
ce
str
uc
ture
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
ab bc
cd de e
f
Cured Leaf Value
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N Cost & Cured Leaf Value
Organic N Source
Sodium
Nitrate
Blood
Meal
Corn
Gluten
Seabird
Guano
Feather
Meal
Chicken
Litter
NTRT
N i
np
ut
co
st
an
d l
eaf
valu
e (
$/h
a)
co
nven
tio
nal
pri
ce s
tru
ctu
re
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
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Preliminary Conclusions
Greenhouse
• Seabird Guano, Liquid Litter and
Fish Emulsion were exceptional– Dry litter was moderate
• Organic P source greatly needed– Provide help for sodium nitrate and
feather meal sources
• Potential bicarbonate issue for
Norg sources
• Greenhouse media selection is
critical
Field
• Sodium nitrate is king– Cheapest source by $US 270 – 2,205 ha-1
– Limited use in organic systems…
• Soy protein, surprising find– Needs to have better physical properties
• Opportunity for improvement in field
production– Incubation studies would be useful
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Questions??
Matthew C. Vann: [email protected]
Website: tobacco.ces.ncsu.edu
North Carolina Tobacco Information
@NCSUtobacco
@ncsu_tobacco
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