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Green revolution and colossal loss of folk rice diversity in West Bengal Anupam Paul*

From agriculture to agribusiness: In order to combat the perceived threat of famine and

to boost up food production within shortest possible time, green revolution (GR) package during

mid 60s with subsidized seeds of high yielding varieties, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation facilities

and agricultural equipment etc were made available to the farmers. However, the miracle High

Yielding Varieties (HYV) seeds with chemical fertilizers and pesticides gave remarkable yield

during the initial years of the GR. A series of miracle HYV seeds followed, all of which were

replaced with successive released varieties mostly by the International Rice Research Institute of

Philippines.(Deb 2005).The external input based GR was based on the assumption that technology

is superior substitute for nature and hence a means of limit less growth and business( Shiva 1991).

While the British agriculturist serving India, Sir Albert Howard during 1940s opined for organic

farming by utilizing bio-resources for meeting up the demand for food. Later Mahtama Gandhi, J

C Kumarappa and Lalbahadur Shastry stressed much on utilizing our bio resources and Indian

technologies to augment food production. Dr R H Richharia, the then Director of Central Rice

Research Institute of Cuttack also warned against the GR and he was confident of developing

indigenous HYVs of rice and selection from indica varieties. But it remained obfuscated.

The Green Revolution and after: With the passage of time, the consequences of GR with

industrial chemicals have manifested. The apprehensions were proved to be true when the current

industrial farming practices have depleted the fertility of the soil and 35% of the earth’s severely

degraded lands have further been damaged by the highly mechanized chemical intensive

agricultural practices. The agro-chemicals used in GR enter into the food chain which increases

human diseases and environmental pollution. Globally agriculture and land use now contribute to

over 30% of the global warming potential (GWP) that, if continued as such, would seriously

jeopardize farming and food security. The chemical intensive farming has exhausted and polluted

water resources raising serious public health concerns and has greatly reduced biodiversity

Rice conservation at ATC: Fulia Panicles of MTU 7029 and folk rice

* Assistant Director of Agriculture (Trg), Agricultural Training Centre, Fulia, Nadia, WB, Pin-741402 anupampaul99@gmail.com

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through promotion of monoculture leaving the poor people vulnerable to food shortage and

resultant high food prices (Basu 2008).

The chemical intensive agriculture has not only expunged the local crop genetic diversities

but also their wild relatives that are the only source of unique of genes for disease and pest

resistance (Paul 2006). Prior to the GR West Bengal had nearly 4200 folk varieties were under

cultivation (Deb 2000). Only a few of them are extant in farmers’ fields. Grain yield of most

HYVs are declining in several regions of the world. Over the years, the average grain yield of

‘popular’ modern variety (HYV) MTU-7029 of West Bengal has plummeted to the tune of 3.75 t /

ha from 5 t / ha in most of the farmers' fields. Farmers are using more chemical fertilizers and

other agricultural inputs for augmenting the yield leading to increase in cost of production. The

cost of the agro-inputs is also rising. An HYV cannot give substantial yield in all the marginal

conditions and the concept of yield varies from context to context. For convenience it can be

called modern varieties of high input intensive varieties as it requires high chemical and water

inputs. Most modern varieties are prone to disease and pest which require more pesticides to

control them. No comparative field data available to prove that a land sown HYV crops yielded

higher in successive years than if it were sown to folk rice varieties; nor can it be disapproved

from the available statistics that folk rice varieties could have produced food grains no less than

HYV, given the marginal soil and environmental condition that prevail in much of Indian farms

(Deb 2004).No HYV can be grown in salt affected areas, flood prone and drought prone

areas..The GR has replaced the cropping pattern of rice after-legume-rotation by introducing boro

in place of rabi pulse crop which require very less amount of water and management. However,

huge production of food is not synonymous to adequate amount nutrition in relation to vitamins,

minerals, and amino acids.

The craze for development in the media has never pointed out that the HYVs are in fact not

high yielding if productivity is measured as yield per unit of water input (ton / k lit) and that folk

varieties are more cost effective and ecologically sustainable than most HYVs (Shiva 1991, Deb

2005). Nearly 3000-4000 litre of water is required to produce one kg of boro rice and obviously it

is the precious ground water.

Food availability deficit: The primary aim of the GR was to feed the teeming millions.

Lack of food is rarely the reason people go hungry (Sundaram 2010). Even now, there is enough

food in the world, but more people cannot afford to buy their required food. In India huge amount

of food grain rot in the go-downs while a large section of people remain unfed. Prof Amarty Sen

has proved that famines did not occur due lack of food and increase in food production does not

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necessarily guarantee the availability of food; rather it is the question of distribution and

purchasing power of the people (Sen 1981).

Crop diversity-a neglected affair: Agricultural biodiversity constitutes a significant

portion of the global biodiversity that has direct use value. Indeed the existence of the entire

economy is pivoted on the ago biodiversity of the country ( Brown 1997).But the importance of

indigenous crop varieties has consistently been ignored in the mainstream industrial agriculture

(IA)presuming that all the indigenous varieties were low yielder. The primary thrust of IA is on

grain yield, not on other ecological functions, region specificity, qualities like taste, aroma,

fineness, nutritive value of grain and straw. The necessity of evaluation and conservation of folk

rice has received very scant attention by the formal agricultural institutes. After getting patents of

Basmati rice by the American company, a faint need was felt to document the characters of the

crops. But during the regime of WTO- TRIPS, the folk crops are to be well documented in order

to protect it from bio-piracy. In West Bengal renowned ecologist, Dr Debal Deb has assessed and

characterized in detail of 416 folk rice varieties (Seeds of Tradition Seeds of Future, 2005,

RFSTE).There were more than 5500 folk rice varieties in West Bengal and for India the figure

was 82000(NBPGR 07-08).But it remain uncharacterized and uncared for even after 64 years of

independence. The same fate is applicable to other native crops like arhar, green gram, brinjal,

amaranth, jackfruit, mango, millets, jower etc. Without assessing our own region specific bio-

resources and without giving due importance to the people’s indigenous technological knowledge

on agriculture, different research activities favouring external inputs are being taken up.

The proponents GR technology have neither estimated the importance of biodiversity

(crop, fish, insects, mammals, and birds) nor expressed concern for the disappearance of

biodiversity based local foods. This has lead to developing food security at the cost of regional

crops (Shiva 2002). Prior to GR, various kinds of small fish and snails that grow in the low lying

rice fields were a source of cheap protein. The rice field used to provide small cereal-grains from

Echinocloa sp ( Shyama grass), fodder and organic matter. Prior to GR, the yield of entire biomass

of the crop field was considered unlike only grain yield of modern rice. The entire agricultural

and socio economic fabric developed in the villages has been destroyed with the advent of HYV

along with fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides and weedicides. The massive rice mill has replaced

thousands female labours. Similarly power tillers has almost replaced cattle keeping.

The Year of Rice Action (YORA) launched by Pesticide Action Network Asia and the

Pacific (PAN AP) was a whole year (from 4 April 2009 to 4 April 2010) of activities dedicated to

saving the rice of Asia. The theme of YORA was “Rice for Life and Livelihood" reflecting the

importance of rice to the lives and livelihoods of the people of Asia. "Rice for Life" represents the

cultural, spiritual, and nutritional significance of rice to Asia. The main thrusts were on Save the

Rice of Asia a) Rice Security and Rice Sovereignty for Asia b) Safe Rice for All c) Preserve

Native Rice Varieties d) No Patents on Rice Seeds e) No to Genetically Engineered Rice e) Save

our Rice Lands f) Assert the Food Sovereignty of Our Small Rice Farmers g) Assert the Food

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Sovereignty of Rice Consumers g) Organic Rice for All. Very few people were aware of

the program and the erosion of rice diversity as well. In West Bengal, the VRIHI of Banknura has

celebrated the events by organizing awareness meetings and rice festivals at Basudha.( www.cintdis/

basudha.org).Kerala based organization Thanal has launched –Save Our Rice Campaign in 2010 in 5 states of India

to generate awareness on the crisis of folk rice conservation and its crisis.

Considering the loss of biodiversity, the UN has declared the decade for biodiversity 2011-

2020 in support of CBD (convention of biodiversity) with a view to contributing to the

implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. Having realized the severe loss

of biodiversity, Govt Of India has enacted the Biodiversity act in 2002 but it has not yet been able

to draw the attention of the farmers and general public as well.

Rice is under crisis: Almost one third of the world population is depended on rice and it is

one of the important staple crops in the world including India. It is being cultivated in more than

100 countries in Asia, Africa, Latin America and Caribbean Islands The most important staple

crop of the world is in crisis. Recent publications of Green Peace-Future of Rice (2006) and Rice

Panicles of high yielder folk rice Panicles of scented rice

Industry in Crisis (2007) give an overview of the crisis. The region specific varieties are fast

vanishing from the fields due to massive propaganda for HYV package. Recently, it is further

aggravated by aggressive marketing of Hybrid rice. Hybrid rice would jeopardize the rice seed

sovereignty of the farmers. The average grain yield of hybrid rice is not consistent and it varies

from 3 t – 6 t per ha. and it is achieved after heavy application of agrochemicals. Costly seeds are to

be procured each year as the seed cannot be saved. The farmers were easily impressed by the

sudden surge in grain yield of high yielding varieties but the associated high cost of agrochemicals

and seed cost remain obscured. And of late, the threat of Genetically Modified Rice looms large

over the traditional and HYV rice as well. The Indo US Knowledge Initiative signed in 2005, is also

a blow to our own agricultural system as opined by different experts across India.

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Heir loom rice diversity: The rice diversity of India is very vast and the special qualities of rice have almost been forgotten

with the advent of high yielding varieties. The folk rice was related to livelihood, culture, and rituals. Besides grain, straw was

very useful by product for cattle feed and roofing material. HYVs are meant for giving grain output only. Farmers have also

been lured by the initial high grain yields but it declined with the passage of time despite heavy application of agro-chemicals.

Now a section of farmers, institutional scientists and workers have realized the colossal loss crop biodiversity and felt the

necessity of crop conservation. Gradually, the demand for folk rice varieties among the progressive farmers are on the rise. As

the cost of production of folk varieties under organic management is low, it fetches more profit, maintains soil health and gives

sustainable yield. The Agricultural Training Centre, Fulia has conducted four year long research on comparative study of

chemical and organic nutrient management of rice during kharif season and found that the folk variety Kerala Sundari under

organic management gave more yield than chemically grown MTU 7029 and the scented variety Radhatilak fetches more

price than non-scented varieties (Paul et al 2011).It was also observed that low available phosphate and potash does not

hamper the folk rice growth and organic plots had more saprozoic nematodes and CFUs( Colony forming units) of bacteria

and fungi.

Single panicle of Baigan manjia Cluster rice

After devastating AILA in Sundarban of 2009, farmers of Jogeshjunj area of Hingalgunj

block have taken up true salt tolerant varieties like Talmugur, Hogla, Lalgetu, Sadagetu etc.

Meanwhile, salt tolerant varieties like Matla and Hamiltan are no longer found in those areas and not

even in the nearby institutions and farms. Prior to AILA they used to grow modern salt tolerant

varieties like Lunishree. After the breach of river bank during AILA, the field became more salty

and the farmers need to use region specific folk rice varieties. Most of the varieties are region

specific and resistant to insect pest and diseases. Seeds of folk varieties can be continued for years

together (unlike HYVs) even for 100 years provided the seed conservation technique is maintained.

The unique characters of folk rice are not included in the syllabus of Agronomy in the agricultural universities of India. WWiitthhiinn

ffeeww yyeeaarrss,, tthheessee pprreecciioouuss vvaarriieettiieess wwoouulldd bbee vvaanniisshheedd iiff pprrooppeerr ccaarree ffoorr ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn iiss nnoott ttaakkeenn uupp aanndd oobbvviioouussllyy nnoo sscciieennttiisstt

iinn tthhee wwoorrlldd wwoouulldd bbrriinngg bbaacckk tthheemm..

Baigan manjia

MTU 7029

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AA rreepprreesseennttaattiivvee ll iisstt ooff ffoollkk rriiccee vvaarriieettiieess hhaavviinngg uunniiqquuee cchhaarraacctteerrss (( WWBB))

Sl no Unique characters Varieties

1. TToolleerraattee ddrroouugghhtt aanndd hhiigghh tteemmppeerraattuurree ooff BBaannkkuurraa aanndd PPuurruull iiaa ,,ggrroowwnn ggeenneerraall llyy dduurriinngg pprree--kkhhaarriiff

KKeellaass,, AAssnnaall ii yyaa,, BBhhuuttmmuurrii

2. AAuuss vvaarriieettiieess ggrroowwnn dduurriinngg pprree--kkhhaarriiff SShhaattii kkaa,, KKeellaass,, BBaannssggaajjaall ,, BBhhuuttmmuurrii

3. TToolleerraattee ssaall iinnii ttyy iinn SSuunnddaarrbbaann aarreeaa

MMaattllaa** ,, TTaallmmuugguurr,, HHooggllaa,, KKaannttaarraannggii ,, NNoonnaa bbookkrraa..

4 RRiiccee ffoorr mmiixxeedd ccrrooppppiinngg-- sseeeeddss ooff ttwwoo vvaarriieettiieess aarree mmiixxeedd uupp aanndd bbrrooaaddccaasstteedd iinn llooww llyyiinngg aarreeaass dduurriinngg eeaarrllyy JJaaiisstthhyyaa

BBiirrppaannaa,, BBeennaajjhhuuppii ((116666 ddaayyss)) hhaarrvveesstteedd oonn mmoonntthh aappaarrtt

5. CCoolldd ttoolleerraanntt rriiccee iinn DDaarrjjeeeell iinngg ddiissttrriicctt Himal

6. RRiiccee ffoorr ff iisshh ccuumm ppaaddddyy ccuull ttuurree iinn llooww llyyiinngg ssaallii llaanndd dduurriinngg kkhhaarriiff sseeaassoonn--aa lloott ooff vvaarriieettiieess

Jabra, Koijuri, Paniklas, Pantaras, Lalkalam, Meghi, Dorangi

7. LLoonngg aanndd bboolldd ggrraaiinn

Kabirajsal, Lalbahal, Moulo,Patnai

8. SShhoorrtt aanndd bboolldd ggrraaiinn Dorangi, Kalomota, Talmugur , Bahurupi

9. SScceenntteedd-- lloonngg ggrraaiinn Basmati, Dehradun, Karnal local

10. SScceenntteedd-- mmeeddiiuumm lloonngg Dehradun gandheswari, Kalonunia

11. SScceenntteedd ––sshhoorrtt aanndd bboolldd Lilabati, Kaminibhog, Kanakchur, Tulsa, Tulsimukul,Mohonbhog

12. SScceenntteedd ––sshhoorrtt aanndd ssmmaall ll ,, mmaaiinnllyy uusseedd aass ooffffeerriinnggss ttoo GGoodd//GGooddddeessss.. UUsseedd ffoorr mmaakkiinngg PPaayyeess aanndd ootthheerr sswweeeettss..

Radhatilak,Gobindobhog,Tulaipanji, Lalbadshabhog,Kataribhog, Dudheswar, Kalojira.

13. FFiinnee-- lloonngg ggrraaiinn;; mmaaiinnllyy uusseedd ffoorr gguueessttss

Sitasal, Chamarmani, Patnai Banskhati,Rupsal, Nagra sal, Nagra patnai,Lalkamini,Lalsaroo,Jhingasal

14. LLoonnggeesstt rriiccee ,, lloonnggeerr tthhaann BBaassmmaattii ggrraaiinn Dokra dekhri

15. NNoonn llooddggiinngg hhaabbii tt –– aall ll ffoollkk vvaarriieettiieess nneecceessssaarrii ll yy mmeeaann llooddggiinngg hhaabbii tt.. HHYYVVss aallssoo llooddggee ssoommeettiimmeess dduuee ttoo hheeaavvyy NN ffeerrttii ll iizzaattiioonn oorr hheeaavvyy rraaiinn aafftteerr ddoouugghh ssttaaggee..

Pari, Para, Gheos, Bahurupi, Boubhog, Cheena pakri,Lalsita,

16. PPaanniiccllee bbeeaarrss ppaanniiccllee iinn cclluusstteerr.. Khejurchri, Narkelchari, Thubi, Hatidhan

17. WWiitthhssttaanndd ddeeeepp wwaatteerr ooff 1188 ffeeeett

Laksmi dighal,

18. Tolerate submergence ;1-1.5 ft water above Jaljabra, Sadajabra, Panidhan, Lakshidighal, Panikalas

19. Rice grows along with the rising water level Laljabra, Sadajabra, Bajal,Jalkamini, Harmanona

20. Deep water paddy in 3ft water, seedlings along with a mud ball thrown in the low lying areas from small boat

Kumragore, Laljabra, Sadajabra, Bajal, Tilakkachari, Bakui,Lalkalam

21. Deep water boro paddy- no rice is grown during kharif due to water

Kaloboro- fish cam paddy culture

22. Boro paddy -partial photo insensitive Guligati*,Lalboro, Sadaboro, Kaloboro, Lathisal,Dudheswar,

23. IInnii ttiiaall ll yy ddrroouugghhtt ttoolleerraanntt aanndd llaatteerr ff lloooodd ttoolleerraanntt GGaammrraahh iinn BBaassttaarr ddiissttrriicctt ooff BBiihhaarr

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24. PPooppppeedd rriiccee(( mmuurrii)) MMaarriicchhssaall ,, MMoouulloo,, KKaalloommoottaa,,HHaammaaii ,, KKaabbii rraajjssaall ,, DDhhaarriiaall ,,KKaallaamm,,BBhhuuttiiaa

25. FFllaatttteenneedd rriiccee (( cchhiirree)) PPaattnnaaii ,, BBoorrnnii ,, BBaannkkcchhuurr,, JJhhiinnggaassaall ,, KKaallmmaa,, AAggnniibbaann,,

26. PPuuffffeedd rriiccee(( sscceenntteedd KKHHOOII iiss uusseedd ffoorr mmaakkiinngg JJooyynnaaggaarreerr MMooyyaa))

MMoouulloo,, PPaanniidduubbaa,, BBaallaamm,, PPaattnnaaii ,, BBiinnnnii** MMoottaaddhhuussaarrii ,,KKaannaakkcchhuurr ((sscceenntteedd)),, LLaakkssmmiicchhuurr..

27. GGrruueell --rriiccee (( ffeennaa bbhhaatt)) AAll ll tthhee ffoollkk rriiccee vvaarrss.. hhaavviinngg rreedd kkeerrnneell

28. WWaatteerr--ssooaakkeedd rriiccee (( PPaannttaa)) KKaaooii jjhhuurrii ,, BBhhuurriissaall ,, PPaanniikkaallaass

29. RRoottii rriiccee--ooff MMaahhaarraassttrraa ,, tthhee ff lloouurr iiss uusseedd ffoorr mmaakkiinngg rroottii

DDaammppaahh

30. DDoouubbllee ggrraaiinneedd--ttwwoo kkeerrnneellss JJuuggaall // RRaamm-- BBaallaarraamm // GGoouurr --NNeettaaii

31. TTrriippllee ggrraaiinneedd –– tthhrreeee kkeerrnneellss SSaatteeeenn

32. TTaassttyy bboolldd rriiccee BBhhuurriissaall ,, KKooii jjhhuurrii ,,KKaammiinniibbhhoogg,,

KKaabbii rraajjssaall ,,AAggnniibbaann,,BBaallaammssaall

33. TTaassttyy ff iinnee rriiccee CChhaammaarrmmaannii ,, JJhhiinnggaassaall ,, SSii ttaassaall ,,

DDuuddhheesswwaarr,,RRaammssaall ,,KKaattaarriibbhhoogg,,

BBaannsskktthhaaii ,, DDeehhrraadduunn ggaannddhheesswwaarrii

34. NNoo bbooii ll iinngg rriiccee --33 ttyyppeess ffoouunndd iinn AAssssaamm KKoommooll (( AAgghhaanniibboorraa))

35. KKhhiicchhuurrii ((bbooiilliinngg ooff rriiccee aanndd ppuullssee wwiitthh ssppiicceess)) rriiccee,, ii tt ssppll ii ttss lloonnggii ttuuddiinnaall ll yy aafftteerr ccooookkiinngg

BBaannsspphhuull ((IInn BBaannggllaaddeesshh))

36. MMeeddiicciinnaall rriiccee-- rreedd aanndd bbllaacckk rriiccee ccoonnttaaiinniinngg vvii tt BB aanndd ii rroonn aanndd ootthheerrss RRiiccee wwii tthh CCaammpphhoorr ssmmeell ll **

RReedd rriiccee ––AAggnniibbaann,, DDwwrraakkaassaall ,, BBhhuurriissaall ,,SShhaattiiaa,, KKuutteeppaattnnaaii ,, NNiivvaarraa (( KKeerraallaa)),, TTeenndduupphhuull ,, KKaabbii rraajjssaall ,, LLoohhaaggoorraahh,, KKaallaabbhhaatt(( BBllaacckk))

37. RReedd rriiccee –– rreedd sseeeedd ccooaatt AAggnniibbaann,, DDwwrraakkaassaall ,, BBhhuurriissaall ,, SShhaattiiaa,, KKuutteeppaattnnaaii ,, NNiivvaarraa(( KKeerraallaa))

38. EEaarrll yy ssaattiieettyy rriiccee,, lleessss rriiccee iiss rreeqquuiirreedd uusseedd ffoorr oonnccee aa ddaayy-- mmeeaall

BBhhuuttmmuurrii ,, SSaaddaammoottaa,, TTii llaakkkkaacchhaarrii

39. HHiigghh yyiieelldd ffoollkk rrii ccee,, ggiivveess ggrraaiinn yyiieelldd --44..22--55..44 tt // hhaa ;; ccoommppaarraabbllee wwii tthh HHYYVVss..

KKeerraallaa SSuunnddaarrii ,, BBaahhuurruuppii ,, BBaakkuullpphhuull ,, JJhhuull ii ,, PPaattnnaaii ,, KKeessaabbssaall ,, SSaabbii ttaa

40. SShhoorrtt dduurraattiioonn vvaarriieettyy(( DDaayyss))--sseeeedd ttoo sseeeedd SShhaattiiaa((7755)),,DDeehhrraadduunn GGaannddhheesswwaarrii ((112200)) PPaarrii (( 8855)),,TTuullssaa ((111100)),, KKeellaass((111100)),, KKeerraallaa SSuunnddaarrii (( 113300))

41. LLoonngg dduurraattiioonn vvaarriieettyy,, mmoorree tthhaann 116600 ddaayyss KKaajjaallddeekkhhii (( 116633))..JJaattaa lleettaa,, MMeegghhii ((116655)) SSaall ((117722)),, JJaallkkaammiinnii ((116600)),, LLaallppaattnnaaii ((116655))

42. RRiiccee wwii tthh ppuurrppllee lleeaaff KKhhaarraa (( OOrriissssaa))

43. EElloonnggaatteedd aauurriiccllee eenncciirrccll iinngg tthhee sseeeedd RRaammiiggeell ll ii

After Deb (2005), Biodiversity Conservation Farm, ATC, Fulia and other sources, * not found in farmers fields. These unique characters are not found in any of the HYVs as these traits mostly are polygenic in nature and it cannot be inserted. Even after insertion the characters are not stable; salt tolerant HYVs, deep water HYVs and scented HYVs etc are oxymoron.

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Grain colour of rice grain Jugal –two seedlings from single seed

Ray of hope: The VRIHI of Bankura has started the pioneering work on folk rice conservation

and characterization work in 1997 and it maintains more than 750 folk rice varieties. This is the

largest non governmental seed exchange bank in east India. Agricultural Training Centre, Fulia in

its Biodiversity Conservation Farm is maintaining (207 varieties) and distributing folk rice

varieties

Medicinal rice- Nivara(Kerala) Rice grains

During 2010, the centre distributed 45 varieties among 130 farmers across the state. Rice Research Station of Chunchura,

WB also maintains folk rice varieties. This apart, several individuals, civil societies are also engaged in conservation of folk

rice varieties in order to ensure future food security. Navdanya of Dehradun, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture of

Andhrapradesh, Sambhab of Odisha, Mr Natabar Sarengi of Odisha, Decan Development Society, Sahaja Samrudha of

Karnakata, Thanal of Kerala etc are conserving the folk rice varieties. Many farmers become interested to grow the folk

varieties as the cost of cultivation of HYV escalates with declining trend in grain yield. During 2010, farmers of Ausgram

Block of Burdwan district of WB have grown more than 30 ha of folk varieties like Kerala Sundari and Bahurupi by

replacing the popular HYV MTU 7029.Concerned institutes should come forward to make awareness programmes on

biodiversity conservation by giving due honour to the UN declaration decade of biodiversity conservation ( 2011-2020)

Radhatilak Kaloboro Mayurpankhi

9

Ref:

1. Basu, R, N., 2008, Indian Agriculture at the Crossroads An imperative need to turn to crop-livestock I integrated ecologically sustainable organic farming by small holders Indian Agriculturist (2008), Golden Jubilee Number, pp.32-49.

2. Borromeo Emerlito and Deb Debal 2006, Future of Rice, Green Peace, October 2006,Green Peace International, Bangalore, India

3. Brown, Lester R,1997, How environmental deterioration disrupt economic progress , World Watch Institute, Washington DC

4. Deb, Debal, 2005, Seeds of tradition , seeds of future, folk rice varieties of Eastern India, RFSTE, New Delhi

5. Deb, Debal, 2004, Industrial Vs Ecological Agriculture, RFSTE, New Delhi 6. Paul, Anupam, 2006, Need to conserve food and non food plant species in conventional

agriculture, Debacle, April –June 2006, published in Aug 2008, DRCSC, Kolkata 7. Paul Anupam, Sengupta C, Kabi M C, Mazumder D and M Ghosh, 2011, Comparative

study on chemical and organic nutrient management of rice during kharif season in Nadia district of West Bengal, Published in the Proceedings of International Symposium on System Intensification Towards Food & Environmental Security, 24-27 February, 2011 at Farmers’ Training Centre, Lake Hall, BCKV, Kalyani WB, India, pp 117 (http://cwssbckv.org).

8. Rice Industry in crisis, Green Peace, January 2007, Green Peace International, The Netherlands 9. Sen, Amartya, 1981, Poverty and famines, An essay on entitlement and deprivation, Oxford,

Clarendren Press, London 10. Shiva, Vandana, 2002, Corporate hijack of agriculture, Navdhanya, New Delhi. 11. Shiva, Vandana, 1991, The violence of the green revolution, RFSTE, New Delhi 12. Sundaram, K Jumo, 2010, Lessons from the 2008 world food crisis, Economic and political weekly,

Mumbai, pp35-40.