green infrastructure - philadelphia

8/9/2019 Green Infrastructure - Philadelphia

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MANAGING WET WEATHER WITHGREEN INFRASTRUCTUREPHILADELPHIA CASE STUDY

PHILADELPHIA WATER DEPARTMENT An integrated utility:

Drinking Water

Wastewater

Stormwater

A new integrated approach:

Land

Waterways

Infrastructure

Community


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1801 Philadelphia is first in the

world to supply an entire city with

drinking water

1816 - Fairmount Waterworks

established

Unprotected, unfiltered water supply

It has been said that the Atlantic sturgeon once

so crowded the Schuylkill River that one couldwalk across their backs

Flow: The Life and Times of Philadelphias

Schuylkill River

1850s: City purchases land

and establishes Fairmount

Park to protect water supply

Land Conservation for Sourcewater Protection


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From Land Conservation toConveyance & Treatment

Return to Watershed Planning


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And New Thinking About Land Management /Urban Design

Combined Sewer

Overflow Long

Term Control Plan

Update


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Greenray CSO Infrastructure Solutions

Achieving the Green Vision Dry Weather Water Quality & Aesthetic Improvements

Sewer Relining

Trail Development

Trash Removal

Healthy Living Resources Stream Restoration

Wetland Creation

Green Infrastructure / Green Urbanism 50% Green City in 20 years

10 Ambitious and Innovative Land-Based Programs

Streets, Homes, Open Spaces, Schools, etc.

Infrastructure Upgrades Expand Treatment Plant Capacity


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Philadelphias Green Approach Sustainable Support numerous EPA initiatives

Green Policy

Protecting Americas Waters

Reducing Green House Gas Emissions

Improving Air Quality

Adaptable (Climate Change) Adaptive Management

Immediate Benefits Return on Investment

Triple Bottom Line AnalysisAlmost a 1:1 Cost/Benefit Ratio

PWD has created 10 Land-Based ProgramsGreen Streets Green Recreation, Parks & Open Spaces

Green Alleys Green Homes

Green Schoolyards Green Businesses & Commerce

Green Public Facilities Green Industry

Green Parking Green Institutions

And Enforces Strong Stormwater Regulationsand Billing Mechanisms


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STORMWATER REGULATIONS PARCEL BASED BILLING GREEN INFRASTRUCTUREImpacts New & Re-development with earth disturbance exceeding 15,000 s.f.Water Quality

+ Infiltrate first 1 of runoff from all Directly Connected Impervious Area

(DCIA) within limits of earth disturbance

Channel Protection+ Infiltrate or slow release 1-year, 24-hour storm (2.6 inches)

+ Does not apply to projects within direct discharge areas

+ Exempt - 20% decrease in impervious cover

Flood Control+ Peak Rate Control of post to pre-development conditions

+ Exempt - 20% decrease in impervious cover

Non-structural Site Design+ Use existing site features

Stormwater Regulations Reduced The CitysRunoff by 908 Million Gallons Per Year

A volume equal to theblock of City Hall 370feet Deep. (drawn toscale) A 3% reduction incitywide runoff Up to $425 Million ininfrastructure capitalcosts saved Up to $80 Million inadditional futureoperation andmaintenance costssaved


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+ Parcel-based billing based on:

Gross Area (20%)

Impervious Cover (80%)

+ From hidden costs to dedicated fees

+ Truer cost of service

+ Encourage BMP retrofits by offering credits for

on-site management

+ Offering free retrofit concept design services

STORMWATER REGULATIONS PARCEL BASED BILLING GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

Create Financial Incentives for Better Land Management

Existing Charge = $ 400

New Charge = $ 2,500

Gross Area = 600,000

Imperv Area = 500,000

Top 500 parcels in the combined seweredarea make up 12.3% of total impervious area


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Rewarding Urban Redevelopment

Gross Area = 24,000

Imperv Area = 24,000

Existing Charge = $ 4,700

New Charge = $ 120

Concept Design & Cost Analysis


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STORMWATER REGULATIONS PARCEL BASED BILLING GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE10 Land-Based Programs+ Green Streets

+ Green Alleys, Walkways & Driveways

+ Green Schoolyards

+ Green Public Facilities

+ Green Parking

+ Green Recreation, Parks & Open Spaces

+ Green Homes

+ Green Businesses and Commerce

+ Green Industry

+ Green Institutions

STORMWATER REGULATIONS PARCEL BASED BILLING GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE

LAND BASED PROGRAM EXAMPLES+ Green Schoolyards

+ Green Recreation, Parks & Open Spaces

+ Green Streets


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GREEN SCHOOLYARDSProject Complete+ Springside School

+ Penn Alexander

+ Wissahickon Charter School

Under Construction+ Greenfield School

+ Independence Charter School

Future+ Wakisha Charter School

+ Martin Luther King High School

+ Bodine High School

BMPs:

Rain Gardens, Disconnected Rain Leaders, Environmental Art

GREEN SCHOOLYARDSSpringside


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BMPs:Rain Gardens, Rain Barrels

GREEN SCHOOLYARDSWissahickon Charter

BMPs:

Subsurface Infiltration, Rain Garden, Pervious Asphalt

GREEN SCHOOLYARDSPenn Alexander


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GREEN RECREATION, PARKS, AND OPEN SPACESProject Complete+ Cliveden Park

+ Mill Creek Recreation Center

+ Allens Lane Arts Center

+ Clark Park Infiltration Project

+ Herron Playground

+ Liberty Lands

In Design+ Blue Bell Inn Triangle Park

+ Clark Park A Park Redesign

+ Barry Playground

+ Dickinson Square

BMPs:

Pervious Asphalt

Mill Creek PlaygroundGREEN RECREATION, PARKS, AND OPEN SPACES


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BMPs:

Disconnected Inlets, Bioretention Gardens, Extended Detention

Cliveden ParkGREEN RECREATION, PARKS, AND OPEN SPACES

BMPs:

Disconnected Inlet, Bioretention Garden, Extended Detention, Cistern

Liberty LandsGREEN RECREATION, PARKS, AND OPEN SPACES


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GREEN STREETSProjects Complete+ Waterview Rec. Center Tree Trench

+ Baltimore Avenue Curb Extension

+ West Mill Creek Tree Trench

+ 47th and Grays Ferry Traffic Island

+ Union Hill Tree Trench

Under Construction+ Navy Yard Streets

+ Columbus Square

+ Passyunk Streetscaping

Future+ Bureau of Laboratory

Services

+ Queen Lane

+ Belmont Ave

+ Midvale Ave

+ Lancaster Ave ReStore

+ South Street Headhouse

+ Model Neighborhood Blocks

Waterview Rec Center

BMPs:

Disconnected Inlets, Pervious Concrete, Subsurface Infiltration

GREEN STREETS


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West Mill Creek

BMPs:

Disconnected Inlets, Pervious Pavers, Subsurface Infiltration

GREEN STREETS

BMPs:

Bioretention Gardens, Curb Openings & Trench Drains

47th & Grays Ferry TriangleGREEN STREETS


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Columbus Square

BMPs:

Sidewalk Rain Garden Planters

GREEN STREETS

Passyunk StreetscapingGREEN STREETS


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PWD was awarded $30 million low-interest loan from thePennsylvania Infrastructure Investment Authority (PENNVEST) for

construction of green infrastructure projects

Green Streets are primary focus, utilizing a developing set of

standard details for green street elements

PENNVEST FundingGREEN STREETS


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Green Infrastructure Return on InvestmentGeneral Overview of Methods and Key Assumptions

External Costs and Benefits Costs not included in traditional engineering estimates

General Methods for Quantifying and/or Valuing Outcomes Reliance on well-established federal and other models, methods, and data

Time Path for Realizing Benefits Discounted sum of annual values over 40-year project period (2010-2049)

Present Value Estimates Based on inflation rate of 4.875% applied over 40-year project time frame

Additivity versus Double-Counting Only include 50% of property value benefits to avoid potential double-

counting

Omissions, Biases, and Uncertainties


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Recreation Benefits The 50% LID option includes stream restoration and riparian

buffer improvements. Therefore, the option is projected to

increase:

Creekside (i.e., near stream) recreational activities (jogging, biking,walking, picnicking, etc.)

Recreational opportunities will also improve in areas apart from theriparian lands due to increase in vegetated and treed lands

Traditional infrastructure approaches do not result in improved

streamside or urban landscape conditions

Recreation analysis based on use/acre and $ value data from

the 2008 report How Much Value Does the City of Philadelpha

Receive from its Parks and Recreation System?

Enhanced Aesthetics (reflected in residential property values) Several empirical studies show that property values are higher

when trees and other vegetation are present in urban

neighborhoods

Published hedonic valuation literature coupled with neighborhood-specific baseline property values

Reduced value of enhanced residential property values by 50%

to avoid potential double counting with several other benefit

categories


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Example of How Benefits are Linked

Tree planting

Air quality Cooling Aesthetics Water quality

Energy

savings

Reduced

heat stress

Health

benefits

Energy cost

savings

Reduced GHG

emissions

Enhanced

property values

Heat Stress-related Premature Fatalities Avoided Excessive heat events (EHEs) and heat stress-related fatalities

studied extensively in Philadelphia

Direct experience in Philadelphia with 20+ and 100+ EHE-attributed

deaths in 1991 and 1993

Published research links the extent of vegetated cover with theincidence of premature fatalities

The annual reduction in the number of fatalities in Philadelphia is

based on these research findings

Standard EPA methods and values (i.e., value of statistical life)were used to monetize reductions in premature fatalities

Does not include the avoided medical costs and reduced sufferingof morbidity impacts


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Top 5 Neighborhoods19121 Lower N.Philly

19129 Germantn/East Falls

19125 Kensington

19134 Richmond

19124 Frankford

Water Quality and Aquatic HabitatEnhancements and Values

Traditional infrastructure options (e.g., plant expansions,tunnels) are aimed at reducing the number of overflowepisodes but do little to directly improve the physical riparianarea environment or otherwise enhance living resources

Developed regression model, based on existing studies, topredict what households would be willing to pay forimprovements in water quality


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Wetland Enhancement and Creation LID options includes creation or enhancement of 190 acres ofwetlands

Monetized according to the range of services these wetlandsare expected to provide, drawing on relevant publishedliterature of wetland values.

Poverty Reduction Benefits of Local Green Infrastructure Jobs

Both grey and green infrastructure generate jobs but the types ofjobs are different

Grey infrastructure will bid workers already in the labor forceaway from other construction

This is mostly a relocation of jobs Green infrastructure generates more low and unskilled job

opportunities suitable for people not already in the workforce

This engages the chronically unemployed Focusing hiring on unemployed labor that is likely

consuming other city resources in the form of social

services Hiring in neighborhoods where greening is occurring can

provide double benefits for community development


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Energy Use and Related Changes in Carbonand Other Emissions Green space helps lower ambient temperatures and, when

incorporated on and around buildings, helps shade andinsulate buildings from wide temperature swings, decreasingthe energy needed for heating and cooling

Diverting stormwater from wastewater collection, conveyance,and treatment systems reduces the amoutn of energy neededto pump and treat the water, which in turn reduces emissionsof greenhouses gasses and other pollutants

Reduced energy demands in buildings and increased carbonsequestration by added vegetation also result in a lower carbonfootprint

Air Quality Pollutant Removal from Added Vegetation Trees and vegetation improve air quality by filtering some airborne

pollutants (particulate matter and ozone)

Reduced energy consumption results in decreased emissions(SO2 and NO ) from power generation facilitiesx

These air quality improvements can reduce the incidence andseverity of respiratory illness

Air quality impacts based on US Forest Service model developedfor Philadelphia

EPAs BenMap model applied to convert changes in ambient

conditions in Philadelphia into projected health impacts


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Construction- and Maintenance-relatedDisruption Impacts Social costs of disruption can include traffic delays, limited access

to places of business, increased noise and pollution, and otherinconveniences

Used standard methods and data for estimating traffic delays andassociated fuel use and time loss

Citywide Present Value Benefits: Cumulative through 2049Benefit Categories 50% LID option

(2009 million USD)30 tunnel option

(2009 million USD)

Increased recreational opportunities $ 524.5

Improved aesthetics/property value (50%) $ 574.7

Reduction in heat stress mortality $ 847.1

Water quality / aquatic habitate enhancement $ 336.4 $ 189.0

Wetland services $ 1.6

Social costs avoided by green collar jobs $ 124.9

Air quality improvements from trees $ 131.0

Energy savings / usage $ 26.6 $ (7,324.1)

Reduced (increased) damage from SO2 and NOx

emissions

$ 43.8 $ (2,838.9)

Reduced (Increased) damage from CO2 emissions $ 11.1 $ (745.8)

Disruption costs from construction and maintenance $ (5.6) $ (10,524.5)

TOTAL $ 2,616.0 $ (21,244.3)


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Glen J. Abrams, AICP

Watersheds Planning Manager

[email protected]

215-685-6039

THANK YOU

green infrastructure - philadelphia

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