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ractceEngineering

C h e m ic a l e n g i n e e r s h a v e c o u n t l e s s o p p o r tu n i t i e st o a p p l y t h e i r t a l e n t s t o e n v i r o n m e n t a l l y r e l a t e d i m p r o v e m e n t s ,

s p e c i f i c a l l y i n R & D , p la n t d e s i g n a n d o p e r a t io n sC. Delia Contrerasand Fabio BravoSpec ialists in plant designand operation

lmost by definition, chem ical en-gineering is a "green" disciplinetoday, as it so often involves ef-forts to optimize chemical pro-

cesses in order to reduce the amount ofenergy and raw materials that are usedan d the amount of waste that is gener-ated. Today everybody "talks green" butin a lot of cases engineers are the mostqualified people to provide the tools re-quired to make complex chemical pro-cesses more environmentally sustainable.In fact, many types of engineers butchemical engineers, in part icular arein an ideal position to develop solutionsfor some of today's most important prob-lems, including all types of air pollution,CO2 emissions, carbon capture and stor-a g e , improved renewable energy sources,improved food production, sustainablewater supply and wastewater t reatment ,quick and economic mass production ofvaccines and drugs, complex issues re-lated toglobal warmingl and so on.1. It is understood that the concept of globalwarming is not universally accepted and thisrticle does not intend to address either side ofthat ar r iment .

If not properly addressed, these is-sues will become even more critical, aseconomic grow th and demographic ex-pansion invariably leads to increasedconsumption of fuel and natura lresources and to increased produc-tion of waste streams. "Being green"has always been part of thechemical engineering profession although in the past, such activitieswere not necessarily called greenor sustainable.So-called "g^reen practices" are oftenconsidered to be expensive or unaf-fordable, prompting some processoperators to do just what is requiredto comply with the minimum legalrequirements. This type of thinkingis not only outdated but shortsighted,as well. Today, it is increasingly rec-ognized that green practices andeconomic profits are related. Techni-cally stron g and innovative team s areneeded to capitalize on the opportuni-ties to link environmentally relatedactivities with bottom-line profitabil-ity.

Today, it's widely recognized thatimprove ments such as reduction of en-ergy and raw material consumption,minimization of waste production andincreased process yields are critical to

increase a facility's overall economicprofitability. There are tremendousopportunities for technically strongand innovative chemical engineers tobring their expertise and ingenuity tobear in green endeavors, in chemicalengineering roles ranging from R&Dto process design and operation. Akey driver for becoming greener hasto do with the so-called "three keyP s " : planet, people and profits. Thisarticle discusses some of the opportu-nities that are available for chemicalengineers to lead the charge ingreen engineering.Why green?Being green is about tak ing care of theplanet, which is in the best interest ofevery person regardless of profession.But, considering the special trainingthat chemical engineers receive, it isespecially applicable to members ofour profession. Today, no comp any hasmuch choice when it comes to takingcare of the environment or investigat-ing ways to operate in a more environ-mentally sustainable way.It isnot only a ma tter of compliancewith regulations but a matter of re-sponding to the demands and expec-tat ions of custom ers, employees, com-

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Environmental Managermunity, stockholders and competitors.Together, these drivers create tremen-dous pressure for companies to carryout their operations in a more envi-ronmentally friendly way.For the chemical process industries(CPI), it might not be precise to talkabout "clean processes" as the word"clean" implies zero emissions which,being an admirable stretch goal, isnot always a practical goal for theseindustries. Similarly, by definition,the CPI routinely handle flammable,volatile and hazardous materials andoperate at high pressures and extremetemperatures, so in spite of their ac-complishments in the green arena, itis much more difficult for them to beperceived as green companies com-pared to, for example, a company inthe software business.

Perhaps for those reasons, somepeople have a negative perception or at least one that is not as positivecompared to other industries of theCPI. Unfortunately, many in the gen-eral public are relatively unaware ofthe contributions that these industriesbring to society, and many may notfully realize that our lives would bedramatically changed if we attemptedto eliminate chemicals, plastics, phar-maceuticals and other CPI productsfrom everyday life.However, regardless of their con-tributions to society, the CPI can andmust talk about becoming cleaner andgreener. While setting a goal of zerois achievable as far as zero personalinjuries, zero process safety incidentsand zero accidents are concerned, forsome other metrics (such as emissionsand other waste streams), setting agoal of zero might be too aggressiveor even unrealistic [7]. Nonetheless,striving for zero is an easy-to-visu-alize, symbolic goal, which can giveway to more-specific goals for differ-ent functions (an example of a validgoal for manufacturing would beto achieve zero waste due to opera-tional mistakes).For operators throughout the chemi-cal process industries (CPI). operatingin a more environmentally s ustainableway also brings some intangible bene-fits. These include improved companyimage and brand recognition, betteracceptance and support by customers

'R&D FOR GREEN ' SOME IDEAS ON HOW TO FOCUS R&DACTIVITIES O N KEY ENVIRON MENT AL CHALLENGES

W ork o n issues that have a large im pact to society and focus on delivering pr acti-cal solutions. These include air pollut ion, CO 2 emissions, carb on capture an d stor-age, renev/able energy sources, food production (including pest control to minimizecrop losses), water supply, and quick and economic mass production of vaccinesond drugs Develop nev/ production processes that provide competitive advantages from the re-source-usage point of view, including higher yields, reduced waste and vent streams,reduced energy consumption, reduced raw material usage, minimized environmental

impact and more Develop new production processes with competitive advantages from the safety pointof view. These include processes that do not req uire dange rous raw materials or inter-mediates, can operate at lov/er pressures or temperatures and more Consider biotechnology-based routes or other non-traditional processes that couldresult in the benefits described above [4 , 5] Develop new biodegradable plastics and develop processes for the commercially vi-able production of them [ /] Develop processes that use renewable raw materials Consider new or improved cotalyst systems to improve efficiency, reduce byproductsor costs, or provide other competitive advantages [6] Consider different technology options that could eliminate some process steps Consider different chemical routes, including raw material changes Consider utilization of byproducts from other processes as raw materials Consider mem brane based separation routes as an alternative to distillation and otherenergy-intensive separation techniques Include environmental considerations in the selection of any solvents required bythe process Replace organic solvents with water [ / ] , whe re possible Q

and by society in general, enhancedtrus t by regulating agencies, enhancedemployee morale (in general, peoplelike to work for noble causes and com-panies that they can feel proud of),improved stockholder acceptance [2],and more. These intangibles becomevery important when we consider tha tthe "book value" of most companies istypically much lower than their mar-ket capitalization one big differencebeing the intangible aspects of thecompaas image and reputation.Why chem ical eng ineering?Becoming green requires the best en-gineering minds, especially the bestchemical engineering m inds, and com-mitment from the entire organization.Engineering is all about practicality,improving living conditions and find-ing solutions to challenges. Excel-lent understanding of the chemicalengineering fundamentals are key tohelping industrial operations tobecome greener.In particu lar, when it comes to envi-ronmental health and safety (EH&S)activities specifically those relatedto improving safety and minimizingall forms of emissions chemicalengineers are in an ideal position tocontribute to the development and im-plem entation of technologically sou nd,cost-effective solutions.

Green initiatives represent a bigand growing business, so the oppor-tunities in that area for innovativecompanies and innovative engineersare gigantic, with some sources say-ing that environmental initiatives willcreate a business opportunity in theorder of trillions of dollars for this de-cade [2].'Green R&D,' 'R&D for green '"Green R&D" and "R&D for green"represent two different concepts. Theformer deals with making sure thatgreen considerations are taken intoaccount during R&D work; the latterdeals with the tremendous R&D op-portunities th at exist to make all typesof activities throughout the CPI moreenvironmentally sustainable. Thereare two types of examp les of R&D forgreen, as follows: In certain cases, the use of more-direct chemistry routes can reducethe num ber of intermed iate stages re-quired, which can, in turn, minimizeor even eliminate additional reac-tions, additional byproducts or wastestreams, and may curtail the overallnumber of operations required (withrelated reductions in waste genera-tion and energy consumption) Developing innovative processesand products that address environ-mental problems can provide many

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PLANT DES IGN STAGE - SOM E IDEAS DN HDW TD DE GREEN' Properly apply the chemical engineering principles and takean innovative approach to design the plant with some of thefollowing benefits: higher yields, reduced v/aste, lower oper-ating temperatures, reduced energy requirements and reducedutilities use' Properly apply inherent safety principles in the design, seekingopportunities for substitution of dongerous materials, minimizationof inventories, moderation of the process conditions and so on> Brainstorm about the most effective processes to achieve

the final result, including the potential for biotechnology-based processes' Develop uses for waste streams, for instance, as raw material o ras fuel in boilers' Consider advanced control techniques that could contribute toreduced energy consumption or to increased yields' Consider process-intensification opp ortunities to max imizethroughput and minimize a unit's plot space' Perform state-of-the-art he at-integration studies by using themost advanced software available' Eliminate waste by design instead of designing for waste treat-ment' Fully understand risks and previous accidents associated withthe same or similar technologies or process routes, and designaccordingly

Consider highly efficient processes and equipment (for instance,the use of highly efficient boilers) Consider high-performance packing and trays for mass trans-fer operations (to improve distillation, liquid-liquid extraction,scrubbing and so on) Take steps to minimize or eliminate hazardous raw materialsand materials that are harmful to people or the environment Consider variable-speed drives to minimize energy consump-tionConsider the use of CO2 streams, either as an inert gas in theprocess or by binding it in the products Consider divided-wall columns and reactive distillation Consider fuel gas recovery and recompression in flaresystems Select adequa te flowmeters to ensure that no waste or inef-ficiencies are created because of improper flowrates Design plants taking into consideration potential changes toproduct portfolios in the future (that is, be sure to build in someflexibility) Consider automated blowdown for cooling towers (as relianceon manual blowdown typically results in increased productionof wastewater and increased consumption of treatment chemi-cals or system fouling) Design for moximum use of local materials of construction [ /] U

the production of biodegradable

The box on p. 42 prese nts some spe-

ents when designing

ng fundam entals kinetics, and the capability to think

During chemical process design,

ciated waste-treatment and disposal improvem ents t ha t could offer sig-nificant advantages in terms of profit-ability.Consider the example of scrubbers,which are intended to eliminate un-wanted emissions from being ventedto the atmo sphere [7]. Scrubb ers alsooffer opportunities for further wastereduction by either reusing the result-ing streams in the process or by rede-signing the entire process to reduce oreliminate such vent streams. In otherwords, scrubber applications illustratethat there are several levels of greentha t could be summ arized as tre at, re-use, reduce and eliminate. As an ex-ample, in a recent project undertakenby one of the authors and his team, avent stre am was successfully scrubbedwith a product from the unit and thestream was recycled to the processunit, which helped to minimize bothemissions and material losses.The box above lists some specificideas on how to become greener in theplant design phase.Green operationWhen talking about the operation ofchemical plan ts, there is a need to rec-ognize that any efforts to be green orsustainable during R&D and designphases will be in vain if the plantsthemselves are not properly operated.Additionally, in today's era of tightenvironmental scrutiny and highexpectations from customers, stock-holders and the general public, it isunlikely that any chemical process

company would be able to remain com-petitive if it were not able to continu-ously improve its operations in termsof improved jdelds, reduced energy useand improved waste reduction. Manycompanies have demonstrated thatoperating in an environmentally sus-tainable manner provides a range oftangible and intangible advantages.A typical plant manager needs tohandle a large set of priorities, in-cluding objectives and requirementsrelated to safety and environmentalperformance, costs, production tar-gets, quality and so on. The push forconstan t improv eme nt is often focusedon helping the com pany or the facilityto become (or remain) the most effi-cient producer in the m arket, in term sof yield and waste, emissions and en-ergy consumption all key metricstha t signal the health and competitiveposition of the production process ineconomic terms.There are countless examples of thepayoffs that can result from the pru-dent implementation of green initia-tives. By way of example, one of theauthors (and a team of colleagues) re-cently received five awards related tothe successful implementation of inno-vative ideas for waste and energy re-duction, which had significant impactnot only in terms of the environmentbut in te rm s of improved profitability,as well. There is always room for con-tinuous improvement on waste reduc-tion and energy optimization aroundthe plants, but the right combinationof attitude, creativity, motivation and

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PLANT OPER ATION STAGE - SO ME lOEAS ON HO W TO BE GREENConsistently operate the plant within optimum parameters. Thismay sound obvious but it is quite important from the profitabilityand environmental viewpoints and not always an easy taskContinuously look for opportunities to obtain competitive ad-vantages in terms of higher yields, reduced waste, lower tem-peratures, reduced reliance on dangerous raw materials orintermediates, reduced energy, reduced utilities consumptionand so onAlways consider opportunities to reduce, reuse and recycle. Forexample reduce raw materials consumption and waste, reuseor recycle off-specification products. If reuse or recycle is notpractical, consider treating any off-specification products to alower-value material instead of sending it to waste treatment' Take steps to prevent waste form ation instead of relying on wastetreatment

' Find uses for byproducts' Think outside of the box and challenge the traditional "that ishow we have done it for 20 years" mentality' Develop and implement relevant metrics, such as emissions andBtu (or Kcal) per ton of product' Build a culture in which safety and environmental stewardshipare top priorities and create stretch goals such as zero personal

injuries, zero accidents and zero process safety incidents

' Measure, track and minimize emissions of GHGs, volatile or-ganic compounds and regulated substances' Minimize inventories of raw materials, intermediates and finalproducts to m inimize risks, costs and emissions' Fully understand risks and previous accidents associated with thetechnology at hand , and operate accordingly' Whe n down sizing, make sure that the remaining employeeshave adequate knowledge of the technology, the processes andunderstand how to reduce risk and emissions' Properly m aintain insulation to support greater energy efficiency' Repair steam an d utility leaks [4 ] a nd replace d eficientsteam traps' Change disposable filters as needed to avoid unnecessary andcostly pressure drop' Properly maintain fiowmeters so that no waste or inefficienciesare created as a result of improper fiowrates Optimize fuel gas to flares and furnaces' Look for opportunities to reuse water' Measure and minimize chemical oxygen demand of wastewater' Op timiz e compres sed-air systems to m inimize energyconsumption [7]' Use local materials (fo raw materials and spare parts) to m inimizethe environmental impact due to excessive transportation

chemical engineering skills is requiredto achieve demonstrable results. Thebox above presents some specificideas on how to be greener duringoperations.The energy case as an exampleEnergy consumption is especiallyrelevant to this discussion consider-ing that: a) the world's energy re-quirements are expected to double by2050, b) fuel-related expenditures (interms of both energy production andraw materials) represent a major costincurred by the CPI, and the use offossil fuels is also implicated in theproduction of greenhouse gas emis-sions (GHG).The American Chemistry Councilwebsite (ACC; americanchemistry.com) provides very interesting dataon the significant improvements thathave been achieved by the chemicalindu stry in term s of its reduced energyconsumption. Considering that energyhas a huge impact on the productioncosts in the CPI, it becomes quite clearthat to be competitive and profitablethe CPI need to find and implementmechanisms to reduce their energyconsumption and become greener.Defining clear metrics, such as en-ergy per unit of output, and settingconcrete goals, are key to achievingcontinuous improvement. Other met-rics, such as GHG emissions per ton ofproduct, help to evalua te the potentialimpact of the operation on the planetand to identify the best opportunitiesfor improvem ent.

More advanced metrics used by theACC and explained on its websiteinclude the ratio of GHG savings toGHG emissions. This ratio compares"pros and cons" of a particular prod-uct in terms of GHG emissions. Forexample, if the production of a cer-tain piece of insulation foam involvesthe generation of 1 lb CO2 but durin gits useful life the same piece of foamavoids heat losses and saves enoughenergy to avoid the generation of 233lb of CO2, the n the ra tio for this build-ing insulation foam is 233:1. Otherexamples are glass and carbon fiberfor wind turbines (ratio 123:1) andso on. These advanced metrics helpnot only to i l lustrate the tremendou sbenefits of the CPI to society but alsoto identify the best opportunities fordoing so.However, while metrics are veryimportant, they are not enough to getdramatic improvements. Meeting ob-jectives related to environmental sus-tainability requires innovation and th eappropriate use of technology, the ap-plication of proper engineering skillsand a commitment from the entire or-ganization (including upper man age-ment). It also requires the establish-men t of clear goals an d objectives, andthe dev elopment of a properly designedand managed energy-saving programthat includes education, measurement,follow-up and recognition.Green practices are inherent to thechemical engineering profession andpromoting and implementing themis the responsibility not just of upper

management but of all chemical en-gineering practitioners, regardless offunction. With the demand for continu-ous improvement coming from societyand all industry stakeholders, greenchemical engineering offers magnifi-cent challenges and extraordinary op-portun ities to innovative engineers. Edited by Suzanne ShelleyReferences1. Nair, Suku maran , What are the strategiesfor sustainable chemical production?. Hydro-carbon Proc, Jan. 2011, pp. 69-77.2. Esty, Daniel C, and Andrew S. Winston."Green to Gold", John Wiley and S ons, 2009.3. Carbon Dioxide Gets Boost as Feedstock,Chem. Proc, Aug. 2010, pp. 12-13.4. Ottewell, Sean, Sustainability Sustains it.sAppeal, Chem. Proc, Nov. 2009, pp. 21-24 .5. Ottewell, Sean, A Different Plant Appearson the Horizon, Chem. Proc, Aug. 2009, pp.14-18.6. Hall, Nina et al, "The New Chemistry," Cam-bridge University Press, 2000.7. Bravo, Fabio, othe rs. Wisely Use Emergen cy

Scrubbers with Vent Systems, Chem. Eng.Prog., Aug. 1997, pp. 62-68.8. Last, Tim, Cut the Cost of Comp ressed Air,Chem. Proc., Oct. 2009, pp. 23-26.

AuthorsC. Del ia Contreras (Phone: 281-332-8141;Email: coreytito@hotmail.com) has more than 22years of experience in the chemical, petrochemi-cal, refining and polymer industries, includingplant design and plant management. The co-author of several published articles. Contrerasholds a B.S.Ch.E. from the Universidad Indus-trial de San tande r (Colombia).Fabio Bravo (Phone: 832-425-0889; Email:coreytito@hotmail.com) has over 27 years of ex-perience in the chemical, petrochemical, refin-ing and polymer industries in diverse functionsmainly in plant design and project execution.He is the co -author of several p ublished article.s,and holds a B.S.Ch.E. from the Universidad Pon-tificia Bolivariana (Colombia) and an M.S.Ch.E.from Rice University.

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