Greeks Greeks

& &

RomansRomans

Chapter FourChapter Four

GreeceGreece Origins of Origins of

Greek Greek civilizationcivilization

City-statesCity-states

PericlesPericles

Indo-European people took over the Greek Indo-European people took over the Greek peninsula by 1700 B.C.E. peninsula by 1700 B.C.E.

By 600 B.C.E. Greek civilization rose to By 600 B.C.E. Greek civilization rose to prominence rapidly w/ strong city-statesprominence rapidly w/ strong city-states

Each city-state had its own govt, typically either Each city-state had its own govt, typically either a tyranny of one or a few rulersa tyranny of one or a few rulers Or an aristocratic councilOr an aristocratic council Citizenship Citizenship Polis – Polis – city statecity state Demos -Demos - the people the people Sparta - strong military aristocracySparta - strong military aristocracy Athens - more diverse commercial state that was Athens - more diverse commercial state that was

proud of its artistic and intellectual leadership proud of its artistic and intellectual leadership Pericles - democratic political structure where Pericles - democratic political structure where

each citizen could participate in govt each citizen could participate in govt Political decline soon set in for the city-states as Political decline soon set in for the city-states as

Athens and Sparta vied for control of Greece Athens and Sparta vied for control of Greece during the Peloponnesian Warsduring the Peloponnesian Wars

Greek city-statesGreek city-states

Greek CultureGreek Culture

PantheonPantheon Greek Gods - Zeus, Apollo, Neptune, Greek Gods - Zeus, Apollo, Neptune,

Mars, VenusMars, Venus

LiteratureLiterature SapphoSappho SophoclesSophocles Iliad, OdysseyIliad, Odyssey

Greece ContinuedGreece Continued

Alexander Alexander the Greatthe Great

Hellenistic Hellenistic AgeAge

- Philip II of Macedon conquered GreecePhilip II of Macedon conquered Greece- his son Alexander the Great took over his son Alexander the Great took over

& extended the Macedonian Empire & extended the Macedonian Empire throughout the Middle East and Egyptthroughout the Middle East and Egypt

- Conquered & established colonies for Conquered & established colonies for trade trade

merging of Greek art and culture with merging of Greek art and culture with other Middle Eastern forms and had other Middle Eastern forms and had influence well beyond the end of the influence well beyond the end of the empireempire

Alexander’s Empire and theAlexander’s Empire and the Hellenistic Hellenistic World c. 323 B.C.E.World c. 323 B.C.E.

RomeRome

Punic WarsPunic Wars

Julius Julius CaesarCaesar

AugustusAugustus

800 BCE – started as a monarchy in central 800 BCE – started as a monarchy in central Italy Italy

509 BCE - Aristocrats kicked out the 509 BCE - Aristocrats kicked out the monarchy monarchy

Law codes - Law codes - 12 Tables, by 450 B.C.E.12 Tables, by 450 B.C.E. Roman influence widened during the three Roman influence widened during the three

Punic Wars (264 to 146 B.C.E.) - Rome Punic Wars (264 to 146 B.C.E.) - Rome fought and defeated the armies of the fought and defeated the armies of the Phoenician city of Carthage led by Hannibal.Phoenician city of Carthage led by Hannibal.

45 B.C.E. Julius Caesar45 B.C.E. Julius Caesar First lifetime dictator (emperor) First lifetime dictator (emperor) Power of Senate decreasedPower of Senate decreased

Augustus Caesar, seized power in 27 B.C.E.Augustus Caesar, seized power in 27 B.C.E. reestablished Constitutionreestablished Constitution SenateSenate pax Romanapax Romana

Roman Coliseum

Ruins of the Roman Senate

Roman EmpireRoman Empire

The Expansion of the Roman The Expansion of the Roman Empire, 133 B.C.E.Empire, 133 B.C.E.

Roman Economy & SocietyRoman Economy & Society

AgricultureAgriculture poor soilspoor soils market farmsmarket farms

TradeTrade graingrain luxuriesluxuries

SocietySociety slaveryslavery familyfamily

RomeRome

Pax RomanaPax Romana

476 CE476 CE

ChristianityChristianity

ConstantineConstantine

Pax RomanaPax Romana - 200 years of peace and - 200 years of peace and prosperity to the entire Mediterranean prosperity to the entire Mediterranean worldworld

The empire suffered a slow fall that The empire suffered a slow fall that lasted about 250 years; generals sought lasted about 250 years; generals sought greater power & poor citizens in cities greater power & poor citizens in cities rebelledrebelled

Invading peoples from north conquered Invading peoples from north conquered Roman Empire in Roman Empire in 476 C.E.476 C.E.

Christianity became official religion of Christianity became official religion of Roman Empire b/c numbers of Roman Empire b/c numbers of Christians had increased & Christians Christians had increased & Christians refused to place the state (nation) above refused to place the state (nation) above their Godtheir God

Legacies of Greece & RomeLegacies of Greece & Rome

The greatest The greatest political political legacies of the legacies of the Mediterranean Mediterranean cultures werecultures were

No single Greek political style, but No single Greek political style, but democracydemocracy is the most famous. is the most famous.

Classical Mediterranean political theory Classical Mediterranean political theory involved:involved: ethicsethics duties of duties of citizenscitizens skills, such as oratory. skills, such as oratory.

an intense an intense loyalty to the stateloyalty to the state, a , a preference for aristocratic rule, and the preference for aristocratic rule, and the development of a uniform set of legal development of a uniform set of legal principles.principles.

Governments supported an Governments supported an official official religionreligion, but tolerance of other faiths was , but tolerance of other faiths was the normthe norm

Religion and CultureReligion and CultureReligionReligion

PhilosophyPhilosophy

SciencesSciences

Several religions - complex set of gods and Several religions - complex set of gods and goddesses who were seen as regulating human goddesses who were seen as regulating human lifelife

Models of moral philosophy were developed, by Models of moral philosophy were developed, by such men as Aristotle and Cicero, who like such men as Aristotle and Cicero, who like Confucius, taught the importance of moderation Confucius, taught the importance of moderation and balance in human behaviorand balance in human behavior

Socrates taught followers to question using Socrates taught followers to question using rational inquiryrational inquiry

Greek advanced in geometry and anatomyGreek advanced in geometry and anatomy Greatest Roman Greatest Roman contribution to the sciences - contribution to the sciences -

engineering engineering In the arts and literature, the Greeks had few In the arts and literature, the Greeks had few

equals, particularly in sculpture, architecture, and equals, particularly in sculpture, architecture, and plays. plays.

The Romans mimicked but rarely surpassed the The Romans mimicked but rarely surpassed the Greek innovators in these fields.Greek innovators in these fields.