greek independent media and the antifascist movement

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Greek independent media and the an.fascist movement Dr Sky Croeser [@scroeser] Cur’n University Dr Tim Highfield [@6mhighfield] Queensland University of Technology Social Media & Society Toronto, 27 September 2014

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Paper by Sky Croeser and Tim Highfield, presented by Sky Croeser at Social Media & Society conference, Toronto, September 2014.

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Page 1: Greek independent media and the antifascist movement

Greek  independent  media  and  the  an.fascist  movement  

Dr  Sky  Croeser  [@scroeser]  Cur'n  University    

Dr  Tim  Highfield  [@6mhighfield]  Queensland  University  of  Technology    

Social  Media  &  Society  Toronto,  27  September  2014  

Page 2: Greek independent media and the antifascist movement

Outline  •  Research  context:  the  Mapping  Movements  project  and  the  

Greek  case  study.  •  Methods:  combining  online  and  offline,  qualita.ve  and  

quan.ta.ve.    •  Findings:  –  Greek  an.fascist  ac.vism  relies  on  a  complex  media  ecosystem.  

–  Local  networks  are  part  of  diverse  issue  and  place-­‐based  networks.  

–  Greek  ac.vists  make  significant  use  of  their  own  media  infrastructure.  

 

Page 3: Greek independent media and the antifascist movement

Mapping  Movements  •  Interna.onal  studies  of  social  movements  and  their  use  of  

online  technologies.  •  Blend  of  fieldwork  and  digital  methods,  qualita.ve  and  

quan.ta.ve  analyses  •  Case  studies:  –  Occupy  Oakland.  –  2013  World  Social  Forum,  Tunis.  –  An.fascist  movement  and  Indymedia  Athens.  

Page 4: Greek independent media and the antifascist movement

Context  for  Greece  •  2008  protests  sparked  by  the  murder  of  teenager  Alexandros  

Grigoropoulos  by  police.  •  Austerity  policies  +  racism  from  mainstream  and  far-­‐right  

par.es.  •  AUacks  on  independent  and  mainstream  media.  •  This  provides  an  interes.ng  case  study:  both  representa.ve  

of  broader  trends,  and  with  important  par.culari.es.  

Page 5: Greek independent media and the antifascist movement

Research  design  •  Mixed-­‐methods  approach:  –  Perspec.ves  from  movement  par.cipa.ons  – Online  presenta.on  of  movement  

•  Interviews  and  fieldwork  •  Online  issue  networks,  social  media  discussions  –  Issuecrawler  – Hashtag  and  place-­‐oriented  keyword  searches  on  TwiUer  

Page 6: Greek independent media and the antifascist movement

Digital  methods  •  Issuecrawler  [hUp://issuecrawler.net]  

•  Iden.fy  issue  and  solidarity  networks  by  following  hyperlinks  from  a  seed  list  of  sites  discussing  a  par.cular  issue.  

•  Issue  networks  highlight  the  resources,  organisa.ons,  media,  and  other  websites  (including  social  media  pla\orms)  that  are  connected,  cited,  or  invoked  through  hyperlinks  from  these  sites.  

•  TwiUer  •  Issue-­‐related  keyword  and  hashtag  archives  captured  through  TwiUer  API  using  yourTwapperKeeper.  

Page 7: Greek independent media and the antifascist movement

Fieldwork  and  interviews    •  Semi-­‐structured  interviews,  tailored  to  par.cipants'  posi.ons  

within  the  movement  rather  than  standardised.  •  Snowball  sampling  with  mul.ple  star.ng  points.  •  Par.cipant  observa.on:  a  willingness  to  take  part  in  ac.ons  is  

vital.  

Page 8: Greek independent media and the antifascist movement

Case  study  

•   Wider  context  of  an.fascist  movement  and  the  11  April  2013  shut  down  of  Athens  Indymedia,  Radio  Entasi,  and  98FM.  •   Fieldwork  in  Greece  during  this  period.  •   Issue  networks  and  TwiUer  ac.vity  tracked  April-­‐June  2013  around  Indymedia,  an.fascist  sites,  related  hashtags  and  keywords.      

Page 9: Greek independent media and the antifascist movement

Findings  Indymedia  issue  network:  clusters  of  sites  around  open  radio  and  squats    Connec.ons  to  an.fascist  –  an.-­‐Golden  Dawn  –  sites  

Page 10: Greek independent media and the antifascist movement

Findings  An.fascist  issue  network.  Cluster  of  local  Greek  websites  –  alterna.ve  and  mainstream  media  –  and  ac.vist  blogs.    Connec.ons  to  interna.onal  media  and  movements  (refugee  rights,  pro-­‐immigra.on)  

Page 11: Greek independent media and the antifascist movement

Findings  1.  Social  media  use  in  the  an.fascist  movement  is  built  on  a  

diverse  ecosystem  in  which  commercial  pla\orms  are  important,  but  so  are  highly-­‐localised  sites  

–  Especially  sites  associated  with  local  squats  –  these  form  a  .ghtly  interlinked  group  within  the  issue  network.  

 

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Findings  2.  An.-­‐racist  work  is  strongly  .ed  to  other  an.-­‐fascist  

networks,  both  in  Greece  and  throughout  Europe.    

–  The  an.-­‐fascist  movement  in  Athens  is  part  of  a  solidarity  network,  where  connec.ons  are  made  not  just  between  local  movements  around  the  same  issue,  but  na.onal  and  interna.onal  groups  with  thema.c  and  ideological  overlaps,  such  as  pro-­‐immigra.on  and  refugee  rights’  groups.  

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Findings  3.  Independent  and  alterna.ve  media  pla\orms  play  a  central  

role  in  the  Greek  case,  in  response  to  distrust  of  commercial  media:  

–  Ci.zen-­‐led  pla\orms  (including  Indymedia,  blogs,  and  open  radio)  afford  ac.vists  an  outlet  for  dis.nct  and  independent  voices.  

–  Independent  infrastructure  gives  ac.vists  more  control  and  autonomy  than  major  social  media  pla\orms.  

Page 14: Greek independent media and the antifascist movement

Conclusion  •  Benefits  of  our  methodological  approach:  –  The  Mapping  Movements  cases  draw  on  a  combina.on  of  quan.ta.ve  and  qualita.ve  approaches,  and  of  complementary  offline  and  online  research.  

–  These  allow  us  to  consider  mul.ple  perspec.ves  and  framing  of  movements.  

–  These  methods  include  ac.vists  engaged  only  with  either  the  online  or  the  physical  aspects  of  the  movements.  

 

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Conclusion  •  Online  media  use  is,  in  fact,  .ghtly  .ed  to  place,  rather  than  being  a  

space  of  borderless  freedom,  even  in  democra.c  states.  –  Importance  of  the  local  –  squats,  open  radio,  postering  –  and  the  impact  of  shutdowns.  

–  Connec.ons  to  interna.onal  groups  and  movements  show  solidarity  and  movement  context,  but  the  local  shapes  organisa.on.  

–  Choice  of  media  also  confirms  ac.vist  concerns  over  independence,  data  control,  and  surveillance.  

 

Page 16: Greek independent media and the antifascist movement

Mapping  Movements  •  Dr  Sky  Croeser    hUp://skycroeser.net  @scroeser  Global  Jus'ce  and  the  Poli'cs  of  Informa'on:  The  struggle  over  knowledge  (Routledge,  2014)    

•  Dr  Tim  Highfield    hUp://.mhighfield.net  @.mhighfield