greedy algorithms 15-211 fundamental data structures and algorithms peter lee march 19, 2004

Greedy Algorithms

15-211 Fundamental Data Structures and Algorithms

Peter Lee

March 19, 2004

Announcements

• HW6 is due on April 5!

• Quiz #2 postponed until March 31 an online quiz requires up to one hour of uninterrupted

time with a web browser• actually, only a 15-minute quiz

must be completed by April 1, 11:59pm

Objects in calendar are closer than they appear

Greed is Good

Example: Counting change

• Suppose we want to give out change, using the minimal number of bills and coins.

http://www.ox.ac.uk/publicrelations/pubs/humanities/pics/coin.gif

http://www.interesting.com/stories/alexander/images/coin.gif

A change-counting algorithm

• An easy algorithm for giving out N cents in change:

Choose the largest bill or coin that is N. Subtract the value of the chosen bill/coin from N,

to get a new value of N. Repeat until a total of N cents has been counted.

• Does this work? I.e., does this really give out the minimal number of coins and bills?

Our simple algorithm

• For US currency, this simple algorithm actually works.

• Why do we call this a greedy algorithm?

Greedy algorithms

• At every step, a greedy algorithm

makes a locally optimal decision,

with the idea that in the end it all adds up to a globally optimal solution.

• Being optimistic like this usually leads to very simple algorithms.

Lu Lu’s Pan Fried Noodle Shop

Think Globally

Act Locally

Eat Noodles

Over on Craig Street…

How Californian...

But…

• What happens if we have a 12-cent coin?

Hill-climbing

• Greedy algorithms are often visualized as “hill-climbing”. Suppose you want to reach the summit,

but can only see 10 yards ahead and behind (due to thick fog).

Which way?

Hill-climbing, cont’d

• Making the locally-best guess is efficient and easy, but doesn’t always work.

Where have we seen this before?

• Greedy algorithms are common in computer science

• In fact, from last week…

Finding shortest airline routes

PVD

BOS

JFK

ORD

LAX

SFO

DFWBWI

MIA

337

2704

1846

1464

1235

2342

802

867

849

740

187

144

1391

184

1121946

1090

1258621

Three 2-hop BWI->DFW routes

PVD

BOS

JFK

ORD

LAX

SFO

DFWBWI

MIA

337

2704

1846

1464

1235

2342

802

867

849

740

187

144

1391

184

1121946

1090

1258621

A greedy algorithm

• Assume that every city is infinitely far away. I.e., every city is miles away from BWI

(except BWI, which is 0 miles away). Now perform something similar to

breadth-first search, and optimistically guess that we have found the best path to each city as we encounter it.

If we later discover we are wrong and find a better path to a particular city, then update the distance to that city.

Intuition behind Dijkstra’s alg.

• For our airline-mileage problem, we can start by guessing that every city is miles away. Mark each city with this guess.

• Find all cities one hop away from BWI, and check whether the mileage is less than what is currently marked for that city. If so, then revise the guess.

• Continue for 2 hops, 3 hops, etc.

Shortest mileage from BWI

PVD

BOS

JFK

ORD

LAX

SFO

DFW

BWI0

MIA

337

2704

1846

1464

1235

2342

802

867

849

740

187

144

1391

184

1121946

1090

1258621


PVD

BOS

JFK184

ORD621

LAX

SFO

DFW

BWI0

MIA946

337

2704

1846

1464

1235

2342

802

867

849

740

187

144

1391

184

1121946

1090

1258621


PVD328

BOS371

JFK184

ORD621

LAX

SFO

DFW1575

BWI0

MIA946

337

2704

1846

1464

1235

2342

802

867

849

740

187

144

1391

184

1121946

1090

1258621


PVD328

BOS371

JFK184

ORD621

LAX

SFO3075

DFW1575

BWI0

MIA946

337

2704

1846

1464

1235

2342

802

867

849

740

187

144

1391

184

1121946

1090

1258621


PVD328

BOS371

JFK184

ORD621

LAX

SFO2467

DFW1423

BWI0

MIA946

337

2704

1846

1464

1235

2342

802

867

849

740

187

144

1391

184

1121946

1090

1258621


PVD328

BOS371

JFK184

ORD621

LAX3288

SFO2467

DFW1423

BWI0

MIA946

337

2704

1846

1464

1235

2342

802

867

849

740

187

144

1391

184

1121946

1090

1258621


PVD328

BOS371

JFK184

ORD621

LAX2658

SFO2467

DFW1423

BWI0

MIA946

337

2704

1846

1464

1235

2342

802

867

849

740

187

144

1391

184

1121946

1090

1258621

Dijkstra’s algorithm

• Algorithm initialization:

Label each node with the distance , except start node, which is labeled with distance 0.• D[v] is the distance label for v.

Put all nodes into a priority queue Q, using the distances as labels.

Dijkstra’s algorithm, cont’d

• While Q is not empty do: u = Q.removeMin for each node z one hop away from u do:

• if D[u] + miles(u,z) < D[z] then• D[z] = D[u] + miles(u,z)• change key of z in Q to D[z]

• Note use of priority queue allows “finished” nodes to be found quickly (in O(log N) time).

Another Greedy Algorithm

The Fractional Knapsack Problem (FKP)

• You rob a store: find n kinds of items Gold dust. Wheat. Beer.

Example 2: Fractional knapsack problem (FKP)

• You rob a store: find n kinds of items Gold dust. Wheat. Beer.

• The total inventory for the i th kind of item:

Weight: wi pounds Value: vi dollars

• Knapsack can hold a maximum of W pounds.

• Q: how much of each kind of item should you take?

(Can take fractional weight)

FKP: solution

• Greedy solution: Fill knapsack with “most valuable” item

until all is taken. •Most valuable = vi /wi (dollars per pound)

Then next “most valuable” item, etc. Until knapsack is full.

Ingredients of a greedy alg.

• An optimization problem.

• Is iterative / Proceeds in stages.

• Has the greedy-choice property:A greedy choice will lead to a globally optimal solution.

FKP is greedy

• An optimization problem: Maximize value of loot, subject to

maximum weight W. (constrained optimization)

• Proceeds in stages: Knapsack is filled with one item at a

time.

FKP is greedy

• Greedy-choice property: A locally greedy choice will lead to a globally optimal solution.

• In steps…:Step 1: Does the optimal solution contain the greedy choice?

Step 2: can the greedy choice always be made first?

FKP: Greedy-choice: Step 1

• Consider total value, V, of knapsack.

• Knapsack must contain item h: Item h is the item with highest $/lb.

• Why? Because if h is not included, we can replace some other item in knapsack with an equivalent weight of h, and increase V.

• This can continue until knapsack is full, or all of h is taken.

• Therefore any optimal solution must include greedy-choice.

More rigorously…

Let item h be the item with highest $/lb.Total inventory of h is wh pounds.Total value of h is vi dollars.

Let ki be weight of item i in knapsack. Then total value:

If kh<wh, and kj>0 for some jh, then replace j with an equal weight of h. Let new total value = V’.

Difference in total value:

since, by definition of h,

Therefore all of item h should be taken.

n

i i

ii w

vkV

1

0

j

jj

h

hj w

vk

w

vkVV

h

h

j

j

w

v

w

v

FKP: Greedy-choice: Step 2

• Now we want to show that we can always make the greedy choice first.

• If item h is more than what knapsack can hold, then fill knapsack completely with h. No other item gives higher total value.

• Otherwise, knapsack contains h and some other item. We can always make h the first choice, without changing total value V.

• Therefore greedy-choice can always be made first.

More rigorously…

• Case I: wh W Fill knapsack completely with h. No other item gives higher total value.

• Case II: wh < W Let 1st choice be item i, and kth choice be h,

then we can always swap our 1st and kth choices, and total value V remains unchanged.

• Therefore greedy-choice can always be made first.

The Binary Knapsack Problem

• You win the Supermarket Shopping Spree contest. You are given a shopping cart with capacity

C. You are allowed to fill it with any items you

want from Giant Eagle. Giant Eagle has items 1, 2, … n, which have

values v1, v2, …, vn, and sizes s1, s2, …, sn. How do you (efficiently) maximize the value

of the items in your cart?

BKP is not greedy

• The obvious greedy strategy of taking the maximum value item that still fits in the cart does not work.

• Consider: Suppose item i has size si = C and value

vi. It can happen that there are items j and

k with combined size sj+sk C but vj+vk > vi.

BKP: Greedy approach fails

item 1 item 2 item 3 knapsack

$60, 10 lbs

$100, 20 lbs

$120, 30 lbs

Maximum weight = 50 lbs

Dollars/pound

Item 1 $6

Item 2 $5

Item 3 $4

BKP has optimal substructure, but not greedy-choice property: optimal solution does not contain greedy choice.

$160 $180 $220

(optimal)

A question for a future lecture…

• How can we (efficiently) solve the binary knapsack problem?

• One possible approach: Dynamic programming

Machine Scheduling

Optimal machine scheduling

• We are given n tasks and an infinite supply of machines to perform them each task ti = [si, fi] has start time si and

finish time fi

• An assignment of tasks to machines is feasible if no machine is assigned two overlapping tasks

• An assignment is optimal if it is feasible and uses the minimal number of machines

Example

• Tasks: task: a b c d e f g start: 0 3 4 9 7 1 6 finish: 2 7 7 11 10 5 8

• Can you invent a greedy algorithm to find an optimal schedule for these tasks?

Succeeding with greed

3 ingredients needed:

• Optimization problem.

• Proceed in stages.

• Greedy-choice property:A greedy choice will lead to a globally optimal solution.

greedy algorithms 15-211 fundamental data structures and algorithms peter lee march 19, 2004

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