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Great Achievements in Paediatric
Health in the Last 40 Years:
Building a Healthier Future
Tina L. Cheng, MD, MPH
“the birthplace of modern pediatrics
and the future of health.”
Disclosures
Acknowledgements
• The conference is funded by the USAID
Maternal and Child Survival Program.
• In the past 12 months, I have no relevant
financial relationships with the
manufacturer(s) of any commercial product(s)
and/or provider(s) of commercial services
discussed in this CME activity.
• I do not intend to discuss an
unapproved/investigative use of a commercial
product/device in this presentation.2
“We live in extraordinary
times...thanks to medical
and scientific advances
that even a generation
ago would have sounded
like science fiction…An
American born today has
a projected average
lifespan 20 full years
longer than one born in
1925…”
TIME Magazine Feb 12, 2015
Mortality in Children < 5 years by
Region, 1990-2017
May 28, 2019 4
Global Mortality Rates and Deaths
by Age, UN-IGME-Child-Mortality-Report-2018.pdf
May 28, 2019 5
Objectives
• Describe great achievements in global
child health
• Discuss future threats and opportunities
7 Great Achievements
in Pediatric Research in the Last 40 Years
• Preventing Disease
with Immunizations
• Reducing Sudden
Infant Death with
Back to Sleep
• Curing a Common
Childhood Cancer
• Saving Premature
Babies
• Preventing HIV Maternal
Transmission
• Increasing Life
Expectancy for Children
with Chronic Diseases
• Saving Lives with Car
Seats and Seat belts
Aap.org/7achievementsCheng, et al. Pediatric Res Sept 2016;80:330-07
7 Great Achievements
in Pediatric Research in the Last 40 Years
• Preventing Disease
with Immunizations
Vaccine Development Timeline 1910-2013
Pickering LK, Peter G, Shulman ST. Pediatrics 2013; 132;898-908.
1980
Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule, US 2019
7 Great Achievements
in Pediatric Research in the Last 40 Years
• Preventing Disease
with Immunizations
• Reducing Sudden
Infant Death with
Back to Sleep
7 Great Achievements
in Pediatric Research in the Last 40 Years
• Preventing Disease
with Immunizations
• Reducing Sudden
Infant Death with
Back to Sleep
• Curing a Common
Childhood Cancer
American Cancer Society, http://www.cancer.org/research/cancerfactsstatistics/cancerfactsfigures2014/
7 Great Achievements
in Pediatric Research in the Last 40 Years
• Preventing Disease
with Immunizations
• Reducing Sudden
Infant Death with
Back to Sleep
• Curing a Common
Childhood Cancer
• Saving Premature
Babies
Estimated Mortality Decline After
Use of Surfactant by Gestational Age
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
24 26 28 30 32
Pe
rce
nt
De
cli
ne
Gestational Age
7 Great Achievements
in Pediatric Research in the Last 40 Years
• Preventing Disease
with Immunizations
• Reducing Sudden
Infant Death with
Back to Sleep
• Curing a Common
Childhood Cancer
• Saving Premature
Babies
• Preventing HIV Maternal
Transmission
FDA Approval
of Zidovudine
Use
MMMR 2006;55(21):592-597
Estimated Cases of Perinatally
Acquired AIDS,* by year of Diagnosis - US
7 Great Achievements
in Pediatric Research in the Last 40 Years
• Preventing Disease
with Immunizations
• Reducing Sudden
Infant Death with
Back to Sleep
• Curing a Common
Childhood Cancer
• Saving Premature
Babies
• Preventing HIV Maternal
Transmission
• Increasing Life
Expectancy for Children
with Chronic Diseases
Increases in Life Expectancy in
Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
European Lung
white book.
http://www.ersw
hitebook.org/ch
apters/cystic-
fibrosis/
Increases in Life Expectancy in Patients
with Sickle Cell Anemia in the U.S.
7 Great Achievements
in Pediatric Research in the Last 40 Years
• Preventing Disease
with Immunizations
• Reducing Sudden
Infant Death with
Back to Sleep
• Curing a Common
Childhood Cancer
• Saving Premature
Babies
• Preventing HIV Maternal
Transmission
• Increasing Life
Expectancy for Children
with Chronic Diseases
• Saving Lives with Car
Seats and Seat belts
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
<1 year
1-3 years
4-8 years
9-12years
U.S. Department of Transportation’s Fatality Analysis Reporting System
Passenger Vehicle Child Occupant
Deaths/Million Children by Age
7 Great Achievements
in Pediatric Research in the Last 40 Years
• Preventing Disease
with Immunizations
• Reducing Sudden
Infant Death with
Back to Sleep
• Curing a Common
Childhood Cancer
• Saving Premature
Babies
• Preventing HIV Maternal
Transmission
• Increasing Life
Expectancy for Children
with Chronic Diseases
• Saving Lives with Car
Seats and Seat belts
Objectives
• Describe great achievements in global
child health
• Discuss future threats and opportunities
Future of Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Child & Family Health Needs
Cutting Edge
Scientific Advances
Health System
Changes
Leading Causes of Child
Mortality, WHO
• <5 years: preterm birth, pneumonia,
birth asphyxia, diarrhoea and malaria
• Children in sub-Saharan Africa are
more than 15 times more likely to die
before the age of 5 than children in high
income countries.
World Health Organization
10 Threats to Global Health in 2019
1. Air pollution and climate change
2. Non communicable diseases
3. Global Influenza pandemic
4. Fragile and vulnerable settings
5. Antimicrobial resistance
6. Ebola and other high-threat pathogens
7. Weak primary health care
8. Vaccine hesitancy
9. Dengue
10. HIV
World Health Organization
10 Threats to Global Health in 2019
1. Air pollution and climate change
2. Non communicable diseases
3. Global Influenza pandemic
4. Fragile and vulnerable settings
5. Antimicrobial resistance
6. Ebola and other high-threat pathogens
7. Weak primary health care
8. Vaccine hesitancy
9. Dengue
10. HIV
NRC IOM Model of
Children’s Health
and Its Influences
Children’s Health,
the Nation’s
Wealth. DC:
National Academies
Press, 2004.
Multiple
Influences
Life Course
World Health Organization
10 Threats to Global Health in 2019
1. Air pollution and climate change
2. Non communicable diseases
3. Global Influenza pandemic
4. Fragile and vulnerable settings
5. Antimicrobial resistance
6. Ebola and other high-threat pathogens
7. Weak primary health care
8. Vaccine hesitancy
9. Dengue
10. HIV
Millennial Morbidity Epidemics
• Poverty, obesity, drugs, violence, toxic
stress, adverse childhood experiences,
mental health, injuries
• Appreciation of the interaction of biology
and the environment
• Continued racial/ethnic & SES disparities
• First generation to have lower life
expectancy than their parents?Palfrey JS et al.
Pediatrics. 2005
Apr;115(4 Suppl):1121-3
“Unless effective population-level interventions
to reduce obesity are developed, the steady
rise in life expectancy observed in the modern
era may soon come to an end and the youth of
today may, on average, live less healthy and
possibly even shorter lives than their parents.”
N Engl J Med. 2005;17;352(11):1138-45
Future of Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Child & Family Health Needs
Cutting Edge
Scientific Advances
Health System
Changes
• Leading Causes of M & M
• Continued Infectious Diseases
• Millennial Morbidities
7 Great Achievements
in Pediatric Research in the Last 40 Years
• Preventing Disease
with Immunizations
• Reducing Sudden
Infant Death with
Back to Sleep
• Curing a Common
Childhood Cancer
• Saving Premature
Babies
• Preventing HIV Maternal
Transmission
• Increasing Life
Expectancy for Children
with Chronic Diseases
• Saving Lives with Car
Seats and Seat belts
Aap.org/7achievementsCheng, et al. Pediatric Res Sept 2016;80:330-07
The NEXT 7 Great Achievements
in Pediatric Research?
• More immunizations save lives
• Pediatric cancer immunotherapy improves survival
• Genomic discoveries predict, prevent and more effectively treat disease starting early
• Big life course data recognizes early antecedents of adult disease leading to early intervention
• Understanding the interaction of biology, physical and social environment leads to individual and population health prevention
• Quality improvement science creates safer systems of care
• Implementation and dissemination research to achieve health equity
Cheng, Bogue, Dover.
Pediatrics May 2017;136
History of Medical Progress
Adapted from E. Zerhouni, A Vision for
Transforming Medicine in the 21st Century, 9/13/06, http://www.nih.gov/about/director/slides/vision.pdf
19th
Century
20th
Century21st Century
Treat
symptoms
Treat
diseases
Predictive
Preemptive
Participatory
Personalized
Cost of Sequencing a Human
Genome 9/01–7/15
$1 000
$10 000
$100 000
$1 000 000
$10 000 000
$100 000 000S
ep
-01
Ma
r-02
Sep
-02
Ma
r-03
Sep
-03
Ma
r-04
Sep
-04
Ma
r-05
Sep
-05
Ma
r-06
Sep
-06
Ma
r-07
Sep
-07
Ma
r-08
Sep
-08
Ma
r-09
Sep
-09
Ma
r-10
Sep
-10
Ma
r-11
Sep
-11
Ma
r-12
Sep
-12
Ma
r-13
Sep
-13
Ma
r-14
Sep
-14
Ma
r-15
Disorders with
Known Molecular Basis
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
Source: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man
The Future Paradigm: 4 P’sTolerable
Into
lera
ble
Preclinical
Time
Co
st
Molecular preemption
Curativetreatment
Symptommanagement
Dis
eas
eB
urd
en
CostSavings
Zerhouni, EA. Annual Mtg of NIH Roadmap
Multidisciplinary Clinical Research Career
Dev Program, 2007
History of Medical Progress:
8 P’s
19th
Century
20th
Century21st Century
Treat
symptoms
Treat
diseases
Predictive
Preemptive
Participatory
Personalized
Pediatrics, Prenatal,
Population Health,
Policy
Cheng, Cohn & Dover. JAMA 2008:299:451-3Zerhouni, EA. NIH Roadmap, 2007
Precision Medicine
Future of Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Child & Family Health Needs
Cutting Edge
Scientific Advances
Health System
Changes
• Leading Causes of M & M
• Continued Infectious Diseases
• Millennial Morbidities
• Genomics, Epigenetics
• Microbiome
• New Vaccines
• Dev Origins of Disease
The single most effective way to improve
health and reduce disparities is to invest
in helping young people reach their full
academic potential.
—World Health Organization
Children’s health and educational
success are highly interconnected
Educational Outcomes
Health Outcomes
VISION: To improve the health, education
and future productivity of children and
adolescents, their families, and their
communities.
Full service school clinic
to meet physical & mental health needs
Chronic illness programs
to promote disease self-management
& reduce absenteeism
School health curriculum
to promote healthy behaviors
Nutrition and physical activity programs
to promote healthy schoolenvironment Parent and Teacher
health education & wellness to support parents & educators to
support children
Wellness programs, screening & school health
campaigns to improve readiness
to learn
AcademicAchievement &
Healthfor healthy futures
Health & Education Outcomes:
2 schools, 1500 students, over 3 years
• Reduced chronic absenteeism– 49% drop for children with asthma, 50% drop for
children with ADHD
• Reduced emergency department
utilization
• Increased immunization rates
• 90% screened for vision, dental, BMI
• Cost effectiveness– Despite higher staffing costs, every $1.00 invested in the Rales
Health Center returns more than $4.20 of social benefit
Future of Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Child & Family Health Needs
Cutting Edge
Scientific Advances
Health System
Changes
• Leading Causes of M & M
• Continued Infectious Diseases
• Millennial Morbidities
• New Models of Care
• Telehealth
• Genomics, Epigenetics
• Microbiome
• New Vaccines
• Dev Origins of Disease
The NEXT 7 Great Achievements
in Pediatric Research?
• More immunizations save lives
• Pediatric cancer immunotherapy improves survival
• Genomic discoveries predict, prevent and more effectively treat disease starting early
• Big life course data recognizes early antecedents of adult disease leading to early intervention
• Understanding the interaction of biology, physical and social environment leads to individual and population health prevention
• Quality improvement science creates safer systems of care
• Implementation and dissemination research to achieve health equity
Cheng, Bogue, Dover.
Pediatrics May 2017;136
Jose’ Luis Bayer, Chile
Children are
the message
we send to
the future.
“Our children are our greatest
treasure. They are our future.”Nelson Mandela
Probability of Child Death 1990-2017
Probability of Death, %
% Change from 1990 to 2000 in Observed to
Expected Disability Adjusted Life Years Ratio in
Children 0-19 years
60
% Change from 2000 to 2017 in Observed to
Expected Disability Adjusted Life Years Ratio in
Children 0-19 years
61
Trends in Disability-Adjusted Life Years 1990-
2017 by Socio-Demographic Index, 0-20 years