grazing & biodiversity -...
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Grazing & Biodiversity: From selective foraging to wildlife habitats
Michiel Wallis De Vries
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Pâturage & Biodiversité: du butinage sélectif à l’habitat de la faune sauvage
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Between large and small herbivores
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Coexistence can be challenging…
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Insects and Biodiversity
• Insects: over 1 million described species
• Lepidoptera: 174.000 species
• Vertebrates: 58.000 species...
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Thomas et al. (2004) Science 303, 1791-1796
• Vulnerability to grazing
also greater in arthropods (Van Klink et al., 2015; Biol. Rev.)
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Scales in Large Herbivore Foraging
• From bite formation to landscapes and regions
Spatial scale dm2 m2 ha km2 102-103 km2
Large herbivore
bite feeding station
feeding site
home range
viable population
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Forage depletion at feeding stations
Trade-off between gains of staying and moving on…
0
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# Bites
Bit
e W
eig
ht
(gD
M)
TT
TM
TS
ST
SM
SS
WallisDeVries et al. (1998) Appl Anim Behav Sci, 60:301–315
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-
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Return interval (days)
% O
bs
erv
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Buffalo
Cattle model
Intake-Travel dilemma generates heterogeneity
WallisDeVries (1996) For. Ecol. Manage.
Prins (1996)
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Large-scale grazing systems: transhumance
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Grazing from a Butterfly Perspective
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Life Cycle
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Scales in Butterfly Habitats
• From egg to population
Spatial scale dm2 m2 ha km2 102-103 km2
Butterfly Egg-laying
larval micro-habitat
local population
viable (meta)-population
Local adaptation
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Spatial Scales & Grazing Impact
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Pathways of Herbivore Impact
Van Klink et al. (2015) Biol. Rev.
• Direct
– Predation
– Dung
• Indirect
– Vegetation
– Microclimate
– Nutrient cycling
• Species-specific variation
– Trait-based approach
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Highest species richness in Wood Pastures
0 50 100 150
Forest
Wood pasture
Tall grassland
Short
grassland
N species
(after Bink, 1992)
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Changing Land Use
• Both Intensification AND Abandonment
• Re-invent low-intensity grazing systems
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Managing Successional Mosaics
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pasture early fallow old fallow young forest
N s
pecie
s (
+/-
SD
)
Balmer & Ehrhardt (2000) Cons. Biol.
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Targeting Grazing Impact
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How should I graze?
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Grazing Impact in Dry & Wet Heathlands
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Grazing intensity & Species Richness
• Early successional species: high grazing intensity / Dry
• Late “ “ : low “ “ / Wet
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Low Moderate High
N s
pe
cie
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a) Early Successional speciesDry
Wet
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Low Moderate High
N s
pe
cie
s
b) Late successional speciesDry
Wet
WallisDeVries et al. (2016) AGEE
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Experiments with Rotational Grazing
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Takehome Message…
Grazing and Biodiversity can go together,
simple enough, but achieving this
in modern grazing systems has become one of
the hardest things there is…
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Questions?...