ELF EM Gravity Shield Theory And Experiment Design

Present an experimental design model for a gravity shield apparatus based on a theory evolved over the last two decades. The model is an approximation meant to be a starting point for experimental analysis.

• Point out there is currently no reproduced gravity shield experiment data in the literature

• Give historical account of this particular gravity shield theory

• Model an experimental apparatus for theory validation

• Present experimental efforts to date

Presentation Objective

Donoghue & Holstein Original Paper

Barton’s Rebuttal

THE VERDICT IS STILL OUT!!!

DeAquino Derives The General Case1999

Current Status

• DeAquino (2002) derived his mg equation directly from the energy Hamiltonian eliminating D&H dependency and Barton uncertainty

• Calculation is for electromagnetic radiation (EM) so must assume same effect for EM illumination

• Assumes a weightless container will result in weightlessness inside the container volume (gravity cannot stop then start)

• Experiments are difficult to design because of the low frequencypower densities required (order of several kilowatts per square meter at 100 Hz in a small volume)

General Equation (mg <= mi)

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212

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02 εωε

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iiig cm

Ummm

wherec = speed of light in vacuum (meters/second),ω = 2*π*f,f = antenna radiated frequency (Hertz),ε0 = permittivity in vacuum,εrs = permittivity of shield,µrs = permeability of shield,σs = conductivity of shield (S/meters),U = radiation illumination energy of shield material,mi = inertial mass of shield atom (gram),mg = gravitational mass of shield atom (gram).

Designing An Experiment

Table 2. Table comparison of measured and empirically derived wavelengths for an antenna in seawater.

50117542.09766.4664 −= fλEmpirical curve fit to US Navy published data for frequencies less than 500 Hz

λfc =

fc=λ

fv p=λ

Vp - Comparing Measured To Calculated

ffp

o

oror νωεσµµεε

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where :λ = antenna equivalent wavelength,f = antenna signal frequency,εr = antenna surrounding medium permittivity,µr = antenna surrounding medium permeability,σ = antenna surrounding medium conductivity,vp = antenna signal phase velocity,ω = 2πf.

Derivation from Maxwell’s Equations

Dipole Radiated Power

An analysis of this Equation shows an antenna surrounded by a medium with slight conductivity and high permeability can efficiently radiate power in the ELF range.

π

εωεσµµεεµµω

12

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Pr

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0

00220

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=rM

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where:ω = 2*π*f,f = antenna radiated frequency (Hertz),I = AC current in antenna (Amperes),ε0 = permittivity in vacuum,εrM = permittivity of medium,µ0 = permeability in vacuum,µrM = permeability of medium,σM = conductivity of medium (S/meters),Pr = antenna radiated power (Watt).

Dipole Radiation Efficiency

An antenna radiation efficiency of 100% means all input power is radiated and no heat is dissipated from ohmic resistance (assume resonant so ignore the near field).

Ohmic resistance for a copper antenna element conductor is:

ohmicr

r

RRReff

+=

σωµ

π 22 azRohmic ≈

where:Rohmic = antenna element electrical ohmic resistance, z = antenna element length,a = antenna element radius,µ= 4πE-7 for copper,σ= 5.7E+7 for copper.

Medium Absorption

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where:w = 2*π*f,f = antenna radiated frequency (Hertz),ε0 = permittivity in vacuum,εrM = permittivity of medium,µ0 = permeability in vacuum,µrM = permeability of medium,σM = conductivity of medium (S/meters),α = EM attenuation real attenuation coefficient,k = radiation absorption resonance constant (k ~ unity for ELF),x = thickness of medium material (meters),η = radiation absorption coefficient.

Eta is a less than unity multiplier correcting for the EM energy absorbed by the surrounding medium.

Radiation Power Density

For this example geometry, cylinder shield surface illumination energy is radiated power divided by shield surface area (assuming no near field):

rhPD r

π2=

where:r = radius of surrounding shield (meters),h = length of surrounding shield (meters),Pr = antenna radiated power (Watt),D = antenna radiated power density (Watt/meters^2).

Shield Atom Illumination Cross Section

Courtesy of DeAquino

Shield Illumination Energy U

We now have an approximation for the shield atom illumination energy.

fDSU aη=

Plot Of mg Null For Shield Iron Atom

Plugging in the numbers, a mg null occurs at a frequency dependent on the other parameters.

Conductance Medium = 6.3E+7 S/mConductance Shield = 1.1E+7 S/mPermeability Shield = 13,000

mg

ABS(mg)

Experimental Apparatus From Model

Equivalent Circuit

At resonance jXL - jXC=0

LCfr π2

1=

Gryator Simulated Inductor

Courtesy National Semiconductor

Assume a dipole capacitance of 1nF then resonance at 0.1Hz requires an equivalent inductance of L=2.5E+9H

Assume Ro=0.1ohm, C=120,000uF then R=42Gohms

Experiments To Date (System G)

German EffortE. Zentgraf et al

French EffortJ Naudin

• Explore experiment geometries that yield higher null frequency to aid antenna tuning

• Explore inductive loop antenna requiring series capacitive tuning (linear power supply regulator with time constant)

• Explore cross field antenna that synthesizes the radiated transverse E and H field

Future Work