graphics adding visual interest. overview tables figures
TRANSCRIPT
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GRAPHICSGRAPHICS
Adding Visual InterestAdding Visual Interest
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OverviewOverview
• Tables • Figures
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TablesTables
• Gives order and coherence to data – Presents data in more concise and
readable form than using sentences and paragraphs
– Keeps data from being tediously repetitive
– Stresses relationships among pieces of data visually by arranging related facts in the same column or under sameheading
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Tables 2Tables 2
• Types of tables– Informal: two or more columns, with or
without headings, often untitled, integrated into text
– formal: used for formal reports, lined or boxed to separate them from text, numbered consecutively, titled, set up with specific format
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““Nuke” Movies’ CharacteristicsNuke” Movies’ Characteristics
Movies Them! Failsafe The Core
Mutations From radia-tion
Y N N
World could End
Y Y Y
Nuke will save world
N Y Y
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Stylistic ConventionsStylistic Conventions
• Label each table (Table 1. Terms and abbreviations)
• Create a separate TOC for visuals• If from outside source, list source
either after title in parentheses or in a parenthetical citation in text
• Include annotations (explanations of any part of table) if necessary
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Stylistic Conventions 2Stylistic Conventions 2
• Point to details in tables of particular interest
• Give background information on table contents to tell audience what results mean or to indicate comparisons/contrasts, trends
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Placement Placement
• Place tables (true also for figures) as close as possible to the discussion they underscore. – At end of sentence or paragraph that
refers to table for first time – At bottom of page where table is first
referred to – On following page without text
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Page DesignPage Design
• Surround table with enough white space to keep page from looking cluttered. Depending on size, tables may be placed vertically or horizontally on page
• Keep tables to 1 page unless absolutely necessary to use 2 pages. If so, repeat headings, and take subtotals if necessary
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Figures Figures
• Drawings– Unnecessary parts of item can be
deleted – Use to emphasize particular attributes of
object: size, shape, color, texture, interior as well as exterior
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DrawingDrawing
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Figures 2Figures 2
• Diagrams (maps, charts), – Show only most important exterior or
interior views of object– Often demand some technical expertise
from audience because they show relationships and operating principles
– May need an explanation to make them clear to readers without that expertise. Arrows to show directions or labels may be sufficient
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Figures 3Figures 3
• Types of diagrams– Cross section: shows interior from point
of view of object sliced in half vertically– Exploded: separates the parts of a
subject so that each part can be seen clearly.
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Mayflower Cross Section Mayflower Cross Section http://www.alden.org/documents/mfhttp://www.alden.org/documents/mf
diagram.htmdiagram.htm
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Skeleton Exploded Diagram Skeleton Exploded Diagram http://k-8visual.info/xExploded.htmlhttp://k-8visual.info/xExploded.html
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Figures 4Figures 4
• Graphs: set of points on coordinate axes with lines connecting those points– Clearly label each axis– Use color if graph has many lines
• Bar charts: display numerical quantities in horizontal or vertical bars– Arrange bars in order that makes most
sense for your report (descending order of importance, for instance)
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Typical Device Calibration Graph Typical Device Calibration Graph http://www.calisouk.com/images/grhttp://www.calisouk.com/images/gr
aph1.gifaph1.gif
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Bar ChartBar Chart
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Figures 5Figures 5
• Pie charts: segmented circle for dividing a whole, usually monetary (U.S. budget); good for non-tech audience
• Flowcharts: show sequence and direction, accompanying descriptions of processes
• Organization charts: show hierarchies--lines and levels of responsibility
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Pie ChartPie Chart
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FlowchartFlowchart
• Flow Chart
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Organization ChartOrganization Chart
• City of Westminster Organization Chart
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Figures 6Figures 6
• Photographs – Accurately record surfaces of objects– Crop them to eliminate unnecessary
background detail– Can label them underneath or on photo– Disadvantage is that they show only
surface features
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Photograph Photograph nuclearweaponarchive.orgnuclearweaponarchive.org
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Uses for FiguresUses for Figures
• Never say with words what you can say with pictures.
• If data is quantitative or pictorial, figures will express it better than words.
• Most people find pictures easier to understand, and retain information longer.
• Graphics heighten readers' interest and increase clarity of reports.
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Uses 2Uses 2
• Whether you use visuals depends on your topic and type of report. – For a process manual, use a drawing that
shows one of the steps in the process (connecting the timer in a bomb).
– Graphs or pie or bar charts show what has happened over time: graphs can show how business at a particular branch has fallen in the last six months.
– Pie charts show how an item is divided. – Diagrams supplement your description of an
item.