Noun +UNIT

i 128p rep os itio n (reason for, cause of etc.) EXERCISES

Complete the second sentence so that it has the same nteAning as the first. , L

I Vhat caused the explosion? Whar was rhe cause. .,ef,.lrhe.exilp.elefi1'...We're rrying to solve the problem. rVe're trying ro find a solutionSue gcts on rvcll wirh her brorher. Sue has a good relarionship.....,......,...

Noun + for...

a chcque FOR (a sum of moncy):. Thcy se nt nle a chcquc for t7 5.

a ,dcnrand FOR / a nccd FOR...:o The firrn closed dorvn because rhcreo There's no excuse for behaviour like

w:lsn'[ enouglr dcnrand for irs prclduct.that. There's no nccd for ir.

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a reason FOR.. .:. Thc rrain \vas latc bLlt ttobody'krterv rhe rcason for rlre delay,, Qtol'reason of')

I'Jotut + of...

an advantagc / a disadvantagc OF,..:o Thc advantagc of living alonc is rhrrr you can do u,har 1,ou likc.

btrl *'c ustlAlll'sa1':'thcrc is art advrrr)ragc in (or to) doipg soplcrIipg':. Thcrc arc nlrtnl' advarlragcs in (or to) living rl lortc,

a causc OF...:o Nttlltldy'kttorvs u'ltrtr rhc c:rusc of rlrc cxPl<l.si<)n w,lrs.

a photograph / a picrurc I arnap / a plan / a drau'ing (erc.) OF...:. shc shorved nre sonre phorographs of her farnily.o I hacl a nlap of rhc to\vn, so I\vils alllc to firrd nr)' \\,a),rlrourrcl.

Norrr + in. ..

Pricesh.avc8oneupalor.Therelrasbeenabigincrease'...''..-.....'..,,.''.''.I dort't know horv to answer your question. I can't think of an answer

don't rhink rhat a new road is necessary,don'r rhink rhcrc is any need .... . .... . - .. .

The nunrber of people wirhour jobs fell lasr monrh.Lasr nronth rhere rvas a fall .......,........Nobody wanrs to buy shoes like these any more.

In rvhar rvay is your job differenr from mine?What is rhe difference

Complcte thc suttutces ttsirtg ottc of the followittg troutts + the correct prepositiort,

invirationk.y

ffiappicturcs

reasonrcply

arr increase la dccrcase /a rise /a fall lN (prices erc.):o Therc has l'recn an increasc in rhe number of roado Lasr'ear \\'as a bad )'ear for thc conlpanl'. There

accidenrswas a big

rece ntl)'.fall in sales.

Norin + with ... /betlveen...

a relationship / a connection / contact WITH...:o Do you have a good relationship wirh your parenrs?

The police want to question a man in connection wirh rhe robbery.but: a relarionship I a connection / conract / a difference BETWEEN rwo ihingr ot

o The police believe that there is no connection between rhe two crimes.o There are some differences hetwcen Brirish and American English,

Corttplete the sertettces with the correct prepositien,1 There are some diffcrences ....hr*wpp.n... British and American English,2 Ereryrhing can be explained. There's a reason .u.rytliing.J lt I grve you rhe camera, can you rake a photograph .................... mel

. 4 Moncy isn't rhe solurion ...,.......... .. .u.ry proil.-,' 5 There has been an increase the amount of traffic using this road.. ! lhen j opened the envelope, I was delighred to find a .t .q* _..I...-.___]SOO.

1 ]lrr advanrage .................... traving a crr is rhar you dont haie ri ilry "i

p"uri. ransporr.8 There arc many 6dysnlages.......--.,......... being atle to speak a foreign f-J*r..i.,: y.,l* Paul lcfr home, hiJarrirude........-.........] his parenrs seerned ti.han"l.i19 lill and I uscd to bc good friends but I don't have much conlact ...................: him now.;i.t tll,ttt has,been a sharp rise ..........'.-'..... the cost of living in the past few years.

l1 ]l1r sorry I haven't wrinen to you for so long. Th. ,.".on this is rhat l,ve been ilt.,13 Vhat was Emma's reaction...-............... rhe n"ews?

:11 Sr showed me a photograph.................... rhe house where he lived as a chird.

[|l S:-::ltany has rejected rhe workers,demands a rise.................... pay.fi: :Yn.! was rhe answer quesrion 3 in the testl[i / t ne lact thar Jane was offered a job has no connecrion the fact that her cousin isI the managing director.

causcdanragc

connccttorlc0 n tact

Nourt + to...

damage TO,..:o The accidenr \\'as my faulr, so I had ro pay for the damage to the orher car.

an invitation TO... (a parry / a rvedding etc.):o Did you get an invitation to the party? ..

a solution To (a problem) / a key To (a door) / an ansrver TO (a qucstion) / a reply To(a lerter) / a reaction TO.,.:

o Doyouthinkrve'll findasolutiontothe problem?(not'asolutionoftheproblem')o I was surprised bt her reacrion to my suggestion.

an attitude TO... (or TOWARDS,..):e His atritudc to his job is vcry ncgarivc. or His arritudc rowards his job,..

people:

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Adjective + preposition (1 )

It rvas nice of you to...

nice / kind / good / generous / polite /silly / stupid etc. OF somebody (to do something):. Thank you. It rvas very nicefl<ind of you to help me.o lt is stupid of her to go out without a coat in such cold weather.

but (be) nice / kind / good / generous / polite / friendly / cruel etc. TO somebody:o They have alrvays been very nice / kind to me. (not'rvith me')o Wh1' \v€re' you so unfriendly to Tessa?

Adicctita + atiout / rvitlr

angry / annoy ed lfurious f ABour something

I rVlfH someboay fOn doing somethingt lt's stupid to ger angry about things that don't matter.o Are you anno)'ed rvith me for being late?

excircd I rvorried / upset / nen'ous / hnppy etc. ABOUT sornerhing:. Are you excited about going on holidty next week?o Carol is upset_about not being invited to the party.

delighted / pleased / satisfied / disappointed WITH something:o I was delighted n'ith the present you gave me.o Vere )'ou disappointed rvith your exarn results?

Ad jcctiue + at / by' / rvith

surprised / shocked / amazcd / astnnished AT IBY something:o Ever)'body rvas surprise'f at (or by) the news.. I hope )'ou tveren't shocked bi ( or at) rvhat I said.

imprcssed WITH / BY sontcbody/something:o I'm very impressed with (or by) her English. It's very good.

fcd up / borcd WITH somcthing:. I don't enjoy my job any more. I'm fed up with it. / I'm bored with

sorr)' about / for

sorry ABOUT something:o I'm sorry about the noise last night. We were having a p^rty,

but usually sorry FOR doing something:. I'm sorry for shouting at you yesterday.

You can also say 'l'm sorry I (did something)':. I'm sorry I shouted at you yesterday.

Ife say 'to feel / to be sorry FOR somebody"o I feel sorry for George. He has a lot of problems.

I

Prepcsition+-lng 'Em Adjectlve + to... "' [f,m AdJecllve + preposltlon (2) ' EmEl 259

# EACnbloc,o

Write sentences usittg nicc of..., kind of ... etc.

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I werrt out in the cold rvithout a coat.

Sue offercd to drive me to the airport.I nccdcd n'roncy and lan gave nle somc.

They didn't invite Lrs to their party.

Can I hclp )'ou rvith your luggage?

Kevin didn't thank mc for thc present.

ThL'1,!1'a hnd ilt't rlrgutltct'lt atlcl tttltvthcv rcfusc to "DC11k

to cach otltcr.

.l Contplctc tltc sentcnccs trsittg one of tbc follotuing adjectivcs + the corrcct prcpositiotr:

annoycd annoycd astonished bored exe*C imprcsscd kind sorry

1 \Vc'rc all ....qxp!k|..ahp.r!... going on holiday ncxt rveck.

2 Thank you for all your hclp. You'r'e lrccn vcry

3 I rrlouldn't like to be in her position. I fcel .............. .......... her.

4 \0hat have I donc rlrorrg? Vhy are yott ................... ..... nre?

S fVhy do you alrvays get so ...................... . little thirrgs?

6 I rvasn't very .................. ..... thc service irr thc restaurant. Ve had to rvait aE:s

bcforc our food arrivcd.

John isn't happy at collcgc. He say's he's

I had never sccn so man)' peoirlc beforc.

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8

e's doinE.i,.,",,...,..Put in the corrcct PtePositlort.1 I rvas delighted . wi!h... thc prcsent )'ou gave nre.

2 It s'as verl'nicc I'otr to do nry shopping for rne. Thank 1'ott vcrl'mtrch.3 Vhy are you alrvays so rttde.................... your parents? Can't,r'ou be nice.................... the=l4 It rvns a bit cnrclcss yott to lcavc thc door trnlockecl rvhcn you wcnt otlt.5 Thcy didn't rcply'to our lettcr, rvhich rvasn't vety polite.................... thcnt.

6 Ve alrvays have the same food every day. I'm fed up .........,..... . ,. i,.

7 I can't rrndcrstand pcoplc who arccrttcl aninrals'

8 Ve enjoyed our holiday, bu( rve were a bit disappointed .................... the hotel.

9 I rvas surprised the rvay he behaved. It was completely out of character.

10 I've been trying to lcarn Spanish but I'm not very satisfied my progress.

11 Linda doesn't look very well. I'm worried ..... ...',......... her.

12 Are you angry rvhat hapPened?

13 I'm sorry what I said. I hope you're not angry ....... .... ...... me.

14 The peop[e next door are furious us ...................- making so much noise last night.15 Jill starts her new job next rveek. She's quite excited '. .... '.......... it'ld-l|m sorry the smell of paint in this room. I've iust decorated it.17 I was shocked rvhat I saw. I'd never seen anything like it before.

18 The man we intervierved for the iob was intelligent but we weren't very impressed

............'.,..... his appearance.19 Are you still upset .................... what I said to you yesterday?

20 He said he was sorry the situation but there was nothing he could do.

,21 I felt sorry .................... the ehildren when we went on holiday. It rained every day and thev

I had to spend most of the time indoors.

(siIly) tha!, wa? eillY qf.you,

(nice) Thar wds her.(gcncrous) That,...(not very nicc)Thar rvasn't.....(very kind) \r-lu.(not ver)'politc)

(n hit childish)

Adjective + preposition (2)

AcljcctiL,c + of (l)

afraid / frightened / rerrified / scared OF...:o 'Are you afraid of dogs?' 'Yes, I'm terrificd of

fond / proud / asham ed / iealous / envious OF...;o Yrhy are )'ou alu'ays so icalous of orher pcople?

suspicious / critical / tolcrant OF...:o Hc didn'r rrusr nre. He \\'as suspicious of nry int

r\d jc'ctiuc + of (2)

a\\'arc / conscious OF...:o 'l)id )'ou knorv hc rvas nlarricd?'

capablc / incapablc OIr..,:

' I'nt sure )'ou are capablc of passirrg the examinirrion.full OF... / short OF...:

c Thc lcttcr I rvrotc \\'as full of nrisrakcs. Qnt 'full rvirlr')o I'rn a bir sh<lrr of nronc)'. can )'ou lcnd nrc sclnrc?

tvpical OF...:o [Je's latc'agaitt. It's typical of hinr r<l keep cvcry'tr<ldl,rvrririrrg.

tirccl Ol:I

I rvasn'r arvarc of tlrat.

Cornc <>n" lcr's go! I'nr tired of u'aiting. I've had cnough of w'airing)/ surc OF or ABOUT...:I think shc's arriving this cvening but I'rn not surc of thar, (or ...surc atrout that.)

Adjcctiue + at / to /from / in / on lwirh / f.or

Prepositioo + -ing'* tlritrf{ Afraid ot... /to... * EffilAmerican English --' EUE

ccrtaino

of rhcrn.

intentions.

good / bad / exccllenr / brilliant / hopeless (erc.) AT...:o I'm not very good at repairing things. Qtot 'good in rcpairing things')

marricd / engagcd TO...:o Linda is married to an Arnerican. Qtot'married wirh')

but c Linda is marricd rvirh three children.(= she is married and has rhrce children)sirnilar TO...:

o Your rvriring is similar to mine.diffcrcnt FROM (or TO)...:

o The film rvas diffcrcnt from what I'd expecred. (or ...diffcrcnt ro rvhat I'd expecred.)intcrestcd IN...:

o Are you intcrested in art? ?

kccn ON...:o Wc staycd ar hornc bccausc Cathy wasn't very kccn on going our.

dcpcndent ON... (l.,rrt'indcpendent OF...'):o I don'r rvanr to be dependent on anybody.

crorvded WTIH (people etc.):o The city centre was crowded with tourists. (but,f:iJl of rourisrs')

famous FOR...:o The Iralian ciry of Florence is famous for its arr rreasures.

responsible FOR...:o Who was responsible for all thar noise last night?

Adjective + preposition (1) * EEIEI

4 (remembering

261

that it has the same meaning as

he ciry centre. The city cenrrethe room. The room was fullI'm not very keen ........,......

EXERCISES .

Complete tbe secoild sentence so

1 There were lots of tourists in r2 There was a lot of furniture in3 I don't like sporr very much.'

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tbe first one.

was crorvded .lwilh..lc.unets, .

4 \rVe havcn't got enough time. \ffe're a bit short5 I'm not a very good rennis player. I'm nor very good5 (larherine's husband is Russian. Carherine is married7 I don't trusr ltoberr. I'm suspicious8 My problem is nor the same as yours. My problem is different......

Complcte the sentences with one of the fottowiug adjectiues + the correct preposition:afraid diffcrent intercsted proud rcsponsible similar s$se

1 I tlrink she's arriving this evening bur I'rn nor...eglg..o.f... rhar,2 Your canrera is,... .... mine but it isn't exactly the same.3 Don't worry. I'll look after )'ou, There's norhing ro be .........

4 'Do you \vant to \vatch rhe news on television?' 'No, I'nr not ..r.,...

lJe\\'s,'

5 Thc cditbr is rhc pcrson who is .............. ......,... rvhat appears in a newsp.rper.5 Mrs Davis is a very keen gardener. She's very her garden and lor.es

shorviug it ro visitors.7 Irvas surpriscd rvhc.n I nrcr her for rhc firsr rintc. Shc rvas ...................... s.har I

. expectcd,

Put in the corrcct preposition,

1 The letter I rvrote *'as full ...9f... nrisrakes.2 My home torvn is nor especially inreresring. Ir's nor tamous any"thing.3 Kate is vcry fond her younger brother.4 I don't like goino up ladders. I'm afraid heighrs.5 You look bordd. Yqu don'r ieenr interesred what I'm saying,6 Did you know rhat Liz is engaged a friend of mine?7 I'm not ashamed what I did. In fact I'm quice proud............,....... it,8 I suggested we should all go our for a meal but nobody else was keen .........,..:....... rhe idea.9 These days everybody is arvare

10 The station platform rvas crorvded ...........,........ people waidng for the train,11 She's much more successful than I am. Sometimes I feel a bit iealous ................,... her.12 I'm tired doing the same thing every day. I need a change.13 Do yor.r know anyone who might be interested buying an old car?14 Ve've got plenry ro eat. The fridge is full ,.................,. food.15 She is a very honesr person. I don'r rhink she is capable relling a tie.16 I'm hor surpriscd she changed her mind at rhe tast moment. That's rypicil ........,........... her.17 Our house is similar......,..........,,. yours. Perhaps yours is a bit larger.t8.Johnhasnornoneyofhisown'He'stotal|ydependent'\(/rite

sentences pbout yourseff. Are you good at these things or not? IJse:brilliant vcry good guite good not vpry good hopeless1 (repairing things) ...llm..no.f. y.ev. gspA.a|rcpairlnq.lhlnsa,...2 (telling iokes)3 (marhemarics)

rhe

verO +

Verb + at -

prep0stlt0n (l)atanOro il J l

look / have a look / stare / glance (etc.) AT...:o S/hy are )'ou looking at rne like that?

lnugh I smile AT...:., o I look stupid rvith this haircut. Everybody will laugh at me. i

aim / point (something) AT..., shoot / fire (a gun) AT... (= 'in the direction oP):c Don't point that knife at me. It's dangerous.. \Vc sa\\' sonle people rvith guns shooting at birds.

Verb + to

Some verbs can be follorved by at or to, s'ith a difference of meaning.For example:

slrout AT sornebodl' Quben ),ott are angrl'l: .\.. She got ver)' angr)' and started shouting at me.

shout TO somebodl' (so tbat tbey can hear youl: A

. .She shouted to , De from the other side of the street.

throrv something AT sornebody/something (in order to hit tbem)zo Somebodv threlv an egg at the minister.

throrv sornething TO sornebo dy (for somebody to catch):. Judy shoured'Carch!'and threw the keys to me from the window.

Explain / describe / apologise

We say explain something (TO somebedy),o Can you explain this word to me? (not 'explain me this vyorC')

also: 'exptain (to somebody) that / what / how / why...':. o I exptained to them what I wanted them to do. (not'l explained them')

Describe is similar:o Let me describe to you what I saw.

Note that we say 'apologise TO somebody (for...)':o He apologised to me. (not'He apologised rne')

but'thank somebody (for something)', 'ask somebody (for something)':I o FIe aiked me for money. (not 'He asked to me')

look stupid rvith this haircur. Everl'body rvill ...!a.u9h..41... me.

':l:l ::::l::::::l:r:i I'i:: :'ll'itll';:l.fi:l:'J',"n'il:ili ;,"1. 1";, n':c?

4 Ve've beerr ... the party but unfortunarely w'e can'r go.

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1 (l don't2 (l don't3 (l don't

' ;, 4 (l don'tI 5 (l don't

me! I've got something imporranr to tell you.5 Don't srones ......................... the birds! It's cruel.7 lf you don't rvnnt to eat that sandrvich, ..... it.................. the birds. Thcy.ll ear ::.8 Sally and Ko'in had an argunrent and norv they're not ..,.................... opc

anothcr.I ............... ....... . Joanna last week but she hasn't replied to my letter ycr.Be careful rvith those scissors! Don't ............... them .................. me!

itt to or lt tultcrc ,tccessdr')',

Thcy only invitcd a fcrv pcople ...1e.... their rvedding.Look ......-............. thcse florvers. Aren't thcy pretty?Plcasc clon't shout ,,.................. nrcl Be nice to me!I sarv sue as.l rvas cycling along the road. I shouted her but she didn't hcrrr rne.Dorr't listcn rvhat hc says. He doesn't knorv rvhat hc's talking about.Can I spcrk you for a monrent? There's something I want to ask I'ou.Do you think I could havc a iook vour newspaper, please?I'rn a bit lonely. I nccd somebody to talkShe r.vas so angry she threrv a chair .................... me.The woman sitting opposite me on the train kept staring .................... me.

1.3 You ash sontebod),to explaitr sorne tbings tbat ),ou don't understand. Write -<entences usitrg(something) to me or explain to mc (horv/rvhat... etc.).explai n

understand this rvord. ) ,..Q.a.n.y.o-u..sxplai.n .thig..wp rd.!p..me?....

undcrstand rvhar you rnearr.) ...Qan.y.qq exPlain .k.m.e.ty.h.a!.y9 y..maar.?...

understand this question.) Can you explain....undcrstand thc systcnr.) Canunderstand horv this rnachine rvorks. )

(l don't undcrstand rvhat your problem is.)

'rPut itt to wbere necessar),.

1 I know who she is but2 George won't be able

If the sentence is alread),complete, leaue an empty space (-).

I've never spoken...tQ... her.to help Iou, so there's no point in asking...:... him.

3 I like to listen .. the radio while I'm having breakfast.

I q Ve'd b'etter phone ,... the resrauranr ro ,.rJru. a table.'5 I apologised .... Bridget for the rnisunderstanding.6 Don't forget to write . me while you're away.7 I thanked.. . everybody for all rhe help they had given me.I I explained .... everybody what,they hrd to do.9 Mike described .. ....... rne how the accident happened.0 I'd like to ask you some questions.

talk / speak TO (sonrebodl') ('rvith' is also possible but less usual):o Who \vAs rhat man )'ou \\'ere talking to? o Can I speak to Jane, please?

listcn TO...:c We spenr rhe evening listening to music. (not 'listening music')

rvrite (a letter) TO...:c Sorry I haven't s'rittcn,.to )'ou for such a long tin1e.

brl photre/telephone sornebodl' (no preposition):o Did you phonc your father yesterday? (rrol'phone to )'our father')

invitc (somebodl') TO (a party /a rvedding etc.):. They onlv invitcd a ferv people to their wedding.

Verb + preposltion (2){4) - nfl',Tlf,7lfEB Other vorbs + to -r mfim Amerlcan English * lll!1llilfl 263

\/erb'+ alrout

talk ABOUT... / r.ud AS6[1J tell s.mebody ABOUT... / havc i discussion ABOUT"':

e we ralked about a lor of things at rhe meeting.

but 'discuss somerhing' (no Preposition):o \\,e discusscd ir tor of rlrings ar the meeting. Qtot'discussed about')

als,: 'do s'mcrhi'g ABOUT something' 1= do something to

o Ii ygr.r'rc riorried abclur the problenr, you should doirnprovc a bad situation):

sontething about it.

(2) abouvfor/of/after

UHIT I

i 132Verb +

** AIIOUT sonrebodl,/something (= rhink thar sonrebodylsornething is inrportant):

e l-{e's verY sclfish. He doesn't Carc about otlrer pcOplc'

\\/e sa)''carc rvhat/rvhere/horv' (etc.) (rvithout'about'):o You can do *,har )'ou like. I don't carc what you dcl'

crlrc IrO l{ sotttclrt>cl1'/5snrcrhing:i) = like soprcrhirig (usually in questions and ncgative scrlte nccs):

o Would )'ou i"r. for a cup of coffee? (= Would 1'ou likc...?)

6 I dorr't carc for very hot rveather. (- I don't like"')

= look after sonrebodY:o Albcrr is 85 and livcs alonc. Hc needs sontebod)'ro carc for hinr'

carc OF... (= look aiter):o Ha'e a nice holiday. Take care of yourselft (= look after yourself)

EXERCISES

Irut irt llrc curil:cl Ptapositittu, If no prapositiott is rccdcd, leaue the spuce unpty(-),

1 I'nr not going out yet. I'm wairing ...fp.r.'. the rain to stop.

2 you're alrvays asking 'e .,................;..........,.. money, Ask somebody else for a change.

3 I've applied4 If I want a lob at the faciory, who do I apply '...'......'...."'.'..."....'. ?

5 I've searched everyrvhere ..,.. John but I haven't been able to find him.

6 I don't wan! to ralk ...,,.,...,....,.. what happened last night. Let's forget it'7 I don't want to discuss ..... what happened last night' Let's forger it.g ve had an inreresririg discussion .,.., the problem but we didn't reach a

decision.9 Wc discussed ..........,.......,.....,....... rhe problem but we didn't reach a decision.

10 I don'r want !o go out yet. I'm waiting .'..' the post to arrive. !

11 Keith and Soniiare touring Europe. They're in Rome at the moment, but tomorron'the1"leave ...,...,.,...... Venice.

12 Thc roof of rhe house is in very bad condition. I think we ought to do somethingit

13 'Wc u,aircd . .,.., Jinr for half an hour but he never came.

14 Tourorro\v nronring I have to catch a plane. I'm leaving rny house........

airport ar, 7 .30.

,, Completc the seiltences with one of the followfug uerbs (in the correct form) + preposition:

r apply ask do lcave look setr€h talk wait

Policc are ..pearphi.ngipr..,. the man rvho escaped from prison.Ve'rc still a reply to our letter' We havcn't heard anything 1'et.

George likeE his job but he doesn't it much'

Diane is fronr BostOn but norv She lives in Paris, She...,.,.,,i.,.. r....,...,

when she was 19.

Paris

Put in the crrrect preposition after care. If no preposition is needed, leaue the space err|6' F).1 He's very selfish. He doesn't care. ...a.V.eH9... other people.

2 Are you hungry? Would you care something to eat?

3 She doesn'r carc .................,.. the examination. She's not worried whether she passes or fails.4 Please let me borrow your camera. I promise I'll take good care .'......'.'.-.".., it.5 'Do you like this coat?' 'Not really, I don't care the colour.'6 Don't worry about arranging our holi.day. I'll take care ."":."'.',....... that.7 I want to have a good holiday. I don'r care .................... the cost'8 I want to have a good holiday. I don't care ,........,....,.,..' how much it costs.

i.Conrplete tbe sentences with look for or look after. Use the correct form o/look.look

t I .,.lgp.[<.e.d.f.er... my keys but I couldn't find them anywhere.2 Kate is.......,.. r......,.,....,..... a iob, l hope she finds one soon,

5 All the car parks were full, so we had to,.....,.".....,...',. ,. somervhere to park.

preposition

the

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Carc about, care for and takc carc of

\/erb + for

(s<>nrebod)') FOll...:e I rvrore ro rhe conrpany asking them for more inforrnarion about the iob'

but o I asked her a qucsrion. / They asked me the way to tlre starion. (no PrePosition)

apply (TO a person, a company etc.) FOR (a iob etc'):,(TO a person, a company etc.) I"OR (a lob etc'): '

o I rhink rhis iob r*'ould suit you. Why don't you apply for it?

wait FOlt... / s'ait FOR sornething to happen:

c Don't wait for me. I'll ioin you later' \

3 I'nr nor going our yet. I'm waiting for tlrc rain to stop'

scarch (a pcrso n I a place / a bag etc') FOR"':o I,ve scarchei (the house) for my keys but I still can't find them.

lcavc (a place) FOR (another place):

o I haven,t ,".n f,., ,ini. she left (home) for work this morning. (not'left to work')

Look for and look aftcr

look FOR... (= search for, try to find):o I've losr my keys. Can you help me to look for them?

took AFTER..' (= take care of):o Alben is g5 and lives alone. He needs somebody to look after him. (zof 'look fgr')

o You can borrow this book if you promise to look after it'

Verbs + abouvof (thinldhear etc.) -"lmffil Other verbs + lor -'m[m

A baby-sirter is somebody who other people's children'

265

Vertl + (3) about and of

Some yerbs can be follorved by about or of, usually rvith a difference of meaningl

drcam ABOUT...:e I dreamt about you last night. (rvhen I was aslcep)

drcarn OF being something / doing something (= irnagine):

. I often dream of being rich.

. 'Don't tell anyone rvhat I said. I rvouldn't dream of it. (= I would never do it)

hcar ABOUT... 1= be told about somcthing):r Did you hcar about the fight in the club on Saturdny night?

hear OF... (= knorv that sonrebody/sonrething cxists):o .lVho is Tonr Madely?' 'l've no idea. I've nevcr heard of him.' (rot'heard from him')

AL.o, hcar FROM... (* rcccivc a lettcr or phonc call from somcbody)r

o .Have you hcard from Jane rccentll'?' 'Yes, I got a letter frorrr her a fcrv days ago.'

think ABOUT... and think OF...\Vhen you think ABOUT sonrelhing, you consider it, you concentrate )'our ntind on

. You look serious. What are you thinking about?

o '\Vill you lend nte tlte money?' 'l'll think about it.'Vlren ),ou think OF sonlething, the idea comes to )'our mind:

o He told nre his nanre bur I can't think of it now. (rtot'think aL'out it')o That's a good idca. Why didn't I think of that? Qrct 'think about that')

Ve also use think of rvhert we ask or give an opinion:o .What did you think of the film?' 'l didn't think much of it.'

The difference is somerimes very small. Often you can use of or about:

o Vhen I'rn alone, I often think of (or about) you

EAITTUIbEJ

Put in tbe correct prepositiort,

1 Did you hear ...p.h9g.t,.. rvhat happened at the party on Saturday?2 'l had a strange drcnm lasr night.' .Did you? \Vhat did you dream..........................?,3 Our ncighhours conlplnined........................ us.......................... the noise rve made last night.4 Ken rvas conrplaining pains in his chcst, so he rvent to the docror.

7 I tried to rctncntltcr thc nanlc of thc book bur Icouldn'r tfiipk... ..... ir.8 Janct rvarned nlc, . thc \vater. Shc said ir \\,asn't safc to drink.9 Wc rvnrttcd tlttr chilclrcrr , thc drrngcrs of plrrying ip t6c srrccr.

2 Contplctc tbe serttutce.( ,/si,/JI orta of tlte follotuirtg t,erbspreltositiort: conrplain drcanr lrcar rcmind

preposition il33

(in tbe correct form) + tlte corrcctremind rffi think warn

you can say'think of or think about doing something'(for possible

. My sister is thinking of (or about) going to Canada. (= she

future actions):is considering it)

5 She's not a rvell-krrorvn singcr. Not nranl' pcople have ....................... her.6 e: You s'ouldn't go a\\'ay rvithout telling me, rvould 1,ou?

B: Of conrse not. I n'ouldn't ......,........,................................... lr.hl s,ould hrvc forgotten mj'appointnrcrrt if .fane hadn't.............. me.................... rr.8 Do y6r scc that n'lil'r o'cr therc? Docs hc......................,.........).ou anybody you knorv?

r3 Contplete the ser4tences rrsittg hear or heard + the correct prepositiol (about/oflfrom).1 I've ncver ...hpa.rd,p!.... Tom lr,ladely. rVho is he?2 'Did you the accident last night?' .yes, Vicky told me.'3 Jill used to rvritc to me quite oftcrr but I havcn't her for ages norv.4 e: Havc you ............,...... .:.. a rvritcr callcd William Hudson?

B: No, I don't think so. Vhat sort of rvriter is he?5 Thank you for your lemcr. It rvas good ro ............,....,.... . you again.5 'Do yo. want to our holiday?' 'Not norv. Tcll mc latcr.'t

11r:::: "::::":]i ::l:: in.thc north or Engrand' You'vc probabrv never

contpletc the sentcnces rslrg think about or think of, lJse the correct form o/think.1 You look se rious. Vhat are you ,..lh!r.kino.ah.e'Jl?,..2 I like to have time to make dccisions. I like ro ...................... . things carefully.3 He's a very selfish person. He only himself.4 I do.n't kn"ow what to get Ann for her birthday. Can you anything?5 A:..I've finished reading the book you lenr mc.

_ Br Have you? ri/hat did you ................,..:........ it? Did you like it?6 We're going out for a meal this evening. r$fould you like to come?7 I don't really want ro go our with Ian tonight. I'll have to ...................................................

"nexcuse.Carol is rather homesick. She's always....... ..., her family back home.When I was offered the job, I didn't accept immediately. I went away and

,. it for a while. In the end I decided to take the job.I don't ...'.,... rnuch this coffee. Ir's like water.

rcmind somebody ABOUT... (= tell somebody not to forget):

. I'm glad you rcmindcd me about the meeting..l had complctcly forgotten it.

rcmind som;body OF... (= cause somebodl' to rernember):

. This house rcminds me of the one I lived in when I was a child.

o l-ook at this photograph of Richard. Who does he remind you of?

.o*pfrin (TO somebody) ABOUT... (= say that you are not satisfied):

. 'Sile complained to rhe rnanager of the restaurant about the food.

complain OF a pain, an illness etc. (= say that you have a pain etc'):*"'T"ftr;;tid ih. 'o.,or because Gio.g. was complaining of a pain in his stomach'

Remlndrwarn somebody to... -' EffIEI Warn somebody agalnst... *EffiU 267

Verb + preposition

\/erb + of

otltorltrsm/on

accusc / suspcct sonreb.dy OF.,.:o Suc accused me of being selfish,o Three srudents \\'ere suspcctcd of chearirrg in the exanrirration.

approvc OF.. .:

o His parents don'r approvc of rvhar he docs, but thcy can't stop hinr,dic OI: (an illncss):

. 'Whar did hc dic of?' 'A hearr attack.consist OF. ..:

c Wc had an enorn)ous nrcal. Ir consistcd of seve n coLlrscs.

\/crlt + for

EXERCISES

Cotnplete thc second sentence so that it nrcans the same as the first. !1 Sue said I was selfish. Sue lccused me ...ci.hping.edfi*h"..2 The misund.ersranding was my faulr, so I apologised.

I apologised3 She rvon rhe tournamenr, so I congrarulared her.

I congrarulared her .....,

4 Hc his enenries U* f"tr fr"; "

UJ;;;";; ;;;;;;;il. '

He has a bodyguard ro prorecr tin ,..........,..,.........5 There are I I players in a football reanr.

Ut-l lT

t 134

ttsittg jne of the following uerbs (in the correct forru) + tbe correct

r..i

l;aJ";:!

i.d

I She hasn'r gor a job, Sh: depends,.......... . her parenrs for money.p I don't know wherher I'll go our ronighr. It defena, ....,.,................... how I feel.I ll]tt wore warm clorhes ro prorcc rhemselvei .,........., rhe cold.

i p"y rc."".f'.a.tf r-o[-' -I c Idictn'r have enough rn()nc)'to pay (thc rvaitcr) for thc nrcirl. (lol'pay thc nreal')

I bilt'pat, a bill / a firte/a trrx I a farc I rcrrt / a suur of nroncy ctc. (rrn Prcposirion):o I didn't have enoLrgh ntone)' to pay nry telcplronc bill.

thank / forgivc sorrtcl>od)' FOI{...:6 I'll ncvcr forgivc thcnr for u'lrat thc1, did.

apologisc (to sonrclrodl') FOI{...:G Whcn I realised I u'as \\'rong, I apologiscd (to tlrcnr) for nly nrisrake.

blanrc sorncbody/sonrething FOR...:s E,ver1'bodi' blarned nre for the accident.

alsct:'sornebody is to blanrc for..,':G Evcrl'bod1' said that I rvas to blanre for the accident.

a lso: blamc somerhing ON . . . ;

o Evcrl'bod1' blamcd thc accidcnt on mc.

\/crb + fronr

suffcr FROM (an illness erc.):o The nunrbcr of pcoplc suffcring frorn hcart discasc has incrcascd.

protcct somcbody/sornething FROM (or AGAINST)...:o Sun oil can protcct the skin fronr the sun. (or ".,against the sun.)

Vcrb + on

dcpcnd ON. .. / rely ON...t !. 'Wlrat rirne rvill y'ou arrive?' 'l don't know. It dcpcnds on rlre traffic.'. You can rely on Jill. She always keeps her promises,

You can use depend + when/where/how etc. (quescion words) with or without on: .lic 'Are you going to buy it?' 'lt depends how much ir is.'(or depends on horv much)live ON (rnoney/food):

o George'.. salary is very low. It isn't enough to livecongratulate (scnreone) ON.../compliment somebody

. I congraculated her on her success in the exam.

2 Complete the sentatcesprep o5it iorr: {

Verb + preposition + -ing '* E:itrI Orher verbs + for -- EIIEA Other verbs + on -'UtrEffl

rh. up*i;;;ilff: :: ::::::: :Til:il::,";; ; il;;; jn ii*,"","

269

belicve IN...3, o Do you betieve in God? (= do you believe that God exisrs?)

o I bclicvc in saying rvhat I think.(= I believc it is right to say what I think)spccialise IN...:

o Helen is a larvl'er. She specialises in company larv.

succced IN. . .:

o I hopc you succeed in finding the iob you want.

Verb +

Verb + in

\lerb + into

break INTO. . .:

I Our house \vas broken into a ferv days ago but nothing \\'as stolen.

crash / drive / bump / run INTO...:o I{e lost contr<ll of the car and crashcd into a u'all.

dividc / cut / split something INTO (nvo or more parts):. The book is dividcd into three parts.

o Cut the meat into small pieces bcfore frying it.translate (a book etc.) FROM one language INTO another:

o Ceorgc Onvetl's books have been translatcd into rnany languages.

\terb + rvith

[ .rfUa. WmH...:I o There was an accident this morning. A bus collidcd

| fill sonlcthing WITH... (but full of... - s€€ Unit 1308):

| . 'Iake this saucepan and fill it rvith water.

I provide / supply somebody WITH...:| . The school provides all i* students with books.L-

bxEHut$hli

ompletc the second sentcnce so that it rneans the sanre ds tbe first.There rvas a collision benvccn r bus and a car. A bus collided ...wi!h.a.car,.. '

I don't mind big ciries but I prefer smnll torvns.I preferI got all the infornration I needcd from Jill.

This nrorning I bought a pair of shoes which cosr f,60.This nrorning I spent .............

Contplete the suttcnces trsittg ouc of'tltc following uerbs (in tlte cotect fornt) + tbc correctprepositio,r:bclieve conccntratc dividc drive fill happen iflr+e+ succecd

1 I rvanted to go alone but Suc ...lna-leIp4..On... coming rvith me.2 I haven't seen Harry for ages. I rvonder rvhat has .. . . hinr.3lrvasdriving,alongrvlrcnthecarinfrontofmestoppedsuddenly.Unfortunarcly, Icouldn't

stop in timc nnd .............,..... .... the back of ir.It's a vcrl, largc housc. lt's............,...,.... .. four f-lats.I don't ............. .......... ghosts. I think peoplc onll inragine that thcy sec them.Stcte gave mc an enrpt),buckct and told nre to................................ ir .... warer.Don't try and do tt,o things togethcr. one rhing at a rime.It rvasn't easy but irr the cnd we .,................... .. iinding a solution to thc problenr.

preposition (5) inlinto/with/tolon i135C

1

2

3

4

4

5

6

7

8

T\I

10

11

1213

14

15

16

7718

t irt tltc corrcct prepositic>rt.

1 The school providcs all its studcnts ..with,.. books.2 A strangc thing happcncd .................... ........... me a ferv days ago.3 Mark decided to give up sport so that he could concentrare .... his studies.4 I don't bclieve ............. rvorking vcry hard. lt's not s'orth it.5 Ml present job isrr't.rr,.rnderful, but I prefcr it............................... rvhat I did before.6 I hope you succeed .... getting rvhat you rvant.7 As I rvas coming out of the room, I collidcd .... somebodv rvho rvas coming in.8 There rvas an arvful noise as the car crashed .... a rree.9 Jim is a photogiapher. Hc spccialiscs ................................ sporrs photography.

Do you spend nruch nroncy ...,.......... clothcs?The country is divided .... six rcgions.I prefer travelling by train .... driving. It's much morc pleasant.Somcbody broke .......,....... my car and stolc the radio.I felt quite cold but Peter insisted .... having the window open.Some rvords arc difficult to translate ... one language .............................. anorher.Vhat happcncd.....,,..................... thc rroncy I lcnt you?'S/har did you spcnd it...................,........?The teacher decided to split the class ................. four groups.I filled the tank but unfortunately I filled it .... the wrong kind of petrol.

t

Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. I,Jse a preposition.

1 I wanted to go out alone but my friend insisted...p.n.aa.ming..ry!!h..tt'!9,...I spend quite a lot of moneyI saw the accident, The car crashed

Shakespeare's plays have been translated

23h

\\,ith 'crasltcd into')

Verb + to

happen TO...:. What happened to that gold watch you used to have? (= lvhere is it now?)

prefer one thing/person TO another:o I prefcr tea to coffee.

concentrate oN...:o Don't look out of the window. Concentrate on your work.

insist ON...:c I wanted to go alone but they insisted on corning with me.

spend (money) ON...:-1 o How much money do you spend on food each week?

Verb + Preposition +-lng -* Em CIher verbs + to -+ EfrEt Other verbs + on -'[lm[l 271

Verb + prepositlonaccuse somebodY

Many verbs

If tlre obiect is another verb, it ends in -ing:

Here are some more verbs with this structure:

succeed (in)

insist (on)

think (of)drcam (of)approve (of)

decide (against)

feel (like)look forward (to)

congt'atulate (on)

accuse (of)suspea (of)prevent (from)stop (from*)thank (for)forgive (for)warn (against)

DocldoAttrn + to... * fiffiEftn Preposltlon+-lng*Effi[| Verb+propQstrton* E@

M"ry apologised......

123

have the structure uerb + pfeposition (in/foilabout etc.) + obiecf. For example:

They insisted I ol I Ptying fo,t the meal'

rm ihinking I gf I blrjns a house.

I asking them fI wouldn't dream I of I asking thern for money.

She doesn't approve I of I eamUling'We have deeiea I against I moving to London'

H"*y""s"@ in lfindingliofyet?

I'm iooking forward I to I meedng her.Do you feel I like I eoing out tonight?

;+$.f"-

I' C,omplete each scntence using only one uord, !1 Our neighbours apologised for...maklng.... so much noise.2 lfeel lazy. I don't feel like ..... any work.3 I wanted to go our alone butJoe insisted on .............. ............. with me.4 I'rn fed up with nry job. I'm thinking of ............ ................... something else.J Ve have decided againsr

6 I hope you rvrite to me soon. I'm Iooking forward ro .............................._ f.o* you.7 The rveather rvas extremely bad and this preventcd us from . . . _... .................... our.8 The man,rvho has been arresred is suspecied of ............. ... ......... a false passport.9 I think you should apologise to Sue for ..... ,o ,ud. to h...

10 Some parents don'r approve of their children ..... a lot of television.11 I'm sorry I can't come to your party but thank you very much for.............. .. ........... me. 1

! 'Complete tbc sentences using a preposition + one of the following uerbs (in the correct fornt):cause escape 60 help interrupt live pl^y ,oiu. spend rvalk

ConQlete the sentences on tbe right.

It rvas nice of you to help me.Thanks very much.

r\L,f^

e]IM

B

+.lng (succesu In'lnglof ing etc.)

J ol

' We say'apologise to somebody for...':-.-tf,J"potgised to me foi not telling the *uth. (zot'she apologised me')

With some of the verbs in A, you can use the structure uerb + prepositioz + soniebody + -ing:

uerh +She doesn't aPProve

We are all looking forward

prepositionofto

somebodymeLiz

+ -lnggambling.coming horne.

The follorving verbs can have the strudure uerb + obiect + preposition +

preposition + -lng I'll drive you ro the station.I insist.

Congratulations!

George rhanked . .ne fer.helping.hin,..

Tom insisted

Jim congrarulated

Mrs Bond thankcd

I warned

onofoffromfromforforagainst

passing the exam.

telling lies.

being a spy.coming to see us? -:

leaving the building'helping me. :,

not writing to you'

buying the car. :

It was nice of you to come tosee me. Thank you.

Don't stay ar the hotel nearthe airport.

I'm sorry I didn't phone youearlier.

MRS EOND

.* tciu can also say ,stop somebody doing' lwithout from). So you can say:

o You can't stoP me doing what liant' or "'stoP me from doing what I want'

Some of these verbs are often used in the passiue' For example:

o I was accused of telling lies.

o The man was suspected of being a spy'

. Wc wcre \rynrned ngninst buying the cnr.

tyou

B,l{ARy

N'@JANE

ffil>d

CEORGE

uerb +I congratulatedr

They accused

Nobody suspected

. '!trhat preventedThe police stopPed

I forgot to thankPlease forgiveThey warned

di

ls

It is

Adjective + to...

Difficult to understand etc.

Cornpare sentences a and b:

difficult to undcrstand. (b)

Scnrences a and b have the sarne meaning. But note that we say:. He is difficulr to undcrstand. (not 'He is difficult to undersrand hinti)

You can use rhe srructures in the box with:difficult easy hard impossible dangerous safe expensive chcapand a nurnber of other acijecrives (for example, nice/intcrcsting/cxciting):

o Do you think it is safe to drink this rvatcr?Do you think rhis w,arer is safe to drink? Qtot'ro drink ir')

. \'our rvriting is awful. It is inrpossiblc to rcad it. (= to rcad )'uur rvririrrg)Your rvriting is impossible to read. (not'ro read ir')

c I like bcing *'ith Jill. It's very intcresting to talk to hcr.Jill is very intercsting ro talk to. Qtot 'to ralk to her')

You can also use this structure wirh an adjective + nolitl:. This is a difficult question (for nre) to answer. Qtot 'ro ansn'cr ir')

(lt's) nice (of you) to...You can use rhis structure to say rvhat you think of rvhar somebody does:

.' o II u'as nicc of you to take me to the starion. Thank you very much.You can use nrany other adjecrives in this way. For example:kind clevcr sensible mean silly srupid carelcss unfair considerare:

. It's silly of lr{ary to give up her job u'heir she needs rhe rnoney.. c I rhink ir u'as very unfair of him ro criricisc me.

(I'nr) sorr,v to...You can use this structure to say horv somebo dy reacts to something:

o I rvas sorry to hear that your farher is ill.You can use many other adjecrives in this rvay. For exgmple:huppy glad pleased delightcd sad disappoinre'd surpriscd amazedastonishcd relicved:

o 'Silas Tom surprised to see you when you wenr ro see him?o 'We rvere delighted to get your lefter lasr week.

The first (person) to know, rhe next train to arrivelfe use to... after the firs/sccond/third etc. and also afrer the ncxt, the last, tlre only:

o If I have any more news, you will be the first (person) to know,o 'T'he

next train to arriv. "i

platform 4 will be the 5.50 to Cardiff.I Everybody was late except me. I was the only one to arrive on time.

You can say that something is sure / certain / bound / likely to happen:o She's very intelligenr. She's sure / certain / bound to pass the exam.. I'r^r likely to bc late home this evening, (= I will probrbly be lare home)

fficult to undcrstando Jinr doesn't speak very clearly. I

t

+FrFnr 1ilFrTrr1

roads. (likely)

XERCISES

ctiott A) Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown.

Ir's difficulr ic undersrand him. He ...!edif.fi.q.uLt lp.,un.4.e.rntend.,..

Ir's quire easy to use this machine. . This machine is

ii*u'u"y difficult ,o op." the windciw. The window'.:.:..:.:::::::.:.:::..:.:....:.::::.:..::...:..:.:.:...:::.:.:.::::.k's impoesible to translate some words. Some words..ft's not safe to stand on rhat chair. That chair ....................;...........It'sexpensivctomaintainacar.A'.....'.'..'..".'.....

012 $ection A) Contplete the second sentence using the adiectiue in brackets. I-lse alan +

adjectiue + noun + to,.. (as in the exarnple),

UNIT

E4

1 I couldn't answer the question.2 Everybody makes thar rnistake,3 I like living in this place. (nice)

4 V/e enjoyed watching rhe game.

( d i ffi cu I r ) It was .. .e . dlffi.aul!: . qv.es.l:i e n. Ie . e n e.w.Q.t :. ..

(easy) It's anIt's a

d.{

(good) It was

(sectiotr B) Make a ,rcw senterlce beginting 1t,.. . use one of these adjectiues each tine:carcless considerate kiffd nice

1 You did my shopping for me. ...!!.*ae..kind.p!.yey..*e.A.o..mvp.hop.p.inolo.r.ne.....2 You nrake thc same missake again and again.

3 \on and Jenny invited me ro stay with them.

4 John nrade so much noise when I was rrying to sleep.

(Sectiott C) use the following uords to complete these senrencessory/hear glad/hear surprised/see

W e ...w e r e. d.el.i.ghk 4. Ie.se L... your I g tter I a s r wee k.Thank you for your lerrer. I ........,....-............ rhat you,re keeping well.Ife ......................,............................................ pauline at rhe parry. We didn,iexpect hei to-co-e.L........................ rhar your mother isn't well. I hope she gets well soon.

il,i $ection D) complete the sec,ond sentence using the words in brackets+ to..- ..:1 Nobody lefr before me. (the first) I was...the.fir.eI .p.ernenIa.leaw,

, .2 Everybody else arrived before Paul. (the lasr) paul was the ....................'' J .htona pagsed rhe exam. All the other studenrs failed. (the only)

i.tt t - '-'---""'-"'-

f.'r I comPlalned to the restaurant manager about the service. Another custorner had already;q.r r complalned to the restaurant manager about the servi

;;, complained before rle, (rhe second) I was ....,....r..;........

,l'il, (the firsr) Neil Arrnsrron-,',1[h

y had done rhis before him.g was

H.t"!i^t," ,;:;'T':H{{r: tion E) comp tete these sentences using the word in brackets and a suitable uerb.

ffi Diane is very intelligenr. she ...!e..V.p.unqt.r+.w*.e,...the exam. (bound);Sff l'm not surprised you're tire tired. .. After suchr a long iourney you ..,............,,............,..........,.......... tired.

(bound)

" ldon't,1h.ink you.nee{ ,o rake al umbrella, It .......... .. ..... ... ..........__... :.__..: (*, Lkai;;

,;rThe.holidays begin this weekend. There ...................... .. a lot oi traffic on the

1

2

JA^t

To'r do) and

of (do)ing

+ rlng ot -ing)(atrardp rep0sttt0n(afraid to

Afraid to (do) and hfraid

I arn afraid to do something = | don't want to do it because it is dangerous or the result

could be bad. We use afraid to do for things we do intentionally:. A lot of people are afraid to go out at night. (= they don't want to go out because it

is dangerous - so they don't go out)G He was afraid to tell his parents about the broken window. (= he didn't want to tell

thern because he knew thcy would be angry)

i am afraid of something happening = it is possible that something bad will happen (for

exampt e, an accident). lVe do not use afraid of -ing for things we do intentionally:. The parh was icy, so rve walked very carefully. We were afraid of falling. (= it was

possible that we would fall - not'we were afraid to fall')o I don't like dogs. I'm always afraid of being bitten. (not 'afraid to be bitten')

So, you are aftaid to do something because you are afraid of something happening as a

result:o I rvas afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten.

Interested in (do)ing and interested to (do)

I'm interdsted in doing something = I'm thinking of doing it, I'd like to do it:r I'm trying to sell my car but nobody is interested in buying it. (zor'to buy')

'!7e use intcrested to especially with hear/see/knodread/learn. I was interested to hear it = '1

heard it and it was interesting for me'ro I was interested to hear that Diane has got a new iob.r Ask George for his opinion. I would be interested to know what he thinks. (= it would

be interesting for me to know)This structu.e is the same as surprised to / delighted to... etc. (see Unit 54C):

r I was surprised to hear that Diane has got a new job.

Sorry to (do) and sorry for (do)ing

We usually say $orry to... to apologise when (or just before) we do something:o J'm sorry to bother you, but I need to talk to yciu.

Ve use sorry to (heai/read etc.) to show sympathy with somebody (see Unit64C):o I was sorry to hear that Fiona lost her iob. (= I was sorry when I heard...)

You can use sorry for (doing iomething) to apologise for something iou did before:r (I'm) sorry for shouting at you yesterday. (not'Sorry to shbut...')

You can also say:o (I'rn) sorry I shouted at you

Note that we say:

yesterday.

I want to (do) lI'd like to (do)I feilcd to (do)

I allowed them to (do)

For examples, see Units 53-54 and 61.i

but I'm thinking of (do)ing lI dream of (do)ing

but I succeeded in (do)ingbut I prevented them from (do)ing

Vefi + preposition + -lng * sffiI Adjectives + prepositions -' !ffiffEm Sorry about * EfrIEI

me a drink. (buy)

131

trtlt lr, Co

d the situation and use tlte words in brackets to utrite a sentence tuith afraid.

i The streets are unsafe at nighi.i-1a lot of peoplc / afraid I go / out) .,4 let ef ?eople ara.afr?td.ro sa avl,? itrr walked very c^refully along thb icy path.' (we I afraid I fall) ..Wq werc afraid ptfatti.Ts,

.

I don't usually carry my p;lssport with mc.

The sca wrs vcry rouglt.(we/ afraid/go/swimnring) ....... , ..........................

!fle rushed to the station.(rve / afraid / miss / our train)In the middle of the film thcrc rvas a particularly horrifying scene.

The glasses were very ftrll, so Janc carried thcm very carefully.(she / afraid / spill / the drinks) ............

I didn't like the look of the fo6d on mi' plate.a (l I afraid / eat / it)b (l I afraid / rnake / nri'self ill)

Complete tbe scntences usittg one

b*rf get go hear read

6 There's a part)/ tonight but i'm not interested

3',Complete tbe sentences usirtg the uerb ii brackets,

,lC,onplete the senteftces usitlg tbe uerb in brackets.

1 a Ve wanted ...k.!ea.vp... the building. (leave)'!7e weren't allorve d the building. (lcave)'S7e were prevented the building. (leave)Fred failed . the problem. (solve)Atny succeeded ..

I'ln-thinking ,. away next week. (go)I'm hoping ......i., ...... away neff week. (So)

I'm looking forrvard ... away next week. (go)I'd like .....,i.. ,. away next week. (go)M"ry wanted ... me a drink. (buy)Mnry promised .....

Mary insisted me a drink. (buy)

.M"ry wouldn't dream

ttp

') ', ,5,. ,' .'

'."tt 7

.i,

8

ehts-c of tbese uerbs:

start

Hffirlif,:l

&:lEIa2fi'\\Ef,

fisfrl,

Htr#,{ilfr

tr*['ii$i

'{,

See somebody do and see somebody doing

Study rhis exarnple siruarion:Tor'gor inro his car and drove away. You sa\v rhis.You can say:

. I sarv Torn gct inro his car and drivc a\\,ay.In rhis srrucrure we use gerldri'e/do erc. (infinirivervirhout 'to'):

Norc rhar we use rhe infinirive u,itboul ro:o Wc slrrv tlrcrn go out. (rtctt't<l gcl')

IJut :.riter a passiue ('rhe1' werc seen') crc., \vc Lrsc to:r Thc1, \verc seen to go out.

Studl' rlris cxanrple siruarion:Yestcrda)/ ),ou sa\v Ann. She \\-as r'aiting for a b's.You c:'rn srry:

. I sarv r\nn n'aiting fc>r e bus.

In rhis srrucrLrrc \\'c usc -ing (n-airing):

Srudl' rhc cliffcrcnce in nreAning bcrrveen tfie r1,o srructures:

'l sart'hinr do sonrethit'tg'= he did sonrerhing (past sintple) and I sarv rhis. Iaction fronr beginning ro end:

' He fcll off thc rvall. I sau, this. -r I saw him falt off rhe u,all.o The accident happened. Did you see this? -+ Did you see the accident happen?'l sarv hinr doing something' = he rvas doing somerhing (past cotttittuous) and I sarv this. Isarv hinr rvhen he rvas in the nriddlc of doing it: This does nor mean tharl sa.rv the complere

o He rvas rvalking along rhe srreet.I sarv rhis when I drove pasr in rny car.

Sonrerimes rhe difference is nor inrporranro I'r'e never scen her dance. or I,ve never

we use chese srrucrures rvirh see and hear, and ao I didn't hear you come in.. Liz suddenly felt somerhing touch her ono Did you norice anyone go ourto I could hear ir raining.. The missing boys were lasr seen playing near rhe river.o Listen ro rhe birds singing!o Can you smell sornerLing burning?. I found Sue in my room reading my lerrers.

Sorne bod 1' sonletnlng

I san, somebodv doing sonrerhing.

EXENCISES

{lii' Co,rplete the answers to the questions.

I don'r rhink so. I didn'r see ...?!rvh.e.dyga.eyg....Yes, I rhink I heard her .....

,,*lifiilllf-**', ::,

, ',

I don'r know. I didn't see

$'2 In e.ach of .these.

situatiotrs you and a friend sau, heard or smelt sontething. Look at tbe picturesand complete the sentences. - --"'-'""'o

:,#.if,:.I.r.-i

:;i:

UNIT

s6I

Did anybody go ouc?Has Jill arrived yer?

Horv do you knorv I rook rhe money?Did rhe doorbell ring?

Can Tom play rhe piano?Did I lock rhe door when I wenr our?Horv did rhe woman fall in rhe river?

complete these sentences. [Jse one of these uerbsclimb alrn€ crawl crv

(in the correct fonn):explode happensleep tell

1,)

.,J

4

5

6,7

sa\v thc complere

1

2

3

4

5

5

1

| + I sarv him rvalking along rhe srreet,)-and you can use eirher form:seen her dancing.

ti"tcycleslam

number of orher verbs:

the shoulder.

1

WLook! There'dDave and Helen.

WI There'o Clare.

-r i-J c"it'(m* 5

@g"U!!nins? )

qN.

Js*#^_

6

M

--

I / f v'"t trv *,| / | dinner,

I rs---

open run say

1 Lisren ro rhe birds .,.g!.q.glng,,.,2 I didn'r hear you ...e.e*p,... in.3 Did anybody see the accident................................?4 Ve listened ro the old man .................. his srory from beginning to end.j lirl.."t can you trear a baby ............. ..... ..........t

vv6"'''r6' rv srr(

o r tooked our of rhe window and saw Tim on his bike .... along the road.t ;Y*:.9'o

vou rurn round buddenlvr' 'r,r'""eh, i'il.;;;;ffi;:-:.::::::. ........ ... *,

t is said that', He is said to,r, (bg) $uppossd t0...

udy this exarnple situation:

Henry is very old. Nobody knows exactly how old he is, bug

It is said that tEl is 108 years old.

or lllgj is said to be 108 years old.

Both these sentences meanr 'People say rhar he is 108years old.'

ou crln usc thesc strucdures with a numbcr of other verbs, cspecially; ,

iought bclicvcd considered reported known cxpected allcgcd understood

ompare the rwo structures:

D Cathy works very hard.It is said that she works 16 hours a day. or She is said to work 15 hours a day.

r The police are looking for a missing boy.It is believcd that the boy is wearing arvhite pullover and blue jeans.

r The strike started three weeks ago.It is expected that it rvill end soon. or The strikc is expected to end soon.

r A friend of mine has been arrested.h is allcgcd that he kicked a policeman. or He is alleged to have kicked a policeman.

r Those rwo houses bclong to the same family.It is said that there is a secret tunnel or Thcre is said to be a secrer tunnel

-'

benveen them. berween them.

hcsc structures are often used in news reporrs. For example, in a report about an accident:r It is reported that wo people were or Two people are reportcd to have bcen

r

r

o

o

injured in the explosion.

le) supposed to

The boy is believcd to be wearing a

white pullover and blue jeans.

iniured in the explosion.

rnrctimes it is supposed to-. E it is said to...:o Let's go *d s"o that film. It's supposed to be vly good, (= it is ssid to be very good)o 'Why was he arrested?' 'Hc's supposed to have kickcd a policeman.' (" he is said to

havc kicked a policeman)

ut somctimes supposed to has a different meaning. 'Something ir supposed to happen'= it isanned, arranged or expected. Often this is different from what rcally ttappenst

o I'd bettcr hurry. It's nearly 8 o'clock and I'm supposed to b'e rneeting Ann at 8,15.(= I have arranged to meet Ann, I said I would meet her)

e The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour,late. (= the train wasexpected to arrive a. 11.30 according to the timetable)

r You were supposcd to clean the windows. IThy didn't you do it?

fou're not supposed to do something'= it is not allowcd or advisable for you to do it:I You'rc not supposed to park your car here. It's privatc parking only.o Mr Bond is much bettcr after his illness but hc's stilt uot suppoced to do any hcavy

work. (= his doctois have advised him not to...)

"'-xV'st teflce'':$ifi''

Ir is eirpecte.d that the strike will end soon. The srrike .*lt-9xBnQLQA,!*.snd..,F.99!L,....' 'li Ir is g{trgctd that the wcathcr wili be good tornerrow.

. I 'rL^ .L^-!^

Atrnrr lr, Lr,

Wrgrnt rtese sentences in another way, beginning as shown, lJse the undeilined word ipyour

3 It is believed that the thieves gor in through the kitchen window.

+ It is rcps$ed that many peoplc are homeless after the floods.

J Ir is thought that thc prisoncr cscapcd by climbing over a rvall.

6 It is nllcgqd thnt thc man drovc rhrough rhc t<lwn at 90 nrilcs an hour.

Z tt is renorted that the building has bccn badly damaged by fire.

8 a It is 5gid that the company is losing a lot of money.

b It is !g[!gygd tlrat the company lost a lot of money last year.

c It is gTpccted rhat the company rvill lose rnoney this year.

Ul People say a lot of things about Artliur. For exantple:

Nobo dy knous far sure wbetber these tltings are true er not,'i

,,,Ltsing (be) supposcd to.

ARTHUR

'Write sentences about Arthur

lg**,_ be block come er*k phone srartiffit.for e df the sentences are negatiue (like th; fbst example),,\rrir{fi.t,rl ,,ttr,l,.tr?r..

lffill lou lr.+..ngf*.q.u,?pp,gg,d,In.Be.tk.. here. It's privare parking only.

IrI}

i.rrll.rill-.. - vE ...I.r'rl-'r'r..T.r.if.f 'r'n.-ifi-tt{tYto15 fft-riioer llLIty. lf t yf f Vg1L P(ll,A.lffb |L'f lf /r, 4. G tDt..^ | I

ffi.' The train .,$afr.pH?p.?figCj&,err,lyg'. at 11.30, but it was an hour late.

89

Have something done

Study this example situation:

\\/e use haveCompare:

o Jill rcpaired the roof. (= she. Jill had the roof repaired. 1=

repaired it herself)she arrarrged for somebody else to repair it)

something done to sd'y that rve arrange for somebody else to do somerhing for us.

ERCISES

|ck ()tbe carrect setrteilce, (a) or (b), for eaclt picture.

IVhy did you do these things? Answer using 'haue something done'. Use one of these uerbs:

clean cut repair t"*i;1 Why did you rake your car ro the garage? ...!p.bevp-.1!.eetv.ip.eA,..

2 \fhy did you take your jacket to the cleaner's? To ....................

3 Why did you take your warch ro the ieweller's?4 !flhy didyolr go to the hairdresser? ....,...............

,3 lVrite se,ttetrces in the way shown.

I 1 Jill.didn't repair the roof herself, She ...h.a.C.i!-rcBe.i.teA,..

2 I didn't cut my hair myself. I..:................,.....

I 3 They didn't paint the house themselves. They ..............,.

.i'4 Sue didn't make the curtains herself.:.r*;:,

,4 Use the words in brackets to conzplete tbe sentences. Use the structure'haue something donc'.

,rji vr ...arr..hev*inglhe}elee;.a!nAd.... (rhe house / paiirt) ar the mornenr.

iij2 I lost my key. I'll have to ............"....:.... (another key / make).df3 \flhen was the last time you ...............,....,.........:........................,.....,,....,...,... (your hair / cur)?*iJwhenwasthelasttimeyou.......'''.....'.....,.'.......:..............

1'fr{4 iYou look differenr. (you / your hair / cut)?

ffi; B: oh, we .... .....i..,...,. (a swimming pool / build).

''ff,],, A: Can I see the photographs yop took when you were on holiday?

/ pierce)?i!1,

?f" :, haue to use 'hat,e something done' with its second meaning (see Section C),

$eor!e's nose was broken in a fight.t happe ned ro George ? ....H.q. h,e d.h.l.e.n p.p.e.h reke.n .in. a..fi ghL..,.

iane's passport was taken away from her by the police,

UHIT

45

Srudy thcsc scntences:o Did Ann make the dress herself or did she have it made?I 'Are you going to repair the car yourself?' 'No, I'm going to have it repaired''

Be carcful rvith u'ord order. The past participle (repaired/cut etc.) is afrer rhe obiect (the roof/your hair etc.):

have + obiect + Past ParticiPle

Jill\\Tre. '

Your hair looks rr.;e,

JuliaWe

Horv oftenI rhink you should

I don'r like

haddid you haveHave you hadnas iust hadare havingdo you havehavehaving

the roofyour hairircentral heatingthe houseyour carthat coatmy phocograph

repairedcut?cut?installedpaintedserviced?cleanedtaken.

yesrerday.

in her house.at the rnoment.

soon.

You can also say 'get somerhing done' instead of 'have something done' (mainly in informalspoken English):

o When ale you going to get the roof repaired? (- have the roof repaired)o I think you should get your hair cut.

Sometimes have something done has a different meaning. For example:o .Jill and Eric had all their money stolen while they wele on holiday. '

Of courie rhis does not mean that they arranged for somebody to steal their money. 'They had

all thgir money stolen' means only: 'All their money was stolen from them.' i,

wirh ihis meaning, we use have something done ro say that somerhing happens to somebody Q!

their belongings. Usually what happens is not nice:o George had his nose broken in a fight.I Have you ever had your passpofi stolcn?

:'4t#b: t4\rfl N),fl1--'

S,{RAH

a Sarah is cutringher hair.

b Sarah is havingher hair cur.

a Bill is cutting hishair.

b Bill is having hishair cut.

w,.John is cleaninghis shoes.

John is having hisshoes cleaned.

Sue is taking a

photograph.Sue is having herphotograph taken.

The roof of Jill's house was damaged in a storm, so she

arranged for somebody ro repair it. Yesre rrJay a workmancame and did the job.

Jill had the roof repaired yesterday.

This means: Jill arranged for somebody else to repairthe roof. She didn't repair it herself.

t hapoened to Diane? ........