grammar through tips (mba) a4 (booklet) 2011-12

8/13/2019 Grammar Through Tips (MBA) A4 (Booklet) 2011-12

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Rock Study CircleGRAMMAR & COMPOSITION

The Sentence :A group of words which makes complete sense is called a sentence. The different kinds ofsentences are (1) Assertive sentence (!) "nterrogative sentence (#) "mperative sentenceand ($) %&clamatory sentence. A sentence 'egins with a capital letter.

1. Assertive sentence : A sentence in the form of an assertion or a statement is called anAssertive sentence or a eclarative sentence. An assertive sentence can 'e eitheraffirmative (positive) or negative. An assertive sentence ends with a full stop.%g 1) r. Sara'hai was the first chairman of "SR*.!) The audience liked his speech 'ecause he had stressed the greatness of all

religions.#) Chandrashekhar made his test de'ut in 1+,$.$) -alpana Chawla did nearly a 'illion "ndians proud when whe em'arked on her first

space mission on ovem'er 1+ 1++/.0) The kin gasked the farmer what mischief he was up to.

2. Interrogative sentence : A sentence that asks a uestion is called an interrogativesentence. An interrogative sentence ends with a uestion mark. "t 'egins with uestionwords like what why when who where how etc. or with non uestion words like am iscan could has have do did etc.Eg :1) 2ho was arayan 3 !) 2here was he going 3#) 4ave you 'rought you 'ook 3 $) o you understand 30) Can you do this sum 3

3. I !erative sentence : A sentence that e&presses a command or an order or a re uestor an appeal is an "mperative sentence. "t ends with a full stop.Eg :1) 4ave an aim in life. !) 5ring that 'ook here.#) State ewton6s laws of motion. $) 7lease come home.0) 2ork hard with dedication determination and perseverance.

". E#c$a ator% sentence : Sentence e&pressing strong feelings of wonder delightadmiration sorrow etc. are called %&clamatory sentences.Eg :1) 2hat a 'rave 'oy he was 8 !) 4ow 'rilliant he is 8#) 2hat a 'eautiful sight 8 $) 2hat a shame 80) Alas 8 4e is no more 8

PARTS O SPEEC'2ords is sentences are classified into eight parts of speech. This classification is done on

the 'asis of the function of the word in the sentence. The eight parts of speech are oun7ronoun Ad9ective :er' Adver' 7reposition Con9unction and "nter9ection.

1. NO(N : A noun is a word used as the name of a person place animal or thing.%g 1) " am going to tell you so ething a'out the early civi$i)ation .!) ;any stories are told a'out *esai$s of +ain,r- an aristocratic a i$%.#) Saro/ini Nai0, was one of the most dependa'le !ersons.$) The clever $a0% deserves the highest hono,r and the richest !ri)e.

ote The or0s in 'old types are all no,ns.

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Rock Study Circle4in0s o No,ns : ouns are mainly classified into two kinds i.e . 7roper ouns andCommon ouns are further classified into Common ouns Concrete ouns A'stract

ouns and Collective ouns.

A 7roper oun is the name of a particular person or place. "ts always 'egins with a capitalletter.

A Common oun is the name used in common to every person or thing of the same classor king.A collective oun is the name of a num'er of persons or things referred to as a whole.

An A'stract oun is the name of a uality action or state.%g 1) The cro 0 was very 'ig.!) Always speak the tr,th#) 2e all love honest%.$) The e$e!hant has great strength.0) So$o on was famous for his is0o .,) *ut tea won the atch./) Ne$son is famous for his victor% at Tra a$gar.=) The Ni$e overflows its 'ank every %ear.

T%!es o No,ns : (i) crowd > collective (ii) truth > a'stract (iii) honesty > a'stract(iv) elephant > common (v) Solomon > proper (vi) wisdom > a'stract (vii) team >collective (viii) match > common (i&) elson > proper (&) victory > a'stract (&i) Trafalgar> proper(&ii) ile >proper (&iii)'ank?common (&iv) year > common.

2. PRONO(S : A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.15 Persona$ Prono,ns : The personal pronouns in first person second person and

third person are as follows @irst person " we my mine out ours me us.

Secondperson ou your yours thou thy thine thee Third person 4e she it they his her hers its their theirs him them.

25 Re $ective !rono,ns : myself ourselves yourself himself herself themselves.35 E !hatic !rono,ns : %mphatic pronouns are pronouns like myself himself

herself etc. used for the sakes of emphasis."5 Re$ative !rono,ns : Relative pronouns are pronouns which refer or relate to

some noun appearing 'efore it in the sentence.65 Interrogative !rono,ns : 2ords like who which what etc used to ask uestions

are called interrogative pronouns.A. in0 o,t the !rono,ns in each o the o$$o ing sentences :

(i) 4e and " are great friends. (ii) She herself sang the song.(iii) one will 'elieve his words. (iv) Some are 'orn great.(v) The 'oy who got the first rank is my frined.

. i$$ in the 7$an8s ith s,ita7$e !rono,ns :i) BBBBBBB you say is not true.ii) 2e always like 'oys BBBBBBBB.. speak the truthiii) 4e plays the game BBBBBBBB.. he likes 'est.iv) ;ost people get BBBBBBBB.. they deserve.v) ogs soon known the persons 'y BBBBBBBB.. they are kindly treated.vi) This is the house BBBBBBBB..


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Rock Study Circle

3. A0/ective : An ad9ective is a word which adds more meaning to the noun with which it isassociated.Eg :

1) 4e maintained c$ose relationship 'etween the employers and the employees.

!) 4is parents were genero,s.#) They started a school where children found a ,ni9,e way of learning.$) The teachers were 8in0 and a ectionate.0) The o,r spinners could destroy the ightiest of teams on a s!inning pitch .

ote The words in 7o$0 types are ad9ective.

Co !arison o A0/ectives : Ad9ective change in form to show the comparison. There arethree degrees of comparison. There are three degrees of comparison. They are the7ositive egree the Comparative egree and the Superlative egree. The comparativedegree is used when two things are compared. The superlative degree is used when morethan two things are compared.

Co !arative an0 S,!er$ative 0egree or s o so e a0/ectives :Positive Co !arative S,!er$ative

reat reater reatestSmall Smaller Smallest*ld *lder *ldest

Tall Taller Tallest5rave 5raver 5ravestDarge Darger Dargest

o'le o'ler o'lest4appy 4appier 4appiest%asy %asier %asiest5ig 5igger 5iggest

Thin Thinner ThinnestSad Sadder Saddest5eautiful ;ore 'eautiful ;ost 'eautiful

ifficult ;ore difficult ;ost difficultood 5etter 5est

5ad 2orse 2orst;uch ;ore ;ostDittle Dess Deast

ARTIC ES The ad9ectives Ea6 Ean6 and Ethe6 are called the articles. Ea6 and Ean6 are indefinite articles.Ethe6 is the definite article.

The article Ean6 is used 'efore a word 'eginning with a vowel sound.%g an orange an um'rella an island an hour.

The article Ea6 is used 'efore a word 'eginning with a consonant sound.

%g a 'oy a girl a 'ook a city. The indefinite article Ethe6 is used when the reference is to particular person or thing.%g %nglish is the language of the people of %ngland"t was the proudest moment of my life.Det us discuss the matter seriously." like the fellow

". ERA ver' is a word that tells or asserts something a'out a person or thing. "t predicates aperson or a thing. "t is a word which denotes Edoing6 or E'eing6 or Ehaving6.%g 4e sings well.

She ;or8e0 hard.4e is strong 'oy.

They are new to this place." have no money in my pocketShe has two sisters.

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Rock Study Circle The underlined words in the a'ove sentences are ver's. :er's like is was are am are calledE'e6 ver's.

Present- Past an0 Past !artici!$e or s o so e ver7s :Present Past Past

!artici!$eRead Read Read2rite 2rote 2ritten5uy 5ought 5oughtSell Sold SoldSing Sang Sung5rings 5rought 5rought%at Ate %aten

rink runk runk@all @ell @allen@ly @lew @lown@low @lowed @lowed

o id oneCome Came Come

o 2ent oneTENSES

:er's can 'e e&pressed in two tense forms i.e present tense and past tense :er's do nothave a E@uture6 form of their own while they have Epresent tense form6 and Epast tenseform6. The @uture time is e&pressed using Ewill6 or Eshall6 and the future time such asEtomorrow6 Ene&t week6 etc. this future time e&ists 'ut @uture tense does not. %ach ofthese form i.e. 7resent tense 7ast tense and @uture time can further 'e e&pressed in fourdifferent forms i.e simple continuous perfect and perfect continuous.

Eg : er7 < ;riteSimple present " write a letter7resent continuous " am writing a letter7resent prefect " have written a letter7resent perfect continuous " have 'een writing a letterSimple past " wrote a letter7ast continuous " was writing a letter7ast perfect " had written a letter7ast perfect continuous " had 'een writing a letterSimple future " will write a letter@uture continuous " will 'e writing a letter@uture perfect " will have written a letter@uture perfect continuous " will have 'een writing a letter

MO*A ER SA modal ver' e&presses a'ility possi'ility re uest permission offer to do things a wishinviting etc.%g 1. " can speak 4indi.!. A medicine taken without doctor6s prescription can 'e dangerous.#. Can you spare me your pen 3$. Cal " help you 30. Could you lend me your 'ook 3,. Could " use your telephone 3/. ;ay " come in 3=. "t may rain this evening.+. ;ay od 'less you.1F. 2ould you like a cup of coffee 311. 2ould you mind reading this for me 31!. Can " give you a lift 31#. ou will 'e there won6t you 31$. 4e could run fast when he was young.

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Rock Study Circle10. Shall " help you to cross the road 3

6. A* ER :An Adver' is a word which modifies the meaning of a ver' an ad9ective or another adver'.%g

4e works har0. (modifies the ver' Eworks6)4e work ver% har0. (Every6 modifies the adver' Ehard6)"t is a ver% 'eautiful place. (modifies the ad9ective E'eautiful).Adver's may 'e further classified as adver's of time adver's of manner adver's

of fre uency adver's of place adver's of degree advers' of affirmation adver's ofnegation and adver's of reason.7ick out the adver's in the following sentences i) 4e walked slowly.ii) " have heard this 'efore.iii) " am much reliever to hear it.iv) ou are cordially invited.v) 4e runs fast.Ans : (i) slowly (ii) 'efore (iii) much (iv) cordially (v) fast.

=. PREPOSITION :

A preposition is a word placed 'efore a noun or a pronoun or noun phrase. "t shows therelation of the attri'utive 'efore it with respect to the word after it.%g The 'ook is on the ta'le.

The preposition Eon6 tells us the position of the 'ook with respect to the ta'le.Si !$e !re!ositions : among amidst along around 'eneath 'eside 'etween inside'eyond etc.Phrase !re!ositions : "nstead of inspite of in front of according to on account ofowing to with reference to etc.

i$$ in the 7$an8s ith A!!ro!riate !re!ositions : The appreciationBBBBBthe eyesBBBBBfreedom fightersBBBBBthe owali Tank;aidanBBBBB5om'ay is encouraging. " am not surprised BBBBBmy courage. " getstrength BBBBB my desire to 'reathe free air.

Ans : in of at in at from

>. CON+(NCTION :A con9unction is a word which 9oins together sentences and sometimes words.%g

i) Ram an0 Shyam are 'rothers.ii) 4e deserved the success or he worked hard.iii) 2e can travel 'y land or water.iv) ;an proposes 7,t od disposes.v) ;ake hay hi$e the sun shines.vi) 4e will come i you invite him.vii) 4e was sorry a ter he had done it.viii) o not go 7e ore " come.i&) Rama is taller than -rishna.&) 2e will come hether it rains or not.

ote The underlined words are all con9unctions.

?. INTER+ECTION :An inter9ection is a word which e&presses some sudden feeling or emotion.

%g *h8 Ah8 Alas8 4urrah8 ood racious 8 etc. The following inter9ections are used to e&press different feelings

i) EAlas86 to e&press grief.ii) E4urrah86 to e&press 9oy.iii) E2hat86 to e&press surprise.iv) E5ravo8 to e&press admiration.

Na e the !arts o s!eech in the o$$o ing sentences :1. 4e needed her car for two days for the use of his superior officer.

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Rock Study Circle

Ans er :Car days use officer *G4e her his 7R* *G

Two superior A to > understand and matter of factlanguage will help them remove dou'ts and misgivings of whatever nature they may havein the %nglish language.

Ti! 1 2hen two su'9ects are 9oined 'y @as e$$ as the ver' always agrees with the firstsu'9ect.

No consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es to ,n0erstan0 the ti! :1) The chairman as well as si& other mem'ers of the committee were present. ("n correct)

The Chairman as well as si& other mem'ers of the Committee was present. (Correct)!) Students as well as the teacher was playing. ("n correct)

Students as well as the teacher were playing (Correct)2hen we consider the a'ove e&amples we find that in the first sentence the firstsu'9ect is singular so the ver' used should also have 'een singular. So in thecorrected sentence we have used Ewas6. "n the second sentence the first su'9ect isplural. aturally the ver' used in the sentence should also 'e plural. So in thecorrected sentence we have used Ewere6.

Ti! 2 @ oth and @as e$$ as cannot 'e used together in the same sentence.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$e to ,n0erstan0 this ti! :5oth ;ala as well as Hia are 'eautiful. ("ncorrect)

This sentence can 'e corrected as follows 5oth ;ala and Hia are 'eautiful. (correct)*r;ala as well as Hia is 'eautiful (correct)Note : The change of ver' from plural to singular in the alternative solution will take placeaccording to Tip 1.

Ti! 3 @$est is always followed 'y @sho,$0.;arning : 1. ever use E ot6 in the sentence where Elest6 has 'een used.

!. Dest is never followed 'y E;ay6.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$e to ,n0erstan0 the ti!2ork hard lest you may not fail. ("ncorrect)

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Rock Study Circle2ork hard lest you should fail. (correct)

ote EDest6 is always used in the negative sense.

Ti! " "f two su'9ects are 9oined 'y Bnot on$% .. 7,t a$soD- then ver' agrees with the secondsu'9ect.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$esa) ot only Chander 'ut also you are to 'lame.') ot only you 'ot also " am to 'lame.E#!$anation : "n the a'ove sentences the second su'9ects are Eyou6 and E"6 respectively.According to the Tip the ver' must agree with the second su'9ect. So we have used Eare6in the first su'9ect and Eam6 in the second.

Ti! 6 : @S,!er$ative 0egree in any sentence is preceded 'y @theote Superlative degree means Ethe third form of ad9ective6.

Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$esa) The anga is longest river in "ndia. (incorrect)

The anga is the longest river in "ndia. (correct)') 4e is a'lest man of the town. (incorrect)

4e is the a'lest man of the town. (correct)c) "ndia is most 'eautiful country of the

world.(incorrect)

"ndia is the most 'eautiful country of theworld.

(correct)

E#!$anation: "n the a'ove sentences longest a'lest and most 'eautiful are the e&amplesof the superlative degree. aturally they will 'e preceded 'y Ethe6.

Ti! = The use of dou'le superlative and dou'le comparative should 'e avoided in anysentence.

a) 4e is the most a'lest man of the town. (incorrect)4e is the a'lest man of the town. (correct)

') The 'ook is more 'etter than that. (incorrect)

This 'ook is 'etter than that. (correct)E#!$anation : "n sentence (a) E ost and @a7$est are two superlative degrees. As pertip , two superlative degrees cannot 'e used together. 4ence after removing most fromthe sentence we have corrected the sentence."n sentence (') @ ore an0 7atter - are two comparative degrees. As per Tip , use ofdou'le comparative is not allowed. So 'y removing @ ore we have corrected thesentence.

Ti! > 2hen a proper noun 'ecomes a common noun it is preceded 'y @the .

Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:a) Shakespeare is -alidas of %ngland. (incorrect)

Shakespeare is the -alidas of %ngland (correct)') elhi is Dondon of "ndia. (incorrect)elhi is the Dondon of "ndia (correct)

E#!$anation : "n the a'ove e&amples -alidas and Dondon cease to 'e proper nouns. Theyplay the part of a common noun.7lease keep in mind that in such sentences it is the second noun which is common noun.

Ti! ? "f pronouns of different persons are to 'e used together in a sentence provided thesense in the sentence is good or normal the serial order of persons should 'e

Secondperson

I Third person I Third person

! # 1

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Rock Study Circle5ut if a fault is to 'e confessed while using the different persons together the order of thepersons should 'e

@irst person I Secondperson

I Third person

1 ! #

Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$esa) " you and he has common interests (incorrect)

ou he and " have common interests. (correct)') ou he and " are to 'lame. (incorrect)

" you and he are to 'lame (correct)E#!$anation : "n sentence (a) the sense is normal. So the order of pronouns used should'e ! # 1 as given in the Tip. "n sentence (') there is a confession. 4ence the order of thepronoun should 'e 1 ! #.

Ti! : The pronoun of One is One s and not him or her.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$e:*ne must do his duty. ("ncorrect)*ne must do one6s duty. (Correct);arning : *ne should not 'e confused with Eeveryone6. *ne is used in the general term.

The pronoun of everyone is his and not one.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$e :%veryone must do one6s duty. ("ncorrect)%veryone must do his duty. (Correct)

Ti! 1F A sentence containing too to is always of negative sense. As such this com'inationcannot 'e used to e&press a positive sense. 2hen we say E4e is too week to walk6 we

mean to say that Ehe is so weak that he cannot walk6. %rror in the use of Etoo6 is committedwhen it is wrongly used for Every6.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$e" am too glad to see you looking so well. ("ncorrect)" am very glad to see you looking so well. (correct)E#!$anation : "n its incorrect form the sentence would mean. J" am so glad that " cannotsee you looking so well.K This sentence conveys no sense. "n its corrected form thesentence would conveys that the su'9ect in the sentence feels very happy to see you(some one) looking so well.So ething ore : EToo6 means Emore than enough.6 As such even when Etoo6 is usedwithout Eto6 in a sentence it does not give the sense of very. Consider the followinge&amples

a) She is too 'eautiful. (incorrect)She is very 'eautiful (correct)

') "t is too hot. (incorrect)"t is very hot (correct)

@rom the a'ove two e&amples it 'ecomes clear Etoo6 does not mean very.Ti! 11 No sooner is always followed 'y than and never 'y hen . "t should 'e kept in mindthat the use of o sooner Bthan is possi'le in present and past tenses. o soonerBthan is infact the negative of As soon as.

Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:a) o sooner did he see his father when he took to his heels. (incorrect)

o sooner did he see his father than he took to his heels. (correct)') o sooner do the children 'egin to sing when many people gather (incorrect)

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Rock Study Circleround them.

o sooner do the children 'egin to sing than many people gatherround them.

(correct)

Ti! 12 @ ,t and @An0 are con9unctions. They are used in 9oining together two statements orclauses of e ual rank 'ut with a difference.a) And merely 9oins one statement to another.') 5ut denotes E*pposition6 or Contrast6 'etween them. 2e can say that 'ut is used to

9oin two statements or clauses when negative sense has to 'e conveyed.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) 4e worked hard 'ut got first class. (incorrect)4e worked hard and got first class. (correct)

') 4e worked hard and failed. (incorrect)4e worked hard 'ut failed. (correct)

Ti! 13 : Any sentence starting with @'ar0$% or @Scarce$% is followed 'y hen and not @than .4ardly (Scarcely) B..when gives the sense of @as soon as or o soonerB.than.6

;arning : The use of tense in this sense should 'e made carefully. "t should 'e asfollows

4ardly (Scarcely) I 4ad I Su'9ects..o not use did in place of had in such sentences.

Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:a) 4ardly had he left the house than it started raining. (incorrect)

4ardly had he left the house when it started raining. (correct)') 4ardly he had left the house than it started raining. (incorrect)

4ardly had he left the house when it started raining. (correct)c) 4ardly did he see his father than he stopped smoking. (incorrect)

4ardly had he seen his father when he stopped smoking (Correct)

ote "n all a'ove sentences EScarcely6 can also 'e used in place of E4ardly6.

Ti! 1" @As i is used to convey the sense of prevention. 2hile using Eas if6 in a sentence weshould see that even the third person singular su'9ect gets were.Consider the following e&ample4e talks as if he was mad. ("ncorrect)4e talks as if he were mad (Correct)

Ti! 16 E(nti$ e&presses @ti e . "t means Etill not.6 EGntil6 is in the negative sense. So notshould not 'e used in the sentences where until has 'een used.

Consider the following e&ample2ait here until " do not return. ("ncorrect)2ait here until " return. (Correct)

Ti! 1= "n the reported speech (i.e. indirect speech) do not use @that 'efore when wherewhy what who whose whom and how.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:a) The teacher asked Sudha that why she made a noise in the class. (incorrect)

The teacher asked Sudha why she made a noise in the class. (correct)') 4e asked me that what " was doing there. (incorrect)

4e asked me what " was doing there. (correct)c) The lion asked the hare that where he had 'een so long. (incorrect)

She asked me who taught me %nglish. (Correct)e) ;ohan asked Sohan that how he had fared in the e&amination. ("ncorrect)

;ohan asked Sohan how he had fared in the e&amination. (Correct)

Ti! 1> : Teacher gives e&am or test. 4e never takes e&am or test.Consider the following e&amples

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Rock Study Circle*ur teacher will take out test tomorrow. ("ncorrect)*ur teacher will give us a test tomorrow. (Correct)

Ti! 1? : @S,!!osing and @I cannot 'e used together in the same sentence 'ecause 'othconvery the same sense. 2e can use either Esupposing6 or E"f6.Consider the following e&ample

Supposing if she fails what will she do 3 ("ncorrect)Supposing she fails what will she do 3 (Correct)"f she fails what will she do 3 (Correct)

Ti! 1 Since 5ecause As @or all mean E'ecause6. 4owever there is a difference in theirdegree. Since and eca,se- are used for strong cases whereas E As an0 @ or are usedfor weak cases.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) " respect him as he is my father. (incorrect)" respect him 'ecause he is my father. (correct)

') " could not go to college 'ecause it was raining. (incorrect)" could not go to college as it was raining. (correct)E#!$anation : "n sentence

a) E'ecause6 has 'een used 'ecause the case (he is my father) in the sentence is verystrong. *n the other hand in sentence.

') The case is not strong. "t is weak. The student could go to college if he were willing togo so we have used as in that sentence.

Ti! 2F P$ease and 8in0$% cannot 'e used together in the same sentence. "n fact they conveythe same meaning. The use of E7lease6 and Ekindly6 is as followsa) E7lease6 is used for the people inferior or 9unior to us.') E-indly6 is used for the people superior or senior to us.

4owever if it 'ecomes difficult to decide whether the person addressed to 'y us is 9unioror senior to us we can use either Eplease6 or kindly6.Consider the following e&amples7lease kindly help me in my work. ("ncorrect)7lease help me in my work. (Correct)-indly help me in my work. (Correct)

Ti! 21: "f there is an idea of two actions 'oth taking place in the future one after the other these uence of tense should 'e !resent In0e inite and ,t,re In0e inite .Mar8 the o$$o ing e#a !$es

a) "f " shall go to Culcutta " shall 'ring a 'eautifulwatch for you.

(incorrect)

"f " go to Calcutta " shall 'ring a watch for you.

(7resent "ndefinite) (@uture "ndefinite)

(correct)

') "f it will rain " shall not go to college. (incorrect)"f it rains " shall not go to college. (correct)

Ti! 22 : "f two actions in a sentence are shown happening in the past one after the other L thetense of the action happening first should 'e Past Per ect and that of the happeningsecondly should 'e Past In0e inite .Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) The patient died 'efore the doctor arrived. (incorrect)

The patient had died 'efore the doctor arrived. (correct)

') The train steamed off when " reached the station. (incorrect)

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Rock Study Circle The train had steamed off when " reached thestation.

(correct)

E#!$anation : "n sentencea) There are two actions in the past one after the other i.e.i) The patient had diedii) The doctor arrived. So the first action is in past perfect (i.e. had died) and the second

action is in past indefinite (i.e. arrived). 7lease consult the corrected part. Similar isthe case with sentence

Ti! 23 Two actions of the past pro'a'ility one depending on the other should have thefollowing arrangement

7ast 7erfect I @uture perfect

4ad I : # I 2ould I 4ave I : #

Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$e:"f you had taken tea " would also taken. ("ncorrect)"f you had taken tea " would have also taken. (Correct)

(past 7erfect) (@uture 7erfect)Note The sentences of past pro'a'ility can also 'e started with 4ad.Consider the following e&ample4ad you worked hard you would have passed (Correct)

The a'ove sentence can also 'e written as follows"f you had worked hard you would have passed.

Ti! 2" : A past tense in the principal clause is followed 'y present tense in the su'ordinateclause if the latter denotes a universal truth or a ha'itual truth or if it contains some

uotation scientific statement or historical fact.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) ewton said that for every action there is an e ual and oppositereaction.

MscientificstatementN

') 4e said that he is an early riser. M4a'itual truthNc) 4e said that the earth moves round the sun. MGniversal truthNd) The teacher said that "ndia 'ecame free in 1+$/. M4istorical factN

7lease note the constitution of the a'ove sentences. ou will find that the principal clauseis in the past tense whereas the su'ordinate clause is in the present tense.

Ti! 26 o preposition should 'e used with the following words


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Rock Study Circle;athematics "nnings 7olitics ews %conomics Summons 7hysics allows.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) ;athematics are a difficult su'9ect. (incorrect);athematics is a difficult su'9ect. (correct)

') These news was 'roadcast from All "ndia Radio. (incorrect) This news was 'roadcast from All "ndia Radio. (correct)

c) 7olitics are a dirty game. (incorrect)7olitics is a dirty game. (Correct)

Ti! 2> Gse of @since and @ or as prepositions should 'e made very carefully. 5oth are thepreposition of time. ESince6 is used for a point of time whereas Efor6 is used for a length oftime.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) "t has 'een raining for ;onday last. (incorrect)"t has 'een raining since ;onday last (correct)

') "n have 'een waiting for you since the last three hours. (incorrect)" have 'een waiting for you for the last three hours. (correct)

E#!$anation : E;onday last6 denotes a point of time and as per the tip we can use onlysince to e&press a point of time. EThree hours6 denote a length of time and we can use forto e&press the length of time.

oo8 at the o$$o ing Chart7oint of Time (Gse Esince6) Dength of Time (Gse Efor6)

Since ;ondaySince 0 A.;.Since 1+/=

Since eveningSince ;orningSince that day

@or three days@or two hours@or five years

@or two months@or ten days

@or four years

Ti! 2? Some prepositions agree with certain words to give different meanings for differentpurposes. A Ready > Reckoner (on the correct use of prepositions) is given 'elow.

1. Agree 2ith a person To a thing upon a policy!. Angry 2ith a person At a thing for some reason#. Appeal To a person @or a thing$. Apply to a person @or a post0. Attend on a person To a thing (lesson etc.),. 5eg pardon *f a person @or something/. 5lind *f one eye To one6s faults etc.=. Call At a place *n a person+. Care @or a person *f a thing1F. Compare 2ith (similar things) To (dissimilar things)11. Compete 2ith a person @or a thing1!. Complain To O against a person *f something1#. eal 2ith a person "n a thing1$. ie *f a disease for a cause @rom overwork with hunger10. iffer 2ith a person @rom a thing1,. isgusted 2ith a person At a thing

1/. istinguish 2ith one thing from another 5etween two things1=. %n uire "nto a matter of a person After one6s health

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Rock Study Circle1+. %nter A place "nto an agreement etc!F. %ntrust A person with a thing A thing to a person!1. @ire At a man Gpon a mo'!!. rateful To a person @or a thing!#. Dean Against a wall *n a stick!$. ;eet A person 2ith an accident!0. 7art @rom a person with

something2ith a thing

!,. 7lay At cricket Gpon harmonium etc!/. 7ut up At a place 2ith a person!=. Puarrel 2ith a person *ver a thing!+. Retire @rom 'usiness *ver a thing#F. Slow *f speech At a 'usiness#1. Stare At a person A person in the face#!. Suffer @rom fever etc. @or follies

##. Supply A person Something to a person#$. Sympathise 2ith a person "n his sorrows etc.#0. Thankful To a person @or a thing#,. Gseful To a person @or a purpose

Ti! 2 : Gse of i$$ and sha$$ should also 'e made very carefully. 2rong use of will and shallcan change the meaning of a sentence altogether. The following chart will help you inunderstanding the sue of Ewill6 and Eshall6 properly

"st person (" we our mine etc). ! nd and # rd 7erson (you your 4e she "tRama etc.)

Shall Simple future Tense (Time) Threat O 7romise O efinite things O

Command etermination2ill Threat O 7romise O efinite things O

Command O eterminationSimple @uture Tense (Time)

Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:a) " shall visit Calcutta soon. (A case of simple future tense)') " will not allow him to go against his father. (A case of determination)c) She will sing a song at the function. (A case of simple future tense)d) 4e shall face the dacoits (case of determination or definite

position)

Ti! 3F : The use of @Co,sin 7rother or @Co,sin sister is s$ang . 2e should use only cousin.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) ;ay cousin 'rother deals in iron. (incorrect);y cousin deals in "ron. (correct)

') ;ay cousin sister liver in 5om'ay (incorrect);y cousin liver in 5om'ay (correct)

Ti! 31 : "f the superlative degree is preceded 'y a noun in the possessive case or possessivead9ective (my our your his her their) @the is not used 'efore it.

Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:;y the eldest sister is a lecturer. (incorrect);y eldest sister is a lecturer. (correct)

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Rock Study CircleTi! 32 : Seven Datin Ad9ectives of the comparative ending in Eor6 i.e. in erior. S,!erior-

/,nior- senior- !rior- !osterior- anterior are followed 'y Eto6 and not 'y Ethan6.

Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:a) ;y coat is inferior than yours. (incorrect)

;y coat is inferior to yours. (correct)') 4e is senior than me 'y five years (incorrect)

4e is senior to me 'y five years. (correct)Similarly Eto6 should 'e used with other comparatives.

Ti! 33 ECasitive :er'6 is used for giving parallel meaning in a sentence when we talk of parallelmeaning we mean that the su'9ect itself is not active in an action. 4e gets the workcompleted 'y some other person or agency.

Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:a) 4e married his daughter. ("ncorrect)

4e got his daughter married. (Correct)E#!$anation : The sentence in its incorrect form would mean that he made his daughterhis wife. 5ut the sentence in correct form would mean that he got his daughter married tosome other man. E ot6 in the correct form is the casitive ver'.

a) 4e got ;ohan dismissed. (Correct)E#!$anation: "n this sentence we find that the su'9ect (4e) himself has not taken theaction. 4e got the action completed 'y someone else. E ot6 in this sentence is Castiviever'.

Ti! 3" E;hat to s!ea8 o is s$ang . The correct term is Not to s!ea8 o .Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

2hat to speak of %nglish he cannot speak even 4indi (incorrect)

ot to speak of %nglish he cannot speak even 4indi. (correct)Ti! 36 : 2hen we use the word repeat in a sentence we need not use again in that sentence

'ecause repeat means say or tell again.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

7lease repeat the lesson again. (incorrect)7lease repeat the lesson. (correct)

Ti! 3= : Cent !er cent an0 or0 7% or0 are rong ,ses . Gnfortunately these terms arefre uently used 'y the students. The real terms are E4undred percent6 and Eword for word.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:a) ;any students secure cent per cent markers in mathematics. (incorrect)

;any students secure hundred per cent marks in mathematics. (correct)') " have learnt this lesson word 'y word. (incorrect)" have learnt this lesson word for word. (correct)

Ti! 3> @The should 'e used 'efore comparative degree of comparison when there is a senseof proportion. "t means when two comparative degrees are used in a sentence forproportion the is used 'efore 'oth of them.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) eeper the well cooler the water. (incorrect) The deeper the well the cooler the water (correct)

') 4igher we go cooler it is. (incorrect) The higher we go the cooler it is. (correct)

Ti! 3? "f two singular nouns 9oined 'y @an0 point out to the same thing or person the ver'used should 'e singular.

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Rock Study CircleConsi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) Rice and Currey are the favourite food of the 7un9a'is. (incorrect)Rice and Currey is the favourite food of the pun9a'is. (correct)

') 4ard > work and honesty are needed for success in life. (incorrect)4ard > work and honesty is needed for success in life. (correct)

c) The collector and istrict ;agistrate are away. (incorrect) The collector and istrict ;agistrate is away. (correct)

Ti! 3 "f two su'9ects are 9oined 'y Either ..or- Neither nor the ver' agrees with thesu'9ect near to it. E ear to it6 means the su'9ect immediately 'efore it. To narrow thediscussion the su'9ect agrees with the second su'9ect.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) %ither my 'rother or " am to do this work.') either he nor they are prepared to do this work.

E#!$anation: "n sentencea) 2e find that the ver' (i.e. am) agrees with I 'ecause this su'9ect is immediately

'efore it. Similarly in sentence') The :er' (i.e. are) agrees with @the% 'ecause this su'9ect is immediately 'efore it.Note : Either ..or is used for two persons or things and conveys a positive sense.Neither nor is used for two persons or things and conveys a negative sense.

Ti! "F : @Neither - @Either - @Ever% - @Each - @Ever%one - an0 @Man% a are followed 'y asingular ver'.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) %ither of the plants are to 'e adopted. (incorrect)

%ither of the plants is to 'e adopted. (correct)') E either6 of the two 'rothers are sure to pass. (incorrect)E either of the two 'rothers is sure to pass. (correct)

c) %very student are e&pected to 'e o'edient. (incorrect)%very student is e&pected to 'e o'edient. (Correct)

d) %ach of them are capacitated to do the work. ("ncorrect)%ach of them is capacitated to do the work. (Correct)

e) ;any a person were drowned. ("ncorrect);any a person was drowned. (Correct)

Ti! "1 The use of e - a e and the e should 'e made carefully. They are denote

num'er. @ew is negative and is the opposite of ;any. "t means Enot many.6EA few6 is positive and means Esome at least6. "t is the oppositeEThe few6 means Eminority6 and suggests Ewhatever there is.6Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) 4e is a man of a few words. (incorrect)4e is a man of few words. (correct)

') *nly few 'oys will fail in the e&amination. (incorrect)*nly a few 'oys will fail in the e&amination. (correct)

c) A few poems that he wrote are very popular. (incorrect)

The few poems that he wrote are very popular. (Correct)Ti! "2 2e should also 'e very careful in the use of ess an0 @ e er .

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Rock Study Circlei. EDess6 denotes E uantity6.ii. E@ewer6 denotes Enum'er6.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) o less then fifty soldiers were killed. (incorrect)o fewer than fifty soldiers were killed. (correct)

') There are no less than fifty 'ody in our class. (incorrect) There are no fewer than fifty 'ody in our class. (correct)

c) There is no fewer than five litres of milk in the


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Rock Study CircleShe hesitates singing in the company of herfriends.

(correct)

') " dislike to read cheap novels. (incorrect)" dislike reading cheap novels (correct)

Ti! "? @or the purpose of comparison Eany6 is followed 'y Eother6.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$e:-alidas is greater than any dramatists. (incorrect)

-alidas is greater than any other dramatist. (correct)

Ti! " : Sometimes an error is committed due to wrong use of an idiom.Consi0er the o$$o ing e#a !$es:

a) The %nglish have left "ndia with 'ag 'aggage. (incorrect)

The %nglish have left "ndia 'ag and 'aggage. (correct)

') " will fight with tooth and nail. (incorrect)

" will fight tooth and nail. (correct)An 'onest A0vice @or avoiding errors in the use of idioms you are advised to read theuse of idioms carefully.

Ti! 6F %rrors are also committed due to the use of slangs distortion of the language andincomplete understanding of certain rules of grammar. e$o - a $ist o s$angs an0

is,ses is given.1) E7roudly6 is no word. "t is Eproud6.!) The plural of Escenery6 is Escenery6 and not Esceneries.6#) E o the needful6 is wrongly used. "t should 'e E o what is necessary6.$) ever say E7assing marks. ESay E7ass marks.60) E@ast enemies6 is wrong. "t should 'e Esworn enemies.

,) 2rite E o alternative6 in place of E o other alternative.6/) ever say E@amily mem'ers6 Say J;em'ers of family.6=) 2e make or deliver a speech we do not give it.+) ;oney is Emisused6 and power is Ea'used6.1F) ever say 4e is our %nglish teacher.

Say 4e is our teacher of %nglish.11) on6t say ;y father is in the teaching line.

Say ;y father is in the teaching profession.1!) on6t say ;y foot is paining.

Say ;y foot is aching.1#)Amount paid 'y the customer is called Eprice6.

Amount paid 'y the shopkeeper is called. Ecost6.1$)ECause6 produces Ea result6.

EReason6 e&plains or 9ustifies Ea result.610)E eny6 means Erefuse to acknowledge6.

ERefuse6 means Ere9ect.61,)E7lay6 means Eentertainment6.

E ame6 means Ea particular type of sport.61/)E4ard6 means Edevotedly6.

E4ardly6 means Epractically nil.61=)EAll6 conveys num'er.

E2hole6 conveys uantity.1+)2e speak Ethe truth6 and tell Elie6.!F)@ish sheep doQen deer have the same form in singular as in plural.!1) on6t say ? 4e is very miser

Say 4e is very miserly.!!) on6t say 4e is a coward man.

Say 4e is coward.

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Rock Study Circle!#) on6t say 4e has resigned from his post.

Say 4e has resigned his post.!$) on6t say 2e discussed a'out the female education.

Say 2e discussed the female education.!0) on6t say ou should avail of the opportunity.

Say ou should avail yourself of the opportunity.!,) on6t say 2e went there and en9oy.

Say 2e went there and en9oyed ourselves.!/) on6t say Seeing worth.

Say 2orth seeing.

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Rock Study CircleP'O IAS

A !ho7ia is the ,nreasona7$e- ,nrea$istic an0 e#cessive ear to a !artic,$aro7/ect- o7/ects or stit,ation. Ach$,o!ho7ia : arkness Acro!ho7ia : 4eights Agora!ho7ia : *pen spaces Ai$,ro!ho7ia : Cats An0ro!ho7ia : ;en Arachno!ho7ia : Spiders Arith o!ho7ia : um'er At%chi!ho7ia : @ailure A,ro!ho7ia : old Caco!ho7ia : Ggliness

Carcino!ho7ia : Cancer Cera,no!ho7ia : Thunder Chaeto!ho7ia : 4air Chro eto!ho7ia : ;oney Ci7o!ho7ia : @ood C$a,stro!ho7ia : Confined spaces *ento!ho7ia : dentists *i!so!ho7ia : drinking

*o ato!ho7ia : houses E$ectro!ho7ia : %lectricity Enoch$o!ho7ia : Crowds e7ri!ho7ia : @ever Gerasco!ho7ia : growing old 'e$io!ho7ia : The sun '%0ro!ho7ia : 2ater 4eno!ho7ia : empty spaces achano!ho7ia : vegeta'les Meth%!ho7ia : alcohol

Motor!ho7ia : automo'iles Nocti!ho7ia : night Nosoco e!ho7ia : hospitals O 7ro!ho7ia : rain O!hi0io!ho7ia : Snakes Phar aco!ho7ia : medicines en,stra!ho7ia : 'eautiful women Heno!ho7ia : Strangers oo!ho7ia : animals

INTRO*(CTION TO ;OR* PRO EMSANTONJMS & SJNONJMS

2ord is the 'asic of language and indispensa'le to understand it. Therefore allcompetitive e&aminations for ;5A entrance give an e&tra emphasis on word related pro'lems.

The main types of word pro'lems in these e&aminations are

1) Synonym!) Antonym#) Sentence Completion (@ill in the 'lanks)$) Analogy0) *dd 2ord *ut,) Choosing a correct word from a pair of similar sounding words

"t 'ecomes desira'le that the taker of these e&aminations start 'uilding hisOher vaca'ularyat an early stage. A good vaca'ulary is very important for success in these e&aminations. "n thecourse of discussing the a'ove types of word pro'lems we will 'e suggesting you the ways toimprove your voca'ulary

The first and foremost method of improving voca'ulary is reading 'ooks magaQines andnewspapers. A word is complete and meaningful only when it is used in a sentence. The sentence.

The sentence 'rings forth the complete meaning of a word. Therefore we will start our discussionof synonym and antonym with the conte&tual use of these words. "n such uestions you arere uired to find a synonym or antonym to an underlined or a 'old word in the sentence.

5efore we start our discussion of such uestions we would like to remind you thatwhenever a difficult word comes in the way of your reading a newspaper a 'ook or doing readingcomprehension passages first guess the meaning of the word in the conte&t then conult a

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Rock Study Circledictionary and note down the word and its meaning in a note pad for vevision. 5y practice youcan guess accurately and less and less use of dictionary would 'e re uired over time.

The most important thing in such e&ercise is to first guess the general meaning thesentence conveys and then replace the underlined word with another meaningul word in theconte&t. ou need to look for a similar word in the option. ou wil 'e re uired to eliminate thosechoices which are clearly different. 5efore you tick your answer finally check your choice 'yputting it in place of the underlined word and reading the sentence. The word should 'emeaningul in the sentence.

The idea of choosing a correct word for a conte&t can 'e 'etter understood if we considersome e&amples.

S%non% in Conte#t :%&amples*irections : Choose the synonym from the four options for the underlined word in the sentence.

1. Caco!hon% : Puarrelling people created a lot of caco!hon% and so no'ody was a'le to

hear us.(a) fighting (') hearing (c) noise (d) 'itterness

E#!$anation2hat uarrelling or fighting or arguing people produce or create that makes hearingimpossi'le 3 They created what 3

The correct answer is (c) noise.

7roficiency in %nglish Danguage Danguage Comprehension "ntroduction to 2ord 7ro'lems Antonyms Synonyms

2. a$$ac% : on6t live under the a$$ac% that luck will do everything for your.(a) right 'elief (') weakness (c) pleasure (d) wrong 'elief

E#!$anation"s depending on luck for everything right or good 3

ou can re?read the sentences as E on6t live under the wrong or 'ad idea thatBBB The correct answer is (d) wrong 'elief.

3. *esiccate : The washed and wet wheat was spread under the sun to 0esiccate.(a) to dry (') to shine (c) to pack (d) to 'reak

E#!$anation2hy do we spread washed clothes and grains under the sun 3

The correct answer is (a) to dry.

". E#acer7ate : rinking more and more e#acer7ate0 his already poor health.(a) improved (') worsened (c) killed (d) checked

E#!$anation"s it advisa'le to drink when some'ody6s health is already poor 3 2hat will it do to hishealth > improve or make it further 'ad 3

ou can read it as E rinking more and more deteriorated. ..6 The correct answer is (') worsened.

6. A 7ig,o,s : 4e changed his statement to many times that entire his message 'ecamea 7ig,o,s.(a) clear (') impressive (c) unimpressive (d) unclear

E#!$anation

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Rock Study Circle2ill not changing statements again and again confuse the listeners and make it unclear tothem 3

ou can re?read the sentence as Ethat entire his message 'ecame confusing6. The correct answer is (d) unclear.

Str,ct,re R,$e :At times you may not 'e a'le to guess the meaning in the conte&t 'ecause of(a) unfamiliar idea or language(') unusual usage of the word"n such cases you are advised to take help of the root of the word prefi& > suffi& or other suchdevices that we are going to discuss further.

Anton% in Conte#t The e&ercise on synonyms has made this clear to you how to locate a correct answer. "n

case of antonyms you have to first replace the underlined word with an easier word and themmake negative of the word 'y adding Eno6 or Enot6 to it. Read the sentence again with thenegative word. Then look for the word in the choices that can fit in the sentence withoutchanging its meaning in the negative sense.

@ollow the procedure e&plained 'elow in finding antonyms to a word in a given conte&t.

E#a !$es :*irections uess the meaning of the underlined words in the conte&t and choose the antonymfor the same.

1. *i$igent : The student6s constant and 0i$igent efforts 'rought him great success.(a) lucky (') constant (c) laQy (d) slow

E#!$anationEConstant and diligent6 can 'e read as Econstant and la'orious6 and converted into negative asEconstant 'ut not la'orious6. Another word for Enot la'orious6 is laQy.

The correct answer is (c) laQy.

2. e$$icose : The 7e$$icose countries finally stopped fighting.(a) friendly (') fighting (c) peaceful (d) hateful

E#!$anationE@inally stopped fighting6 suggests that the countries were fighting. 5ellicose means fighting.

Therefore you need Enot fighting6 as opposite and another word for the same is peaceful. The correct answer is (c) peaceful.

3. A,0acit% : %ncouraged 'y success the soldier moved with a,0acit% and killed theenemy.(a) courage (') 'oldness (c) timidity (d) strength

E#!$anation*'viously the soldier move with confidence or courage or 'oldness as he was encouraged.

Therefore for Ewithout courage6 there is only one option. The correct answer is (c) timdity.

". Garr,$o,s : She had to listen to her garr,$o,s guest for hours in courtesy.(a) taciturn (') talkative (c) funny (d) interesting

E#!$anation"f the host is forced to listen for hours if means the guest is talkative. 2ith Enot talkative6

no option matched 'ut one. The correct answer is (a) taciturn. Taciturn is a person who prefers to remain uiet.

6. Sting% : The sting% old man despite 'eing rich never spent a penny on his own well'eing.(a) miser (') generous (c) careful (d) narrow > minded

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Rock Study CircleE#!$anation

"f one does not spend money even on urgent needs despite having enough such a personis called miser and opposite to miser is generous.

The correct answer is (') generous.SJNONJM AN* ;OR* ROOT

The 'ig words that we read today are developed from very small parts of them. Thesesmall parts are still there in the word and are called roots. @rom one common root many wordshave 'een derived over time and all these words 'elong to the same root family. These words arenot e&actly simpler in meaning 'ut they have some common hidden similarity. This similarityhelps us to known the meaning of the words and remem'er them. Therefore knowing the roots ofwords of the same family is a very effective way of learning and retaining words for long.

As the conte&tual understanding and elimination of options is helpful in solving synonymand antonym uestions knowing the root of the word is also very helpful especially when the

uestions are without conte&t. The very 'ig words like intimidation congregationcircumam'ulate or incontroverti'le are reduced to their roots such as time greg am'le andcontra. ou need to know their meaning such as time means fear as in timid that is fearful.Another similar word is timorous. Similarly the root greg means group or gather and the word

congregation means to gather together. Am'le means to walk or move and contra meansopposite or against. The word circumam'ulatory means to take or walk through a very long orindirect path and incontroverti'le means the one that cannot 'e contradicted or disputed.

ou need to known the roots of certain words 'efore you can use the skill effectively insynonym and antonym e&ercises. "n the following e&amples first see how the root makes arelation among all the words of its family and then understand the special meaning of the word.@inally notice how the knowledge of root words is applied in synonym uestions.

E#a !$es :*irections : "n the following e&amples learn the words 'efore you go through the solved

uestions.1. Cognosc gnosi K 8no

RecogniQe to know again to identify L to recogniQe a very old fried. "ncognito not known in disguise spies remain incognito Acknowledge to confirm knowledge to confirm L please acknowledge the receipt of

the letter. iagnosis to know 'efore to forecast L diagnosis of the disease was accurate 7rognosis to know 'efore to forecast L treatment depends on a correct prognosis of

a disease

2. Cor0- cor- car0i K heart Cordial hearty heartfelt L a cordial invitation Concord put heart into harmony and friendlliness L a'sence of discord among

people. iscord uarrel lack of harmony L a noisy discord 'etween the neigh'ours Core central part L from the core of my heart Cardiac related to the heart or heart disease L died 'ecause of cardiac arrest

3. Cre0 K 7e$ieve Creed a particular 'elief or sect L no discirimnation on the 'asis of colour caste or

creed Credence 'elieve something " don6t give credence to such gossip progress to

move forward regress to move 'ackward and egress to go out. *'viously revertis to go 'ackward.

The answer is (') Revert.

S%non% an0 O00 ;or0 O,t :

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Rock Study Circle*dd word out is another category of word pro'lem which the e&amines may face in an

;5A entrance e&amination."n a cluster of four words one word is odd. "t means three of them are alike. "n a synonym

pro'lem three will 'y synonyms and one will 'e odd. Therefore if a candidate can identify atleast tow alike or synonymous words it would 'ecome an easier task for him. 4e needs toesta'lish the relation 'etween the two words and check which one of the remaining does notfollow the same relation. "n the following cluster of words identify two similar words

(a) amusing (') hilarious (c) humorous (d) dullE#a !$anation

Det us assume you know that amusing and entertaining are similar and their relation isthat 'oth mean something pleasing to mind. "n such a case you have to check the word out thatdoes not mean pleasing to mind. @or sure you can say it is dull that does not please your mind.

ou can go for this choice even if you don6t know the meaning of hilarious and humorous. Thus the answer is (d) dull.

E#a !$es :

*irections Choose the word that is not synonymous to the rest of the three in each group.

1. (a) amity (') animosity (c) harmoniousness (d) amica'lenessE#!$anation

ou can make a relation either 'etween amity and amica'leness or 'etween harmoniousand friendliness or any other you like. Det us consider the second choice. 4armonious andfriendliness 'oth give peace and pleasure. o amity and amica'leness also give the same 3 easthey do.

5ut for our purpose one pair is enough. Check what does not give peace and pleasure. Animosityis enmity or hostility.

"n case you find this uestion difficult consider their sounds. Amity and amica'leness are similarsounding whereas animosity is close to enemy.

The re uired odd word is (') animosity.

2. (a) 'east (') 'rute (c) animal (d) divine

E#!$anation ou might know 'east and animal to 'e same. They are against divine. The re uired odd word is (d) divine.

3. (a) cacophonous (') dissonant (c) content (d) raucous

E#!$anation ou already know the relation 'etween cacophonous and noisy. They are unpleasant discordantconfusion of sound. Content is of course not a sound and not unpleasant either.

The re uired odd word is (c) content.". (a) dirty (') filthy (c) soiled (d) disa'ledE#!$anation

irty and soiled are easy to relate. 5ut disa'led is neither dirty nor soiled. The re uired odd word is (d) disa'led.6. (a) enhance (') grievance (c) strengthen (d) 'oostE#!$anation2e have already learnt the words strengthen and fortify. "f you remem'er they are same. They'oost or make strong. 2hich one does not have the same element > enhance or grievance 3

The re uired odd word is grievance. "t means a reason for complaint or protest.

Str,ct,re r,$e

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Rock Study Circle2e need to use shortcuts to cope with the high difficulty levels in these e&aminations. 4owever itis always advisa'le that1. on6t forget to check other options 'efore ticking you answer finally.!. Take the tips and enough e&ercises to improve your voca'ulary as there

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Rock Study Circle;OR*S CON (SE*

L'OMONJMS- PARONJMS- SJNONJMS51) 2ords similar in form of derivation 'ut different in meaning of use. LParon% s5 .!) 2ords similar in their sound or pronunciation 'ut different in meaning. L'o on% s5#) 2ords apparently identical in their meaning 'ut possess su'tle shades of difference.

LS%non% s5.

I. ;or0s si i$ar in or o 0erivation 7,t 0i erent in eaning o ,se.1. Aca0e ic- Aca0e ica$

Aca0e ic of teaching studyingscholarly.2hat are your academic su'9ects.Academical of a college or university 4e'oasts of his academical training.

0. A0a!t- A0o!t :A0a!t : to fit to inure. 2e should adaptourselves to the circumstances.A0o!t : to take to choose. Thecandidates who adopted unfair meanswere de'arred from the e&amination forthree years.

!. Acce!tance- Acce!tation :Acce!tance The act of accepting a

thing.4e sent his acceptance of e&aminership'y the return post.

,. A0 ission- A0 ittance :A0 ission : acceptance. 4e was allowed

admission in their fraternity.Admittance > letting in. 4e was notallowed admittance into the 7rincipal6soffice.

#. Access- Accession :Access : Approach. "n democray even acommon man may have an access to the7rime ;inister.Accession : Actual coming to.

There were great festivities held at thetime of the present king of epal6saccession to the throne.

/. A ecting- A ection- A ectation :A ecting pathetic touching. ETess of

6ur'ervilles6 is an affecting novel.A ection : love. 4e has got greataffection for his younger 'rother.A ectation : false display. 7arents6 loveto their children is always true L there isno affectation a'out it.

$. Accessar%- Accessor% :Accessar% : 7erson having an associationor hand is some action. She was anaccessary if not 'rain 'ehind the crime.Accessor% : Something e&tra helpfuland useful 'ut not an essential part. Theaccessories of his scooter cost his Rs.

Three hundred

=. A ia7$e- A ica7$eA ia7$e : lova'le. She has got anamia'le temperament.A ica7$e : friendly peaceful. The twocountries came to an amica'le settlementof their dispute.

+. A$ternate- A$ternative :A$ternate : 'eing 'y turns or of things of twokinds coming each after one of the other kind." used to teach him not daily 'ut on alternatedays.

5oys and girls stepped forward alternately.A$ternative : another choice. 2hen 7akistanattacked "ndia there was no alternative for"ndia 'ut to fight to the finish.

1/. Cas,a$- Ca,sa$ :Ca,sa$ : accidental or occasional. " had

9ust a cosual meeting with him.Ca,sa$ : due to some cause or reasons.

There is definitely a causal connection'etween hard work and success.

1F. Artistic- Art ,$- Arti icia$ :Artistic : 'eautiful having aestheticpower. Tennyson is famous for artisticachievements in poetry.Arti icia$ : opposed to natural. The'eauty of most of the cinema actresses isartificial.Art ,$ cunning clever she achieved

success 'y artful means.

1=. *eci0e0- *ecisive :*eci0e0 : definite. The tri'unal give itsdecided opinion on the uestion.*ecisive : that which ends a controversyor discussion finally. The first 'attle of7anipat proved decisive in that it pavedthe pay for ;ughal rule in "ndia.

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11. ene icia$- ene icient :ene icia$ : useful advantageous. 4ard

work is 'eneficial for good students.ene icient : kind generous doinggood. 2e should 'e charita'le and'eneficient to the poor.

1+. *e ect- *e icienc% :*e ect : some shortcoming fault. There

is some defect in this machinery.*e icienc% : lack want. "t is thedeficiency of :itamin C that causes coldsand coughts.

1!. Chi$0ish- Chi$0$i8e :Chi$0ish : used in a 'ad sense and meansily trifling. " do not like his childish ways.Chi$0$i8e : used in a good sensemeaning simple and innocent like a child.4is childlike innocence is praised 'y.

!F. *e inite- *e iaitive :*e inite : clear having set limits. 4e hasno definite opinion on the su'9ect.*e initive : decisive. The dictionary givesdefinitive meaning of words and idioms.

1#. Co !$acent- Co !$aisant :Co !$acent : well satisfied L pleased.*ur complacent attitude to our strengthproved to 'e our undoing at the time ofChinese attack on "ndia.Co !$aisant : polite o'liging. 4e is verycomplaisant in his 'ehaviour towardsothers.

!1. *e!en0ent- *e!en0ant :*e!en0ent : relying on. *nly those whoare dependent on their mettle gatherlaurels in life.*e!en0ant : *ne who depends on othersfor one6s maintenance. 4e has a largenum'er of dependants to look after.

1$. Co !rehensive- Co !rehensi7$e :Co !rehensive : e&tensive including allaspects. unnar ;yrdal6s EAsian rama6gives a comprehenisve survey of theeconomic and political condition of thecountries of south > east Asia.Co !rehensi7$e : capa'le of 'eingunderstood. our strange 'ehaviour onsome occasions is not comprehensi'le tome.

!!. *ivers- *iverse :*ivers : Several or sundry. iversopinions are held 'y people on this

uestion.*iverse markedly different or unlike.

There are diverse views a'ove the

solution of this pro'lem.

10. Con i0ent- Con i0ant :Con i0ent : to 'e certain sure. 4e isconfident of this success.Con i0ant : one who is entrusted with asecret. As he is a treacherous fellow hedoes not deserve to 'e any'ody6sconfidant.

!#. Econo ic- Econo ica$ :Econo ic : refers to Eeconomics6. *nlyhard work 'y each and everyone of us can'ring out economic amelioration of thecountry.Econo ica$ : frugal thrifty. ou can 'ehappy in life if you are economical inha'its.

1,. Contin,o,s- Contin,a$:Contin,o,s : implies a'solute anduninterrupted continuity. 4e workedcontinuously throughout the night.Contin,a$ : Continuity 'reaks. "t has'een raining continually for three days.(i.e. raining with occasional 'reaks nowand then.

!$. E0,cative- E0,cationa$ :E0,cative : instructive. There are manyeducative values of ho''ies.E0,cationa$ pertaining to education.

There is a definite deterioration in theeducational standards of the institutions.

1/. Cor!ora$- Cor!orea$ :Cor!ora$ : relating to 'ody. Corporalpunishment of children is now 'anned inschools.Cor!orea$ : material tangi'le having'ody. The fairies are not corporealcreatures.

!0. Egotist- Egoist :Egotist : selfish and self > conceited. Shedoes not like to talk with an agotist likehimEgoist : one who 'elieves that selfinterest is the foundation of morality onewho talks a'out himself without any

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Rock Study Circleelement of pride and haughtiness.

!,. E$icit- I$$icit :E$icit : to draw out. The police used every

possi'le coercion to elicit the secretinformation from the culprit 'ut failed."llicit illegal unlawful. "f prohi'ition isclamped in the country there will go onillicit distillation of li uor.

#0. E#ce!tiona7$e- E#ce!tiona$E#ce!tiona7$e : o'9ectiona'le. 4is

speech was uterly disliked 'ecause it wasfull of e&ceptiona'le remarks.E#ce!tiona$ : rare unusual. 4e is a manof e&ceptional power of memoriQing.

!/. E$igi7$e- I$$egi7$e :E$igi7$e : fit to 'e chosen havingnecessary ualification. ou are noteligi'le to apply for this post 'ecause 5.A.is the minimum ualification re uired forit while you are only "ntermediate.I$$egi7$e that which cannot 'e read. 4is

handwriting was so illegi'le that " couldnot make head or tail of it.

#,. E#ha,sting- E#ha,stive :E#ha,sting tiring. The 9ourney on footto the hill was very e&hausting.E#ha,stive : comprehensive detailed.*ur teacher gave e&haustive notes on thesu'9ect.

!+. E igrate- I igrate :E igrate : to go out of one6s country andto settle in another. ;any educated youthhave emigrated to the G.S.A and o'tainedits citiQenship.I igrate : to come into a country tosettle. Aryans are 'elieved to haveimmigrated into "ndia from Central Asia longago.

#/. E#!ense- E#!anse :E#!ense 'elonging to e&penditure. Thelife has 'ecome so costly so costly that itis difficult to meet the e&penses of lu&ury.E#!anse : wide space. The e&panse ofthe universe is 'eyond description.

#F. E inent- I inent :

E inent : distinguished. The framers ofthe constitution of "ndian were eminentstatesmen."mminent near a'out to happen. Thedanger of # rd 2orld 2ar is imminent.

#=. orce ,$- orci7$e

orce ,$ possessing force. The speechhe delivered was indeed very forceful.orci7$e done 'y force or compulsion.

The police made a forci'le entry into theli uor shop.

#1. Enve$o!e- Enve$o! :Enve$o!e : a letter cover (noun). Sealedenvelopes are used in correspondencea'out cofidential matters.Enve$o! : to cover (ver') the wholeincident is enveloped in mysterly.

#+. aci$it%- e$icit% :aci$it% ease convenience advantage.

"t is not ease 'ut eftort not facility 'utdifficulty that makes a man perfect.

e$icit% 9oy happiness. True felicityliesin the reduction of wants.

#!. E9,a$- E9,a7$e- E9,ita7$e :

E9,a$ : of the same length siQe statusuantity etc. "s he your e ual in strength.

;i& with your e ual or 'etters. Det & 'e thee ual of y. he speaks 4indi and %nglish withe ual ease.E9,a7$e : steady regular not changingmuch. 4e maintains an e ua'le temper.E9,ita7$e: 9ust reasona'le. The pro'lem of"ndian economic position is not one of grossproduction 'ut that of e uita'le distri'ution'etween different people of the society.

$F. ata$- ata$ist- ate ,$ :

ata$ deadly."n an encounter 'etween the ro''ers andthe police many persons received fatalwounds.

ata$ist one who 'elieves thateverything depends on fate. Some peopleare temperamentally fatalists.@ateful important producing importantresults. 2hat can 'e more fateful event inthe history of the world than 2orld 2ar "".

##. Es!ecia$- S!ecia$ :Es!ecia$ : particular as opposed to theordinaryL to an e&ceptiona'le degree. 4ehas 'een especially kind to me.

$1. aci$it%- e$icit% :aci$it% ease convenience advantage.

"t is not ease 'ut eftort not facility 'utdifficult that makes a man perfect.

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Rock Study CircleS!ecia$ : particular as opposed to thegeneral. The headmaster made a specialannouncement after the prayer.

e$icit% : 9oy happiness. True felicity liesin the reduction of wants.

#$. Esti ate- Esti ation :Esti ate : appro&imate valuation of a

thing. The %ngineer gave a rough estimateof the money to 'e spent in the constructionof the 'ilding.Esti ation 9udgement opinion Date Dal5ahadur Shastri was held in high estimation'y the pu'lic.

$!. orce ,$- orci7$e orce ,$ possessing force. The speech

he delivered was indeed very forceful.orci7$e : done 'y force or compulsion. The police made a forci'le entry into theli uor shop.

$#. or a$is - or a$it% :or a$is : ha'itual o'servance of rites

or rules. @ormalism is not religion as 'odyis not the soul.

or a$it% : ceremony show. Amongfriends who are true and sincere we neednot o'serve formality.

0#. Me ora7$e- Me oria$ :Me ora7$e : worth remem'ering. "ndo > 7ak2ar of 1+/1 is a memora'le event in thehistory of the "ndian su' > continent.Me oria$ : something serving tocommemorate. The fittest memorial to

andhi9i6s memory is the implementation ofthe ideals he lived and died for.

$$. ,nera$- ,nerea$ :,nera$ : a procession to the place of

'urial or cremation. The funeralprocession of andhi was attended 'ylacs of people.

,nerea$ Solemn sad gloomy dismal.She entered my room with funereale&pression on her face.

0$. Neg$igent- Neg$ect ,$- Neg$igi7$eNeg$igent : careless in particular things. Sheis always negligent a'out her dress.Neg$ect ,$ : one who is careless as a matterof ha'it. 4e is so negiectful that he nervercares even for his personal interests.Neg$igi7$e : insignificant something so smalland unimportant that it may 'e disregarded.

There is a negligi'le difference 'etween yourwriting and mine

$0. Go0$%- Go0$i8e :Go0$% : pious. 4e leads a very godly life.Go0$i8e : resem'ling od. "t is indeedgodlike to pardon the wrong doer.

00. O icia$- O icio,sO icia$ : pertaining to officer an officerholding high post. There is something officialsecrecy. "t was made incum'ment on the partof every official to contri'ute his mite to thesuccess of the family planning programe.O icio,s too forward in offering service hewas officious to his 'oss.

$,. 'istoric- 'istorica$ :'istoric : famous or likely to 'ecomefamous in history. The 9udgment settingaside the sitting ;.76s election was ahistoric one.

0,. Po$itic- Po$itica$Po$itic sagacious prudent wise. "t was notpolitic on his part to have 'ehaved like that.Po$itica$ : pertaining to politics. 7oliticalindependence has meaning only when it isaccompanied with economic independence.

$/. ', an- ', ane :', an: 'elonging to mankind. To err ishuman to forgive divine.', ane kind merciful. Gnder the

eneva convention the prisoners of warshould 'e given a humane treatment.

0/. Pr,0ent- Pr,0entia$Pr,0ent : wise intelligent the onlyprudent course left to him is to run awayfrom her at once.Pr,0entia$ : ideas or motives which leasa man to prudent action.

$=. In0,strio,s- In0,stria$ :In0,strio,s : hard working diligent."ndustrious people are always happy.In0,stria$ pertaining to some industry.-anpur is an industrial town.

0=. Rationa$- Rationa$e :Rationa$ : that which can 'e tested 'yreasoning. ;an is a rational creature.Ratioan$e : fundamental reason logical 'asisof something. 2hat is the rationale 'ehindaccording de9ure recognition to the insurgents.

$+. Inte$$igent- Inte$$igi7$e:Inte$$igent : 2ise sensi'le. 4e is anintelligent 'ody.Inte$$igi7$e : clear and understanda'le.

The pronouncing of %nglish words 'y"ndians is often not intelligi'le to peoplea'road.

0+. Regret ,$- Regretta7$eRegret ,$ full of regret or sorrow. 4ewas regretful for what he had said in a fitof anger.Regretta7$e : causing regret or sorrow.4is conduct in the meeting was infact veryregretta'le.

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+,0icia$ : pertaining to legal 9ustice or toa9udge.


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Rock Study CircleII. ;or0s si i$ar in so,n0 or !ron,nciation 7,t 0i erent in eaning :1. A7ate- A7et

A7ate : to make or 'ecome less. The shipsailed when the storm a'ated.A7et : to encourage (in vice crime etc).

4e a'etted him in starting the communalnot in the city.

,. A$ter- A$tarA$ter change. othing can alter myopinion a'out her.A$tar place of offering in a temple or

church. 4e sacrificed his life at the altar ofhis country6s freedom.!. Acce0e- E#cee0 :

Acce0e : to agree to. At last he accededto his re uirest.E#cee0 : to surpass going 'eyond alimit. 2rite an essay not e&ceeding si&pages of your answer 'ook.

/. A$$,sion- I$$,sion :A$$,sion : reference. ;ilton6s E7aradiseDost6 is full of classical allusions.I$$,sion : deception. "n 4indu philosophythis world is regarded merely as anillusion.

#. Acce!t- E#ce!t :Acce!t : to receive to take. Sheaccepted her presents with thanks.E#ce!t : save leaving out. %very 'oy ofthe class e&cept ;ohan was fined Rs.0 forhaving 'roken the furniture.

=. Ange$- Ang$e :Ange$ : messenger of od. A patriot iswelcomed in heaven 'y angels.Ang$e : fishing hook a point where twolines meet. inty degree make a rightangle.

$. Access- E#cess :Access : approach. " have no access tothe Chief ;inister.E#cess : supera'undance more thanenough. %&cess of everything is 'ad.

+. A!!osite- O!!osite :A!!osite : suita'le proper. ;rs. "ndira

andhi6s speech was full of apposite remarks.O!!osite : contrary standing in front. 2hat isthe opposite meaning of Evirture6 3 4is house isopposite to the anesh temple.

0. A ect- E ect :A ect : to pretend act upon. 4e affectstoo much. Too much work affected hishealth.

E ect : result to carry to practice. All myentreaties had no effect on him severalreforms need to 'e effected " the traditionridden "ndian society.

1F. Assign ent- Assignation :Assign ent : to give work. our teachergave you an assignment to 'e finished athome.

Assignation an appointment. They didnot present themselves at theirassignation.

11. Ascent- Assent :Ascent : going up. The ascent of %verestis not a child6s play. There is a great riskof life in it.Assent : agreement. The president hasgiven his assent to the 5ill already passes'y 'oth 4ouses of 7arliament.

!!. Canvas- Canvass :Canvas : a kind of rough cloth. ;y shoesare made of canvas.Canvass: to solicit vote. Canvassing isprohi'ited twenty four hours 'efore theelection.

1!. Assa%- Essa%

Assa% : to attempt to test the purity ofmetals. 4e assoyed hard to win his 'oss6sfavour. She assayed her gold ornaments whenshe purchased them.Essa% : a piece of composition. 4is essay isfull of grammatical errors.

!#. Cast- Caste :Cast : to throw (ver') a list of actorstaking part in play (noun).

The die is cast there is no going 'acknow. The cast includes the name ofdistinugished actors.Caste: 'reed. 2hat caste does he 'elongto

1#. A,ght- O,ght :A,ght : anything. E" apologiQe to you foraught " have done said the 'oy.O,ght : in the sense of must. 2e oughtto o'ey our parents and teachers.

!$. Cease- Sei)e :Cease : to stop to discontinue. All of asudden hislife ceased.Sei)e : to catch hold tightly. 4e is seiQedof the pro'lem. 4e seiQed him 'y theneck.

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1$. each- eech :each : shore. They stood on the 'each

and watched the waves.

eech : a tree. The rows of 'eeches allalong the road presented a fascinatingsight.

!0. Cession- Session :Cession : yielding "ndia had to make a cessionof a good deal of territory for the creation of7akistan.Session : the time when a pu'lic 'ody or acourt sits. uring the monsoon session of theparliament several pieces of legislation weretaken up and put through.

10. erth- irth :erth : a sleeping seat in a train or a

ship. 4e has got a 'erth reserved forCalcutta 'y paying an e&tra sum ofRs.1FO?

irth : coming into life. 7lease let me nowthe date of your 'irth.

!,. Career- Carrier :Career : profession professional or anyother term. uring his student career henever participated in de'ates.Carrier : one who carries. ;odern cinemafilms are the carriers of corruption.

1,. o,gh- o :o,gh : a 'ranch of tree. Cut is the

'ranch that might have grown full laurel'ough.

o : to 'end. 4e 'owed and touchedthe feet of his uru.

!/. Co !$i ent- Co !$e ent :Co !$i ent : respect regards. 7leasepay my compliments to your parents.Co !$e ent : that which completes ormakes full. @ruits serve as complement tofood.

1/. ra8e- rea8 :ra8e : an instrument to stop a wheel. The

'rakes having failed the car wollided with arickshwa.

rea8 : to make apart. Can you 'reak thisstick into five parts 3

!=. Conscience- Conscio,s :Conscience : the inner voice. 2e shouldnever ignore the voice of our Conscience.Conscio,s : sensitive to 'e aware of.*ne should always 'e conscious a'outone6s duties.

1=. orro - ,rro :orro : to take on loan. 4e 'orrowed

from his friend Rs. one thousand at thetime of his son6s marriage.

,rro : a hole in earth. As the catcame the rats ran into their 'urrows.

!+. Cei$ing- Sea$ing :Cei$ing : of a room L limit. Ceiling fan givespleasant 'reeQe in the heat of the rainyseason. Degislation has 'een enacted in almostall the states imposting ceiling on landholdings.Sea$ing : with wa&. The sealing of the 'allot'o& was done in the presence of the candiate6sagents.

1+. ri0a$- ri0$e:ri0a$ : uptial pertaining to marriage.

4is wife 'ought many 'ridal presentswhen she came to her hus'and6s house.

ri0$e : reins used to drive a horse. "t isdifficult to control a horse without 'ridle.

#F. Cor!ase- Cor!s :Cor!se : dead 'ody. The corpse wassmeared with 'lood all over.Cor!s a 'ody of troops (pronounced as

kore) 2e have the senior division ofational Cadet Corps in our college.!F. Ca$en0ar- Ca$en0er :

Ca$en0ar : Chart showing the monthsand days of the year. 7lease consult thecalendar and tell me what data falls onthe ne&t Sunday.

C$en0er : as ver' Eto press or give finishto a piece of cloth6. 7lease calender myshirt.

#1. Cite- Site- Sight :

Cite : to uote. To prove his point he cited ane&ample from history.

Site : the local condition or situation. *uroffice 'uilding has a good site.

Sight : scene view. The waters of the sea withthe rays of the rising sun presented a 'eautifulsight.

!1. Canon- Connon :

Canon : principle. 2hat are the canons ofta&ation 3

#!. Co,nci$- Co,nse$ :

4is 'rother is a mem'er of the DegislativeCouncil of the state.

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Rock Study CircleCannon : a 'ig gun. Cannon and mortar firecame to 'e used in Ehe civil war in De'anon.

Co,nse$ : advice. 2e should heed the counselof our elders.

##. C,rrent- C,rrant :C,rrent : a stream. The swift current of

the flooded river washed away everythingthat came in its way.Currant dried grapes. She is very fond ofcurrants

$!. Er,!tion- Irr,!tion :Er,!tion : 'ursting out. :olcanic eruptions

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$F. E$,sive- I$$,sive :

E$,sive : escaping from grasp. 4appinessto most is elusive.I$$,sive : deceptive 'ased on illusion.

The ways of destiny are illusive.

$+. Ger ina$- ger inate :

Ger ina$ : Ad9. 7ertaning to germinative.

Such an idea is germinal L " am certain that itwill influence thinkers and philosophers formany generations.

Ger inate : : case sprout L sprout. After theseeds germinate and develop their permanentleaves the plants may 'e removed from thecold frames and transplanted to the garden.

$1. E!ic- E!och :

E!ic poetic account of the deeds of oneor more great heroes or of a nation6shistory. Ramcharit manas is a great 4indiepic written 'y Tulsidas.

E!och : period of time (in history lifeetc.) marked 'y special events orcharacteristics.

0F. Goa$- Gao$ :

Goa$ : aim. 2hat goal have you in life toattain

Gao$ : 9ail prison. 4e has 'een to goal

many time.

01. Gi$0- G,i$0 :Gi$0 : to apply a thin covering of gold. 4erornaments are not genuine. They are 9ustgilded with gold.G,i$0 : association of men 'elonging to aparticular profession or trade. "n the middleAges artisans organised themselves intoguilds.

,!. icense- icence :icense : 7ermission to keep a thing.

*nly licensed doctors can practise.icence : li'erty of action. *nly great

artists are capa'le of taking licence withgrammatical usages.

0!. 'ai$- 'a$e :'ai$ : froQen rain drops L welcome. Thedown?pour of hails destroyed the ripe crops.4e was hailed 'y all as a leader of men.'a$e : healthy. All his sons are hale andhearty.

,#. ose- oose :ose : To have no more. 2e can ill afford

to lose our friends.oose : slack rela&ed not light. 4e is

loose in morals. The knot is till loose.

0#. 'oar0- 'or0e :'oar0 : to store up. The grain merchanthoard enormous uantities of grains atthe time of harvest and sell it at ar'itraryprice in the lean months.'or0e : tri'e a gang. A horde of invadersdestroys whatever comes in their way.

,$. ater- atter :ater : comparative of late. ;r. 7illai

came later than ;r. ;urti.Datter opposed to Eformer6. *f drama andpoetry the latter is more interesting.

0$. 'oo!- ;hoo! :'oo! : 'and. The little children playedwith a hoop and rod.;hoo! : the loud cry. There were heardwhoops of 9oy.

,0. Mant$e- Mante$ :Mant$e : Cloak (fig. Responsi'ility). Afterthe death of ehru the mantle of guidingthe destiny of the country fell on Dal5ahadur Shastri.Mante$ : of fire place. The mantel piecewas tastefully adorned.

00. I0$e- I0o$ :I0$e : 2ithout work. A 'usy man dislikesremaining idle.I0o$ : image. 5ernard Shaw was a great

idol > 'reaker. The 4indus worship idols.

,,. Metre- Meter :Metre : rhythm of verse o you know inwhat metre Spenser wrote his E@airyPueen6

Meter : a measuring instrument. Theelectric meter fitted in my house has gone

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Rock Study Circleout of order.

0,. +ea$o,s- ea$o,s : +ea$o,s : envious. 4e was inveigled intoaccepting 'ri'e.

ea$o,s : enthusiastic. 4e is very Qealousa'out his new assignment.

,/. Minor- Miner :Minor : underage L lesser.;inors are not allowed to see this film. "tis a minor mistake so you needn6t worry.Miner *ne who works in a mine. The lifeof miners is very tough

0/. 4nott%- Na,ght%:4nott% : intricate. "t is too knotty apro'lem to 'e solved.Na,ght% : mischievous. 4e is a verynaughty 'oy.

,=. Monetar%- Monitor% :Monetar% : relating to money. 4e isalways guided 'y monetaryconsiderations.Monitor% : giving or working advice. 2eshouldn6t neglect the monitory counsels ofour elders.

0=. 4nave- Nave :4nave : rogue. 4e is not only a fool 'utalso a -nave.Nave : part of church central 'lock ofwheel 'ud. The nave is loose so themovement is easy.

,+. Na,ght- No,ght :Na,ght : nothing. All his efforts came tonaught.No,ght : cipher. 4is telephone num'er issi& nought four eight (,F$=).

0+. ightening- ightning:ightening : make lighter. 4is assistance

did a lot in lightening the 'urden of work.ightning : flash in clouds or electric

discharge in clouds. Several animals werestruck and killed 'y lightning.

/F. Oar- Ore :Oar : used for rowing a 'oat. Dife withoutpurpose is like a 'oat without oars.Ore : crude metal. "ndia e&ports iron oreto many countries.

,F. oath- oathe :oath : unwilling. Savitri was loath to give

up following dead Satyawan even after'eing granted two 'oons 'y ama.

oathe : to dislike greatly. " loathe toflatter a man.

/1. Ora$- An,ra$ :Ora$ spoken. The director sent an oralmessage to the eputy irector.A,ra$ : relating to the sense of hearing.4e does not hear clearly his aural systemseems to have developed some defect.

/!. Patro$- Petro$ :Patro$ : a detachment of guard ( oun) tokeep guard (ver'). The police patrolled the riotaffected town for a num'er of days. A patrolparty soon arrived on the scene and arrestedthero''ers.Petro$ : li uid fuel. The price of petrol 'eingvery high it is now very difficult to maintain acar.

=1. S,r!$,r- S,r!$iceSurplus e&cess. The surplus land gotafter the implementation of land ceilinglegislation will 'e distri'uted among the

landless.S,!$ice : a loose white linen garmentworn 'y officiating clergy. The clergy insurplice were seen moving a'out in thechurchyard.

/#. Pe0a$- Pe00$e :Pe0a$ : worked 'y foot.

The pedals of the cycle do not work well.Pe00$e : to trifle. 4e peddled witheveryone that came in contact with him.

=!. St%- St%eSt% pigstry the enclosure where pigs arekept. All the pigs were herded into the sty.St%e : inflamed swelling on the edges ofevelid. 4e feels much pain 'ecause of styein the left eye.

/$. Prescri7e- Proscri7e :

Prescri7$e : to give directions. Themedicines prescri'ed 'y the doctor had

=#. Tea - Tee :

Tea a party of players. The Ram9asCollege team has won the hockey match.

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Rock Study Circleno effect of him.Proscri7e : to 'an. All political activitieshave 'een proscri'ed 'y the overnment.

Tee : to 'e full of to a'ound. ;ygarden teems with grass.

/0. ,ite- ,iet:,ite : altogether. "t is uite impossi'le

to achieve greatness without work.,iet : silent. 4e asked the 'oys to 'euiet.

=$. Tear- Tier :Tear li uid discharged 'y the eyes. 4eshed crocodile tears at the death of hisstep mother.Tier a row. The ascent showed tiers oftall trees.

/,. Root- Ro,te- Ro,t :Root : underground part of a plant. The rootsof the neem tree are e&tensively stretched.Ro,te : way. 5y which route do you proposeto go to elhi 3Ro,t : retreat or defect or flight. "n the 'attleof 4aldighati Rana 7ratap6s army wascompletely routed. The 7akistani armies wereput to rout.

=0. Tenor- Ten,re :Tenor purpose etc. the tenor of hisspeech was that we should e&ercise ourvote wisely.Ten,re holding of land etc. the land

tenure system in "ndia during 5ritish dayswas not satisfactory and had to 'echanged after "ndia achieved freedom.

//. Right- Rite :Right : claim L correct. @reedom ofspeech and e&pression is one of thefundamental rights guaranteed in ourConstitution. 4e is on the right path.Rite: ceremony. Several rites areperformed at the time of an "ndianwedding.

=,. Toe- To :Toe a part of the foot. 2e should nottrad upon the toe of others.To a rope to draw 'y a rope. The'oatman towed his 'oat ashore.

//. Rein- Reign :Rein : 'ridle to drive and control thehorse. "t is difficult to control a horsewithout reins.Reign : rule. Art and literature flourishedduring the reign of Samudra upta.

=/. ( !ire- E !ire :( !ire referee. %very player has too'ey the 9udgement of the umpire.E !ire dominion. There was a timewhen the sun did not set in the 5ritishempire.

/=. Strait- Straight :Strait: narrow passage of sea. "ndia andSri Danka are divided 'y the 7alk straits.Straight : direct opposed to curve. 4edrove straight to the office. This is astraight line.

==. ;eather- ;hether- ;ether :;eather state of atmosphere. They went ona picnic in a fine weather;hether it. " dou't whether he will getthrough or not.;ether castrated ram. *ne fond pastimewith the no'les and lords of the awa'6s courtwas wether > fighting.

/+. Stationar%- Stationar% :Stationar% : fi&ed not moving. The sunis stationary while planets revolve roundit.Stationar% : writing material. 4e hasrecently started a stationary shop.

=+. ;an0er- ;on0er;an0er To roam. They wanderedthrough the forest in search of Sita.;on0er To feel surprised. 4e wonderedat her e&ceptional charms.

=F. Sooth- Soothe :Sooth : truth. Sooth to say he was aconfirmed rascal.Soothe : to calm L console. 4issympathetic attitude soothed mywounded heart.

+F. Je - E e : Je : a kind of tree. There was a yew standing close 'y his'ut.E e : female sheep. The ram is tallerthan the ewe.

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Rock Study CircleIII. LSJNONJMS5 ;or0s hich are a!!arent$% i0entica$ in eaning- 7,t

!ossess s,7t$e sha0es o 0i erence.1. A7stain- Re rain :

A7stain : keeping away from something.2e should a'stain from drinking.Re rain : keep away from doing something. 2e should refrain from oppressingthe poor.

11. Avenge- Revenge :Avenge : to inflict 9ust punishement on evildoers L it does not imply the gratitication of

personal grudge. 4a

grammar through tips (mba) a4 (booklet) 2011-12

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