grammar book!2
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
GRAMMAR BOOK!
Enrique
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1)Conditional & Irregulars2) Perfect Tense
1. Present2. Past3. Present Prefect
Irregulars 4. Subjunctive Perfect
3) Tanto... Tan 4) Impersonal Se5) Saber VS Conocer6) Los Mandatos
1. Informal y Formal2. Affirmative3. Negative4. Irregular
7) DOP & IOP Placement
8) Nosotros Commands1. Mono Verbs
9) Subjunctive & Irregulars1. Expressions of
Emotions10) Triggers
1. Impersonal2. Expressions of
Emotions3. Conjunctions of
Time11) Demonstrative ADJs and Pronouns
Conditional & Irregulars Expressions of probability, possibility, and
Conjecture! “Would, Could, Should”
ía
ías
ía
íamos
ían
Decir- Dir
Hacer- Har
Poner- Pondr
Salir- Saldr
Tener- Tendr
Valer- Valdr
Venir- Vendr
Poder- Podr
Querer- Querr
Saber- Sabr
Caber-Cabr
Haber- Habr
Prefect Tense Prefect tense portrays an action
or state that is completed and not in progress, from a different point of view
Two parts... Helping Verbs + Past Participle
3 tense- Present prefect, Past Prefect, Future Prefect.
Present!! The Present
Prefect is formed by combining the auxiliary verb “has” or “have” with the past participle
EX:Ha comido- He
has eaten.
He Has Ha
Hemos Han
PAST “Had” Same
endings as Conditional
EX:Habían vivido-
they had lived.
Yo- Había
Tu- Habías
El/ Ella/ Usted- Había
Nosotros-
Habíamos
Ellos- Habían
Present Perfect Irregulars
Han escrito- they have written Ha muerto- he has died Ha dicho- you (formal) have said Hemos hecho- we have done Has vuelto- you have returned Han visto- you all have seen He abierto- I have opened Hemos puesto- we have put
Subjunctive PerfectPerfect Subjunctive
YoTuEl/ella/ustedNosotrosellos
HayaHayasHayaHayamoshayan
+Hablado
+Comido
+Vivido
Subjunctive perfect is the compound tense of the present subjunctive of HABER and the past participle of the main verb
Tanto & Tan Forming
Comparisons of equalities with nouns
Tanto (-a, -os, -as) + noun + como
EX:Mateo tiene tanto
queso como Pancho.
Forming comparisons of equalities with Adjectives or adverbs
Tan + Adjective/Adverb + como
EX:El Pelicula es tan bueno como el libro.
Impersonal “Se”
Verb is always in 3rd person Followed by a direct object
Se + 3rd person singular
EX: Se habla Español
Saber VS. Conocer
Saber
To know a fact
To know how do accomplish
a taskEX: Dino sabe
nadar.
ConocerTo be
acquainted with a person/ place/ thing
EX: Conozco tu tio.
Los Mandatos
Used to directly address someone and give them an order
Formal or informal Nosotros Affirmative or
negative
Informal & Formal
• In the tu form• Affirmative or Negative • EX: Compra los dulces.Informal
• In the Ud form• Affirmative or Negative• Ex: Compre el oro.Formal
Affirmative
Formal
Add opposite ending
Drop the -o
Yo Form
Informal
-er/ -ir becomes
“e”
-ar becomes
“a”
Present indicative
form
NegativeSame as the affirmative
Just put a “no” in front
FORMALNo coma
Same as present subjunctive
Add “no” before
Informal No comas
Irregulars!
Decir- Di
Hacer- Haz
Poner- Pon
Salir- Sal
Ir- Ve
Ser- Se
Tener- Ten
Venir- Ven
DOP & IOP The DOP is
placed before the verb
Answers Who? And What?
The IOP is placed before the verb
Answers To whom? And For whom?
• Me • Te• Lo/ La• Nos• Los/ Las
• Me• Te• Le• Nos• Les
DOP
IOP
Used when speaker is included Lets + Verb Opposite nosotros ending is used
EX:Comamos en casa.
-emos: nosotros command for –AR verbs-amos: nosotros command for –ER/IR verbs
*Negative- just add “no” before*
Nosotros Commands
Mono Verbs
Affirmative nosotros commands
Final “s” is dropped before adding “-nos” or “-se”
EX:Sentemos + nos =
Sentémonos
†With negative nosotros commands†The pronouns comes before the verb
†EX: No nos sentémonos.
Subjunctive† Everything but certainty and
objectivity
Yo form
Drop the -o
Add one of these endings
-AR
-e-es-e-emos-en
-ER/ -IR-a-as-a-amos-anCom + a = coma
Habl + e = hable
Subjunctive Irregulars
-Car -Gar -Zar TVDISHES
IrVaya
Vayas
Vaya
Vayamos
Vayan
DarDé
Des
Dé
Demos
Den
EstarEsté
Estés
Esté
Estemos
Estén
Alegrarse (de) – to be happy
Esperar- to hope, to
wish
Sentir – to be sorry
Soprender – to
surprise
Temer- to be afraid
Es triste – its sad
Ojala – I hope
Expression of Emotion
with Present
Subjunctive
Nos alegramos de que te gusten las flores. We are happy that you like the flowers. Lo siento que tu no puedas venir mañana. I’m sorry that you cannot come tomorrow.
Main Clause EX: Hope, Fear, Joy, Pity, Surprise
Infinitive is used after the subjunctive Temo sacar esoIm afriad to take this out.
Cuando... En cuanto... Es imposible que... Es malo que... Sin que... Hasta que... Es mejor que... Esperar que...
Triggers Antes que...
A menos que...
Dudar que...
Es bueno que...
Querer que...
Negar que
En raro que
Conviene que...
Es necesario que...
Es probable que...
Es Mejor que...
Es preciso que...
Es bueno que...Es malo
que...
Impersonal Expressions
Expressions of EmotionsAlegrarse
de que- to be happy
that
Es difícil que- it’s
hard
Es triste que – it’s sad that
Es raro que- it’s strange
that Es peor que- it’s
worse that
Es mejor que- it’s
better that
Es malo que- it’s too
bad that
Es justo que- it’s fair that
Es inútil que- there is no point
Es una lastima
que- it’s a pity that
Es extraño que- it’s
easy
Es increíble que- it’s
incredible thatEs
interesante que- it’s
interesting that
Es conveniente que- it’s convenient
that
Asi que- as soon as
Cuando- when
Despues de que- after
En Cuanto- as soon asConjunct
ions
Hasta que- until
Luego que- after
Tan pronto como- as soon as
of Time
Demonstrative AdjectivesAdjective This That That Over There
Over There Esta Esa Aquella
Male Este Ese Aquel
These Those Those Over There
Female Estas Esas Aquellas
Male Estos Esos Aquellas
Placed before the nounAgrees with number and genderEX: the house= esta casa
Demonstrative
Pronouns Pronoun This One That One That One Over There
F Esta Esa Aquella
M Este Ese Aquel
These Those Those Over There
F Estas Esas Aquellas
M Estos Esos Aquellos
ADJ! can be used as a noun as well.Accent on the first “e”
Prefiero ésa- I prefer that one